中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
名词的表达和运用
整体分析解读:
1.在近几年的中考题中,名词的数和格、名词词义辨析是考查的热点,也是重点和难点。对名词的考查主要集中在它的数和词义上,尤其是在具体语境中考查近义高频名词的用法和区别。
2.名词辨析的几个选项往往都是意义比较接近的词,考生千万不能望词生意,尤其不能仅从汉语意思上随意做出选择,应该注意其固定搭配,并领悟其在语境中的词义。
一、易错点:
1.?名词的复数形式?
a.?一般名词的复数是在词尾直接加-s?如:page-pages???
b.?以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词,在词尾加es如:class-classes??box-boxes?watch-watches? wash-washes?
c.?以f或者fe结尾变f,fe为v加es,只有下列词符合这个要求:?树叶半数自己黄,妻 子拿刀去割粮,架后窜出一只狼,就像强盗逃命忙?其他以f.fe结尾的词直接加-s。?Leaf-leaves?half-halves?self-selves?wife-wives?knife-knives?shelf-shelves?wolf-wolves?thief-thieves?life-lives? 因此staff-staffs?
eg:We?have?20?part-time?members?of?staff.?Chief(首领,头目,最高领导人)-chiefs?
d.?以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为i加-es.如:party-parties?story-stories.?
e.?以o结尾的有生命的名词,包括动物和植物?黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿。Negro-Negroes?hero-heroes?potato-potatoes?tomato-tomatoes?Photo-photos?piano-pianos?
不规则变化:
1.变化里面的元音字母?foot-feet?tooth-teeth?goose-geese?man-men? ?????????
2.词尾加-en或ren??ox-oxen?child-children??????????
3.单复数同形的词??sheep?deer?means?aircrafts?各国人民的复数:中日瑞不变,英法荷变,其余全部加s? Chinese?Japanese?Swiss??Englishmen?Frenchmen?Dutchmen?Germans?Russians?Canadians?
复合名词:
1.中间没有连字符也没有间隔的复合名词把最后一个名词编成复数?如:housewife-housewives?birthday-birthdays?
2.?中间有连字符或者间隔则将主要名词变成复数? Passer-by---passers-by??looker-on---lookers-on?daughter-in-law---daughters-in-law?book?worm---book?worms??
3.?组成复合名词的词中没有名词时,变复数的时候则在最后一个单词后加s?如go-between 中间人?go-betweens?forget-me-not?勿忘草?forget-me-nots?hand-me-down?旧衣?hand-me-downs??
4.?以man,woman做为第一部分的成都复合名词?两部分都要变复数?man?servant---men? servants?man?doctor---men?doctors?
5.?修饰可数名词:?many?a??a?great/large?many??a(?large/great?)number?of???a?quantity?of+ 可数/不可数??plenty?of+可数/不可数名词?
名词所有格
1.有生命的名词:
a.不以“s”结尾的单数名词加’s. eg:my teacher’s book
b.以s结尾的复数名词在词尾加’eg: the twins’ room
c.复数不以s结尾的名词加’s.eg:the children’s classroom.
2.无生命的名词:
所有格一般用…of+名词的结构。 eg:a map of China.
3.两个名词并列,并且分别有’s表示“两者分别有”
只在第二个名词后有’s表示“两者共有”
Eg:Jone’s and Mary’s bags; Jone and Mary’s room
4.在具体场所时(店铺、某人家里、诊所等)名词所有格 后面不出现它所修饰的名词。
Eg:my uncle’s ; at the doctor’s
5.表示一些时间距离等无生命的名词和表示世界国家城镇等的名词也加’s或’.
Eg:five minutes’walk; today’s newspaper
二、易混名词辨析
1. information,message,news
(1) information作“信息” (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)解,通常指在阅读、观察、谈话或书信往来中特别关注的消息、情报、资料等。它侧重内容,是不可数名词。如:
They must find out so (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)me information about planes to Kunming as quickly as possible.
他们必须尽快查到有关飞往昆明班机的信息。
(2)news作“新闻”解,一般指通过广播、电视、报纸等新闻媒体向大众发布的社会各方面的最新消息,它侧重一个“新”字,是不可数名词。如:
There's a piece of in (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)teresting news in today's newspaper. 在今天的报纸上有一条有趣的消息。
No news is good news.没消息就是好消息。
(3)message作“音信”解,一般指口头传递的或书写的“消息”,是可数名词。如:
She often sends messages to me with her mobile phone.她经常给我发手机短信。
2. noise,voice,sound
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
(1) sound “声音”,为最常用词,指可以听到的任何声音,强的,弱的,令人愉快的或不愉快的,有意义的或无意义的。如:
I was reading (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?) last night,when suddenly I heard a sound in the next room.
昨晚我正看书时,突然听到隔壁房间有声音。
(2) noise 常指太响或人们不愿听到的声音,“嘈杂声、喧闹声”。如:
The boys made too much noise.孩子们太吵闹了。
(3) voice 指“说话声”“唱歌声”“嗓音”如:
That sounds like Mary's voice. 那声音听起来好像玛丽的声音。
3. family,house,home,room
(1) family 的意思是“家庭、 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)家庭成员”,与居住的房子无关。 当family作为整体概念的“家庭”讲时是单数;当“家庭成员”讲时是复数。如:
Mr Green's family is very large. 格林先生家里的人很多。
(2)house 指“家”时含义较窄,仅指“房屋”这一建筑物,一般指独门独户的房子,不指楼房。如:
There are many new houses in our village.我们村里有很多新房子。
(3)home 指“家、住所”,指 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)一个人(或一家人)居住的地方,也可指一个人出生或长大的地方(乡村、城市或国家等)。 它具有house所没有的感彩(如“团聚”、“思念”等)。如:
The American frie (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)nds are leaving Beijing for home tomorrow. 明天美国朋友要离开北京回国了。
East or west,home is best. 金窝银窝不如自己的草窝。
(4)room除作可数名词用表示“房间”外,还可用作不可数名词,指“空间;地方;余地”。例如:
There is only standing room in the bus.公共汽车上只有站的地方了。
4. place,room,area,space
(1) place 表示一个具体地点。如:
We will meet up at the place where we met last Friday.
我们在上周五见面的地方见面。
(2)room当表示地方的时候呢,通常在这样的情况下用,表示容得下容不下的意思。如:
There is no room for her.这没她的地方。
(3)area表示一片区域。如:
Tibet area藏区
(4)space表示地方的时候通常表实意。
We could put bags at that space.
我们可以把包放在那个空地。
5. problem,question
question 是需要“解答”的问题,qu (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)estion 往往是“疑问”。problem 是需要“解决”的问题。problem 所指的问题,往往是“老难的问题”。这两个词在实际使用中,一般不能相互替代。如:
Please answer the following questions.
请回答以下问题。
problem指说话者认为 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)难以解决的问题,它与动词solve或settle(解决)搭配。而question指说话者需要寻找答案的问题,它常与动词ask或answer连用。试比较:
①The problem is difficult to be solved.
这个问题很难解决。
②May I ask you some questions?
我可以问你一些问题吗?
problem可用于数学或物理的习题,而question却无此义。question可表示一件“与……有关的事”。试比较:
①Can you work out this maths problem?
你能算出这道数学题吗?
②It's a question of money/time.
这是一个与金钱/时间有关的问题。
6. suggestion, advice
suggestion是可 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)数名词,表示“意见,建议,提议”,特指为了改进或解决某一问题而提出建议,办法等,但不一定正确,仅供参考。在这一含义上,它和opinion同义,但比opinion正式。语气比advice客气、委婉。多用作可数名词,常和介词about,as to,at,on,by,with等搭配。如:
This trip was made at his teacher's suggestion. 这次旅行是由他的老师建议组织的。
By her mother's sug (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)gestion the contribution was raised. 根据她妈妈的建议发起了募捐。
表示“一条建议”用a suggesti (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)on,“一些建议”是some suggestions,“许多建议”是many suggestions。
与suggestion经常连用的词组和短语常见的有:
accept a suggesti (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)on put forward by...接受……提出的建议;adopt a suggestion采纳建议;advance the suggestion that提出……的建议;carry a suggestion of...使人想起……给人以……的联想;follow out suggestion贯彻建议;take the suggestion into consideration考虑这个建议;throw away a suggestion抛弃一项建议;volunteer suggestions on...对……主动提出建议;at(on)sb.'s suggestion按照某人的建议;at(on)the suggestion of...在……的建议下,按照……的建议;by sb.'s suggestion根据某人的建议;be full of suggestions充满了暗示,含义深远;act on sb.'s suggestion按照某人的建议行事。
I have some suggestions to submit.
我有几个建议要提出。
advice表示“忠告,意见,指点”,是 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)指具有丰富的知识,足够的经验,正确的判断力和明智的观点的人对另一个人的“劝告”或“见解”,既可以是对于严肃的事物,也可以对琐碎事情提出意见。advice经常带有客观性质,在实际应用中,凡是与自己没有关系,完全是为了对方而提出的意见或建议都可用advice,
advice是不可数名词表示“一条建议”是a piece of advice,“一些建议”是some advice:
On the doctor's advice her mother is staying in bed.
她的妈妈遵医嘱卧床休息。
You must act with advice at present. 目前,你一定要谨慎行事。
advice常和介词against,at,by,for,of,on,to,about,with等搭配。如:
My advice to you i (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)s that you should treat your wife with more consideration.
我给你的忠告是你要多体贴妻子。
It was only by my advice that she had given up the idea.
在我的劝导下她才放弃了这个念头。
7. influence,effect
influence 表示“影响”,主要指对行为、性格、观点等产生间接的或潜移默化的影响。通常不可数名词,但有时可连用不定冠词。如:
What you read influences your thinking. 你读的东西对你的思想有影响。
Television has a strong influence on people. 电视对人有很大的影响。
influence可用作及物动词。如:
It's clear that her (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?) painting has been influenced by Picasso. 她的画显然受了毕加索的影响。
effect可用作可数或不可数名词。用作可数名词时,常与介词on连用。have an effect on 相当于affect。如:
To affect a policy is to have an effect on it. 影响一项政策就是对该政策具有一种影响。
The news had no (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?) effect on her at all.=The news did not affect her at all. 这条消息对她没有一点影响。
effect 有时虽用作动词(及物),但不表示“影响”,而表示“实现”或“产生”等。如:
He effected great changes in the company. 他使公司发生了巨大的变化。
【考题精练】
1.【2017丽水】—Betty,?pass?me?the?_______.?I’ll?cut?the?cake.???
—OK,?Mom.?Here?you?are.?? ????????????
?A.?sugar????????B.?scarf??????????C.?knife???????????D.?note?
2.【2017绍兴】Our?school?uniforms?are?out?of?___.?We?think?young?people?look?smart.???????????????
A.?luck?????????B.?sight??????????C.?reach??????????D.?fashion?
3.【2017台州】—The?picnic?is?only?in?three?days.?Have?you?made?any?_______???????????????—Not?yet.?So?let’s?discuss?what?to?prepare.?? ????????????
?A.?wishes??????B.?plans??????????C.?mistakes????????D.?friends
?4.【2017泰安】—I?hear?you?have?to?get?up?early?every?morning.??????????????
—Right.?It's?one?of?the?_______?of?my?family.?????????????
?A.?plans?????????B.?jobs????????C.?programs??????D.?rules?
5.【2017德州】—Yesterday,?my?father?bought?me?a?new?mobile?phones?as?a?present,?but?I?don’t?? know?how?to?use?it.? ?????????????
— Why?not?read?the?_______?first?before?using?it?? ????????????
?A.?expressions?????B.?applications?????C.?advertisements????D.?instructions?
6.【2017菏泽】My?teacher?gave?me?much?_______?on?how?to?study?English?well?when?I?had?some?? trouble.? ????????????
?A.?advice?????????B.?question????????C.?suggestion???????D.?problem?
7.【2017聊城】—Excuse?me,?is?the?museum?far?from?here??????????????
?—No,?it’s?about?_______.?? ????????????
?A.?5?minutes?walk?????B.?5?minute?walk???C.?5?minutes’?walk???D.?5?minute’s?walk?
8.【2017宜昌】—The?government?is?trying?to?develop?winter?sports?for?the?2022?Winter?Olympics.?
—No?wonder?people?are?showing?more????? ??in?them.?
A.?warmth?????B.?interest??????C.?victory??????D.?standard
9.【2017黄冈】—What?______?bowl?of?noodles?would?you?like,?small,?medium?or?large?? —A?large?bowl?of?beef?noodles,?please.?
A.?color?????????B.?price??????????C.?size????????D.?kind
10.【2018新疆维吾尔自治区】.Hurry up!Some _____ and ____ are on sale in the supermarket.
A.tomato; egg B.tomatoes;egg C.Tomatoes;eggs D.tomato; eggs
11. 【2018达州】—Which country do you think will win the first prize of the ____FIFA World Cup?
—You mean the football match will be held in __________?
A.twenty-one: Russia B.twenty-first; Russian
C.twenty-first; Russia D.twenty-one: Russian
12.【2018黑龙江】 Wang Yaping and Liu Yang are our_____in China. We’re proud_____them.
A.woman astronauts; of B.women astronauts; of C.women astronauts; in
13.【2018凉山】Many foreigners came to our school last week, including three ___ and four____ .
A.German, American B.Germans. American
C.Germans. Americans D.German, Americans
14. 【2018广西】.The woman in a hat is ______ aunt.
A.Jack and John B.Jack’s and John C.Jack’s and John’s D.Jack and John’s
15.【2018内蒙】In China, there are more _____ in primary schools than in high schools.
A.woman teacher B.women teachers
C.women teacher D.woman teachers
16.【2018山东青岛】— Let’s see what food you’ve got for dinner.
— Look, we have mutton, fish, eggs, tomatoes and____ .
A.milk B.bread C.coffee D.juice
17.【2018黑龙江】The dishes are fantastic! Nothing tastes________. You are such a good_______.
A.nice; cooker B.better; cook C.terrible; cook
18.【2018黑龙江】Please read the ______ before you take the medicine.
A.introduction B.explanation C.instruction
19.【2018山东菏泽】Now more and more schools care for the full______of the students’ talents.
A.development B.agreement C.preparation
20.【2018甘肃兰州】If the temperature is below 0oC, water will turn into __________ in the open air.
A.ice B.steam C.fog D.rain
21.【2018湖北孝感】— Which should we start with, Water World or Space World?
— Either is OK, it makes no _____to me.
A.mistake B.promise C.difference D.decision
22.【2018江苏苏州】The boy has been missing for five days and his parents are worried about his______.
A.attention B.safety C.action D.growth
23.【2018湖北咸宁】— What do your parents do before ?
— They usually sweep away the dust(灰尘) of the old year and welcome a fresh start.
A.the Lantern Festival B.the Spring Festival
C.the Mid-autumn Day D.the Dragon Boat Festival
24.【2018湖北咸宁】— Could you give me a few ______on how to spend the coming summer holiday?
— OK, let me see.
A.hobbies B.suggestions C.knowledge D.information
25.【2018辽宁沈阳】Small cars are useful in cities with narrow __________.
A.streets B.cinemas C.squares D.shop
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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
名词的表达和运用
整体分析解读:
1.在近几年的中考题中,名词的数和格、名词词义辨析是考查的热点,也是重点和难点。对名词的考查主要集中在它的数和词义上,尤其是在具体语境中考查近义高频名词的用法和区别。
2.名词辨析的几个选项往往都是意义比较接近的词,考生千万不能望词生意,尤其不能仅从汉语意思上随意做出选择,应该注意其固定搭配,并领悟其在语境中的词义。
一、易错点:
1.?名词的复数形式?
a.?一般名词的复数是在词尾直接加-s?如:page-pages???
b.?以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词,在词尾加es如:class-classes??box-boxes?watch-watches? wash-washes?
c.?以f或者fe结尾变f,fe为v加es,只有下列词符合这个要求:?树叶半数自己黄,妻 子拿刀去割粮,架后窜出一只狼,就像强盗逃命忙?其他以f.fe结尾的词直接加-s。?Leaf-leaves?half-halves?self-selves?wife-wives?knife-knives?shelf-shelves?wolf-wolves?thief-thieves?life-lives? 因此staff-staffs?
eg:We?have?20?part-time?members?of?staff.?Chief(首领,头目,最高领导人)-chiefs?
d.?以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为i加-es.如:party-parties?story-stories.?
e.?以o结尾的有生命的名词,包括动物和植物?黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿。Negro-Negroes?hero-heroes?potato-potatoes?tomato-tomatoes?Photo-photos?piano-pianos?
不规则变化:
1.变化里面的元音字母?foot-feet?tooth-teeth?goose-geese?man-men? ?????????
2.词尾加-en或ren??ox-oxen?child-children??????????
3.单复数同形的词??sheep?deer?means?aircrafts?各国人民的复数:中日瑞不变,英法荷变,其余全部加s? Chinese?Japanese?Swiss??Englishmen?Frenchmen?Dutchmen?Germans?Russians?Canadians?
复合名词:
1.中间没有连字符也没有间隔的复合名词把最后一个名词编成复数?如:housewife-housewives?birthday-birthdays?
2.?中间有连字符或者间隔则将主要名词变成复数? Passer-by---passers-by??looker-on---lookers-on?daughter-in-law---daughters-in-law?book?worm---book?worms??
3.?组成复合名词的词中没有名词时,变复数的时候则在最后一个单词后加s?如go-between 中间人?go-betweens?forget-me-not?勿忘草?forget-me-nots?hand-me-down?旧衣?hand-me-downs??
4.?以man,woman做为第一部分的成都复合名词?两部分都要变复数?man?servant---men? servants?man?doctor---men?doctors?
5.?修饰可数名词:?many?a??a?great/large?many??a(?large/great?)number?of???a?quantity?of+ 可数/不可数??plenty?of+可数/不可数名词?
名词所有格
1.有生命的名词:
a.不以“s”结尾的单数名词加’s. eg:my teacher’s book
b.以s结尾的复数名词在词尾加’eg: the twins’ room
c.复数不以s结尾的名词加’s.eg:the children’s classroom.
2.无生命的名词:
所有格一般用…of+名词的结构。 eg:a map of China.
3.两个名词并列,并且分别有’s表示“两者分别有”
只在第二个名词后有’s表示“两者共有”
Eg:Jone’s and Mary’s bags; Jone and Mary’s room
4.在具体场所时(店铺、某人家里、诊所等)名词所有格 后面不出现它所修饰的名词。
Eg:my uncle’s ; at the doctor’s
5.表示一些时间距离等无生命的名词和表示世界国家城镇等的名词也加’s或’.
Eg:five minutes’walk; today’s newspaper
二、易混名词辨析
1. information,message,news
(1) information作“信息” (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)解,通常指在阅读、观察、谈话或书信往来中特别关注的消息、情报、资料等。它侧重内容,是不可数名词。如:
They must find out so (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)me information about planes to Kunming as quickly as possible.
他们必须尽快查到有关飞往昆明班机的信息。
(2)news作“新闻”解,一般指通过广播、电视、报纸等新闻媒体向大众发布的社会各方面的最新消息,它侧重一个“新”字,是不可数名词。如:
There's a piece of in (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)teresting news in today's newspaper. 在今天的报纸上有一条有趣的消息。
No news is good news.没消息就是好消息。
(3)message作“音信”解,一般指口头传递的或书写的“消息”,是可数名词。如:
She often sends messages to me with her mobile phone.她经常给我发手机短信。
2. noise,voice,sound
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
(1) sound “声音”,为最常用词,指可以听到的任何声音,强的,弱的,令人愉快的或不愉快的,有意义的或无意义的。如:
I was reading (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?) last night,when suddenly I heard a sound in the next room.
昨晚我正看书时,突然听到隔壁房间有声音。
(2) noise 常指太响或人们不愿听到的声音,“嘈杂声、喧闹声”。如:
The boys made too much noise.孩子们太吵闹了。
(3) voice 指“说话声”“唱歌声”“嗓音”如:
That sounds like Mary's voice. 那声音听起来好像玛丽的声音。
3. family,house,home,room
(1) family 的意思是“家庭、 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)家庭成员”,与居住的房子无关。 当family作为整体概念的“家庭”讲时是单数;当“家庭成员”讲时是复数。如:
Mr Green's family is very large. 格林先生家里的人很多。
(2)house 指“家”时含义较窄,仅指“房屋”这一建筑物,一般指独门独户的房子,不指楼房。如:
There are many new houses in our village.我们村里有很多新房子。
(3)home 指“家、住所”,指 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)一个人(或一家人)居住的地方,也可指一个人出生或长大的地方(乡村、城市或国家等)。 它具有house所没有的感彩(如“团聚”、“思念”等)。如:
The American frie (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)nds are leaving Beijing for home tomorrow. 明天美国朋友要离开北京回国了。
East or west,home is best. 金窝银窝不如自己的草窝。
(4)room除作可数名词用表示“房间”外,还可用作不可数名词,指“空间;地方;余地”。例如:
There is only standing room in the bus.公共汽车上只有站的地方了。
4. place,room,area,space
(1) place 表示一个具体地点。如:
We will meet up at the place where we met last Friday.
我们在上周五见面的地方见面。
(2)room当表示地方的时候呢,通常在这样的情况下用,表示容得下容不下的意思。如:
There is no room for her.这没她的地方。
(3)area表示一片区域。如:
Tibet area藏区
(4)space表示地方的时候通常表实意。
We could put bags at that space.
我们可以把包放在那个空地。
5. problem,question
question 是需要“解答”的问题,qu (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)estion 往往是“疑问”。problem 是需要“解决”的问题。problem 所指的问题,往往是“老难的问题”。这两个词在实际使用中,一般不能相互替代。如:
Please answer the following questions.
请回答以下问题。
problem指说话者认为 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)难以解决的问题,它与动词solve或settle(解决)搭配。而question指说话者需要寻找答案的问题,它常与动词ask或answer连用。试比较:
①The problem is difficult to be solved.
这个问题很难解决。
②May I ask you some questions?
我可以问你一些问题吗?
problem可用于数学或物理的习题,而question却无此义。question可表示一件“与……有关的事”。试比较:
①Can you work out this maths problem?
你能算出这道数学题吗?
②It's a question of money/time.
这是一个与金钱/时间有关的问题。
6. suggestion, advice
suggestion是可 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)数名词,表示“意见,建议,提议”,特指为了改进或解决某一问题而提出建议,办法等,但不一定正确,仅供参考。在这一含义上,它和opinion同义,但比opinion正式。语气比advice客气、委婉。多用作可数名词,常和介词about,as to,at,on,by,with等搭配。如:
This trip was made at his teacher's suggestion. 这次旅行是由他的老师建议组织的。
By her mother's sug (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)gestion the contribution was raised. 根据她妈妈的建议发起了募捐。
表示“一条建议”用a suggesti (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)on,“一些建议”是some suggestions,“许多建议”是many suggestions。
与suggestion经常连用的词组和短语常见的有:
accept a suggesti (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)on put forward by...接受……提出的建议;adopt a suggestion采纳建议;advance the suggestion that提出……的建议;carry a suggestion of...使人想起……给人以……的联想;follow out suggestion贯彻建议;take the suggestion into consideration考虑这个建议;throw away a suggestion抛弃一项建议;volunteer suggestions on...对……主动提出建议;at(on)sb.'s suggestion按照某人的建议;at(on)the suggestion of...在……的建议下,按照……的建议;by sb.'s suggestion根据某人的建议;be full of suggestions充满了暗示,含义深远;act on sb.'s suggestion按照某人的建议行事。
I have some suggestions to submit.
我有几个建议要提出。
advice表示“忠告,意见,指点”,是 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)指具有丰富的知识,足够的经验,正确的判断力和明智的观点的人对另一个人的“劝告”或“见解”,既可以是对于严肃的事物,也可以对琐碎事情提出意见。advice经常带有客观性质,在实际应用中,凡是与自己没有关系,完全是为了对方而提出的意见或建议都可用advice,
advice是不可数名词表示“一条建议”是a piece of advice,“一些建议”是some advice:
On the doctor's advice her mother is staying in bed.
她的妈妈遵医嘱卧床休息。
You must act with advice at present. 目前,你一定要谨慎行事。
advice常和介词against,at,by,for,of,on,to,about,with等搭配。如:
My advice to you i (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)s that you should treat your wife with more consideration.
我给你的忠告是你要多体贴妻子。
It was only by my advice that she had given up the idea.
在我的劝导下她才放弃了这个念头。
7. influence,effect
influence 表示“影响”,主要指对行为、性格、观点等产生间接的或潜移默化的影响。通常不可数名词,但有时可连用不定冠词。如:
What you read influences your thinking. 你读的东西对你的思想有影响。
Television has a strong influence on people. 电视对人有很大的影响。
influence可用作及物动词。如:
It's clear that her (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?) painting has been influenced by Picasso. 她的画显然受了毕加索的影响。
effect可用作可数或不可数名词。用作可数名词时,常与介词on连用。have an effect on 相当于affect。如:
To affect a policy is to have an effect on it. 影响一项政策就是对该政策具有一种影响。
The news had no (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?) effect on her at all.=The news did not affect her at all. 这条消息对她没有一点影响。
effect 有时虽用作动词(及物),但不表示“影响”,而表示“实现”或“产生”等。如:
He effected great changes in the company. 他使公司发生了巨大的变化。
【考题精练】
1.【2017丽水】—Betty,?pass?me?the?_______.?I’ll?cut?the?cake.???
—OK,?Mom.?Here?you?are.?? ????????????
?A.?sugar????????B.?scarf??????????C.?knife???????????D.?note?
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查名词辨析。?sugar糖、scarf 围巾knife刀子?note记录。根据句意“cut the cake”故选C.
2.【2017绍兴】Our?school?uniforms?are?out?of?___.?We?think?young?people?look?smart.???????????????
A.?luck?????????B.?sight??????????C.?reach??????????D.?fashion?
【答案】D
【解析】本题主要考查介词和介词短语。 根据题意,“我们”学校的校服很落伍,“我们”认为年轻人应该看起来很时髦。“落伍;不时尚”的英文表达为?out?of?fashion,为固定介词短语,所以?fashion?符合题意。out?of?luck?意为“运气不佳”,out?of?sight?意为“看不见;在视野之外”,out?of?reach?意为“够不着”,均不符合题意。 故正确答案为D。
3.【2017台州】—The?picnic?is?only?in?three?days.?Have?you?made?any?_______???????????????—Not?yet.?So?let’s?discuss?what?to?prepare.?? ????????????
?A.?wishes??????B.?plans??????????C.?mistakes????????D.?friends
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查名词辨析。根据句意野餐在三天后进行,你做了一些安排吗?还没有,让我们讨论需要准备什么吧。Wish愿望 plan计划;安排 mistake 错误 friend 朋友。故选B.
?4.【2017泰安】—I?hear?you?have?to?get?up?early?every?morning.??????????????
—Right.?It's?one?of?the?_______?of?my?family.?????????????
?A.?plans?????????B.?jobs????????C.?programs??????D.?rules?
【答案】D
【解析】本题主要考查名词。 A项,plan?“计划”。 B项,job?“工作”。 C项,program?“节目;项目”。 D项,rule?“规则;统治”。 结合上文?you?have?to?get?up?early?every?morning?可知,这是一个家庭规定。“one?of?the?+?可数名词复数”意为“…之一”,因此应用复数形式?rules,符合题意。 故正确答案为D
5.【2017德州】—Yesterday,?my?father?bought?me?a?new?mobile?phones?as?a?present,?but?I?don’t?? know?how?to?use?it.? ?????????????
— Why?not?read?the?_______?first?before?using?it?? ????????????
?A.?expressions?????B.?applications?????C.?advertisements????D.?instructions?
【答案】D
【解析】本题主要考查名词。 A项,expression?“表达;表情”。 B项,application?“申请”。 C项,advertisement?“广告”。 D项,instruction?“用法说明;指令;指示”。 结合上文题意,“我”不知道怎么用它,下文应建议阅读用法说明。用法说明通常不止一条,应用复数形式,因此?instructions?符合题意。 故正确答案为D。
6.【2017菏泽】My?teacher?gave?me?much?_______?on?how?to?study?English?well?when?I?had?some?? trouble.? ????????????
?A.?advice?????????B.?question????????C.?suggestion???????D.?problem?
【答案】A
【解析】本题主要考查名词。 A项,advice?“建议”,不可数名词。 B项,question?“问题”,可数名词。 C项,suggestion?“建议”,可数名词。 D项,problem?“问题;难题”,可数名词。 根据题意,“我”的老师会给“我”很多建议。much?意为“一些”,后加不可数名词,因此?advice?符合题意。 故正确答案为A。
7.【2017聊城】—Excuse?me,?is?the?museum?far?from?here??????????????
?—No,?it’s?about?_______.?? ????????????
?A.?5?minutes?walk?????B.?5?minute?walk???C.?5?minutes’?walk???D.?5?minute’s?walk?
【答案】C
【解析】本题主要考查的是名词所有格,步行五分钟的路程正确的表达是?5?minutes’?walk,复数的所有格是s’??故选C.
8.【2017宜昌】—The?government?is?trying?to?develop?winter?sports?for?the?2022?Winter?Olympics.?
—No?wonder?people?are?showing?more????? ??in?them.?
A.?warmth?????B.?interest??????C.?victory??????D.?standard
【答案】B
【解析】句意:—?政府正努力为2022冬奥会提高冬季项目实力。 —?难怪人们会对它们感兴趣。 解析 本题主要考查名词。 根据题意,难怪人们对他们感兴趣。show?interest?in?sth.?固定用法,意为“对某事感兴趣”。warmth?“温暖”,victory?“胜利”,standard?“标准”,均不符合题意。 故正确答案为B。
9.【2017黄冈】—What?______?bowl?of?noodles?would?you?like,?small,?medium?or?large?? —A?large?bowl?of?beef?noodles,?please.?
A.?color?????????B.?price??????????C.?size????????D.?kind
【答案】C
【解析】本题主要考查名词。 A项,color?“颜色”。 B项,price?“价格”。 C项,size?“大小;尺寸”。 D项,kind?“种类”。 结合题意,你想要大碗面条,中碗面条还是小碗的。因此?size?符合题意。 故正确答案为C。
10.【2018新疆维吾尔自治区】.Hurry up!Some _____ and ____ are on sale in the supermarket.
A.tomato; egg B.tomatoes;egg C.Tomatoes;eggs D.tomato; eggs
【答案】C
【解析】句意:快点!超市里一些西红柿和鸡蛋在降价销售。tomato西红柿,可数名词单数;tomatoes是复数形式;egg鸡蛋,单数;eggs是复数形式。空前的some意思是“一些”,修饰可数名词复数,两个空都要用复数形式,故应选C。
11. 【2018达州】—Which country do you think will win the first prize of the ____FIFA World Cup?
—You mean the football match will be held in __________?
A.twenty-one: Russia B.twenty-first; Russian
C.twenty-first; Russia D.twenty-one: Russian
【答案】C
【解析】句意:——你认为哪个国家会赢得第二十一届国际足联世界杯的冠军?——你的意思是足球比赛将在俄罗斯举行。考查数词和名词辨析。第一空根据冠词the判断后接序数词形式,因此A/D不对;第二空表示“在俄罗斯(Russia)”。故选C。
12.【2018黑龙江】 Wang Yaping and Liu Yang are our_____in China. We’re proud_____them.
A.woman astronauts; of B.women astronauts; of C.women astronauts; in
【答案】B
【解析】句意:王亚平和刘洋是我们中国的女航天员,我们为她们感到骄傲。本题考查名词复数及固定短语。主语是Wang Yaping and Liu Yang是复数形式,女航天员的复数形式为women astronauts;be proud of,以···为自豪。故答案选B。
13.【2018凉山】Many foreigners came to our school last week, including three ___ and four____ .
A.German, American B.Germans. American
C.Germans. Americans D.German, Americans
【答案】C
【解析】句意:上周有许多外国人来我们学校,包括三个德国人和四个美国人。考查名词的数。German德国人,其复数形式是Germans;American美国人,其复数形式是Americans。根据空格前面的three和four,可知空格处要用复数名词来填空,因此可知本句的句意为:上周有许多外国人来我们学校,包括三个德国人和四个美国人。故答案选C。
14. 【2018广西】.The woman in a hat is ______ aunt.
A.Jack and John B.Jack’s and John C.Jack’s and John’s D.Jack and John’s
【答案】D
【解析】句意:戴帽子的那个女人是杰克和约翰的姑姑。此题考查名词的格。题目中的 woman 是单数,表明是一个人,所以可以知道 Jack 和 John 是同一个阿姨,在名词所有格里,表示共同拥有时,选项 D 的表达才是正确的。
15.【2018内蒙】In China, there are more _____ in primary schools than in high schools.
A.woman teacher B.women teachers
C.women teacher D.woman teachers
【答案】B
【解析】句意:在中国,小学里女老师比中学里更多。woman teacher女老师,单数形式;women teachers女老师,复数形式;women teacher和woman teachers两种形式多是错误的。在这个短语中woman作定语,修饰名词teacher,在变复数的时候,woman和teacher都应变为复数形式,根据句中的there are…可知,这里应填复数形式,故选B。
16.【2018山东青岛】— Let’s see what food you’ve got for dinner.
— Look, we have mutton, fish, eggs, tomatoes and____ .
A.milk B.bread C.coffee D.juice
【答案】B
【解析】句意:——让我们看看晚餐你们都有些什么。——看,我们有羊肉、鱼、鸡蛋、西红柿和面包。A. milk牛奶;B. bread面包;C. coffee咖啡;D. juice果汁。milk,coffee,juice都是喝的东西,只有bread属于吃的食物,故答案为B。
17.【2018黑龙江】The dishes are fantastic! Nothing tastes________. You are such a good_______.
A.nice; cooker B.better; cook C.terrible; cook
【答案】B
【解析】句意:这些菜太好了!没有什么菜比这些菜更好吃。你是一个这么好的厨师。从语意可知暗含比较的意思,可排除A、C;cook .可做动词,意思是“烹饪,;做菜” ;也可作名词,厨师;厨子。故答案选B。
18.【2018黑龙江】Please read the ______ before you take the medicine.
A.introduction B.explanation C.instruction
【答案】C
【解析】句意:吃药之前请阅读说明书。本题考查名词词义辨析。A. introduction介绍,名词;B. explanation解释,名词;C. instruction说明,名词。根据句意,故选C。
19.【2018山东菏泽】Now more and more schools care for the full______of the students’ talents.
A.development B.agreement C.preparation
【答案】A
【解析】句意:现在越来越多的学校关心学生才能的全面发展。考查名词辨析题。A. development发展;B. agreement协议;C. preparation准备。the students’talents学生的才能;本句是双重所有格结构,根据句意语境,可知development符合句意,故选A。
20.【2018甘肃兰州】If the temperature is below 0oC, water will turn into __________ in the open air.
A.ice B.steam C.fog D.rain
【答案】A
【解析】句意:如果温度低于0摄氏度,水会在户外变成冰。A. ice冰;B. steam 蒸汽;C. fog雾;D. rain雨。根据物理知识,在一个大气压下,水的熔点是0℃,低于0摄氏度,水会变成冰,故答案为A。
21.【2018湖北孝感】— Which should we start with, Water World or Space World?
— Either is OK, it makes no _____to me.
A.mistake B.promise C.difference D.decision
【答案】C
【解析】句意:-我们应该从水世界还是太空世界开始? -都行,对我来说无所谓。A. mistake名词,错误;B. promise名词,允诺;C. difference名词,不同;D. decision名词,决心。根据句意可知,“哪个都可以”,也就是“对我没有什么不同”。故选:C。
22.【2018江苏苏州】The boy has been missing for five days and his parents are worried about his______.
A.attention B.safety C.action D.growth
【答案】B
【解析】句意:这个男孩失踪五天了,他的父母非常担心他的安全。attention注意力;safety安全;action行动,行为;growth生长。根据句意The boy has been missing for five days可知,这个男孩失踪五天了,所以他的父母是担心他的安全,故应选B。
23.【2018湖北咸宁】— What do your parents do before ?
— They usually sweep away the dust(灰尘) of the old year and welcome a fresh start.
A.the Lantern Festival B.the Spring Festival
C.the Mid-autumn Day D.the Dragon Boat Festival
【答案】B
【解析】句意:——你父母在春节前做什么?——他们通常扫除旧年的尘土,迎接新的开始。A. the Lantern Festival元宵节;B. the Spring Festival春节;C. the Mid-autumn Day中秋节;D. the Dragon Boat Festival端午节。新年是辞旧迎新的时刻,故答案为B。
24.【2018湖北咸宁】— Could you give me a few ______on how to spend the coming summer holiday?
— OK, let me see.
A.hobbies B.suggestions C.knowledge D.information
【答案】B
【解析】句意:——你能给我一些关于如何度过即将到来的暑假的建议吗?——好的,让我想想。A. hobbies爱好;B. suggestions建议;C. knowledge知识;D. information信息。a few修饰可数名词,knowledge,information为不可数名词,因此要排除C,D答案;结合句意可知,请求对方给出一些度假的建议,故答案为B。
25.【2018辽宁沈阳】Small cars are useful in cities with narrow __________.
A.streets B.cinemas C.squares D.shop
【答案】A
【解析】句意:小型汽车在街道狭窄的城市是很有用的。考查名词的词义理解。 A. street街道;B. cinema电影院;C. square广场;D. shop商店。结合句意可知所缺的词是streets。故选A。
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