第10讲 动词时态的表达与运用
整体分析解读：
近三年的中考试题中有关动词时态的考查所占分值较大，其中主要对六种时态进行考查，即一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时和现在完成时。解答此类试题的关键，是要看清句中的时间状语，如：now/ next week/ yesterday/ last Saturday/ since 1980等。
另外，在完成句子和作文部分也常常考查到时态的用法，较单选而言难度增大。要求学生根据自己所表达的内容选择适合的时态来书写。
动词的时态
动词的时态有很多。初中阶段主要掌握八种：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。
1．一般现在时
1）一般现在时态的构成：主语是I, we, you, they和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是he, she , it和名词单数时，作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：
一般情况 ＋s
以s, x, ch, sh 或 o结尾 ＋es
以辅音＋y结尾 去y变i＋es
2）一般现在时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）：
主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I am a student. We/You/ They are students. He/ She is a student. I / We/ You/ They/ like music. Many people like music. I am not a student. We/You/ They are not students. He/ She is not a student. I / We/ You/ They/ don’t like music. Many people don’t like music. Are you a student. Are you/ they students? Is he/ she a student? Do you/ they like music? Do many people like music?
3）一般现在时态的用法：
现阶段经常性，习惯性的动作 。例如：
I get up at six every morning.
He plays tennis once a week.
现在的状态 例如：
My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a school.
客观真理 例如：
The earth goes around the sun.
4）常用于一般现在时态的时间状语：
often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1. --- May I help you, sir?
--- Yes, I bought the TV the day before yesterday, but it ______.
A. didn’t work B. doesn’t work C. won’t work D. can’t work
解析：电视虽然是前天买的， 但坏了是现在的状态， 应该用一般现在时态。选B.
2．______ the bus until it ______..
A. Get off, stops B. Get off, will stop C. Don’t get off, stops D. Don’t get off, will stop
解析：这是一个以until引导的时间状语从句，主句是祈使句，因此从句要用一般现在时表示将要发生的动作。根据句意此题应用not …until（直到……才）句型。应选C。
3．The 70-year-old man ______ exercises in the morning.
A. takes B. are taking C. took D. will take
解析：“这个70岁的老人早晨锻炼。”这里锻炼是一个经常性、习惯性的动作。因此，应选A.
2. 现在进行时
1）现在进行时的构成：Am/is/ are+ v-ing是现在进行时的构成形式
v-ing现在分词的构成：
一般情况 +ing
以不发音字母e结尾的单词。去e,加ing +ing
以辅音字母＋y结尾的单词 去e+ing
以重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母时. 双写词尾字母+ing
2) 现在进行时的肯定肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：
主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I am driving. He/She/It is working. We/You/They are doing something. I am not driving. He/She/It is not working. We/You/They are not doing anything. Are you driving? Is he/she/it working? Are you/they doing something?
3）现在进行时的用法：
1. 说话时正在进行或发生的动作（动作是在说话时正在进行）。例如：
She is having a bath now.
2. 现阶段正在进行或发生的动作（但是动作并不是必须在说话时正在进行）。例如：
You are working hard today.
Kate wants to work in Italy, so she is learning Italian.
The population of the world is growing very fast.
频度副词always, forever等词连用时， 表示某种强烈的感情。如：
He is always trying out new ideas. (表示欣赏，表扬)
表示按计划即将发生的动作（仅限于go, come, arrive, leave, start, fly, begin, stay 等动词）。如：
The party is beginning at 8:00 o’clock.
6) 常用于现在进行时态的时间状语： now 等。
often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1．I don’t think that it’s true. She’s always ______ lies.
A. tell B. tells C. telling D. told
解析：always在这里应现在进行时连用， 带有感彩， 表示讨厌。选C.
2. How ______ you ______ with the new job?
A. do, do B. do, get along C. are, doing D. are, getting on
解析：表示现阶段正在发生的动作，用现在进行时。选D.
3．--- Are these socks yours?
--- No. Mine ______ outside on the clothes line.
A. are hanging B. have hung C. hang D. hung
解析：hang意为悬挂， hung意为上吊、绞死，先排除答案B、D。根据前后句意可判断出现在的状态，应用现在进行时。应选 A.
3．一般将来时
1）一般将来时的构成：
1. 助动词will(shall)+动词原形
2. am / is / are +going to +动词原形
2）一般将来时的用法：
1．将要发生的动作。例如：
I will leave for Beijing tomorrow.
2．将要存在的状态。例如：
This time next year I will be in Japan. Where will you be?
3．打算要做的事。 例如：
Are you going to watch the film on television tonight?
3) 常用于一般将来时的时间状语：
tomorrow next week in 2008 等。
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1. I______ for Hong Kong on Saturday. Will you go to see me off at the airport？
A. am leaving B. am left C. am going to leaving D. left
解析：趋向动词leave 可用现在进行时表将来。选A。
2.I______ to see grandma and help her with some housework every week.
A. came B. am going come C. come D. will come
解析：此题虽然有every week, 但句意中表达的事将要去做的经常性动作。应该用一般将来时。因此选D。
3. We Chinese ______ the Olympic Games in 2008.
A. held B. shall holding C. are holding D. are going to hold
解析：本题的时间状语是将来的时间， 所以选用一般将来时，A、D都删去。shall后面应跟动词原型，
故应选D.
4．一般过去时
1）一般过去时的构成：
用动词的过去式。作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：
一般情况 +ed
以e字母结尾的辅音 +d
以辅音字母＋y结尾 去y变i＋ed
重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写词尾字母+ed
2）一般过去时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）：
主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I was a student. We/You/ They were students. He/ She was a student. I / We/ You/ They/ liked music. Many people liked music. I was not a student. We/You/ They were not students. He/ She was not a student. I / We/ You/ They/ didn’t like music. Many people didn’t like music. Were you a student. Were you/ they students? Was he/ she a student? Did you/ they like music? Did many people like music?
3）一般过去时的用法：
1． 过去发生的动作。例如：
The police stopped me on my way home last night.
2． 过去存在的状态。例如：
They weren't able to come because they were so busy.
3. 常用于一般过去时的时间状语：
yesterday，three months ago，last year，in 1979，often，always等。
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1． Mr. Mott is out. But he ______ here a few minutes ago.
A. was B. is C. will be D. would be
解析：时分钟前发生的动作， 应该用一般过去时。 应选?A，
2．---Hi, Tom.
---Hello, Fancy. I ______ you were here.
A.don’t know B.won’t think C. think D. didn’t know
解析：虽然句中没有明确的时间状语， 但是可以通过上下文语境判断出， 这句话指的是我这段时间并不知道， 你前一阵子在这儿。 所以应选A。
3．He promised to tell me by himself when I ______.
A. come B. would come C. come D. had come
解析：在时间状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来。应选C。
5．现在完成时
1） 现在完成时的构成：have / has + v-ing
2）现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和see为例）：
主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I /We/You/ They have been here before. He/ She has been here before. .I / We/ You/ They/ Many people have seen the film. I /We/You/ They haven’t been here before. He/ She hasn’t been here before . .I / We/ You/ They/ Many people haven’t seen the film. Have you/ they been here before? Has he/ she been here before? Have you/ they/ many people seen the film?
3)现在完成时的用法：
1、表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果.常与already, just, ever, never, before等词连用. 如:
She has never read this novel.他从未读过这本小说.(他对小说的内容不了解)
2、表示 “过去的动作”一直延续到现在并有可能继续延续下去. 常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如:
I have been a member of the Party for 10 years.
I have been a member of the Party since 10 years ago.
注：在有for 和since 引导时间状语的句子中不能用短暂性动词，应用与之相应的表示状态的词。如：
He has died for 3 years.(F)
He has been dead for 3 years.(T)
注意：①现在完成时不能和表示明确的过去时间连用。如：in 1998, last morning等
②have/has been to 表示“去过”（去了又回来了）
have/has gone to 表示“去过”（去了没回来了）
如：Where has she gone?(句中所指的人不在)
Where has she been?(句中作指的人在)
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
--How long ______ he ______ a fever?
--- Ever since last night.
A. have, got B. have , had C. have, caught D. did, have
解析：此句表示从昨晚起持续到现在的状态，应用现在完成时，去掉答案D。因为是段时间， 所以不能用短暂行动词，get和catch 都是短暂行动词。 因此选B.
My bowl is empty. Who ______ all my soup?
A. drinks B. had drunk C. has drunk D. drank
解析：碗是空的了，这里强调的是所发生的动作造成的结果。 “谁把我的汤都喝了。应选C.
3. I ______ you for a long time. Where ______ you ______?
A. Didn’t seen; did, go B. didn’t see; have, gone C. haven’t seen; have, been D. haven’t seen; have gone
解析：for+段时间一般预先在完成时连用。“你去哪儿了？ ”（在这段时间你不在）应选C。
6、过去进行时
1）过去进行时的构成： was / were +v-ing
2) 过去进行时的用法：
过去某一阶段或某一时刻正在进行的动作。 例如：
This time last year I was living in Brazil.
What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night?
3)常用于过去进行时的时间状语：
at four yesterday afternoon，then，at that time/moment 等。
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
Daddy promised me he ______ me a computer
A. was bought B. had bought C bought D. would buy
解析：“爸爸答应我给我买一台电脑”。宾语从句中的动作是以过去为起点将要发生的动作，应用过去将来时。
选D。
They said they ______ do some sports if it was fine.
A. were going to B. went C. would going D. were going
解析：“他们说如果天气好的话他们打算去运动。”去做运动发生在说话之后，所以应选用过去将来时，答案B不合适，“打算作某事”为“be going to do ”.would 后面应跟动词原形，应选A.
7、过去完成时态
1）过去完成时态的构成：
肯定式：had + 动词的过去分词
否定式：hadn’t + 动词的过去分词
疑问式：Had … + 动词的过去分词
简略回答: Yes, 主 + have/has had.
No, 主 + had现在完成时的用法
过去完成时的用法：
1、表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。 他表示的时间是“过去 的过去 ”常与by last year, by the time of yesterday,等连用。如：
She said she had seen the film 4 times.
When Mr Li got to the classroom, all the students had begun reading.
By the time they arrived, the bus had left.
2、表示 从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如:
She had worked in this school since it opened 25 years ago.
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1. He ______ in Shanghai University for four years before he ______ Beijing.
A. studied, had gone B. had studied, went
C. has studied, goes D. had studied, had gone
解析：“他去北京之前在上大学学习了4年 ”。在上海学习的动作发生在去北京之前，因此第一个空应用过去完成时。此题选B。
2. Mary said it was at least five years since he ______ a good drink.
A. enjoyed B. was enjoying C. had enjoyed D. would enjoy
解析：It was + 时间段+since 引导的从句中用过去完成时。应选C。
3. Xiao Pei said she ______ Hainan for 3 months.
A. has been in B. had been in C. had been to D. had gone to
解析：“小培说她去了海南三个月 ”。have been to 和have gone to 都是短暂性的动词短语。所以适应表示状态的have been in. 应选B.
二、易混清单
1.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
它们所表示的动作都发生在过去,但二者又有区别 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?):一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作,说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情,与现在没有关系;现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作,它不与表示过去的时间状语(如yesterday,last week,a moment ago等)连用。如:
—These farmers have been to the United States.
——这些农民去过美国了。
—Really? When did they go there?
——真的吗?他们什么时候去的?
—Have you finished your homework? ——你完成作业了吗?
—Yes,I did it a moment ago. ——是的,我刚刚做的。
2.词组have/has been in/to与have/has gone to的区别
“have/has gon (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)e to+地点”表示“某人去了某地(还未回来)”,指主语所指的人不在这儿。“have/has been in+地点”表示“在某地呆了多长时间”,常与表示时间的状语连用。“have/has been to+地点”表示“曾经去过某地(但现在已不在那儿)”。如:
My father isn't at home. He has gone to Beijing.
我爸爸不在家,他去北京了。
I have been in Beijing for 10 years. 我待在北京十年了。
I have been to that city,and I don't want to go there again.
我去过那座城市了,我不想再去了。
3.would rather与prefer to
would rather相 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)当于一个情态动词,后面跟不带to的动词不定式构成句型:would rather do sth.,意为“宁可/愿做……,还是……的好。”这种结构可以表示“喜欢/爱”。would与代词连用时通常用缩写'd。其否定结构为:would rather not do sth.,意思是“宁可/愿不做……”。如:
They would rather use colors like orange and yellow.
他们宁愿使用像橙色和黄色这样的颜色。
I'd rather not tell you about it.
关于这件事我不愿告诉你。
would rather与than连用时,than前、后连接两个平衡结构,意为“宁……而不;与其……不如……。”如:
I'd rather go shopping (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?) in Sunshine Town than in Moonlight Town.我宁愿去阳光城购物,也不愿去月光城。
I'd rather put the picture on my home page than show it to everyone.
我宁愿把照片放在家庭网页上,而不愿把它给每个人看。
‘would rather…than…'可以用来表示个人的选择或谈论别人的选择。如:
I'd rather help Mum d (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)o a lot of housework than watch too much TV at weekends.
在周末,我宁愿帮妈妈干点家务活,也不愿看太多的电视。
He would rather give (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)away his money to the poor than enjoy himself. 他宁愿把钱送给穷人,也不愿自己享受。
动词prefer 用作及物动词时,之后通常 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)跟名词/动名词作宾语,再加to 加名词/动名词,即“prefer A to B”结构,意为“喜欢A胜过B;宁愿A不愿B”。如:
I prefer modern drama to Beijing Opera. 我喜欢话剧胜过京剧。
I prefer walking to jogging.
我宁愿散步而不愿慢跑。
有时“prefer doing st (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)h. to doing sth.”结构可以与“would rather do sth. than do sth.”结构互换使用。如:
I prefer singing to dancing.
我宁愿唱歌不愿跳舞。(=I'd rather sing than dance.)
I prefer playing f (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ootball to playing basketball. 我宁愿踢足球也不愿打篮球。(=I'd play football rather than play basketball.)
I always pref (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)er getting up early rather than going to school without breakfast. 我总是早起,而不是不吃早饭去上学。(= I would rather get up early than go to school without breakfast.)
注意点:“prefer A to B”与“prefer A rather than B”有时可以互换使用。如:
I prefer fish to ch (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)icken. 我宁愿吃鱼不愿吃鸡。该句相当于:I prefer fish rather than chicken.
4. 瞬间性动词与延续性动词的区别
瞬间性动词表示短暂的、不能持续一段时间的动 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)作,如:come, leave, begin, become, buy, receive, die, join, borrow, lend, go等。瞬间性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。持续性动词表示能持续一段时间的动作,如:work, stay,live,learn,read,write,wait 等。例如:
她已经离开沈阳一个月了。
误:She has left Shenyang for a month.
正:She has been away from Shenyang for a month.
但是瞬间动词的否定结构可以与表示一段时间的状语连用,说明某动作不发生的状态可以持续一段时间。如:
She often goes on bus (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)iness. But she hasn't left Shenyang for a month. 她经常出差办事,但她已经一个月没离开沈阳了。
【精题巧练】
1.【2018江苏徐州】Millie?________?a?picture?when?Mr?Green?came?in??
A?draw B?will?draw C?drew D?was?drawing?
2.【2018江苏淮安】One?of?the?popular?expressions?in?2018?________“Positive?energy”??
A?is? B?are? C?was? D?were??
3.【2018江苏淮安】—Will?you?go?to?the?cinema?with?me?tomorrow??
—Sorry,?I?________?skating?with?Tom??
A?go?B?went?C?have?gone?D?will?go?
4.【2018天津】I?saw him?in?the?library?yesterday?He______?a?book?at?that?moment? ?A?reads?B?is?reading?C?was?reading?D?will?read?
5 .【2018年四川省乐山市】–Did you watch the basketball match on TV last night?
–I wanted to, but my father______ his favorite TV program.
A. watched
B. was watching
C. watches
6. 【2018年内蒙古包头市中考】-- Has your daughter come back from Australia?
-- Yes. She ______ there for three years
A. has stayed
B. stays
C. stayed
D. had stayed
7.【2018年山东省青岛】— It’s time to work now.
— OK. I’ll wake Carl up. He for an hour.
A. has fallen asleep B. has been asleep C. fell asleep D. falls asleep
8.【2018年四川成都市】 Yesterday, I the subway home when I suddenly found I was on the wrong line.
A. took B. was taking C. had taken
9.【2018年天津市】---Jerry, have you ever been to the Great Wall?
---Yes. I______ there with my parents last year
A. go B. went C. will go D. have gone
10.【2018年天津市】Harry invited me_______ with him when his parents were out of town.
A. stay B. staved C. staying D. to stay
11.【2018年云南省】Jack ______ a shower when his mother rang him up.
A. takes
B. has taken
C. is taking
D. was taking
12.【2018年浙江省温州市】John _______ so hard on his project that he didn’t notice his mom enter the room.
A. works
B. has worked
C. was working
D. will work
13.【2018·邵阳】?—Where?is?Jim??—Look!?He???? ?under?the?tree.??
A.is?standing??? B.stood??? C.stands?
14. 【2018北京】Tom will call me as soon as he __________ home.
A. gets B. has got C. got D. will get
15. 【2018北京】Miss Lin____________ a lot of work for the poor area since 2010.
A. does B. did C. has done D. will do
1
第10讲 动词时态的表达与运用
整体分析解读：
近三年的中考试题中有关动词时态的考查所占分值较大，其中主要对六种时态进行考查，即一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时和现在完成时。解答此类试题的关键，是要看清句中的时间状语，如：now/ next week/ yesterday/ last Saturday/ since 1980等。
另外，在完成句子和作文部分也常常考查到时态的用法，较单选而言难度增大。要求学生根据自己所表达的内容选择适合的时态来书写。
动词的时态
动词的时态有很多。初中阶段主要掌握八种：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。
1．一般现在时
1）一般现在时态的构成：主语是I, we, you, they和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是he, she , it和名词单数时，作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：
一般情况 ＋s
以s, x, ch, sh 或 o结尾 ＋es
以辅音＋y结尾 去y变i＋es
2）一般现在时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）：
主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I am a student. We/You/ They are students. He/ She is a student. I / We/ You/ They/ like music. Many people like music. I am not a student. We/You/ They are not students. He/ She is not a student. I / We/ You/ They/ don’t like music. Many people don’t like music. Are you a student. Are you/ they students? Is he/ she a student? Do you/ they like music? Do many people like music?
3）一般现在时态的用法：
现阶段经常性，习惯性的动作 。例如：
I get up at six every morning.
He plays tennis once a week.
现在的状态 例如：
My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a school.
客观真理 例如：
The earth goes around the sun.
4）常用于一般现在时态的时间状语：
often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1. --- May I help you, sir?
--- Yes, I bought the TV the day before yesterday, but it ______.
A. didn’t work B. doesn’t work C. won’t work D. can’t work
解析：电视虽然是前天买的， 但坏了是现在的状态， 应该用一般现在时态。选B.
2．______ the bus until it ______..
A. Get off, stops B. Get off, will stop C. Don’t get off, stops D. Don’t get off, will stop
解析：这是一个以until引导的时间状语从句，主句是祈使句，因此从句要用一般现在时表示将要发生的动作。根据句意此题应用not …until（直到……才）句型。应选C。
3．The 70-year-old man ______ exercises in the morning.
A. takes B. are taking C. took D. will take
解析：“这个70岁的老人早晨锻炼。”这里锻炼是一个经常性、习惯性的动作。因此，应选A.
2. 现在进行时
1）现在进行时的构成：Am/is/ are+ v-ing是现在进行时的构成形式
v-ing现在分词的构成：
一般情况 +ing
以不发音字母e结尾的单词。去e,加ing +ing
以辅音字母＋y结尾的单词 去e+ing
以重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母时. 双写词尾字母+ing
2) 现在进行时的肯定肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：
主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I am driving. He/She/It is working. We/You/They are doing something. I am not driving. He/She/It is not working. We/You/They are not doing anything. Are you driving? Is he/she/it working? Are you/they doing something?
3）现在进行时的用法：
1. 说话时正在进行或发生的动作（动作是在说话时正在进行）。例如：
She is having a bath now.
2. 现阶段正在进行或发生的动作（但是动作并不是必须在说话时正在进行）。例如：
You are working hard today.
Kate wants to work in Italy, so she is learning Italian.
The population of the world is growing very fast.
频度副词always, forever等词连用时， 表示某种强烈的感情。如：
He is always trying out new ideas. (表示欣赏，表扬)
表示按计划即将发生的动作（仅限于go, come, arrive, leave, start, fly, begin, stay 等动词）。如：
The party is beginning at 8:00 o’clock.
6) 常用于现在进行时态的时间状语： now 等。
often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1．I don’t think that it’s true. She’s always ______ lies.
A. tell B. tells C. telling D. told
解析：always在这里应现在进行时连用， 带有感彩， 表示讨厌。选C.
2. How ______ you ______ with the new job?
A. do, do B. do, get along C. are, doing D. are, getting on
解析：表示现阶段正在发生的动作，用现在进行时。选D.
3．--- Are these socks yours?
--- No. Mine ______ outside on the clothes line.
A. are hanging B. have hung C. hang D. hung
解析：hang意为悬挂， hung意为上吊、绞死，先排除答案B、D。根据前后句意可判断出现在的状态，应用现在进行时。应选 A.
3．一般将来时
1）一般将来时的构成：
1. 助动词will(shall)+动词原形
2. am / is / are +going to +动词原形
2）一般将来时的用法：
1．将要发生的动作。例如：
I will leave for Beijing tomorrow.
2．将要存在的状态。例如：
This time next year I will be in Japan. Where will you be?
3．打算要做的事。 例如：
Are you going to watch the film on television tonight?
3) 常用于一般将来时的时间状语：
tomorrow next week in 2008 等。
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1. I______ for Hong Kong on Saturday. Will you go to see me off at the airport？
A. am leaving B. am left C. am going to leaving D. left
解析：趋向动词leave 可用现在进行时表将来。选A。
2.I______ to see grandma and help her with some housework every week.
A. came B. am going come C. come D. will come
解析：此题虽然有every week, 但句意中表达的事将要去做的经常性动作。应该用一般将来时。因此选D。
3. We Chinese ______ the Olympic Games in 2008.
A. held B. shall holding C. are holding D. are going to hold
解析：本题的时间状语是将来的时间， 所以选用一般将来时，A、D都删去。shall后面应跟动词原型，
故应选D.
4．一般过去时
1）一般过去时的构成：
用动词的过去式。作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：
一般情况 +ed
以e字母结尾的辅音 +d
以辅音字母＋y结尾 去y变i＋ed
重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写词尾字母+ed
2）一般过去时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）：
主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I was a student. We/You/ They were students. He/ She was a student. I / We/ You/ They/ liked music. Many people liked music. I was not a student. We/You/ They were not students. He/ She was not a student. I / We/ You/ They/ didn’t like music. Many people didn’t like music. Were you a student. Were you/ they students? Was he/ she a student? Did you/ they like music? Did many people like music?
3）一般过去时的用法：
1． 过去发生的动作。例如：
The police stopped me on my way home last night.
2． 过去存在的状态。例如：
They weren't able to come because they were so busy.
3. 常用于一般过去时的时间状语：
yesterday，three months ago，last year，in 1979，often，always等。
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1． Mr. Mott is out. But he ______ here a few minutes ago.
A. was B. is C. will be D. would be
解析：时分钟前发生的动作， 应该用一般过去时。 应选?A，
2．---Hi, Tom.
---Hello, Fancy. I ______ you were here.
A.don’t know B.won’t think C. think D. didn’t know
解析：虽然句中没有明确的时间状语， 但是可以通过上下文语境判断出， 这句话指的是我这段时间并不知道， 你前一阵子在这儿。 所以应选A。
3．He promised to tell me by himself when I ______.
A. come B. would come C. come D. had come
解析：在时间状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来。应选C。
5．现在完成时
1） 现在完成时的构成：have / has + v-ing
2）现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和see为例）：
主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I /We/You/ They have been here before. He/ She has been here before. .I / We/ You/ They/ Many people have seen the film. I /We/You/ They haven’t been here before. He/ She hasn’t been here before . .I / We/ You/ They/ Many people haven’t seen the film. Have you/ they been here before? Has he/ she been here before? Have you/ they/ many people seen the film?
3)现在完成时的用法：
1、表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果.常与already, just, ever, never, before等词连用. 如:
She has never read this novel.他从未读过这本小说.(他对小说的内容不了解)
2、表示 “过去的动作”一直延续到现在并有可能继续延续下去. 常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如:
I have been a member of the Party for 10 years.
I have been a member of the Party since 10 years ago.
注：在有for 和since 引导时间状语的句子中不能用短暂性动词，应用与之相应的表示状态的词。如：
He has died for 3 years.(F)
He has been dead for 3 years.(T)
注意：①现在完成时不能和表示明确的过去时间连用。如：in 1998, last morning等
②have/has been to 表示“去过”（去了又回来了）
have/has gone to 表示“去过”（去了没回来了）
如：Where has she gone?(句中所指的人不在)
Where has she been?(句中作指的人在)
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
--How long ______ he ______ a fever?
--- Ever since last night.
A. have, got B. have , had C. have, caught D. did, have
解析：此句表示从昨晚起持续到现在的状态，应用现在完成时，去掉答案D。因为是段时间， 所以不能用短暂行动词，get和catch 都是短暂行动词。 因此选B.
My bowl is empty. Who ______ all my soup?
A. drinks B. had drunk C. has drunk D. drank
解析：碗是空的了，这里强调的是所发生的动作造成的结果。 “谁把我的汤都喝了。应选C.
3. I ______ you for a long time. Where ______ you ______?
A. Didn’t seen; did, go B. didn’t see; have, gone C. haven’t seen; have, been D. haven’t seen; have gone
解析：for+段时间一般预先在完成时连用。“你去哪儿了？ ”（在这段时间你不在）应选C。
6、过去进行时
1）过去进行时的构成： was / were +v-ing
2) 过去进行时的用法：
过去某一阶段或某一时刻正在进行的动作。 例如：
This time last year I was living in Brazil.
What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night?
3)常用于过去进行时的时间状语：
at four yesterday afternoon，then，at that time/moment 等。
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
Daddy promised me he ______ me a computer
A. was bought B. had bought C bought D. would buy
解析：“爸爸答应我给我买一台电脑”。宾语从句中的动作是以过去为起点将要发生的动作，应用过去将来时。
选D。
They said they ______ do some sports if it was fine.
A. were going to B. went C. would going D. were going
解析：“他们说如果天气好的话他们打算去运动。”去做运动发生在说话之后，所以应选用过去将来时，答案B不合适，“打算作某事”为“be going to do ”.would 后面应跟动词原形，应选A.
7、过去完成时态
1）过去完成时态的构成：
肯定式：had + 动词的过去分词
否定式：hadn’t + 动词的过去分词
疑问式：Had … + 动词的过去分词
简略回答: Yes, 主 + have/has had.
No, 主 + had现在完成时的用法
过去完成时的用法：
1、表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。 他表示的时间是“过去 的过去 ”常与by last year, by the time of yesterday,等连用。如：
She said she had seen the film 4 times.
When Mr Li got to the classroom, all the students had begun reading.
By the time they arrived, the bus had left.
2、表示 从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如:
She had worked in this school since it opened 25 years ago.
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1. He ______ in Shanghai University for four years before he ______ Beijing.
A. studied, had gone B. had studied, went
C. has studied, goes D. had studied, had gone
解析：“他去北京之前在上大学学习了4年 ”。在上海学习的动作发生在去北京之前，因此第一个空应用过去完成时。此题选B。
2. Mary said it was at least five years since he ______ a good drink.
A. enjoyed B. was enjoying C. had enjoyed D. would enjoy
解析：It was + 时间段+since 引导的从句中用过去完成时。应选C。
3. Xiao Pei said she ______ Hainan for 3 months.
A. has been in B. had been in C. had been to D. had gone to
解析：“小培说她去了海南三个月 ”。have been to 和have gone to 都是短暂性的动词短语。所以适应表示状态的have been in. 应选B.
二、易混清单
1.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
它们所表示的动作都发生在过去,但二者又有区别 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?):一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作,说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情,与现在没有关系;现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作,它不与表示过去的时间状语(如yesterday,last week,a moment ago等)连用。如:
—These farmers have been to the United States.
——这些农民去过美国了。
—Really? When did they go there?
——真的吗?他们什么时候去的?
—Have you finished your homework? ——你完成作业了吗?
—Yes,I did it a moment ago. ——是的,我刚刚做的。
2.词组have/has been in/to与have/has gone to的区别
“have/has gon (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)e to+地点”表示“某人去了某地(还未回来)”,指主语所指的人不在这儿。“have/has been in+地点”表示“在某地呆了多长时间”,常与表示时间的状语连用。“have/has been to+地点”表示“曾经去过某地(但现在已不在那儿)”。如:
My father isn't at home. He has gone to Beijing.
我爸爸不在家,他去北京了。
I have been in Beijing for 10 years. 我待在北京十年了。
I have been to that city,and I don't want to go there again.
我去过那座城市了,我不想再去了。
3.would rather与prefer to
would rather相 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)当于一个情态动词,后面跟不带to的动词不定式构成句型:would rather do sth.,意为“宁可/愿做……,还是……的好。”这种结构可以表示“喜欢/爱”。would与代词连用时通常用缩写'd。其否定结构为:would rather not do sth.,意思是“宁可/愿不做……”。如:
They would rather use colors like orange and yellow.
他们宁愿使用像橙色和黄色这样的颜色。
I'd rather not tell you about it.
关于这件事我不愿告诉你。
would rather与than连用时,than前、后连接两个平衡结构,意为“宁……而不;与其……不如……。”如:
I'd rather go shopping (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?) in Sunshine Town than in Moonlight Town.我宁愿去阳光城购物,也不愿去月光城。
I'd rather put the picture on my home page than show it to everyone.
我宁愿把照片放在家庭网页上,而不愿把它给每个人看。
‘would rather…than…'可以用来表示个人的选择或谈论别人的选择。如:
I'd rather help Mum d (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)o a lot of housework than watch too much TV at weekends.
在周末,我宁愿帮妈妈干点家务活,也不愿看太多的电视。
He would rather give (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)away his money to the poor than enjoy himself. 他宁愿把钱送给穷人,也不愿自己享受。
动词prefer 用作及物动词时,之后通常 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)跟名词/动名词作宾语,再加to 加名词/动名词,即“prefer A to B”结构,意为“喜欢A胜过B;宁愿A不愿B”。如:
I prefer modern drama to Beijing Opera. 我喜欢话剧胜过京剧。
I prefer walking to jogging.
我宁愿散步而不愿慢跑。
有时“prefer doing st (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)h. to doing sth.”结构可以与“would rather do sth. than do sth.”结构互换使用。如:
I prefer singing to dancing.
我宁愿唱歌不愿跳舞。(=I'd rather sing than dance.)
I prefer playing f (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ootball to playing basketball. 我宁愿踢足球也不愿打篮球。(=I'd play football rather than play basketball.)
I always pref (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)er getting up early rather than going to school without breakfast. 我总是早起,而不是不吃早饭去上学。(= I would rather get up early than go to school without breakfast.)
注意点:“prefer A to B”与“prefer A rather than B”有时可以互换使用。如:
I prefer fish to ch (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)icken. 我宁愿吃鱼不愿吃鸡。该句相当于:I prefer fish rather than chicken.
4. 瞬间性动词与延续性动词的区别
瞬间性动词表示短暂的、不能持续一段时间的动 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)作,如:come, leave, begin, become, buy, receive, die, join, borrow, lend, go等。瞬间性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。持续性动词表示能持续一段时间的动作,如:work, stay,live,learn,read,write,wait 等。例如:
她已经离开沈阳一个月了。
误:She has left Shenyang for a month.
正:She has been away from Shenyang for a month.
但是瞬间动词的否定结构可以与表示一段时间的状语连用,说明某动作不发生的状态可以持续一段时间。如:
She often goes on bus (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)iness. But she hasn't left Shenyang for a month. 她经常出差办事,但她已经一个月没离开沈阳了。
【精题巧练】
1.【2018江苏徐州】Millie?________?a?picture?when?Mr?Green?came?in??
A?draw B?will?draw C?drew D?was?drawing?
【答案】D?
【解析】考查动词的时态。句意“当格林先生进的时候，米莉正在画画”，因此用过去进行时态。所以选择D。?
2.【2018江苏淮安】One?of?the?popular?expressions?in?2018?________“Positive?energy”??
A?is? B?are? C?was? D?were?
【答案】C?
【解析】考查动词的时态。由句中的one?of…知,?主语是单数,?又由句中的时间in?2018知,?用一般过去时态,?所以选择C。?
3.【2018江苏淮安】—Will?you?go?to?the?cinema?with?me?tomorrow??
—Sorry,?I?________?skating?with?Tom??
A?go?B?went?C?have?gone?D?will?go?
【答案】D?
【解析】考查动词的时态。问句“明天你与我们一起去电影院,?好吗？”,?答句意为“对不起,?我们将一起去滑冰”,?因此用一般将时态,?所以选择D。?
4.【2018天津】I?saw him?in?the?library?yesterday?He______?a?book?at?that?moment? ?A?reads?B?is?reading?C?was?reading?D?will?read?
【答案】C?
【解析】考查动词的时态。由句中的yesterday知，本句表达的是过去发生的动作，故用过去范畴内的时态，排除A、B、D。句意我昨天在图书馆看到他的时候他正在读书。故选C。
5 .【2018年四川省乐山市】–Did you watch the basketball match on TV last night?
–I wanted to, but my father______ his favorite TV program.
A. watched
B. was watching
C. watches
【答案】B
【解析】句意：——昨天晚上你看电视上的篮球赛了吗？——我想看，但是我爸爸正在看他最喜欢的电视节目。考查动词时态辨析题。根据句意语境，“我”昨晚想看篮球赛的时候，父亲正在看他的节目，可知需用过去进行时，可排除AC选项，故选B。
6. 【2018年内蒙古包头市中考】-- Has your daughter come back from Australia?
-- Yes. She ______ there for three years
A. has stayed
B. stays
C. stayed
D. had stayed
【答案】C
【解析】句意：你女儿从澳大利亚回来了吗？是的。她在那里住了三年。考查一般过去时。根据句意可知女儿已经从澳大利亚回来了，所以待在澳大利亚的动作表示的是过去。用一般过去时态、故选C。
7.【2018年山东省青岛】— It’s time to work now.
— OK. I’ll wake Carl up. He for an hour.
A. has fallen asleep B. has been asleep C. fell asleep D. falls asleep
【答案】B
【解析】句意：——现在到了工作的时间了。——好的，我叫醒卡尔，他睡了一个小时了。根据fall asleep入睡，短暂性动词；be asleep睡着，指状态，延续性的；根据for an hour.可知用延续性动词；故选B
8.【2018年四川成都市】 Yesterday, I the subway home when I suddenly found I was on the wrong line.
A. took B. was taking C. had taken
【答案】B
【解析】句意：昨天，当我突然发现我拨错电话的时候，我正在乘地铁回家。这里是when引导的时间状语从句，当某个动词发生的时候，某个动作正在进行，根据题意，故选B。
9.【2018年天津市】---Jerry, have you ever been to the Great Wall?
---Yes. I______ there with my parents last year
A. go B. went C. will go D. have gone
【答案】B
【解析】句意：-Jerry，你曾经去过长城吗？
——是的，去年我和我父母一起去那儿的。本题考查动词的时态。由第二句的时间标志词 last year 可以理解句意为去年我和爸妈去过长城。属于一般过去时的标志词，故选 B. went。本题容易误选D. have gone 已经去过，但是需要注意现在完成时的时间标志词。
10.【2018年天津市】Harry invited me_______ with him when his parents were out of town.
A. stay B. staved C. staying D. to stay
【答案】D
【解析】句意：Harry 邀请我在他爸妈不在镇上的时候去陪他待着。本题考查动词的时态。A. stay 原型； B. staved过去式； C. staying 现在分词； D. to stay动词不定式。
Invite sb to do sth邀请某人做某事，故选D to stay。
11.【2018年云南省】Jack ______ a shower when his mother rang him up.
A. takes
B. has taken
C. is taking
D. was taking
【答案】D
【解析】句意：当他妈妈给他打电话的时候杰克正在洗澡。考查过去进行时态。故选D。
12.【2018年浙江省温州市】John _______ so hard on his project that he didn’t notice his mom enter the room.
A. works
B. has worked
C. was working
D. will work
【答案】C
【解析】选项A“约翰在他的项目上工作得如此努力以至于他没有注意到他的妈妈进入了房间。”“work hard”指的是“工作努力”，这句话描述的事情发生在过去，表示的是他的妈妈进入房间的时候，当时他正在工作，所以没有注意到。需要使用过去进行时来表示过去某段时间内正在进行的动作，所以这里要用“was working”，故选C。
13.【2018·邵阳】?—Where?is?Jim??—Look!?He???? ?under?the?tree.??
A.is?standing??? B.stood??? C.stands?
【答案】A
【解析】—吉姆在哪？看他正在这棵树下。考查动词时态，“look”是现在进行时吧标志，故选A。
14. 【2018北京】Tom will call me as soon as he __________ home.
A. gets B. has got C. got D. will get
【答案】A.
【解析】句意：汤姆一到家就会给我打电话。1. 看选项、找考点：由选项中get的不同词形得知，本题考查时态。2. 看题干、找标志词：as soon as“主将从现”用法的标志词，故选A。
15. 【2018北京】Miss Lin____________ a lot of work for the poor area since 2010.
A. does B. did C. has done D. will do
【答案】C.
【解析】句意：自从2010年林小姐已经为贫困地区做了很多工作了。1. 看选项、找考点：由选项中do的不同词形得知，本题考查时态。2. 看题干、找标志词：since 为现在完成时的时间状语标志词，故选B。
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