中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
第十四讲 八年级下 Units9--10
Japan(n.)→Japanese(n.) 日本人 most (adj.&pron) → mostly (adv.) 主要地 memory(n. ) → memorize (v.) 记忆，记住 scarf (n.)→ scarves (复数) 围巾 make (v.) →maker (n.) 机器 certain ( adj. ) →certainly (adv.) 当然了 invent (v.) →invention (n. ) 发明→ inventor (n.)发明者 fox (n.) → foxes (复数）狐狸 it (pron.)→itself (反身代词）它自已→its(物主代词）它的10.German (n.) →Germans(复数)德国人→Germany (名词）德国 11.social (adj.) → society (n.) 社会 12 collect(v.) → collection(n.)收藏品→collector (n.)收藏家 13 simple(adj.)→ simply(adv.) 仅仅 14 hold (v.) →held(过去式）held (过去分词）举办，容纳 15 peace(n.) →peaceful (adj.)和平的 16 truth (n.)→truthful (adj.)诚实的 17 believe(v.)→belief(n.)相信，信服→believable(adj.)信服的→unbelievable (adj.)难以置信的 18 safe(adj.)→safely(adv.)安全地→safety(n.)安全 19 honest (adj.)→dishonest(反义词）不诚实的
你曾去过科学博物馆吗？不，我没有。 Have you ever been to a science museum ? No, I haven’t .
我从来没有去过水上公园。我也没有。 I have never been to a water park. Me neither .
你哥哥曾经去过太空博物馆吗？ 是的，他去过。他去年去了那。 Has your brother ever been to a space museum ? Yes , he has. He went there last year.
你最好还是等等你父亲。 It is better for you to wait for your father . = You had better wait for your father .
那辆自行车你买了多少时间了？我已经买了三年多了。 How long have you had that bike ? I have had it for more than 3 years .
Finn踢过足球吗？ 是的， 他踢过。他小的时候踢过，但是现在已经有一段时间没有踢了。 Has Finn ever played football ? Yes, he has . He did when he was little , but he has played for a while now .
◆考点 progress n.
考向1 ：作名词。常用搭配：make progress取得进步
eg :We have made great progress in controlling inflation . 我们在抑制通货膨胀方面取得了巨大进展。
考向2 ：作动词“前进，进步，时行”。
eg : He progressed well in school . 他在上学期间取得了很大进步。
◆考点突破
1 （２０１8，福州）只要努力学习，你就会取得进步。（progress,as long as)_________________________________________________
[答案] As long as you work hard , you will make progress .
(2018,江西） I believe you’ll make _____ progress if you work harder .
A greater B. less C. the greatest D the least
[答案] A
[解析] 考查比较级。由后面的harder知前面应表示取得更大的进步。
◆考点2 fear n.&v.
考向1 :作动词，“害怕，畏惧，担心”。fear+名词，代词，to do sth , doing sth 或句子。
eg : He did not fear to die 他不怕死。
Experts fear that there will be new outbreak of the disease . 专家们担心这种疾病会再度爆发。
考向2： “害怕”的其他表达
afraid/scared adj.害怕的 be afraid to sth 害怕某事物 be afraid /scared to do sth 害怕做某事 be afraid /scared that +从句 害怕...
考向3：作名词，“害怕，恐惧，敬畏”。
①for fear that +从句，以免；唯恐；担心；生怕；②for fear of +名词、代词 ③in fear of 提心吊胆。
eg : Shut the window for fear that it may rain . 恐怕会下雨，把窗户关上。
She has a great fear of water . 她很怕冻。
We’re in fear of more snow. 我们担心会再下雪。
◆考点突破
3 David said he had no time ______ his life when he stopped a man shooting at students .
A for fear of B. for fear that C. to fear for D. in fear of
[答案] C
[解析] 考查动词不定式的用法。 have no time to do sth . 为固定结构。
4 （2018，湖北随州）他不敢在课堂上回答问题，因为他害怕出错。
He _______ not answer questions in class , because he is afraid of ______ mistakes
[答案] fear ; making
[解析]考查dare 用情态动词及be afraid to ding 的用法。
◆考点3 mostly adv.
考向：mostly,almost,nearly和most
mostly adv. 大多数地 She is mostly out on Sundays. 她周日多半不在家。
almost adv. 几乎 I almost got the answer. 我几乎快得到答案了。
nearly adv. 几乎（有接近之意） He’s nearly 80.他快80岁了。
most adj. 多数的 Most students like the teacher 。大多数学生都喜欢这位老师。
◆考点突破
5 （2017,山东泰安改编）The monkeys threw so many bananas at the first seed(种子）that she was ______ cut into two . (most)
[答案] mostly
[解析]句意：猴子们朝第一个种子扔了如此多的香蕉，以致她几乎被砍成两半。
考点4 certain adj.
考向1： certain表“某种；某人；某事”作定语。
eg : A certain Mr. Brown phoned while you were out 你出去的时候，有位布朗先生来过电话。
考向2：表“肯定的”意思时作表语。
be certain to do sth
be certain of doing sth
be certain+that 从句
eg : He is certain to succeed . 他一定会成功。（对别人的估计）
He is certain of succeeding . 他有把握成功。（对自已的信心）
He is certain that he will succeed . 他肯定他能成功。
考向3 ：certainly =sure = of course 肯定地
拓展：for certain 肯定地，确凿地
make certain (of或从句）把....弄清楚，把...弄确实，保证
◆考点突破
(2017,甘肃) ---Are you the last one to go to school today?
----______not . I’m always the first one .
A Certainly B. Usually C. Generally D. Finally
[答案] A
[解析] 此题采用情景与文化背景分析法。certainly 当然；usually 通常；generally 广泛地 ; finally 最终；
考点5 honest adj.
eg : She is an honest woman, and she won’t tell lies . 她是个诚实的女人，不会撒谎的。
考向1： honest 以元音音素开头，前有不定冠词时用an .
an honest person/boy 一个诚实的人/男孩
考向2：honestly =to be honest 说实在的
eg :To be honest , I don’t know what to do next .
=Honestly , I don’t know what to do next . 说实在的，我不知道接下来该做什么。
◆考点突破
（2018，湖南邵阳） ---Look!Who’s ____ boy over there ?
---Oh, he is my cousin Bob . He is ______ honest boy .
A a; the B. the ; an C. the ; a
[答案]B
[解析]考查冠词的用法。上句句意“看！那边的男孩是谁？”表特指，故用定冠词the ，下句后一句意“他是一个诚实的男孩。”表泛指，故用不定冠词，又因honest 以元音音素开头，故用an .
考点6 especially adv.
specially 多指为了某一特别的目的而做某事，主要用来修饰动词
especially 侧重强调某方面特别，可修饰多种成分，用于被强调词之前。
eg : The weather has been especially cold. I came specially to see you. 天气特别冷。我特地来看你。
◆考点突破
8 . （2018，山东德州）The basketball match was really fantastic , ____ when Shu-How Lin scored in the last second .
A probably B especially C exactly D. mostly
[答案] B
[解析] probably 很可能；especially 尤其是 exactly 确切地；mostly大多数地。 由语境知答案为B，表示一人特殊的场合。
考点7 consider v.
eg: Have you considered both sides of the question ?
你把问题的两个方面都考虑到了吗？
考向1： consider 作“认为”讲时，常用consider ...as 把...视为/认为。
eg : We considered it as part of her work.
我们认为这是她的部分工作。
考向2 ：辨析consider 与regard
consider 强调经过考虑后得出比较客观的看法。 They consider his brother as an honest man . 他们认为他哥哥是个诚实的人。
regard 常指对外表的看法或凭眼睛所见面作的评价；强调主观上的认为。 We regard her as a poor woman . 我们把她当作穷女人。（但实际上她却有可能很有钱）
考向3：consider = think about 考虑
consider 作“考虑”讲时接动名词，consider doing sth “考虑做某事”。
eg : He is considering going to see her .
他正在考虑去见她。
拓展：（1）常接动名词作宾语的动词有：enjoy（喜欢）,finish(完成），practice (练习）,mind (介意）等。
consideration 名词 “考虑，体谅”
◆考点突破
9 （2017，湖北襄阳）---Driving less,walking more is good for our health.
----So I’d rather _____ an hour’s walk to work than consider _____ a car .
[答案] C
[解析] 此题采用固定搭配法。would rather do sth .意为“宁愿干某事”，would rather 后面接动词原形；consider doing sth 意为“考虑做某事”，后面接动名词。
（2018，湖北黄石）你曾考虑过出国深造吗？
Have you ever _______ ______ abroad for further study ?
[答案]considered going
考点8 memory n.
考向1：memory 作
“记忆力；记性”讲时不可数
“记忆中的人或事物”讲时可数（memories )
eg : Can a person improve his memory ?
一个人能提高自己的记忆力吗？
One of my earliest memories is playing in the garden .
我最早的记忆之一就是在花园里玩耍。
考向2： in memory of 为纪念
eg : He founded the charity in memory of his late wife .
他创办了这一慈善事业以纪念他已故的妻子 。
11 根据所给汉语完成的句子。
为了纪念那些勇敢的消防战士，一部电影即将开拍。
A film sill be shot _____ ______ ______ these brave firefighters .
[答案] in memory of
◆现在完成时II
1 构成
含有be 动词的现在完成时的谓语部分由“have/has （助动词）+been构成。
2 含有be动词的现在完成时态的基本句式
肯定句：主语+have/has+been +其他
否定句：主语+haven’t/hasn’t+been +其他
一般疑问句：Have/Has +主语+been +其他？
肯定的简略回答 ：Yes , 主语+have/has
否定的简略回答：No, 主语+have/has not .
特殊疑问句：疑问词+have/has +been +其他？
3 用法
用来表示之前已经发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果却和现在有联系：动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在，可以和never ,ever , once, twice , three /four /...times 等副词（短语）连用。
They have been to Beijing . 他们去过北京 。
I have never been there . 我从未去过那里。
Have you ever been to Singapore ?我曾经去过新加坡吗？
4 “have/has been to +地点”与“have /has gone to +地点”的区别：
have/has been to +地点名词 表示“某人曾经去过某地” 现在已经回来了，不在那里了。
have /has gone to +地点名词 表示“某人去了某地” 现在还没回来，可能 在去的途中，也可能在目的地或在返回的途中。
She has been to Shanghai . 她去过上海。 （现在不在上海）
She has gone to Shanghai 她去上海了。 （现在已在上海或在途中）
5 现在完成时与一般过去时态的区别
一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态；现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。强调的是现在的情况。
I saw this film yesterday . 昨天我看过这部电影。（强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film 我已经看过这部电影。（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）
一般过去时常与具体的表示过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday , last year .... ago , in 1990, in October , just now 等 。 现在完成时不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。
现在完成时的时间状语有：ever , never , just , yet , in the past /last few years , recently , so far 等。
◆考点突破
1 （2017?重庆）Sanya is a beautiful city . I _____ there twice .
A have gone B. have been C. have gone to D. have been to
【答案】B
【解析】由题干中twice可知“我去过那里两次了”。Have been to 表示“去过某地”have gone to 表示“去了某地”。由空格后地点副词there可知其前to 应省略，故选B。
2 （2018，黑龙江绥化）---Where is Bob?
---He____ to Harbin for a meeting
A went B. has been C. has gone
【答案】C
【解析】have/has been to 意思是“去过某地”；have /has gone to 意思是“去了某地”。根据句意：“鲍勃在哪里？”“他去哈尔滨开会了”。可知C项符合句意。
◆现在完成时III
现在完成时的用法
表示从过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示“从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间状语”连用，如“for +时间段”“since+过去的时间点” “since+过去时的从句”“since+一段时间+ago”,how long 等 。且for 与since 引导的时间状语可以进行相互转换。
My uncle has worked at this factory for five years =My uncle has worked at this factory since five years ago. 我的叔叔已经在这个工厂工作了5年。
Mr Black has taught in China since 2000. 自从2000年以来布来克先生一直在中国执教 。
How long have you been here ?你来这里多久了？
2 句中动词的特点
此种用法中表示持续性的动作或状态的动词必须是延续性动词（否定句除外）。
这本书我已经买了3年了。
I’ve had the book for three years.
你哥哥参军多长时间了？
How long has your elder brother been in the army /been a soldier ?
3 延续性动词和非延续性动词
延续性动词表示经验、经历；非延续性动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
I’ve known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。 （表经历）
He has finished the work . 他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果）
延续性动词与非延续性动词的用法：
①非延续性动词与短暂性时间（点）连用。
He joined the league three years ago . 他入团3年了。（他3年前入的团）
②用“It is /has been +时间段+since ...”句型。
It is /has been three years since I bought the book 这本书我买了3年了。 （从买这本书到现在3年了）
③用相应的延续性动词替换非延续性动词，句子用现在完成时，时间状语为“for+时间段”或“since +从句（过去时）”“since+一段时间+ago”.
The old man died 4 years ago =The old man has been dead for 4 years . 那位老人去世4年了。
I borrowed the book 5 days ago = I have kept the book since 5 days ago . 这本书我借了5天了。
现在完成时态时延续性动词与非延续性动词的转换：
①非延续性动词也被称为终止性动词、瞬间性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如：open, die , close ,begin , finish, come , go , move , borrow , lend , buy 等 。
非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如two years ago, at 5 o’clock .
He died 5 years ago . 他5年前去世了。
②延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，如：learn , work , stand ,lie , know , walk , keep , “for+时间段”“since +时间点”“since+从句（过去时）”“since +一段时间+ago”, how long 等连用。
非延续性动词和延续性动词之间的转换：
①转化为相应的延续性动词，用于现在完成时态。
borrow -- keep buy -- have catch a cold --have a cold
put on --wear get to know --know get to sleep --sleep
②转化为“be+形容词/副词/介词/名词“。
begin/start --be on go out -- be out get to /arrive/reach --be (in )
die ---be dead open ---be open leave --be away
finish-- be over fall ill ---be ill get up ---be up
fall asleep --be asleep join ---be in/be a member of
Go to school --be in school become --be
make friends --be friends go to bed --- be in bed
close -- be closed go to bed ---be in bed
◆考点突破
3（2017，广东）Our English teacher is very nice . We ____ friends since three years ago .
A were B. became C have been D. has made
【答案】C
【解析】由题干中的时间状语since three years ago可知用现在完成时，可排除A，B 两项；又因make 是非延续性动词，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。故选C项。
选择题
1 ---Where is your father ,Tom?
---He ______ to Changsha .
A goes B. has been C. has gone D. went
【答案】C
【解析】have/has been to 表示“去过某地”，现在已经回来了；have/has gone to 意为“去了某地”，表示不在说话者处。句意“你爸爸在哪里，汤姆？”“他去长沙了。”故选C。
---Have you ever been to Shanghai?
--- Yes . I ______ there a few months ago
A have been B went C have gone D. will go
【答案】B
【解析】“一段时间+ago”用于一般过去时，故选B。
3 I____ to Hainan twice . It’s beautiful .
A will go B have gone C have been D. went
【答案】C
【解析】由句中twice “(去过）两次”知用现在完成时，排除A，D两项；表示“去过某地”要用have/has been to .故远C。
4 (2017,广东) ---You haven’t been to the West Lake , have you ?
---______ .But I will go there with my parents this summer vacation
A No, I haven’t B. No, I didn’t C. Yes, I have D. Yes, I did
【答案】A
【解析】问句用了现在完成时，答语应与其一致，排除B，D两项；由答语中“但是今年暑假我将和我的父母一起去那里”可知此处应作否定回答 ，故选A。
5 ----How do you go to school every day , by bike or by bus ?
----_______ . I go to school on foot .
A Both B. Either C None D Neither
【答案】D
【解析】由答语中“我步行去上学”可知既不是骑自行车，也不是乘公共汽车。表示“两者都不”用“neither”.故选D。
6 ______ of the students in our school have seen the film .
A Third quarters B. Three quarter C. A three quarter D. Three quarters .
【答案】D
【解析】在表达分数时，分子用基数词，分母用数词，如果分子大于一，分母用复数形式。 “四分之三”应表示为“three quarters” ， 故选D。
7 Please be quiet . I have ______ to tell you .
A important anything B. important something
C something important D. anything important
【答案】C
【解析】形容词修饰不定代词时要后置，故排除A，B两项；一般情况下，something 用于肯定句中， anything 用于否定句或疑问句中，故选C。
8 He can hardly speak English , _____?
A can he B. can’t he C. does he D. doesn’t he
【答案】A
【解析】因为陈述句有否定词hardly,所以反意疑问部分用肯定形式，又因句中有情态动词can , 故选A 。
9 They gave away ______ books to our school last year .
A thousand of B. two thousands C. thousands of D. two thousand of
【答案】C
【解析】当thousand前有具体数字修饰时，thousand必须用单数形式，故排除B 项；当其表示概数时，用复数形式，并且后加of ，即thousands of ，意为“数以千计的，许许多多的”。故选C。
10 I’ve never seen _____ bird before .
A so a beautiful B. such a beautiful C. so beautiful D. such beautiful
【答案】B
【解析】空格后的bird为可数名词单数；“such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数”可与 “so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数”进行互换。故选B。
11 You can come and play with me _____ you’re free .
A whatever B. wherever C. however D whenever .
【答案】D
【解析】由句意“无论你何时有空，都可以来和我玩”知，whenever符合题意。
12 We didn’t have any problems ______ the bookstore .
A finding B. find C. to find D. found
【答案】A
【解析】have problems (in) doing sth “做某事很费事”，为固定结构。
13 I want to know _____ .
A where does he live B. how old is he
C what he is doing D. how soon will he come back
【答案】C
【解析】宾语从句用陈述语序，而A，B和D 三项都用了疑问语序，可排除，故选C。
14 Look! Can you see the children _____ in the park ?
A be playing B. playing C. to play D. play
【答案】B
【解析】see sb do sth “看见某人做某”，强调全过程；see sb doing sth “看见某人正在做某事”,强调动作正在进行。由句中的“Look!”可知强调动作正在进行，故选B。
15 She _____ this book for nearly three weeks
A has borrowed B. has lent C. has bought D. has kept
【答案】D
【解析】句中时间状语for nearly three weeks 表示一段时间，故谓语动词必须用延续性动词，A,B，C三项中的动词borrow,lend , buy 均为非延续性动词，keep为延续动词，故远D。
16 (2017.哈尔滨）How time flies! Several years _____ since we started our middle school life . We will keep the pleasant experiences in our minds .
A have pass B. has passed C. will pass
【答案】B
【解析】由从句since we started our middle school life 可知，主句用现在完成时态；表示时间的复数名词或短语作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。故选B。
17 Ten years has passed _____ the CCTV event People Who Moved China took place in 2002.
A when B. while C. before D. since
【答案】D
【解析】since引导的主从复合句中，主句一般现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。
18 The volunteers _____ a lot of help to the community for nearly ten years .
A offered B. will offer C are offering D. have offered
【答案】D
【解析】由句中的时间状语“nearly ten years (将近10年了）”可知，应用现在完成时态。故选D。
19 My aunt is a writer . She _____ more than ten books since 1980.
A writes B. wrote C. has written D. will write .
【答案】C
【解析】由“since 1980（自1980年以来）”知句子应用现在完成时，其结构为“have/has+动词的过去分词“。故选C。
20 ____ wasn’t easy to win the match .
A It B. That C. This D. One
【答案】A
【解析】动词不定式作主语时，可以用it作形式主语放在句首。
21 ---How long have you _____ the book ?
--- For three days .
A borrowed B. kept C. lent D. bought
【答案】B
【解析】how long 表示一段时间，句中谓语动词须用延续性动词，而borrow,lend , buy 都是非延续性动词，keep为延续性动词，故选 B。
22--- How long has the film been on ?
---______ twenty minutes .
A Before B. After C. For D. Since
【答案】C
【解析】how long引导的特殊疑问句的答语，既可用“for+时间段”也可用 “since+时间点”，由于所给的答语是一段时间，故之前词须用介词for .
23 She is one of _____ singers . I like her very much .
A famous . B the most famous C more famous D. most famous
【答案】B
【解析】 “one of +the+形容词最高级+名词复数”结构表示“最....之一”。
I think the question is ______ difficult to answer.
A most B .many C a lot D a bit
【答案】D
【解析】空格后的difficult 为形容词，故用a bit “一点儿，稍微”修饰。
25 Mary is an _____ girl . She lives with her grandmother
A y8-years-old B. 8-year-old C. 8-years old D 8 years old
【答案】 B
【解析】“数词+名词+形容词”构成复合形容词，作前置定语。这类复合形容词中词与词之间要用连字符“-”连接，且数词后面的名词必须用单数形式。
26 He used to ____ up early , and now he gets used to _____ up early.
A get; getting B get ; get C. getting ; get D. getting ; getting
【答案】A
【解析】used to do sth . “过去常做某事”， get used to doing sth “习惯于做某事”。句意“他过去常早起，现在他习惯于早起了”。故远A。
27 According _____ Mr. Wang . we’ll go on a trip this weekend .
A in B. to C. at D. for
【答案】B
【解析】according to sb “依某人来看“，为固定短语。
The basketball _____ I bought yesterday cost me 80 yuan .
A when B. that C. who D. what
【答案】 B
【解析】因先行词the basketball 表事物，需用关系代词that或which 引导定语从句。故选 B。
29 Look! She’s standing _____ the ten children .
A among B. between C. of D. from .
【答案】A
【解析】among表示“三者或在者以上之间”，between 表示“两者之间”。由句意“看！她正站在那10个孩子中间”可知A 项符合题意。
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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
第十四讲 八年级下 Units9--10
Japan(n.)→_______(n.) 日本人 most (adj.&pron) →_____ (adv.) 主要地 memory(n. ) →_______ (v.) 记忆，记住 scarf (n.)→ ______(复数) 围巾 make (v.) →________(n.) 机器 certain ( adj. ) →______ (adv.) 当然了 invent (v.) →_______(n. ) 发明→_________(n.)发明者 fox (n.) → ______ (复数）狐狸 it (pron.)→______(反身代词）它自已→______(物主代词）它的10.German (n.) →______(复数)德国人→________ (名词）德国 11.social (adj.) → ______ (n.) 社会 12 collect(v.) →________(n.)收藏品→________ (n.)收藏家 13 simple(adj.)→ _______(adv.) 仅仅 14 hold (v.) →______(过去式）_______ (过去分词）举办，容纳 15 peace(n.) →_______ (adj.)和平的 16 truth (n.)→______(adj.)诚实的 17 believe(v.)→_______(n.)相信，信服→_______(adj.)信服的→________ (adj.)难以置信的 18 safe(adj.)→_______(adv.)安全地→_______(n.)安全 19 honest (adj.)→_______(反义词）不诚实的
你曾去过科学博物馆吗？不，我没有。_______you ever_____a ______ museum ? No, I__________
我从来没有去过水上公园。我也没有。 I _________a _________. Me neither .
你哥哥曾经去过太空博物馆吗？ 是的，他去过。他去年去了那。 ______your brother ever________ a space museum ? Yes , he ______ He____there last year.
你最好还是等等你父亲。_________for you_______your father . = You_____________your father .
那辆自行车你买了多少时间了？我已经买了三年多了。 ______________you_______that bike ? I__________ it______ more than 3 years .
Finn踢过足球吗？ 是的， 他踢过。他小的时候踢过，但是现在已经有一段时间没有踢了。______Finn________football ? Yes, he______. He______when he was little , but he_________or a while now .
◆考点 progress n.
考向1 ：作名词。常用搭配：make progress取得进步
eg :We have made great progress in controlling inflation . 我们在抑制通货膨胀方面取得了巨大进展。
考向2 ：作动词“前进，进步，时行”。
eg : He progressed well in school . 他在上学期间取得了很大进步。
◆考点突破
1 （２０１8，福州）只要努力学习，你就会取得进步。（progress,as long as)_________________________________________________
(2018,江西） I believe you’ll make _____ progress if you work harder .
A greater B. less C. the greatest D the least
◆考点2 fear n.&v.
考向1 :作动词，“害怕，畏惧，担心”。fear+名词，代词，to do sth , doing sth 或句子。
eg : He did not fear to die 他不怕死。
Experts fear that there will be new outbreak of the disease . 专家们担心这种疾病会再度爆发。
考向2： “害怕”的其他表达
afraid/scared adj.害怕的 be afraid to sth 害怕某事物 be afraid /scared to do sth 害怕做某事 be afraid /scared that +从句 害怕...
考向3：作名词，“害怕，恐惧，敬畏”。
①for fear that +从句，以免；唯恐；担心；生怕；②for fear of +名词、代词 ③in fear of 提心吊胆。
eg : Shut the window for fear that it may rain . 恐怕会下雨，把窗户关上。
She has a great fear of water . 她很怕冻。
We’re in fear of more snow. 我们担心会再下雪。
◆考点突破
3 David said he had no time ______ his life when he stopped a man shooting at students .
A for fear of B. for fear that C. to fear for D. in fear of
4 （2018，湖北随州）他不敢在课堂上回答问题，因为他害怕出错。
He _______ not answer questions in class , because he is afraid of ______ mistakes
◆考点3 mostly adv.
考向：mostly,almost,nearly和most
mostly adv. 大多数地 She is mostly out on Sundays. 她周日多半不在家。
almost adv. 几乎 I almost got the answer. 我几乎快得到答案了。
nearly adv. 几乎（有接近之意） He’s nearly 80.他快80岁了。
most adj. 多数的 Most students like the teacher 。大多数学生都喜欢这位老师。
◆考点突破
5 （2017,山东泰安改编）The monkeys threw so many bananas at the first seed(种子）that she was ______ cut into two . (most)
考点4 certain adj.
考向1： certain表“某种；某人；某事”作定语。
eg : A certain Mr. Brown phoned while you were out 你出去的时候，有位布朗先生来过电话。
考向2：表“肯定的”意思时作表语。
be certain to do sth
be certain of doing sth
be certain+that 从句
eg : He is certain to succeed . 他一定会成功。（对别人的估计）
He is certain of succeeding . 他有把握成功。（对自已的信心）
He is certain that he will succeed . 他肯定他能成功。
考向3 ：certainly =sure = of course 肯定地
拓展：for certain 肯定地，确凿地
make certain (of或从句）把....弄清楚，把...弄确实，保证
◆考点突破
(2017,甘肃) ---Are you the last one to go to school today?
----______not . I’m always the first one .
A Certainly B. Usually C. Generally D. Finally
考点5 honest adj.
eg : She is an honest woman, and she won’t tell lies . 她是个诚实的女人，不会撒谎的。
考向1： honest 以元音音素开头，前有不定冠词时用an .
an honest person/boy 一个诚实的人/男孩
考向2：honestly =to be honest 说实在的
eg :To be honest , I don’t know what to do next .
=Honestly , I don’t know what to do next . 说实在的，我不知道接下来该做什么。
◆考点突破
（2018，湖南邵阳） ---Look!Who’s ____ boy over there ?
---Oh, he is my cousin Bob . He is ______ honest boy .
A a; the B. the ; an C. the ; a
考点6 especially adv.
specially 多指为了某一特别的目的而做某事，主要用来修饰动词
especially 侧重强调某方面特别，可修饰多种成分，用于被强调词之前。
eg : The weather has been especially cold. I came specially to see you. 天气特别冷。我特地来看你。
◆考点突破
8 . （2018，山东德州）The basketball match was really fantastic , ____ when Shu-How Lin scored in the last second .
A probably B especially C exactly D. mostly
考点7 consider v.
eg: Have you considered both sides of the question ?
你把问题的两个方面都考虑到了吗？
考向1： consider 作“认为”讲时，常用consider ...as 把...视为/认为。
eg : We considered it as part of her work.
我们认为这是她的部分工作。
考向2 ：辨析consider 与regard
consider 强调经过考虑后得出比较客观的看法。 They consider his brother as an honest man . 他们认为他哥哥是个诚实的人。
regard 常指对外表的看法或凭眼睛所见面作的评价；强调主观上的认为。 We regard her as a poor woman . 我们把她当作穷女人。（但实际上她却有可能很有钱）
考向3：consider = think about 考虑
consider 作“考虑”讲时接动名词，consider doing sth “考虑做某事”。
eg : He is considering going to see her .
他正在考虑去见她。
拓展：（1）常接动名词作宾语的动词有：enjoy（喜欢）,finish(完成），practice (练习）,mind (介意）等。
consideration 名词 “考虑，体谅”
◆考点突破
9 （2017，湖北襄阳）---Driving less,walking more is good for our health.
----So I’d rather _____ an hour’s walk to work than consider _____ a car .
（2018，湖北黄石）你曾考虑过出国深造吗？
Have you ever _______ ______ abroad for further study ?
考点8 memory n.
考向1：memory 作
“记忆力；记性”讲时不可数
“记忆中的人或事物”讲时可数（memories )
eg : Can a person improve his memory ?
一个人能提高自己的记忆力吗？
One of my earliest memories is playing in the garden .
我最早的记忆之一就是在花园里玩耍。
考向2： in memory of 为纪念
eg : He founded the charity in memory of his late wife .
他创办了这一慈善事业以纪念他已故的妻子 。
11 根据所给汉语完成的句子。
为了纪念那些勇敢的消防战士，一部电影即将开拍。
A film sill be shot _____ ______ ______ these brave firefighters .
◆现在完成时II
1 构成
含有be 动词的现在完成时的谓语部分由“have/has （助动词）+been构成。
2 含有be动词的现在完成时态的基本句式
肯定句：主语+have/has+been +其他
否定句：主语+haven’t/hasn’t+been +其他
一般疑问句：Have/Has +主语+been +其他？
肯定的简略回答 ：Yes , 主语+have/has
否定的简略回答：No, 主语+have/has not .
特殊疑问句：疑问词+have/has +been +其他？
3 用法
用来表示之前已经发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果却和现在有联系：动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在，可以和never ,ever , once, twice , three /four /...times 等副词（短语）连用。
They have been to Beijing . 他们去过北京 。
I have never been there . 我从未去过那里。
Have you ever been to Singapore ?我曾经去过新加坡吗？
4 “have/has been to +地点”与“have /has gone to +地点”的区别：
have/has been to +地点名词 表示“某人曾经去过某地” 现在已经回来了，不在那里了。
have /has gone to +地点名词 表示“某人去了某地” 现在还没回来，可能 在去的途中，也可能在目的地或在返回的途中。
She has been to Shanghai . 她去过上海。 （现在不在上海）
She has gone to Shanghai 她去上海了。 （现在已在上海或在途中）
5 现在完成时与一般过去时态的区别
一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态；现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。强调的是现在的情况。
I saw this film yesterday . 昨天我看过这部电影。（强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film 我已经看过这部电影。（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）
一般过去时常与具体的表示过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday , last year .... ago , in 1990, in October , just now 等 。 现在完成时不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。
现在完成时的时间状语有：ever , never , just , yet , in the past /last few years , recently , so far 等。
◆考点突破
1 （2017?重庆）Sanya is a beautiful city . I _____ there twice .
A have gone B. have been C. have gone to D. have been to
2 （2018，黑龙江绥化）---Where is Bob?
---He____ to Harbin for a meeting
A went B. has been C. has gone
◆现在完成时III
现在完成时的用法
表示从过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示“从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间状语”连用，如“for +时间段”“since+过去的时间点” “since+过去时的从句”“since+一段时间+ago”,how long 等 。且for 与since 引导的时间状语可以进行相互转换。
My uncle has worked at this factory for five years =My uncle has worked at this factory since five years ago. 我的叔叔已经在这个工厂工作了5年。
Mr Black has taught in China since 2000. 自从2000年以来布来克先生一直在中国执教 。
How long have you been here ?你来这里多久了？
2 句中动词的特点
此种用法中表示持续性的动作或状态的动词必须是延续性动词（否定句除外）。
这本书我已经买了3年了。
I’ve had the book for three years.
你哥哥参军多长时间了？
How long has your elder brother been in the army /been a soldier ?
3 延续性动词和非延续性动词
延续性动词表示经验、经历；非延续性动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
I’ve known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。 （表经历）
He has finished the work . 他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果）
延续性动词与非延续性动词的用法：
①非延续性动词与短暂性时间（点）连用。
He joined the league three years ago . 他入团3年了。（他3年前入的团）
②用“It is /has been +时间段+since ...”句型。
It is /has been three years since I bought the book 这本书我买了3年了。 （从买这本书到现在3年了）
③用相应的延续性动词替换非延续性动词，句子用现在完成时，时间状语为“for+时间段”或“since +从句（过去时）”“since+一段时间+ago”.
The old man died 4 years ago =The old man has been dead for 4 years . 那位老人去世4年了。
I borrowed the book 5 days ago = I have kept the book since 5 days ago . 这本书我借了5天了。
现在完成时态时延续性动词与非延续性动词的转换：
①非延续性动词也被称为终止性动词、瞬间性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如：open, die , close ,begin , finish, come , go , move , borrow , lend , buy 等 。
非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如two years ago, at 5 o’clock .
He died 5 years ago . 他5年前去世了。
②延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，如：learn , work , stand ,lie , know , walk , keep , “for+时间段”“since +时间点”“since+从句（过去时）”“since +一段时间+ago”, how long 等连用。
非延续性动词和延续性动词之间的转换：
①转化为相应的延续性动词，用于现在完成时态。
borrow -- keep buy -- have catch a cold --have a cold
put on --wear get to know --know get to sleep --sleep
②转化为“be+形容词/副词/介词/名词“。
begin/start --be on go out -- be out get to /arrive/reach --be (in )
die ---be dead open ---be open leave --be away
finish-- be over fall ill ---be ill get up ---be up
fall asleep --be asleep join ---be in/be a member of
Go to school --be in school become --be
make friends --be friends go to bed --- be in bed
close -- be closed go to bed ---be in bed
◆考点突破
3（2017，广东）Our English teacher is very nice . We ____ friends since three years ago .
A were B. became C have been D. has made
选择题
1 ( ) ---Where is your father ,Tom?
---He ______ to Changsha .
A goes B. has been C. has gone D. went
( ) ---Have you ever been to Shanghai?
--- Yes . I ______ there a few months ago
A have been B went C have gone D. will go
3 ( ) I____ to Hainan twice . It’s beautiful .
A will go B have gone C have been D. went
4 ( ) (2017,广东) ---You haven’t been to the West Lake , have you ?
---______ .But I will go there with my parents this summer vacation
A No, I haven’t B. No, I didn’t C. Yes, I have D. Yes, I did
5 ( ) ----How do you go to school every day , by bike or by bus ?
----_______ . I go to school on foot .
A Both B. Either C None D Neither
6 ( ) ______ of the students in our school have seen the film .
A Third quarters B. Three quarter C. A three quarter D. Three quarters .
7 ( ) Please be quiet . I have ______ to tell you .
A important anything B. important something
C something important D. anything important
8 ( ) He can hardly speak English , _____?
A can he B. can’t he C. does he D. doesn’t he
9 ( ) They gave away ______ books to our school last year .
A thousand of B. two thousands C. thousands of D. two thousand of
10 ( ) I’ve never seen _____ bird before .
A so a beautiful B. such a beautiful C. so beautiful D. such beautiful
11 ( ) You can come and play with me _____ you’re free .
A whatever B. wherever C. however D whenever .
12 ( ) We didn’t have any problems ______ the bookstore .
A finding B. find C. to find D. found
13 ( ) I want to know _____ .
A where does he live B. how old is he
C what he is doing D. how soon will he come back
14 ( ) Look! Can you see the children _____ in the park ?
A be playing B. playing C. to play D. play
15 ( ) She _____ this book for nearly three weeks
A has borrowed B. has lent C. has bought D. has kept
16 ( ) (2017.哈尔滨）How time flies! Several years _____ since we started our middle school life . We will keep the pleasant experiences in our minds .
A have pass B. has passed C. will pass
17 ( ) Ten years has passed _____ the CCTV event People Who Moved China took place in 2002.
A when B. while C. before D. since
18 ( ) The volunteers _____ a lot of help to the community for nearly ten years .
A offered B. will offer C are offering D. have offered
19 ( ) My aunt is a writer . She _____ more than ten books since 1980.
A writes B. wrote C. has written D. will write .
20 ( ) ____ wasn’t easy to win the match .
A It B. That C. This D. One
21 ( ) ---How long have you _____ the book ?
--- For three days .
A borrowed B. kept C. lent D. bought
22 ( ) --- How long has the film been on ?
---______ twenty minutes .
A Before B. After C. For D. Since
23 ( ) She is one of _____ singers . I like her very much .
A famous . B the most famous C more famous D. most famous
( ) I think the question is ______ difficult to answer.
A most B .many C a lot D a bit
25 ( ) Mary is an _____ girl . She lives with her grandmother
A y8-years-old B. 8-year-old C. 8-years old D 8 years old
26 ( ) He used to ____ up early , and now he gets used to _____ up early.
A get; getting B get ; get C. getting ; get D. getting ; getting
27 ( ) According _____ Mr. Wang . we’ll go on a trip this weekend .
A in B. to C. at D. for
( ) The basketball _____ I bought yesterday cost me 80 yuan .
A when B. that C. who D. what
29 ( ) Look! She’s standing _____ the ten children .
A among B. between C. of D. from .
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