2019届二轮复习语法专题 介词 课件（64张）

课件64张PPT。2019届二轮复习语法专题介词考纲解读命题规律趋势探究1.北京近三年高考中介词的考点分布如下:2.近几年来,单项选择对于介词的用法及搭配的考查虽有所减少,但结合完形填空来说,此部分的考查并没有减少。
3.考查介词时,既考查其基本含义,又考查熟词生义。命题规律考频分析命题趋势未来北京高考英语将更加注重在情景化的题干中考查介词的用法。突破方法近几年北京市高考重点考查介词辨析,主要考查一些常用介词的基本用法,如at,in,into,for,to,of,on,with,about,by,over,across,through,from,beyond,among,against等词,平时要熟练掌握这些词的用法并运用这些词。考点知识全面总结考点一　常考介词的用法
一、方位介词
1.图解方位介词如:
Be careful.There is a heavy box over your head.
小心,你头上方有个很重的箱子。
The sun is above the mountain in the east.
太阳就在东方那座山的上方。
There are some stamps on the desk.桌子上有一些邮票。
The position he pointed to was below the sea level.
他所指的那个位置低于海平面。
The little mouse is under the table,so it is not easy to find it.
那只小老鼠在桌子底下,因此很不容易找到它。
The Great Wall winds its way from west to east,across deserts,over moun-tains,through valleys,till at last it reaches the sea.
长城从西向东越过沙漠,跨过高山,穿过山谷,蜿蜒而行,最后直抵大海。
用介词完成句子:
①The sunlight came in　through??(穿过)the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.
②The television is　beyond????(不能)repair.
2.at,in,on
三个词均可和表示地点的词连用,表示“在……处”。at用于指较小的地方,如在门牌号码前;in用于指较大的地方;on一般指与面或线接触的地方。如:I was waiting at the bus stop.
我当时一直在公共汽车站等候。
Mr.White lived in Hong Kong for 20 years.
怀特先生在香港生活了20年。
Leave your things on the table over there.
把你的东西放在那边的桌子上。3.in,on,to在方位名词前的区别
三个词都可表示两地之间的方位关系。in表示在某范围之内;to表示在某范围之外;on表示“毗邻,接壤”。如:
Jiangsu Province is/lies in the east of China.(在某范围之内)
江苏省在/位于中国东部。
Jiangsu Province is/lies to the southeast of Hebei Province.(在某范围之外)
江苏省在/位于河北省东南边。 用介词in,to填空:
③Japan is/lies 　to??? the east of China.
④Beijing lies 　in???? the north of China.
4.among,between
二词均表示“在……中间”或“在……之间”。among指在三者或三者以上之间,而between表示在二者之间。有时between之后也可能出现三个或三个以上的宾语,但这时所强调的仍然是其中每两者之间的相互关系。如:
We’ll visit the town among/between the mountains.
我们将游览那个群山环绕的镇子。Near the cemetery between the trees,there is something that shines.在墓地附近,树中间,有闪闪发亮的东西。
London is among the greatest cities in the world.
伦敦是世界上最大的城市之一。
5.in,on
二词均可表示“在……上”,描写两个物体的接触情况。on侧重于表面接触,而in侧重于接触的深度。英语中的某些习惯表达中常用in或on。若打击某人的脸、眼、嘴、胸、腹等部位时,用in。而打击头、额、鼻、耳、颈、肩、腿等部位时,用on。表示树木本身生长出来的枝、叶、花、果等,在树上用on the tree;但表示树木本身以外的人或动物“在树上”,用in the tree,意指被枝叶遮掩其中。如:We found a square hole in the wall.
我们发现墙上有个方洞。
The teacher patted the boy on the head and comforted him.
老师轻轻拍着那名男孩子的头安慰他。
There are lots of apples on the tree.
树上有很多苹果。 用介词in,on填空:
⑤There is a map of the world 　on???? the wall.
⑥Birds are singing 　in???? the tree.
6.across, through
across和through虽然都可以表示“穿过”,但还是有区别的。across与on有关,意为:from one side to the other side of(sth.),表示动作在物体的表面进行,从一边到另一边。through与in有关,表示动作从物体中间穿过。
【比较】
??
此外,across与静态动词连用时表示“在(街、河等)……对面”或“在(身体某部位)上”的意思。如:
The school is across the river.学校在河的对岸。
It’s too tight across the back.背部太紧。 用介词across,through填空:
⑦My house is just　across??the street.
⑧Water will be pumped　through??a pipe.
⑨Do you think this shirt is too tight　across????the shoulders?
二、时间介词
1.at,in,on
(1)at的用法
①表示时间点,时刻等,如:at 12:00,at noon,at night,at midnight,at dawn,at daybreak。
②表示较短暂的一段时间,可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的
日子,如:at Christmas。(2)in的用法
①表示在某个较长的时间内(如:世纪、朝代、年代、月份及泛指上午、下午和傍晚等),如:in the 1980s,in the Qing Dynasty,in October,in the morning/afternoon/evening。
说明:当时间名词前有this,that,last,next,some,every等词限定时,通常不用任何介词。
②表示在一段时间之后,通常和将来时连用。如:
I’ll be back in an hour.
我一小时后回来。(3)on的用法
①用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间(如:某日、某节日、星期几等),如:on October the first,on a rainy day,on National Day。
②用于表示特定的上午、下午或晚上,如:on the eve of victory(胜利前夕),on the morning of January the third,on the afternoon of his arrival。 翻译下列词组:
⑩在星期天上午　 On Sunday morning(s) ????
?在三月初　 at the beginning of March ??
?在儿童节　on Children??s Day???
2.in,after
(1)in的用法
in表时间,常表示“在……之内”,有时in还有“在……之后”的意思,但表示此意时,必须具备两个条件:①所在句子的谓语动词必须表将来;②后面必须是一段时间。这两个条件缺一不可,否则用after或later。(2)after的用法
after表时间,意为“在……之后”。通常“after+时间段”与过去时连用;“after+时间点”与将来时连用。如:
My father will be back in three days.
我父亲将在3天以后回来。
My father will be back after three o’clock.
我父亲将在3点后回来。
My father came back after three days/three days later.
我父亲3天后回来的。 用in,after填空:
?The 2022 Winter Olympic Games will be held　in????4 years.
?He returned　after????a few days.
3.for,from,since
for后接时间段,表示行为或状态持续了多久;from后接时间点,表示行为或状态的起始点,而不涉及其持续时间的长短;since后接时间点,不仅表示行为或状态的起始点,而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到说话的时刻,因而常与延续性动词的完成时连用。如:
Mr.Brown enjoyed the country life and lived there for almost fifteen years after his retirement.布朗先生喜欢乡村生活,退休后他在那里生活了差不多15年。
My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five.
我的妹妹从5岁开始学习舞蹈。
Tom has been doing his homework since seven o’clock.
汤姆从7点开始就一直做他的家庭作业。用for,from,since填空:
?　From???then on she knew she would win.
?I lost my money and I have been worried　since???then.
?I stayed at my uncle’s 　for???5 hours, from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.yesterday.
三、工具、手段、方式介词
1.by,in,on
三个词都表示旅行的方式。
(1)不涉及交通工具的名词时用by,名词前不带冠词。如:by sea,by water,by land,by air等。
(2)涉及交通工具的名词时用by,但名词需用单数,其前面不加冠词或任何修饰语。如:by bike,by taxi,by plane,by ship/boat,by train,by spaceship等。
(3)当旅行方式涉及特指的交通工具时,用on或in,名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。如:travel to New York on this plane,leave on an early train,go to school on my bike等。
说明:步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如:on foot,on horseback/on a horse,on a camel。 同义句转换:(每空一词)
?He went to Beijing by car.
He went to Beijing 　in??? 　his/a???? 　 car????.
?I prefer to travel by ship.
I prefer to travel 　by ???? 　sea/water???.
2.with,by,in,on,over,through
这几个词均意为“用”,表示行为的工具、手段或方式。
(1)with用于有形的工具或某些身体器官之前,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。如:
They are digging with a pick/spade.他们正在用一把镐/铲挖。
We see with our eyes,hear with our ears,and walk with our legs.
我们用眼睛看,用耳朵听,并用腿走。
(2)by,in,on,over,through等多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。如:by hand,in ink,on the telephone,over the radio,through the telescope等。
说明:①使用语言、原料、材料时用in表示,如:in English/Japanese;in blue ink
②表达“用……方法/方式”时,所用介词分别为:
in this/that/the same way　　by means of
by this/that means　　with this/that method 用by,over,in,on填空:
?In the morning I usually listen to the news　over/on???the radio.
?This toy is not machine-made.It is made　by????hand.
?This form is to be filled 　in　???? ink.考点二　常考介词的搭配
1.介词 at短语
at a high price以高价　　　　at birth出生时
at ease舒适,自由自在　　at first起初,起先
at first sight乍一看　　at hand近在手边;在附近
at heart内心里;本质上　　at length终于;最后;详细地
at present现在;目前　　at the latest最迟
at rest静止;不动　　at will随意;任意
at the mercy of在……支配下;任由……摆布
at the temperature of以……的温度
at the speed of以……的速度at the price of以……的价格
at random胡乱地;随便地;任意地
2.介词 by短语
by and by 不久以后　　by day在白天
by the day 按天(计)　　by means of用……方式
by mistake由疏忽所致　　by nature天生,生性
by the side of在……旁边/附近
3.介词in短语
(1)in+n.+of
in the face of 面对;由于　　 in fear of害怕
in search of寻找;寻求　　 in possession of拥有in place of 代替　　in praise of称赞;歌颂
in the form of以……形式　　in the hope of怀着……的希望
in the eyes of在……看来
in spite of(=despite) 尽管;不顾;虽然
in support of 支援;支持;拥护
in need/want/demand of 需要
in advance of 在……的前面;在……之前
in/over the course of 在……期间;在……过程中
in the direction of向着……方向
(2)其他
in advance 在前面;预先　　in common 共有,公有in doubt拿不准,不确定　　in exchange for作为交换
in error 错误地　　in fear在恐惧中
in flower开着花　　in line排成一排,成一直线
in love在热恋中　　in modern times现代
in nature实际上　　in pairs成对地
in particular 特别,尤其　　in peace平静地,平安地
in person亲自,本人　　in safety很安全
in season(水果等)应时的　　in secret 秘密地,私下
in stock现有,备有　　in surprise惊奇地
in tears 流着泪;含泪　　in that 既然;因为
in the air 在空中;未定　　in the open air露天in or around附近,内外　　in the wild在自然环境下
in vain徒劳,白辛苦　 　in a sense 从某种意义上说
in any event 不管怎样,无论如何
in brief 简言之;以简洁的形式
in comparison with 与……比较
in chains上着镣铐,在囚禁中
in force有效,生效,在实施中
in hand 现有,在手头;在掌握中
in high/low spirits 情绪高涨/低落
in harmony with与……协调
in one’s search for寻找;寻求in agreement with与……一致
in response to作为对……的回应
in accordance with 与……一致;按照,根据
in addition to 除……之外(还有)
in preference to偏好,偏爱,更喜欢
in preparation for作为……的准备
in principle原则上,理论上
in print(指书)已印好;(指作品)已出版
in relation to 关于,有关;与……相比
in ruins成为废墟,遭到严重破坏
in silence沉默地,无声地,静静地in store贮藏着,准备着,就要到来
in the first place首先,第一;原先
in the meanwhile同时,与此同时
in the long run 从长远来看,最后
in the world 究竟,到底;在世界上
in touch with与……保持联系;了解
4.介词on短语
on earth 在世界上,究竟　　on end直立;竖着
on foot步行,徒步　　on no account 决不
on business因公出差　　on hand现有(尤指帮助)
on the contrary正相反　　on all sides在各方面,到处on one’s own独立地,独自　　on average平均,按平均数
on occasion偶尔,有时
on behalf of 代表……,为了……
on the basis of 在……的基础上
on condition that 如果……;在……条件下
on a large scale大规模(或大范围)地
on board在船上;上船(或火车、飞机、公交车等)
5.out of短语
out of mind发狂　　out of breath气喘吁吁
out of control不受控制　　out of question毫无疑问
out of date过时　　out of one’s reach某人够不着【比较】
under control被控制　　 out of the question不可能
up to date现代的,时新的　　within one’s reach某人够得着
6.介词under短语
under control 被控制　　　　under treatment 在治疗中
under repair 在修理中　　under discussion 在讨论中
under construction 在施工中　　 under attack受到攻击
under consideration正在考虑中
7.介词with短语
with delight高兴地　　 with fear吓得
with satisfaction满意地　　 with difficulty困难地 with ease轻而易举地　　 with pride骄傲地
with pleasure(客气地接受或同意)当然了;很愿意
8.from...to...构成的短语
from beginning to end从头到尾
from head to foot从头到脚,浑身
from bad to worse越来越糟
from morning to night从早到晚
from time to time不时地
from place to place各处
from door to door挨家挨户地
from top to bottom整个地,彻底地 from cover to cover(指书)从头到尾
from hand to mouth勉强糊口
from generation to generation一代一代地
from day to day日复一日
9.n.+prep.+n.短语
(1)n.+by+n.
side by side肩并肩地
step by step逐步地,稳步地
one by one一个接一个地
little by little一点一点地
day by day一天天地(2)n.+after+n.
year after year年复一年地
(3)n.+in+n.
arm in arm臂挽臂地
hand in hand手牵手地
(4)n.+to+n.
heart to heart坦率地
face to face面对面地
back to back背靠背地
shoulder to shoulder肩并肩地10.其他介词短语
above all 首先,最重要的是
according to 根据……所说;按照
all of a sudden 突然地,冷不防地
all over the country 遍及全国
apart from 除……外(尚有)
around the corner 即将来临,在拐角处
for fear of 唯恐;以免
for lack of 由于缺少
for one thing 首先,一则
for the benefit of 为了……的利益
for the moment 暂时,暂且for the purpose of为了
free of charge免费
next to仅次于
nothing but只是,仅仅
of one’s own属于某人自己的
off duty 下班
once in a while有时,偶尔,间或
once upon a time很久以前;从前
one after another相继,顺次
or so大约
over and over反复;再三over and over again反复不断,一再,多次
regardless of不管,不顾
through thick and thin不顾艰难
up to 直到;从事于一、for与of后接不定式复合结构的逻辑主语
1.It is+adj.+of sb.to do sth.=Sb.+be+adj.+to do sth.
当形容词说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征时,用of。
常见的形容词有:kind,good,nice,clever,stupid,foolish,considerate,polite,impolite,cruel等。如:
It is kind of the teachers to help support the poor students.=The teachers are kind to help support the poor students.
这些老师帮助支持贫困学生,他们真是太好了。
2.It is+adj.+for sb.to do sth.
当形容词说明不定式的性质时,用for。
常见的形容词有:important,necessary,possible,impossible等。如:
It is quite important for us to protect our environment.
保护环境对我们来说相当重要。 用for或of填空:
①It is very kind 　of??? you to remind me.
②It is very necessary 　for???? the students to know scientific knowledge.
③It is possible 　for??? him to come here on time.
二、on与in表示处于某种状态
on用于表示动态,如正在从事某种活动或处于某种运动状态之中。如:on business在出差;on a visit在访问;on strike 在罢工;on sale 在出售;on show 在上映;on watch在站岗/放哨;on fire着火了;on vacation/holiday 在度假。
in 多用于表示静态状况,如安全、危险、健康、人的情绪等。如:in
trouble 陷入困境;in danger 处于危险中;in silence 沉默地;in high/low spirits 情绪高涨/低落。
用on或in填空:
④The patient??s life is 　in??? danger.
⑤The president is 　on???? a visit.
⑥The house is　on??? fire.
答案　④in　⑤on　⑥on
三、besides,except,but,other than,except for的区别
1.用于否定句时,besides,except与but可相互替换。如:
No other students passed the difficult maths exam except/besides/but Lin Tao and Wu Dong.
除林涛、吴东外没有别的学生通过那么难的数学考试。2.用于肯定句时的区别
(1)except意为:not including除……之外(不包括)。如:
We all passed the exam except Tom.
除汤姆没及格外,我们都及格了。(汤姆没及格)
(2)besides意为:in addition to 除……之外(还有)。如:
She has other relations besides an aged aunt.
她除了有一个年老的姑妈以外,还有其他亲戚。
说明:besides在句中的位置较灵活,可放在句首,也可放在句中;而except 多放在句中。此外,except前几乎总有all,any,every,no及其复合词等,而besides前可用,也可不用,依句意而定。如:
He answered all the questions except the last one.
除最后一个问题没有回答外,其余所有问题他都回答了。I have a few friends besides you.
除了你之外,我还有几个朋友。
(3)except for表示“除了……”之意,表示除去整体中的一部分,它所叙述的事实或细节部分用来修正句子的主要意思。如:
The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
这篇作文写得很好,只是有些拼写错误。
Your coat is good except for its color.
你的外套很好,就是颜色不太好。
说明:当except用于句首时,后面往往要加上for。如:
Except for this,everything is in good order.
=Everything is in good order except this.除此之外,一切正常。
3.except和but/other than都可接名词、代词、动名词、动词原形,可以互换;但except后接副词、介词短语、when从句等时,but/other than不可替换except。如:
He has always been in high spirits except recently.
除最近以外,他总是精神饱满。(副词)
The window is never opened except in summer.
除夏季外,这扇窗户从不打开。(介词短语)
He has always been busy except when it is Sunday.
除星期日外,他总是很忙。(when从句)4.but,except后都可接that从句作宾语,此时but和except可以互换。如:
I asked nothing from him but/except that he should write to me every other week.
我对他并无其他要求,只要求他每两周给我写一封信。
5.以上比较了except,besides,but作介词时的区别,另外,besides还可用作副词,意为“in addition;also;moreover;furthermore(而且,还有)”。如:
I don’t want to go;besides,I am too tired.
我不想去;再说,我太累了。
This is my best suit;besides,I have two others.
这是我最好的一套西服;我另外还有两套。 用except,except for,besides填空:
⑦I know nothing about the young lady ????except???? that she is from Bei-jing.
⑧I don’t mind picking up your things from the store.????Besides????,the walk does me good.
⑨The car is nice ????except for???? the color.
⑩We all went to the park ????except???? Tom.Tom was ill in hospital.
四、in与of表示比较范围
这两个词均可引出一个可供比较的范围,适用于形容词和副词的最高级,指三者或三者以上的人或事物的比较。in用于表示限定在某个范围内的最高级。
of用于表示同一类人或事物中的最高级;用于同类两者之间的比较时,比较级前需加定冠词the。如:
Mary sings best in the school.
在这所学校,玛丽唱歌最棒。
Of all the boys,Jack runs fastest.
在所有的这些男孩里,杰克跑得最快。
Tom seems to be the more diligent of the two brothers.
在这对兄弟中,汤姆好像更勤奋。 单项填空:
( )?He is the most famous 　　???? all the stars.
A.from　　B.in　　C.of　　D.at
( )?John is the tallest 　　???? the students 　　???? his class.
A.of;in　　B.in;of　　C.on;by　　D.by;on
五、for与to接后置的间接宾语
1.buy/cook/fetch/find/get/make/order/save...+sth.+for+sb.
2.bring/give/lend/offer/pay/pass/promise/read/return/send/
show/tell/throw/write...+sth.+to+sb.CA六、形容词后的for与to
英语中经常遇见一些形容词与介词for或to搭配。这种搭配非常灵活,现将几种常见的搭配情况简述如下:
1.当形容词被副词too或enough修饰时,其后只能用for。如:
The shirt is too large for me.
这件衬衫对我来说太大了。
2.当侧重于与别人比较,有“就……而论”之意时,常用for。如:
Chinese is very difficult for me.I can??t learn it.
中文对我来说太难了,我学不会。
3.当侧重于主观看法,有“依……看来”之意时,常用to。如:
Chinese is very difficult to me,but I??ll try my best to learn it.
依我看来,中文很难,但是我会尽全力学习的。4.如果无特定的语境,则用for或to都可以。这时主要看说话者的态度,若说话者侧重第二条所述,则用for;若说话者侧重第三条所述,则用to。如:
The text is very easy to/for me.
这篇课文对我来说很容易。 用介词for或to填空:
?These math problems are too difficult 　for???? me.
?Smoking will do harm 　to???? your health.
?This book is good 　for??? you.
?The manager seems very good 　to???? you.
?This book is not easy 　for??? me to read.
?The house is big enough 　for???? us two.
七、of加名词相当于形容词
of+great/much+抽象名词=very+形容词;
of+no+抽象名词=not+形容词。如:It is of great/much value.=It is very valuable.
这非常有价值。
The camel is of great help to the Arab.
=The camel is very helpful to the Arab.
骆驼对阿拉伯人来说很有帮助。
It is of no use.=It is not useful.=It is useless.
它没用。
This matter is of much importance.
=This matter is very important.
这件事非常重要。八、with的用法
with 在英语中用法繁多,在中学英语中也不例外,因此成为高考热点并不稀奇。其主要用法如下:
1.表示“和……在一起”、“由……陪同”或“有……在场”。如:
Mr.and Mrs.Smith were there,with their family of three small children.史密斯夫妇带着他们三个年幼的孩子都在那儿。
Would you like to go to the theatre with us?
你愿意和我们一起去看戏吗?
You cannot see Mr.Johnson at the moment,as he is with the manager.
你此刻见不到约翰逊先生,因为他在经理那儿。
2.表示两种事物之间的相应关系或齐头并进。如:
With time passing by,they have grown into big boys and big girls.随着时间的流逝,他们都长成大小伙子和大姑娘了。
Temperatures vary with the time of the year.
温度随着时节而变化。
3.表示“带有、带来、带走、携带”等,表伴随。如:
The waiter arrived with a cup of coffee.
服务员端着一杯咖啡来了。
He came downstairs with his coat over his arm.
他把外衣搭在胳膊上走下楼来。
4.指原因或理由。如:
It is very stuffy in the room,with all the windows closed.
由于所有窗户都关着,屋子里非常闷。九、by的用法
1.表示“不迟于(某时间)”的意思。如:
We have to be home by ten o??clock.
我们10点钟之前得到家。
2.表示“在……期间(一段指明的时间)”的意思。如:
They decided to travel by night.他们决定在夜里行进。
3.表示触及或抓住人体或物体的某一部分。如:
He seized me by the arm.他抓住了我的胳膊。
4.表示“由于……的结果;凭借……”的意思。如:
He succeeded by hard work.
他由于努力工作而成功了。5.含有“以……的幅度”的意思。如:
This one is shorter than the other by three inches.
这一个比另一个短三英寸。
We lost the match by one goal.
我们以一球之差输了那场比赛。
6.表示买卖东西所按以计算的数或量,或付酬所按以计算的时间。如:
Milk is sold by the pint,butter by the pound,and eggs by the dozen.牛奶论品脱卖,黄油论磅卖,蛋类论打卖。
7.表示“按照……”、“根据……”的意思。如:
By my watch,the time is half past eleven.
按我的表,现在是11:30。By the expression on his face,he seemed to be displeased.
从他的面部表情来看,他似乎不高兴。
We shall get a storm before long by the look of the sky.
看天色,暴风雨就要来了。
十、介词与某些词的搭配
1.名词与介词的固定搭配
(1)要求用to的名词:key,answer,visit,apology,introduction,attitude,monu-ment,devotion,journey,entrance等。
(2)要求用in的名词:interest,expert等。
(3)要求用on的名词:mercy,congratulations,effect等。
(4)要求用其他介词的名词:prize(for),respect(for),victory(over),struggle(with),excuse(for),(for)fear(of)等。
2.形容词与介词的固定搭配
(1)要求用at的形容词:angry,good,bad,clever,surprised,excited,puzzled,frightened等。
(2)要求用of的形容词:afraid,sure,certain,full,tired,fond,proud,worthy等。
(3)要求用with的形容词:angry,strict,careful,busy,popular,patient等。
(4)要求用in的形容词:weak,strict,rich,interested,successful,slow等。
(5)要求用to的形容词:next,good,polite,kind,cruel,rude,known,married,close,similar,due等。
(6)要求用for的形容词:sorry,famous,fit,unfit,eager,anxious,hungry等。
(7)要求用from的形容词:far,different,free,safe,absent等。
(8)要求用about的形容词:sorry,worried,curious,anxious,sure,certain等。请认真完成高考题组训练 模拟预测题组训练