§ Lesson 1 A puma at large 逃遁的美洲狮
学习词汇时仅知道汉语语义是不够的，要把单词放在语句中体会其应用
学习关键句型结构时则要把它放在段落结构或文章里
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
★puma n. 美洲狮=cougar <美>
I saw a cougar slinking toward its prey.
我看到一只美洲狮正在潜随猎物。
The police and the volunteers combed the forest for the lost puma from the zoo.
警察和志愿者们在森林里到处寻找动物园迷失的美洲狮。
【comb
①vt.＆vi.梳理
Don’t forget to comb your hair before you go out.不要忘记临出门前梳梳头。
在……搜寻，彻底搜查
He combed through the flies searching for evidence of fraud.
他详查档案，寻找欺诈行为的证据。
Police are combing the woods for the missing children.
警察搜遍树林以寻找失踪的孩子。
②n.梳子，篦子；压发梳；（作为装饰物的）发插
We use a comb to tidy our hair.
我们用梳子来梳头发。】
小链接：
彪马（运动商标），闻名世界的体育用品 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?991120.htm?)品牌，于1948年成立于德国 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?3762.htm?)荷索金劳勒（Herzogenaurach），彪马英文为PUMA (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?33338.htm?)，意为美洲狮 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?31593.htm?)，德国一家以生产鞋与运动服 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?1441107.htm?)为主的大型跨国公司 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?9740.htm?)。创始人：鲁道夫·达斯勒（Rudolf Dassler）。类似的品牌：Nike Adidas Anta Li Ning
相关词补充：
1.panther n. 豹, 黑豹 美洲豹
The ferocious panther is chasing a rabbit.
那只凶猛的豹子正追赶一只兔子。
【ferocious adj.凶猛的, 残忍的, 凶暴的,凶恶的,猛烈的
The house is guarded by a ferocious dog.
这栋房子由一条恶犬看守。】
2.jaguar n. <动>(中、南美洲的)美洲虎
jungle law丛林法则
Should you meet a jaguar in the jungle, just turn slowly, walk away. But slowly, never look back.
你在丛林中若碰上美洲虎,就慢慢转身走开,可一定要慢,切莫回头看。
语法点：
should 作为情态动词，可以用在条件状语从句中，表示语气较强的假设，译作“万一”、“竟然”，这时也可将 should 置于从句之首，即将 should 放在主语前面，而省略从属连词 if .例如：
1) If anyone should come, say I am not at home. = Should anyone come, say I am not at home.
万一有人来访，就说我不在家。
2) If it should rain tomorrow, I wouldn't go. = Should it rain tomorrow, I wouldn't go. 万一明天天下雨，我就不去了。
He was green with envy when he saw my new Jaguar car.
看见我那辆美洲虎牌新车,他非常妒嫉。
【envy n.嫉妒
envious adj.嫉妒的 固定搭配：be envious of sb./ sth.】
3.leopard n.豹
I saw a man in a leopard skin yesterday.
我昨天看见一个穿着豹皮的男人。
【谚语】Can the leopard change his spots?
花豹能改变它身上的斑点吗（意指江山易改本性难移）
eg :A dictator is unlikely to become a good leader in a democracy. A leopard cannot change its spots.
独裁者不太可能成为民主制度下优秀的领道人。江山易改，本性难移。
Is ice cold？表示理所当然/ 是（肯定回答）
Will / Can a (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/?a?/??) duck (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/?duck?/??) swim (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/?swim?/??)? 那还用问？
例句："I've got two tickets for the fashion show. Would you like to go with me?"
“我有两张时装表演的票。愿和我一起去吗？”
"Will a (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/?a?/??) duck (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/?duck?/??) swim?"
“当然愿意啦。”
★spot
1.v（口）；(从许多人或事务中)认出；看出，发现
to notice someone or something, especially when they are difficult to see or recognize
eg: I spotted a police car behind us.
She spotted her friend in the crowd.
It can be hard for even a well-trained doctor to spot the symptoms of lung cancer.
I couldn’t spot the difference between them.
He has a good eye for spotting mistakes. 他有敏锐的识别错误的能力。
同义词辨析：
1.find 强调发现的结果
2. find out (=figure out)查出事实真相
3.discover 做出重大发现
4. notice (=take notice of)注意到
5.observe 观察,研究 ~ one minute’s silence默哀一分钟
【n. observation 观察力 n. observatory天文台 、瞭望台、气象台
meteorology n.气象学 meteorological adj. 气象的
CMO (=Central Meteorological Observatory)中央气象台】
6.watch 观察活动中的人或画面;观看
7.pick out/see/recognize/catch signt of强调结果、辨别出、看见、识别、发现
2.n.斑点
eg: There is a white spot on the shirt.
on /upon the spot
①立刻，马上（at once, immediately ,instantly）
Anyone breaking the rules will be asked to leave on the spot.
He was hit by a falling tree and killed on the spot.
( K.I.A =Killed in Action 阵亡；战死)
②at the place of the action 在现场
The police were on the spot within a few minutes of my telephone call.
Wherever she is needed, she is quickly on the spot.
同词根单词补充：
1.spotted adj.有斑点的,有污点的
a spotted dog 斑点狗
The milkman selected the spotted cows from among a herd of two hundred.
牛奶商从一群200头牛中选出有斑点的牛。
2.spotty adj.多粉刺的(尤指脸上)
a spotty face多粉刺的脸
a spotty dog 一只斑点狗
She’s going out with some spotty youth.
她目前跟一个满脸粉刺的小伙子约会。
3.spotless
①adj.极其清洁的;一尘不染的
spotless laundry 极清洁的、洗烫好的衣物
The whole house was spotlessly clean.
整座房子一尘不染。
A spotless stove told us that his mother is a diligent housekeeper.
炉子清洁无瑕就表明他母亲是个勤劳的主妇。
=（3册/49课） immaculate
Ⅰ. adj. 整洁的, 无污迹的
Her apartment was immaculate.她的公寓房间洁净无垢。
It was a neatly furnished and immaculately tidy room.这是一个家具简洁、干净齐整的房间。
Ⅱ. 精确的, 无误的
②(人)无瑕疵的,纯洁的 a spotless reputation 清白的名声
★evidence
1. [U] n. 证据=proof(n.证据 可数)
The proof of the pudding is in the eating.
（=Practice is the sole criterion of testing the truth.）
实践是检验真理的唯一标准
【sole：adj. 唯一的 exclusive shop 专卖店 franchise franchised shop专卖店
criterion（单） criteria（复）
When the police arrived, he had already destroyed the evidence.
A scientist must produce evidence in support of a theory.科学家必须提供证据以支持其理论。
【produce
①vt.出示，提供
He produced his railway ticket when asked to do so.
当验票时，他出示了火车票。
The girl is an authentic girl .I’ll produce her for you if you want.
这个女孩很可靠，如果你要见她，我会带她来给你看看。
②vt.引起；导致
Hard work produce success.努力工作就会成功。
Jimmy’s work produces success.吉米的笑话逗得人们哈哈大笑。
③vt.出版；上演
The troupe produced a new play last night.剧团昨晚上演了一部新剧。】
The room bore evidence of a struggle.这房间里有搏斗过的迹象。
There wasn't enough evidence to prove him guilty.没有充分的证据证明他有罪。
2.
①vt. 使明显，使明白；显示，显出；表明
She evidenced her approval by promising her full support.
她答应全力支持，以此来表明她的赞成。
②v.证实，证明；作为…的证据
He evidenced his accusation with some material evidence.他以一些物证作为控告的证据。
固定搭配：in evidence:显而易见的；引人注目的，显眼的
eg:
The first signs of spring are in evidence.
春天的最初迹象已显然可见。
The new alliance was very much in evidence.
新的联盟很引人注目。
He is sort of the man who likes to be very much in evidence at important meetings.
他是非常喜欢在重大会议上出风头的人。
【出风头：
cut a(smart) figure
①露风头，出风头
No doubt he’d been looking forward to the wedding ever since it was announced, as an invaluable chance to cut a figure and do some good public relations work.
毫无疑问，打从婚礼的消息宣布之日起，他就期望这天的到来，认为这是崭头露角和增大社会关系的极宝贵的机会（=golden opportunity）chance=occasion
if the occasion arises（vi.）=if possible=if (it is)necessary
②露出……相，给人以……形象
They’d been ducking him in the water. Poor fellow, he cut a sorry figure.
他们老是把他按入水中，可怜的家伙，他显出一副好难受的样子。】
同词根单词
1. evident adj.
evidently adv.
It is quite evident / obvious that … …是显然/显而易见的
It is evident that smoking is harmful to health.很明显, 抽烟对健康有害。
It's evident to me that they have no experience in this work.
在我看来, 他们干这项工作没有经验是显而易见的。
This fact is too evident to require proof.
这事实很明显, 用不着证明。
The spokesman made it evident that no compromise was yet in sight.
发言人表示, 目前还不会妥协。
★accumulate
vt.＆vi. 积累，积聚(step by step、little by little)
几乎可用于指任何事物量的增加，侧重连续不断地，一点一滴地聚积,强调积累的过程。
Eg:
Snow accumulated on the ground. 地上积了一层雪。
They set to work accumulating a huge mass of data.
他们开始累积大量的资料。
As the evidence accumulates, experts from the zoo felt obliged to investigate.
【investigate
investigation n. 调查
No investigation. No right to speak.
没有调查就没有发言权。
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation 美国联邦调查局
intelligence IQ=Intelligence Quotient
CIA Central Intelligence Agency 中央情报局
KGB Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti 〈俄〉(克格勃)前苏联国家安全委员会】
小链接
英国秘密情报局（Secret Intelligence Service, SIS），又称为「军情六处」（MI6），是英国 (?http:?/??/?zh.wikipedia.org?/?wiki?/?è?±???" \o "英國?)对外的情报机构，于1909年 (?http:?/??/?zh.wikipedia.org?/?wiki?/?1909???" \o "1909年?)成立，负责在海外进行间谍工作。
【缩写】MI6 =Military Intelligence 6 军情六处(英国负责海外谍报工作的部门)
【service 服役、服务、机构】
同义词辨析
1.amass(3册/59课)
指重大量地积聚，尤指对如金钱、珠宝等有价值东西的大量积聚。
Eg: Before he was forty he amassed a large fortune.他在四十岁之前已积聚了一大笔财富。
【magazine n.弹药库；杂志 vegetable n.植物人；蔬菜 fortune n.财富，运气】
2.gather
vt. 聚集，把某人召集在某处
普通用词，指人或物或抽象事物都可用。侧重于围绕一个中心的集合、聚集。
Eg: A crowd gathered at the scene of the accident.出事地点聚集了一群人
We gathered under tower clock(钟楼；钟塔).
The teacher gathered his students in the class
【towering tree参天大树 get-together聚会，联欢会 function重大聚会 banquet宴会 】.
3.collect
收集，采集 普通用词，多用于指物，侧重指有区别地作选择或有安排有计划地把零散物集中起来。
Eg: Why do you collect stamps? 你为何集邮?
Do you collect stamps? Yes, I collect stamps as my hobby.
【cup of tea喜欢的人或事物 the apple of one’s eye宝贝（掌上明珠）stamp tax印花税】
4.heap
主要指把沙、石、煤、草等堆高，不强调整齐。
Eg: Garbage heaped up behind the house.屋后垃圾积成了堆。
【scrap heap垃圾堆 garbage/trash can垃圾桶
typhoon台风 tornado龙卷风hurricane飓风gale大风】
5.pile
着重指比较整齐地把东西堆积在一起。
He piled the books on top of each other.他把书一本本地叠起来。
6.assemble
①v.集合，集会，
②vt. 装配
A large number of people assemble on the square.
【square 方的Be there or be square.不见不散】
7.hoard
①v.大量地贮存
词组：hoard up= store up
The squirrel hoards up nuts for the cold winter.
②n.(钱财、食物或其他珍贵物品的)储藏, 积存
He kept a little hoard of chocolates in his top drawer.他在最上面的抽屉内藏了一些巧克力。
【vt.＆vi.积蓄并储藏某物=squirrel away
In the past, people often squirreled away vegetables before winter.
人们常常会储藏一些过冬食物。
squirrel away surplus grain 储存余粮
He denied that he had any money squirreled away in foreidn bank.
After the war, they were shot for hoarding.
战后他们因囤积而被枪决。】
★oblige
1. v. 使…感到必须
make sb. feel it is necessary to do sth.
虽然与force意思差不多，但往往用被动语态be obliged to do sth. 用被动
feel obliged to do sth. =feel that you have a duty to do something感觉有必要做某事
I feel obliged to say no to his demand(n.要求).
2.施恩惠于；答应的请求；使满足：
oblige sb. with sth.
Will you oblige by closing the windows？ 劳驾你替我关上窗好吗？
A: Can you oblige me with one or two yuan? B: Sorry, I can’t oblige you.
甲：你能借给我一两元吗？ 乙：很抱歉，我不能答应你的请求。
Please oblige me with your (gracious) presence。务请光临。
3.(用作被动语态)使感激:
We are much obliged to you for your help. 非常感激你给我们的帮助。
Much obliged! (口)谢谢！
I felt obliged to invite him.
4.be obliged to do sth 被迫做某事
They were obliged to sell their car to pay their debts off.(debt n.债务, 罪过)
Circumstances had obliged him to sell the business.
同义词辨析
1.compel
vt.强迫, 使不得不 （指在法律、权力、力量或行动的驱使下被迫而为）
The rain compelled us to stay indoors.
下雨使我们不得不待在室内。
I was compelled (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/?compelled?/??) to confess.
我被迫招供了。
He was compelled (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/?compelled?/??) to ship out.
他被迫离职。
His courage and skill compel our admiration.
他的勇气和技巧使我们都很钦佩。
2.force
vt. 强制, 迫使, 逼迫 （指用个人意志、权力、权威或暴力等，迫使他人改变看法或做本不愿做的事）
force to do sth./ into sth./into doing sth.
force enemy to surrender / into surrendering 迫使敌人投降
force a smile 强作笑颜
Don’t force your ideas upon others.
不要把自己的想法强加于别人。
She forced herself awake.
她强迫自己不睡。
3.constrain
vt. 强迫, 强使; 限制, 约束 （侧重施加约束力或有约束作用的影响，也指环境对人强加的影响迫使人去做某事，尤指受良心、情感等内在力量驱使去做某事）
Cold weather constrained the plant's growth.寒冷的天气抑制了植物的生长。
He was constraining his mind not to wander from the task.他在克制着不让自己在工作时分心。
★ hunt
1.vt. 追猎；寻找
The experts from London Zoo began to hunt (vt.) for a puma.
2.n.追猎，寻找
The hunt (n.) for the puma / criminal / escaped prisoner proved difficult/ is still on.
同义词辨析
1.search
搜寻某处为了寻找到某人或某物,与hunt意义极其接近
The police were searching the forest for the missing boy. And the search for that boy proved difficult.
2.run after
强调追赶、追求.
Look,a dog is running after a cat.
What are you running after in your life?
3.seek
追寻（梦想，理想= pursue）多用于书面
pursue further study abroad 出国深造
4.chase
追赶.（=run after）
They are chasing a thief./They are running after a thief.
【thief小偷 burglar 夜盗 pickpocket 扒手robber抢劫犯（n. robbery）
in board daylight 光天化日之下
in the full glare of publicity 众目睽睽之下
stare in the full stare/ glare at怒目而视
stare at /stare into the distance 凝视】
5.rummage
①n..翻找, 搜寻
He had a good rummage inside the sofa. 他把沙发内部彻底搜寻了一翻。
②vi..翻找, 搜寻
Who's been rummaging through my papers? 谁乱翻我的文件来着？
【paper 文件、论文、试卷】
rummage in a drawer 在抽屉里翻寻东西
rummage about among old papers 在旧文件堆里翻找
③vt. 检查
rummage a ship 检查船只
blackberry n.黑莓 / berry n.浆果
human being 人类 human society 人类社会
★ corner
1.v. 使走投无路，使陷入困境 （名词转化为动词用符合用语的经济原则）
Sb. be politically / financially / emotionally cornered ………
在政治上、经济上、感情上被逼得走投无路，陷入了政治、经济、感情危机
常用于被动语态：
The escaped prisoner was cornered at last.
The interviewer cornered the politician with a particularly tricky question.
2.垄断, 囤积 (New York Times)
They've cornered all the business.他们已控制了所有的买卖。
Some speculators have tried to corner wheat.有几个投机者曾试图囤积小麦。
【speculator 小麦 flour面粉 barley 大麦 ripe成熟的 ripen（使）成熟
3.n. 角落
drive sb. into a tight corner 把某人逼入死角
【tights 紧身裤 water-tight/water-proof/water-resistant 防水的
resistant force阻力 resist the temptation 抵御诱惑】
at the corner of the street
in the corner of the room
on the corner of the desk
（just）around the corner
①很近：Her house is (just) around the corner.
②即将来临： Good times are just around the corner.
【approach靠近=draw near
approach to doing sth./to sth./of】
★trail
1.n. 一串，一系列
a trail of blood/ litter一串串血痕/ 垃圾
The car raised a trail of dust.汽车掀起了一股尘土。
2.vt. 跟踪(=follow)
eg: The police trailed the criminal to the place where he was hiding. （criminal n.罪犯, 犯罪者）
3.n.足迹; 臭迹
The hound found the trail of the rabbit.猎狗发现了兔子的踪迹。
4.vi. (在比赛等中)输, 失败
The party trailed in the election.该党在选举中大大落后。
同义词辨析
1.trace
①n. 踪迹; 痕迹; 形迹 trace of
We have lost all trace of him.我们找不到他的踪迹。
②极微的量
There are traces of poison in the fish.这种鱼体内有微量的毒素。
2.track
①n. 踪迹, 痕迹, (人兽的)足迹，车辆的轨迹
The motorcar tracks is very clear.汽车的痕迹很明显。
②v.追踪，跟踪
We followed his tracks through the snow.我们循着雪地上他留下的脚印走。
★cling (clung, clung,clinging )
v. 粘
eg: She is always clinging to her mother.
He clung to the hope that he would succeed.(抱有，怀有[梦想、希望])
同义词辨析
1.stick
v.粘住
stick the envelop (envelop n.信封)
stick to 坚持
stick to the plan/stick to one’s promise.
A promise is as good as a thousand taels.一诺千金
2.sticky
adj. 粘的 sticky fingers
sticky rice=glutinous rice糯米 （血糯米 black/red sticky rice）
pyramid-shaped sticky rice粽子
dumping stuffed with pork/date 猪肉粽/蜜枣棕
★convince
vt. 使…信服
convince sb. of sth 使某人相信某事
I convinced him of my honesty / that I am honest. Honesty is the best policy.
-和宾语从句that 搭配使用
没有宾语的情况下要采用主系表结构：be convinced
The experts from the zoo were convinced that the animal was the puma.
sb be convinced sb相信
I am convinced that she is an honest girl.
同词根单词
1.convincing
adj.有说服力的；使人信服的
a convincing argument 令人信服的证据
2.conviction
n.定罪；证明有罪； 深信；确信
be open to conviction 愿意服理
carry conviction 有说服力
深信/充分相信…
①I am in the full conviction that …
②I am fully convinced that…
③I hold it firmly that…
★somehow
adv. 不知怎么搞地，不知什么原因
by some means, in some way, for some reason unknown
I’ll get the book back somehow.无论如何
I get lost somehow. 不知怎么搞地
同义词辨析
1. somewhat
adv.(==a little ) 稍微, 有点, 有些
The price is somewhat higher than I expected.
I felt somewhat uneasy in front of the strangers.
2. anyway
adv. 不管怎样说, 无论如何, 至少
I don't care what you say, I'm going to do it anyway.我不管你说什么, 不管怎样我将去完成它。
Anyway, you can try.至少你可以试试。
不论用何种方法, 无论从什么角度
She don't want to go, anyway, she can't.她不想走, 无论怎样, 她也不能走。
★disturb
1. vt.打扰, 妨碍
Don't disturb him.别打扰他。
2.使焦虑, 使烦恼，令人不安
His passion for his cause disturbed me.他对事业的热情使我焦虑不安。
I felt disturbed to hear of your illness.听说你生了病, 我感到不安。
It is disturbing to think that a dangerous animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.
类似单词：
disturbing adj. 令人不安的 disturbed 感到不安的
surprising 令人吃惊的 surprised 感到吃惊的
exciting 令人激动的 excited 感到激动的
【课文讲解】
一、at large
1：逃遁的，没有被控制的；在逃=on the run
If a dangerous person or animal is at large, they have escaped from somewhere or have not been caught
忙碌，奔波
With three young children to take care of, Helen is kept on the run every minute of the day.
海伦照顾三个小孩，成天都是忙忙碌碌的。
奔逃，逃跑
He would tell his parents nothing about his life on the run or how he escaped from England.
有关自己的逃亡生活以及如何逃出英国的事，他对父母是什么都不会讲的。
e.g:The thief / escaped prisoner / No.1 most wanted is still at large.
wanted adj.招聘, 招雇(报刊广告等用语)
books wanted征书广告栏 hands wanted招工 job wanted求职
positions wanted谋职(人求事), 待聘
publications wanted征书广告, 征求书刊启事栏wanted column(报纸上的)征求栏
wanted: a typist
2：详细地；充分地；透彻地(in great detail; at full length；thoroughly)
The question is discussed at large in my report.
3：总体来讲（=as a whole）
The students at large are hungry for English.
the opinion of students, voter, society 学生、社会、选民等总的意见
整体来看
We must consider these matters as a whole.我们必须从整体上考虑这些事情。
普遍说来，一般地说
These are some areas of poverty, but the country as a whole is fairly prosperous.
这个国家有些地区比较贫困，但总的来说是相当富裕的。
on the whole
大体上，基本上，总的来看（说）
My opinion is on the whole the same as yours.我的意见大体上同你的差不多。
On the whole, their tone was unequivocal.他们的调子基本上是明确的。
Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America.
在英文的表达方式中，首先呈现给读者的是结果。写议论文的时候要注意把握观点
E.g.: Pandas are large cat-like animals which are found in Asia.
cat-like
adj.象猫的, 偷偷摸摸的
feline adj. 猫(科)的
with feline movement似猫的动作轻轻地移动feline amenities笑里藏刀
n. 猫科动物
large feline of upland central Asia having long thick whitish fur
亚洲中部丘陵地区有白色长毛的大型猫科动物
large American feline resembling a lion象狮子的大型美洲猫科动物
dog-like adj.象狗的, 顽强的, 忠实的 There is nothing like a dog’s fidelity翔实, 精确, (声音、色彩等)逼真.
canine adj. 犬的；狗的;似犬的
She’s a specialist in canine psychology and behaviour.她是狗心理和行为专家。
犬科的 The fox is a canine animal.狐狸是犬科动物。
n. 犬 犬齿, 犬牙 犬科动物
life-like 栩栩如生的=true-to-life a. （美术作品）维妙维肖；逼真的
The film is very true to life=realistic. 这部影片非常现实。
When reports(同位语的先行词常用的有idea, plan, fact, theory, promise, hope, news, doubt, truth, information, suggestion, question, thought, belief, conclusion,rumor,order,proposal, advice,evidence等少数名词)came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.
在新概念英语二册第46课中我们第一次接触到同位语从句， “No one could account for the fact that one of the boxes were extremely heavy. （没有人能解释有一个箱子极其沉重这一事实）”。
一般来讲定语从句和同位语从句紧随在被修饰名词后面，但为了保持句子平衡，也可以把谓语动词放到从句之前
<1>定语从句只是对于被修饰词的补充说明、修饰。
定语从句的引导词：
指人：主语 who; 宾语 who/whom; 定语 whose
表达事物：that(也可指人)/ which
时间状语：when; 地点状语：where; 原因状语： why
<2>同位语从句则是讲述被修饰名词的内容
同位语从句的引导词：
名词做主语、宾语时，关系词用that 而不是which而且不能省略
The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
The order that all the soliders should stay still is given by the general.
时间 when; The question when he will resign is yet to be decided.
地点 where
定语从句中没有what 这个关系词，但它可以引导同位语从句
eg: An idea came to her that she might do the experiment in another way.
I have no idea /clue what has happened to him.
(An idea)…come to sb.某人突然想到了……
补充：An idea has occurred to me. 我有主意了。
Did it ever occur to you that…?你可曾想到 ….?
they were not taken seriously. (they指代reports)
take sth. seriously==deal with sth. seriously 认真（严肃）对待某事
e.g:I always take your suggestions seriously.
take sth. lightly: 草率对待某事
e.g:Don’t take the hot potato lightly.( hot potato n.困境, 烤马铃薯，棘手的问题)
补充：You have to take it as you find it. （或You must take us as you find us.）请你不要苛求。（或：请你多包涵。）
However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily（=strikingly） similar.
However adv.然而（起转折作用） as 连词，随着，当….之时
过去分词做定语
? the descriptions given by people
? the story told by sailor.( sailor n.海员, 水手)
? a book written by Luxun
claim to have done sth声称曾经作过某事
He claimed to have been the manager of the large shop.
claim vt.(灾难等)使失踪或死亡The flood claimed hundreds of lives.水灾夺走了数百人生命。
The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw 'a large cat' only five yards away from her.
yard n. 码(等于3英尺或36英寸或0.9144米)，院子
where a woman picking 定语从句
--I still remember the school where I studied English.
It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered.
confirm: be sure, be certain：vt.确定
unless it is cornered=if it is not cornered (unless conj.如果不, 除非)
He will accept the job unless the salary is too low.
You will fail unless you work hard. 如果你不积极工作, 就会失败。
The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening.
search=hunt
Purpule Mountain (Astronomical) Observatory 紫金山天文台 beacon tower 烽火台
Central Meteorological Observatory 中央气象台 war smoke/ smoke signal狼烟
Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.
把某物留在后面：leave behind
Wherever he went, the wound soldier left behind him a trail of blood.伤员所到之处，都留下道道血迹。
(wound n.创伤, 伤口vt.伤, 伤寒 v.击伤)
Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes.
英文的表达方式重点在于突出客观事实，而中文则善于运用动作的执行者
puma fur was found clinging to bushes.(被动)
->We found the puma fur clinging to bushes.(主动)
clinging to bushes-现在分词作宾补
Several people complained of 'cat-like noises' at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree.
complain of / about :抱怨
on + 名词：强调动作正在进行
on the rise:在上升/on the increase: 在增加
on the watch: 在观看/on the match:在比赛中
on the fishing trip:在钓鱼的途中/on holiday: 在度假
The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from?
fully: completely, entirely adv.充分地, 完全地, 足足, 至少
As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape.
sth be in the possession of sb==sth be in sb's possession 某物归某人所有(主语是物)—被动
eg: The beautiful car is in my possession .= The beautiful car is i in the possession of me
sb be in possession of sth. 某人拥有某物—主动
I am in possession of the beautiful car.（in possession of作表语）
The person in possession of the big house is excited.( in possession of作定语)
take possession of 拥有
have, hold, own, possess, keep, enjoy have, hold, own, possess, keep, enjoy
这些动词均有“有，具有，持有”之意。这些动词均有“有，具有，持有”之意。
have : 最常用词，可指任何情况下的具有，无论是物质的或精神的。
hold : 指拥有并保持财产及持有见解等，暗示不让别人拿走或占有。
own不及本组的possess正式，多指所属关系，强调所有权，不管所属物是否在物主手中。
possess: 较正式，指拥有或占有并能加以控制与支配，强调其归属;也指具有某种品质、才能、特点或性能等。
keep: 指长时间地保有，保存某物，防止别人占去，强调安全和感情上的依附。
enjoy : 指享有某种权利或长处，带有欣赏或喜爱的情感。
It (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?it?/??) is (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?is?/??) a (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?a?/??) truth (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?truth?/??) universally (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?universally?/??) acknowledged (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?acknowledged?/??), that (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?that?/??) a (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?a?/??) single (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?single?/??) man (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?man?/??) in (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?in?/??) possession (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?possession?/??) of (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?of?/??) a (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?a?/??) good (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?good?/??) fortune (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?fortune?/??), must (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?must?/??) be (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?be?/??) in (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?in?/??) want (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?want?/??) of (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?of?/??) a (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?a?/??) wife (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?wife?/??).
普天之下众所公认的真理 (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?真理?/??)是 (?http:?/??/?www.iciba.com?/?是?/??)，拥有万贯家财的单身男子必定需要个妻子。(Pride and Prejudice)
The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught.
Went on =last 持续,继续前进
It（形式主语） is disturbing （不定式后面的作真正的主语）to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.
It is disturbing to think that 一想到………就心里不安
eg: It is disturbing to think that I fail / flunk (in) my examination.
in the quiet countryside.在宁静的小山村
PAGE
4
§ Lesson 2 Thirteen equals one 十三等于一
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
★equal
1. v. 等于,比得上;与 … 相匹敌
None of us can equal her, either in beauty or as a dancer.
Few cars can equal this kind of cars for speed.很少有其他车在速度方面胜过这种车。
2.(质量等方面)赶得上，不次于
So far the rate of production doesn't equal the demand.
到目前为止，生产率赶不上需要。
3.adj.相等的, 同样的
Their ages are equal.他们同龄。
equal pay for equal work同工同酬
4.平等的
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.
All men are equal in the eye of law / before the law.法律面前人人平等。
The law cannot make all men equal, but they are all equal before the law.
法律不能使人人平等, 但是在法律面前人人是平等（Frederick Pollck, British jurist英国法学家波洛克F）
be equal to + n:. 与…相匹敌eg: Mary is quite equal to John in brains
有能力做某事；能胜任的, 合适的 to- 介词
eg: I am equal to running the company.
He doesn't seem equal to meeting our demands.他似乎不太合乎我们的要求。
★vicar
n. 牧师;(英国国教的)教区牧师
We were married by our local vicar.我们是由本地教区牧师主持婚礼的。
相关单词
1. black coat n. 牧师,职员
2.chaplain n. 随军教士, (军队、医院、学校、监狱等中的)教士
3.churchman n.牧师,传教士 【as poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗】
4.clergy n.(尤指基督教堂内的)牧师, 教士
The clergy remain divided on the issue of women priests.在女性教士的问题上, 牧师们意见不一。
5.minister n.牧师
His original intention was to become a minister.他原先的打算是当牧师。
6.pastor n. (基督教的)牧师
7.priest n.(基督教和罗马天主教的)神父, 牧师
He confessed his sin to the priest.他向神父坦陈了自己的罪孽。
8.missionary n.传教士
Some missionaries came from England in the Qing Dynasty.
清朝时, 从英国来了一些传教士。
★raise
1.v. 募集；筹（款）
raise money 募集资金 raise a loan 借款 raise funds 筹集资金
2.提高
raise the price 提高物价raise the living standard提高生活水平raise one’s voice 提高嗓子
3.饲养、供养raise a horse饲养一匹马
4.种植 raise wheat种植小麦
5.召集、招募 raise an army招募一支军队 （army n.陆军, 军队）
6.出、发出 The remark raise a cheer / laugh发出欢呼声/笑声 （cheer n.愉快, 欢呼）
相关单词：
charitarian / philanthropist n.慈善家
philanthropy=philanthropism 博爱（主义）；仁爱
★torchlight
n.电筒光 searchlight n.探照灯
torch n.手电筒=(flashlight n. 手电筒 （灯塔、机场等的）闪光信号灯) 火炬；火把
torchbearer n.持火炬者
【课文讲解】
一、strike vt vi. 打, 击Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁.(喻 抓紧时机)
=Make hay while the sun shines.
敲响; 报时I didn't hear the clock strike.我没有听到报时钟声。
现在进行时和always 等频度副词的搭配——表示说话人带有的情感色彩
Tom is always doing homework.
Tom is always does his homework.
He is always making noises.
one or another 表示某种、这样或那样
manage to do sth.与try to do sth. 的区别
manage to do sth.准确的意思是：成功地做到（了）某事，是有明确结果的。
也就是说 A managed to do sth.=A succeeded in doing sth.而try to do sth.指的是努力做某事，try doing sth.意思是试着做某事。后两者动作能不能“成功”都不太确定。try doing sth.往往隐含着做某事把握不是很大，还有些犹豫，可能会失败，还要重试的意思。至于你说到的manage也有一般现在时，并不表示做事的把握，也表示（成功）结果，这种情况表示经常发生的动作，这种情况比较少见。
get enough money 筹集足够的资金来做某事
I have to get enough money to have my house repaired.
have the church clock repaired-----have sth. done 找某人来做某事
have the plane repaired have hair cut
某人所遭受到的意外某种情况-----主语必须是发出动作的人
His wallet was stolen. He had his wallet stolen.
used to:过去常常做，而现在不再发生的事情了
He used to smoke every day.
however 用于口语，主要用于句首，作文中，最好用在句中、句尾，要用逗号分隔开来
He said that it was so, he was mistaken, however.
or: He said that it was so, however, he was mistaken.
I know his story, however, I wouldn’t like to tell you.
I know his story, I, however, wouldn’t like to tell you.
however 可用nevertheless nonetheless 替换
start: n. 惊跳、惊奇
Eg: The voice made him start.
What a start you give me.你真吓了我一跳 The news gave me quite a start.
He sat up / woke up with a start.
补充：startle vt. 惊吓；使吓一跳；使大吃一惊
I yelled in my dream, which startled my roommate out of his sleep.我梦中的喊叫声惊醒了同屋伙伴
before …才
Nearly a week passed before he could explain what had happened to him.
Look / Think twice before you jump/ leap. （谚）三思而后行。
Measure thrice and cut once. [谚]三思而后行。
Draw not your bow before your arrow is fixed.[谚]箭未搭好别先拉弓；三思而后行。
Think twice, act wise.
armed with a torch…用…武装起来,装备有…的
Armed with a torch... 过去分词
Looking at his watch… 现在分词
现在分词和过去分词的用法 looking
分词做状语/定语时，一定要注意它和逻辑主语要呼应一致
armed to the teeth武装到牙齿; 全副武装
in the torchlight 在手电筒光下 / in the moonlight 在月光下
in the sunshine 在太阳光下 / in the candlelight 在烛光下
非正式用语中whom可以省略掉
recognized sb as 认出某人是
regard sb as, think of sb as, treat sb as(把某人对待为), have on sb as（把某人尊敬为）
whatever: ever用来加强语气
night after night 一夜连着一夜
day after(或by) day / year after year / week after week / bus after bus
with the passage / lapse of time 或 as time goes by
you certainly did give me…
did
肯定句中常用do, did, does 加强语气和情感色彩，一定要位于动词原形之前。
Eg: -- You do like nice today. 你今天看上去确实很不错。
-- I do like you.
possibly和maybe没多大区别，而maybe比perhaps显得普通,但不够庄重;perhaps证据更弱，一般是在没什么把握的时候用；probably是很有把握的情况下使用。likely语气跟maybe，差不多。
as well用在句尾相当于too, 主要用在肯定句中，但比too所表达的语意更优秀
Still, I‘m glad the bell is working again.‘
still作连词用，用于句首, 用逗号分隔开来, 表达一个转折的关系：虽然如此, 但是
We have made some achievement, still we should be modest and prudent.
This book is not perfect; still, it is very good.
There is nothing I can do about it = I am at a lose what to do（at a loss adv.困惑）
you're here there is nothing i fear 你就在我身旁，以至我全无畏惧
and i know that my heart will go on 我知道我心与你相依
we'll stay forever this way 我们永远相携而行
you are safe in my heart 在我心中你安然无恙
and my heart will go on and on我心属于你，爱无止境 （Titanic 泰坦尼克号）
do nothing but do 只做了；什么也没做除了..
He did nothing but watch TV all the day.他整天什么也不做除了看电视。他整天只看电视
have no choice but to do 别无他选，只有
He is so poor and has no choice but to drop school他太穷了，没有别的选择，只有辍学了
can't but do 不得不做某事
She can't but do the housework.她不得不做家务
sth前若为其他实意动词，but后要加TO,那么sth前若为done，did,doing，那么but后加不加TO呢
先看两个句子：
1.I have no choice but _____ (wait).
2.I have nothing to do but _____ (wait).
答案：1. to wait； 2. wait
分析：当不定式结构作 but（except,besides） 等介词的宾语，且 but（except,besides） 等词前面的句中有实意动词 do 时，该不定式结构中的 to 要省略，否则一般不省略。例如：
He does nothing but watch TV all day long. 他整天除了看电视，无所事事
I could do other things besides play football after school. 放学后我除了踢足球还可以做其它事情。
I have nothing to do but wait for him. 我只有等他了。
I have no choice but to accept the fact. 我别无选择，只有接受这个事实。
Half a loaf is better than no bread.有总比没有好。
n.一条[块]面包He bought two loaves of bread.他买了两条面包。
vt. & vi.〈口〉虚度光阴Don't loaf your life away.不要虚度光阴。
get used to , be used to do, be accustomed to, get accustomed to 都表示习惯于
get强调渐进的过程，be强调习惯了的状态
Eg: We are used to the cold weather here.
You will get used to the cold weather here.你很快会适应这寒冷的天气的。
as good as几乎, 实际上
Without her glasses, she was as good as blind.不戴眼镜, 她简直和瞎子一样。
What he said has as good as shown his attitude.
The old machine is well maintained and looks as good as new.
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§ Lesson 3 An unknown goddess 无名女神
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
★goddess n. 女神 绝世佳人, 非常善良的女子
Venus was a goddess worshiped by the Romans.维纳斯是罗马人所崇拜的女神。
a representation of a goddess女神的塑像
a shrine dedicated to the sea goddess供奉海洋女神的神庙
According to ancient legend, the river is a goddess.据古代传说，这条河是位女神。
被崇拜的女人，极受崇敬（或敬慕）的女人
She dreamed of becoming a Hollywood screen goddess.她梦想成为好莱坞的银幕女神Marilyn Monroe。
god n. 神 上帝, 天主
Apollo was the Greek god of the arts, prophecy, medicine and light.
阿波罗是希腊神话中主管艺术、预言、医药和光明之神。
Some people believe in God; some don't.有人信仰上帝, 有的人不信。
极受崇敬的人; 过分注意的事物
The school captain was a god to the younger boys.校队队长被低年级的男孩子奉若神明。
He makes a god of his work, and forgets his family.他把工作看得极为神圣, 以致忘了自己的家庭。
★archaeologist n. 考古学家
archaeology n.考古学 archaeological adj. 考古学的,考古学上的
★ Aegean adj. 爱琴海的 (Mediterranean Sea地中海)
peninsula n.半岛The Arab live on the Arabian Peninsula.阿拉伯人居住在阿拉伯半岛上。
archipelago n.群岛, 列岛 多岛屿的海
the Aegean sea爱琴海 Aegean lslands爱琴群岛
Baltic adj.波罗的海的; 波罗的海各国的 the Baltic Sea 波罗的海[欧洲]
Balkan adj. 巴尔干半岛的
Adriatic adj. 亚得里亚海的
★explore v. 考察，勘探
The archaeologists are exploring the cave.
explore ways and means of solving the question 寻求解决问题的方式方法
explore latent possibilities 挖掘潜力 explore archives 查档案
explore social and economic conditions 考察社会和经济状况
explore for oil 勘探石油 an exploring team 考察队，勘探队
exploration n.
explorer n.探险家：勘探者；考察者：an Arctic explorer 到北极探险考察的人
★promontory n. 岬,隆起,海角=cape n. 1.披肩；披风；短斗篷 She was wearing a cape over her dress. 她在外套上披着一件披肩。2.海角, 岬 I long for a trip to the Cape of Good Hope. 我渴望到好望角去旅行。
tadpole n. 蝌蚪
the ends of the earth 天涯海角
★prosperous adj. （经济上）繁荣的，昌盛的；成功的
a prosperous country, businessman, industry 繁荣昌盛(thriving and prosperous)的国家、事业成功的实业家、兴旺发达的工业
a prosperous-looking businessman 看来事业有成的商人
prosperity n. 成功；富足；幸运；顺利
He wished the young couple a life of happiness and prosperity.
他祝这对年轻人生活幸福、万事如意。
thriving 昌盛的，兴旺的a thriving business / enterprise 蓬勃发展的商业 / 工业
He that will thrive must rise at five. [谚]五更起床, 百事兴旺。
booming 蓬勃的，景气的 a booming market繁荣的市场booming waves波涛澎湃
boomtown n.新兴都市
flourishing 繁茂的,健康的,欣欣向荣的
★civilization, civilization n. （尤指高级的）文明;开化
high level of civilization高度文明
civilize v.
civilized a. 文明的,非野蛮的
A civilized leader must eschew violence.文明领导人必须避免使用暴力。
vt. （文）(尤指为道德或实际理由而)习惯性避开,回避(某种行为、食物等);避开（危害、恶事等）
eschew political discussion 回避政治讨论
Let’s discuss this like civilized people.让我们像文明人一样心平气和地讨论。
China is a highly civilized country.中国是一个高度文明的国家。
有礼貌的,有教养的,文雅的：civilized society, behavior(u)r 文明社会，文明行为
Haas was quite pleasant, very civilized.哈斯很招人喜欢，很有礼貌。
They’re brutal people behind their civilized veneer.他们表面上温文有礼，骨子里却是野蛮残忍。
n. 饰面薄板,薄片镶饰(尤用于家具上) <正>虚假的外表;虚饰
For the first time her veneer of politeness began to crack.她温文尔雅的外表第一次露出破绽。
He managed to acquire a thin veneer of knowledge to mask his real ignorance.
他设法装出有点知识的外表，用来掩饰自己的无知。
His veneer of politeness concealed a ruthless determination.他彬彬有礼的伪装下隐藏着不择手段的狠心。
a thin veneer of Western civilization 西方文明之金玉其外
★storey n. 楼层=（美）story
★drainage n. 排水, 放水
Bad drainage caused the land to be flooded.排水不利容易使土地淹水。
排水系统, 下水道
The defect in the drainage must be remedied.这排水系统的缺陷该设法补救。
废水, 污水, 污物
This is a drainage area.这里是排水区。
drain ditch 排水沟 drain pipe =exhaust water pipe 排水管
★worship n. 崇拜；热爱；爱慕（尤指达到看不到缺点的地步）
vt. .崇拜; 尊崇 A miser worships money.守财奴崇拜金钱。
vi. 做礼拜 Don't talk while you are worshipping.你们做礼拜时别讲话。
worshipper n. 礼拜[崇拜,爱慕]者
respect vt.尊敬, 尊重 / admire v.赞美, 钦佩, 羡慕
Who do you worship in the world?
warship n. 军舰；战船
★sacred adj. 宗教的，神圣的A church is a sacred building.教堂是神圣的建筑物。
sacred music 圣乐sacred promise 神圣的诺言
受崇敬的; 不可冒犯的
In Africa the snake is still sacred with many tribes.非洲许多部落仍认为蛇是不可冒犯的。
holy adj. 神圣的，圣洁的He lived a holy life.他过着圣洁的生活。Holy Bible
虔诚的He is a holy Buddhist.他是一个虔诚的佛教徒
solemn adj.严肃的
He looked very solemn as he announced the news.在宣布这一消息时, 他显得非常严肃。
庄重的, 郑重的
The Premier's burial/funeral was a solemn occasion /ceremony.总理的葬礼是个庄严的场面。
庄严的; 隆重的
The new Embassador was received with solemn ceremonies.新大使受到了隆重的礼遇(honor; courtesy, courteous reception).
★fragment n. 碎片; 片断 a shell fragment 弹片
They have found several fragments of a Roman vase in the area.
在这一地区他们发现了一只罗马瓷瓶的碎片。
lie in fragments已成破片 reduce to fragments弄碎
fragmentary adj. 碎片的;片断的;不完整的;支离破碎的
fragmentary evidence不完全的证据fragmentary experience 局部经验
★remains n. 遗物，遗迹，废墟（=ruins）
remains of a meal 残羹剩饭 the remains of a fortune 遗产
the remains of an army 残兵败将; 残部 remains of Tang Dynasty 唐代遗物
His mortal remains are buried in the churchyard. 他的尸体埋葬在教堂的墓地里。
fossil remains of prehistoric animals 史前动物的残遗化石
遗体, 遗骸
pay last respects to sb.’s remains 向某人的遗体告别
The martyr’s remains are buried at the foot of the hill. 烈士的遗体葬在山脚下。
ruin vt. 破坏, 毁掉 The storm ruined our wheat.暴风雨毁坏了我们的小麦。
使破产, 使沦落
I was ruined by that law case, I'm a ruined man.我被那场官司搞垮了, 现在已经倾家荡产。
n. 毁坏, 毁灭, 灭亡
This news meant the ruin of all our hopes.这消息使我们的一切希望都破灭了。
破产（或丢掉工作等）的根源；祸根
This flood will be the ruin of the harvest.这场洪水将是没有收成的祸根。
破败、坍塌或毁坏的状态
The church has fallen into ruin.那教堂已破败不堪。
废墟; 遗迹
The abbey is now a ruin.那座修道院现已成废墟。
Many ruins of Roman date are to be seen in the south of France.
许多古罗马时期的遗迹可以在法国南部看到。
★classical adj. （希腊罗马）古文化的 古典的, 经典的
I'm interested in classical architecture.我喜爱古典建筑风格。
classical music 古典音乐classical education 人文科学教育
classic adj. 第一流的
This is a classic example of love at the first sight.
classic n. 杰作，经典之作（=masterpiece）
★re-construct vt. 重建
They’ve decided to reconstruct this building.他们决定重建这栋大楼。
We had no computer backup and had to rely on old paper files to reconstruct the records.
我们没有计算机备份,只得靠落后的纸档案重做记录。
重现, 重整
The police managed to piece together the jigsaw and reconstruct the victim’s last hours.
警方成功地将线索拼在一起，重现了受害人生前最后几个小时的情况。
Every aspect of the original has been closely studied and painstakingly reconstructed.
原作的每一细节都经过了仔细研究，费尽苦心才得以重现。
It is not possible to reconstruct the complete symphony from these manuscript sketches.
想要通过这些手写草稿恢复这一交响乐的全貌是不可能的。
Local historians have reconstructed from contemporary descriptions how the hall may have looked in 1300.根据同时期的描述，当地历史学家再现了1300 年时这座礼堂的可能面貌。
erect vt.盖, 使竖立, 使直立（build high buildings）
-- erect a monument 建造纪念碑 / erect a clock tower 建造钟楼
setup /establish /found 建立
-- setup students‘ union 学生会 （union n.联盟, 协会）
-- establish a school / establish a rule 设立一条规则
-- found a country 建立一个国家
construction n.
constructive adj. 有教育意义的constructive suggestions建设性的建议， 积极的建议
constructive comments积极的评论
constructor n. 建设者
★rest v. 倚放，放置；搁在；（视线等）停留在：
His hand rested on the table. 他的手放在桌子上。
His eyes rested on me. 他的目光落在我身上。
Clouds resting upon the mountain top笼罩在山顶的云
补充：vi.取决于；归于: It rests with(=It is up to) you to decide. (或The decision rests with you.)
要由你来作决定。
vt.（后接表语）依然是；保持：The affairs rest a riddle. 这件事仍是个谜。
not rest content (或satisfied) with a smattering of knowledge 不满足于一知半解
You can rest assured that they will come. 你放心好了，他们回来的。
★hip n. 屁股，臀部（=bottom n.（口）屁股/ butt 美俚）a hip pocket （裤子的）臀部口袋
vital statistics三围；人口统计/ body measurement三围(bust / waist / hips或hip, hip circumference)
[口] 在服用兴奋剂，宗教信仰方面赶时髦的人；消息灵通人士；adj. （美俚）通晓的，见闻广的
Eg: Hary is a real hip. 玛丽真是赶时髦The guy isn’t a hip.这家伙什么都不懂
be hip to current happenings 非常熟悉目前放生的事件
joined at the hip 表示交情极厚的
Eg: These two are joined at the hip.
shoot from the hip 信口开河；鲁莽地行事（或讲话）
Eg: Sorry, I said that I shouldn’t have shot from the hip.
★full-length adj. （裙衣）拖地长的；未缩短的；未删节的；全长的；全身的：
a full-length portrait全身像 a full-length novel 足本小说
a full-length dress/skirt全长裙（长及踝的）
大型的: a full-length colored documentary 大型彩色纪录片
full-grown adj.生长完全的, 发育完全的
full-time a.专职的, 全部时间的
★graceful adj. 优雅的，优美的, 文雅的 a graceful lady
a graceful dancer 绰约多姿的跳舞者 a graceful leap 优美的跳跃
the graceful curves of the new bridge 新桥的美丽曲线
The tall graceful form of a woman appeared at the top of the stairs.
一个体形修长优美的女人出现在楼梯顶上。
elegant (behavier)得体的, 礼貌而周到的
His refusal was worded in such a graceful way that we could not be offended.
他婉言谢绝, 无损于我们的颜面。
★identity n. 身份 ( ID card= Identification / Identity Card 身份证)
He had to conceal his identity to escape the police.为了躲避警方, 他只好隐瞒身份。
establish (或prove) sb.’s identity 证明某人的身份 an identity certificate 身份证明书
because of mistaken identity 由于被错认了人
个性, 特性
The planners decided to preserve their distinct identities.设计者们决定保留他们各自的特色。
同一性, 一致性
Please note the identities in the two cases.请注意这两个案子的相同之处。
identity of thinking and being思维与存在的一致性
identical adj. 同一的She wore the identical dress on both occasions.
她在两种场合穿的是同一件衣服。
【课文讲解】
some time 1>经过若干时间 2>在未来的某时
sometime adv.在某一时候, 曾经, 有一天
sometimes adv.不时, 有时
中文习惯用主动语态。
英文习惯用被动语态。以事件、结果、影响、效果为主语，强调对客观事实的陈述。
an interesting discovery：强调discovery， 体现发现这个动作被考古学家做出
主动语态难以突出重点 archaeologists made an interesting discovery
An American team explored a temple which…
which引导定语从句，修饰限定temple。（which = that）
stand(不及物) = lie(不及物) 位于= situate(及物) 使位于, 使处于= locate(及物) 使...坐落于, which stands in... = which lies in… = which is located in… = which is situated in...
Stand 1 >身高 2>表示高高坐落于, 矗立于
-- She stands 1.75m. 她身高1.75米
-- A great tree stands on the mount. 一棵大树竖立在山上。
The city at one time must have been prosperous，for it…
for引导原因状语从句，对主句的附加说明Eg: The day broke for the birds were singing.
because引导原因状语从句，重点突出原因
I did it because he told me to.
Just because I don’t complain, people think I’m satisfied.
1. because 是连词，其后接句子；because of 是复合介词，其后接名词、代词、动名词、what 从句等。如：
I didn’t buy it because it was too expensive. 我没有买是因为它太贵了。
He is here because of you (that). 他为你(那事)而来这里。
He lost his job because of his age. 由于年龄关系他失去了工作。
We said nothing about it, because of his wife’s being there. 因为他妻子在那儿，我们对此只字未提。
He knew she was crying because of what he had said. 他知道她哭是因为他说的话。
注：because of 之后可接 what 从句，但不能接 that 从句或没有引导词的句子。如：他因病未来。
误：He didn’t come because of he was ill.
误：He didn’t come because of that he was ill.
正：He didn’t come because he was ill.
正：He didn’t come because of his illness.
比较以下同义句：
他离开了这家公司，是因为老板在会上讲的话。
正：He left the company because of what the boss said at the meeting.
正：He left the company because of the thing that the boss said at the meeting.
我不能因为有个家就停止斗争。
正：I can’t stop fighting because I have a family.
正：I can’t stop fighting because of having a family.
2. because 所引导的从句除用作原因状语外，还可用作表语。如：
It is because he loves you. 那是因为他爱你。
而复合介词 because of 所引导的介词短语通常用作状语而不用作表语。如：
他因雨缺席。
误：His absence was because of the rain.
正：His absence was due to the rain.
正：He was absent because of the rain.
但是有时若主语是代词(不是名词)，也可以用 because of 引出的短语作表语。如：
It is just because of money. 那只是因为钱的原因。
because和because of的区别和用法
That was because of his sickness. 那是因为他生病的原因。
thanks to: 由于,多亏;幸亏 prep. 由于,归功于
例句与用法:
1. Thanks to your timely intervention. 多亏你及时调停。
2. Thanks to his effort, it is more successful than we have expected.
由于他的努力，获得了比我们预期的更大的成功。
3. Thanks to the bad weather, the match had been cancelled. 多亏这个倒霉天气，挺好的比赛取消了。
4. I am feeling better now, no thanks to you. 我现在觉得好多了，这并非由于你的原因。
5. It's no thanks to you (that) we arrived on time your short cuts weren't short cuts at all!
我们及时赶到可并没叨你的光--你说的近路一点儿也不近!
6. She gave the customary speech of thanks to the chairman. 她照例向主席致感谢辞.
7. Thanks to agile footwork he always managed to escape his pursuers.
他善於随机应变, 总能摆脱追踪他的人.
8. The speaker closed (the meeting) with a word of thanks to the chairman.
演讲者向主席道了谢, （会议）就结束了.
due to: 因为,由于 预定,预期
例句与用法:
1. Due to circumstances beyond our control the lecture was cancelled.
由于无法控制的情况讲座取消了。
2. The two countries were on the point of war due to the diplomatic disputes.
这两个国家因为外交争端即将开战。
on the point of即将
I was on the point of going to bed when you rang.你打电话的时候我正要睡觉。
3. Due to low investment, our industrial output has remained stagnant.
由于投资少，我们的工业生产一直停滞不前。
4. Great changes are in prospect in this area due to foreign investment.
因为外资的引进, 该地区会发生很大变化。
5. The failure of the scheme was due to bad management. 计划的失败是由于管理不善。
6. Our new washing-machine keeps breaking down it's entirely due to shoddy workmanship.
我们的新洗衣机老出毛病－－完全是因为做的质量太差。
7. His successes were largely due to luck. 他的成功主要靠运气。
8. The television station apologized for the interference, which was due to bad weather conditions.
电视台为出现的干扰表示歉意，那是由于恶劣的天气状况造成的。
owing to: [ '?ui? tu: ] 由于 prep. 由于,因为
例句与用法:
1. Owing to the rain, the match was cancelled. 由于下雨，取消了比赛。
2. Our trading connection has broken off owing to a disagreement over prices.
因为价格问题无法达成共识，我们的贸易关系中止了。
3. The flight was delayed owing to technical reasons. 这次飞行由于技术的原因而被推迟。
4. Owing to my lack of experience, I didn't do the work well. 由于缺乏经验，我没有把工作做好。
5. The mine was closed owing to exhaustion. 这个煤矿因矿源枯竭而被关闭。
6. Some roads are closed owing to drifting. 有些道路因积雪而封闭.
7. Owing to their intransigent attitude we were unable to reach an agreement.
由於他们态度僵硬, 我们无法达成协议.
不妥协的, 不让步的 He can be intransigent and pig-headed at times. 他有时候会很固执, 寸步不让。
8. Owing to a strange mental aberration he forgot his own name.
由於一种莫名的精神错乱, 他把自己的名字忘了.
because of: 因为,由于
例句与用法:
1. Navigation is difficult on this river because of the hidden rocks.
因为河上有暗礁，所以在这条河上航行很困难。
2. Her company is suing her for slander because of her remarks about their safety record.
由于她发表了关于公司安全记录的言论，该公司正以诽谤罪起诉她。
3. Many beautiful fish are fast disappearing because of the severe pollution.
因为污染严重，许多美丽的鱼类正在面临绝种。
4. The police are advising motorists to reduce speed because of the fog.
由于有雾，警察告诫驾车者减慢速度。
5. They've surcharged us 10% on the price of the holiday because of a rise in air fares.
因飞机票涨价, 他们在度假费用中向我们增收了10%附加费.
6. Because of his irresolute character, we were defeated at last. 因为他性格的软弱，我们最终被打败了。
7. We win the game because of his participation. 由于他的参与，我们赢了比赛。
8. I did not go to the cinema because of the intense cold/heat. 我因为严寒/酷热没出去看电影。
at one time:表达曾经，一度；（过去时态的标志= once）
must have been 对过去事实肯定的推测—— must be 对现在事实肯定的推测
can’t have +P.P 对过去事实否定的推测—— can’t be 对现在事实否定的推测
enjoyed a high level of civilization. 享有高度文明
three storeys high 三层楼高 three-story-high做前置性形容词
built of stone 引申
made up of ，made out of ，，made from ，made in分别啥意思
be made up of “由……构成或组成的”。指人、物皆可，指结构成分。
Our class is made up of six groups. 我们班由六个小组组成。
be made out of “由……制出的”。与 be made of, be made from 意思类似。如：
At present, many things are made out of plastics. 现在许多东西都是用塑料制成的。
be made of “用……制成的”。指从成品上能看出原料，制成物没改变原料的本质。(物理)
The table is made of wood. 桌子是用木头制的。
be made from “用……制造的”。指从制成物看不出原料，制成物已改变了原料的本质。（化学）
The wine is made from grapes. 酒是用葡萄酿造的。
be made into “制成为”。如：The material will be made into a dress.这块料子是要做成连衣裙。
large=spacious a. (房间或建筑物)宽敞的 They have moved to a more spacious residence on a hill top.
他们已搬到山顶上一个比较宽敞的住宅去了。Our yard is spacious enough for a swimming pool.我们的院子很宽敞, 足够建一座游泳池。
with…具有
Eg: a young man with broad shoulders / an old lady with black hair
beautifully decorated 过去分词做定语
a beautifully dressed lady衣着漂亮的女士 / a deserted carpark 废弃的停车场（parking lot）
a white painted door 被粉刷成白色的门
现在分词做定语，被修饰词与修饰词之间为；逻辑主动关系
a boy climbing the tree / the students reading in the room
现在分词 / 过去分词作定语
共同点：单个分词做定语放在所修饰名词前(a swimming pool)；分词短语（就是不仅仅由一个分词构成的用来修饰名词的短语the book written by Luxun）做后置定语，即放名词后。
用过去分词还是现在分词做定语的判断关键：名词与该动作的关系
1. 现在分词(Ving)做定语：
从功能上看，现在分词做定语表示 1）主动（及物）；2）进行（不及物）。
做定语：相当于一个定语从句 (主动)
Do you know the boy standing at the door? ? Do you know the boy who is standing at the door? A developing country needs aids. ?A country that/which is developing needs aids.
They lived in a house facing the south ?They lived in a house that faced the south.
The man wearing a red tie is our head. ?The man who wears a red tie(戴红领带) is our head.
The workers working in the factory are well-paid. ?The workers who are working in the factory are well-paid. 在这家工厂工作的工人报酬很好
2．过去分词(p.p)做定语
从功能上看，过去分词做定语表示1）被动（及物）；2）完成（不及物）。
做定语：相当于一个定语从句（被动），有时侯也表示完成的
The broken window was repaired this morning.
The window broken yesterday was….
?The window that/which was broken yesterday was…..昨天被打破的玻璃今早被修好了
The sold hamburgers are not to my taste.
The hamburgers sold in this chain are not to…..这家连锁店卖的汉堡不适合我的口味
The hamburgers that/which are sold in this chain are not to….
The arrived guests will be led in.（此过去分词表示完成）
The guests arrived just now will….刚到的客人将会被带进来
The guests who arrived just now will be….
The book that was written by Wang sells well. ?The book written by Wang sells well.
The tie that is worn by our head is made in Shanghai. ?The tie worn by our head is made in SH
The shoes (that were) made in a small factory are of bad quality.小厂产的鞋子质量差
反之，一个定语从句可以转化为分词做定语的结构
The man I introduced to you yesterday had just returned from Japan.
The man introduced to you by me yesterday had just…昨天我给你介绍的那人刚从日本回来
He is a man who is loved by all. ? He is a man loved by all. 他是个大家所热爱的人
The leaves that have fallen are collected by the cleaners. ?The fallen leaves are collected…
That letter I received last week was from Li. ? The letter received last week was from Li.
The city was even equipped with… for… were found…
be equipped with 配备，装备（equip vt.装备, 配备）
Eg: the car was equipped with air conditioning.
air conditioning 空气调节装置 / air conditioner 空气调节机, 空调设备
for 引导原因状语从句
a great man=a good many +可数名词
很多, 许多 The little girl knows a good many folk songs by heart.那个小姑娘记得好多民歌。
We have a great many things to do at present. 我们当前有许许多多事情要做。
Many a little （或pickle）makes a mickle. （谚）积少成多。（或：集腋成裘。）
beneath the narrow streets / under the narrow streets
prep. beneath = under 正下方=underneath
He is standing under / beneath the umbrella.
under:在进行中，
under control 控制之中；under discussion 讨论之中；under repairs 修理之中
below:在下方，强调斜下方
Eg: She is sitting below the window.
be used as / be used to be 把…用作为
Eg:The box was used as a desk in the small village school.
The wooden box was used as a bookcase.
The wooden box is used to contain books.
represent vt. 代表
I represent all the classmates.
表现, 描绘The painting represents the scene of a bumper harvest. 这幅画描绘了丰收的景象。代表, 象征, 表示
The pilots respectfully represented that they were not at all tired.
飞行员郑重表示他们一点也不累。He represented himself to be the Son of God. 他自称是救世主。作为…的代表 The Foreign Minister represented the country at the conference.
外交部长代表该国出席大会。等于；相当于；意味着 成为…实例；成为典型；体现 正式提出（意见、抗议等）
（尤指不公平地）展现，描述，表现 作为…的代言人；维护…的利益 陈述；阐述；指出；主张 Let me represent my ideas to you in another way 让我用另一种方式向你说明我的想法。体现；反映 This photograph represents my childhood.这张照片反映了我的童年生活。演出；扮演 He represented Hamlet several times.他扮演过几次哈姆雷特。意味着；相当于
The body of one statue was found…
dating 现在分词，修饰remains
the customs dating from 1990
date from 追溯到，从… 开始=date back to,trace (back) to; retrospect to
The tradition dates from the time when his grandfather was young.
retrospect n.回顾, 回想 In retrospect it's obvious how we went wrong. 回想起来, 我们是如何出的错就很明显了。
The castle dates from the 14th century.=The castle dates back to the 14th century.
城堡建造于14世纪
Its missing head happened to be among remains of…
happen to偶然，碰巧 强调事情的偶然发生
Eg: I happen to have driven that kind of car. 我恰巧开过那种汽车。
He happened to find the ticket in his pocket. 他恰巧在口袋里找到那张票。
补充：driven adj. 1.(人)奋发努力的;发愤图强的 a driven sense of obligation 紧迫的责任感 2.像雪一样纯洁；道德高尚 I don’t think you’re really in a position to criticize her. You’re hardly as pure as the driven snow yourself! 我觉得你没资格批评她，你自己也并非纯洁无瑕。
句式：It happens that……
Eg: It happnes that I met her on my way to work / school (或home)
I happened to meet her on my way to work / school (或home)
happen on 巧遇，偶然发现,偶遇
Eg: I happend on this old picture in the back of the drawer.
Guess, who I happened on while I was in London last month?
take place, happen, occur, come about 和 break out 用法区别
这些词或短语都有“发生”的意思，但用法各不相同，区别如下：
(1) take place 表示“发生、举行、举办”，一般指非偶然性事件的“发生”，即这种事件的发生一定有某种原因或事先的安排。例如：
Great changes have taken place in our hometown during the past ten years.
The Olympic Games of 2008 will take place in Beijing.
(2) happen 作“发生、碰巧”解，一般用于偶然或突发性事件。例如：
What happened to you? (一般不说：What did you happen?)
Maybe something unexpected happened.
I happened to see him on my way home.
= It happened that I saw him on my way home.
(3) occur 作“发生、想到、突然想起”解，其意义相当于 happen。例如：
What has occurred? (= What has happened?)
A big earthquake occurred (= happened) in the south of China last month.
It occurred to me that she didn't know I had moved into the new house.
(4) come about 表示“发生、产生”，多指事情已经发生了，但还不知道为什么，常用于疑问句和否定句。例如：
When Mother woke up, she didn't know what had come about.
I'll never understand how it came about that you were late three times a week.
Do you know how the air accident came about?
(5) break out 意思为“发生、爆发”，常指战争、灾难、疾病或者争吵等事件的发生，也可以表示突然大声叫喊等。例如：
Two world wars broke out last century.
A fire broke out in the hospital in the mid-night.
After the flood, diseases broke out here and there.
She broke out,“That is too unfair!”
reconstruct: put together, piece together, restore（vt.恢复, 使回复）
amazed = very much surprised
surprised > astonished > amazed > astounded 感到惊讶（语气递增）
四个形容词: amazed:very much surprised
surprised; astonished; amazed; astounded 感到惊讶的，语气递增
astonished: much surprised
amazed: very much surprised 惊奇
astounded 非常惊讶，尺愕，惊奇
to find… / to discover… / to realize…
I’m not surprised to see you here.
turn out
1.关灯 Don't forget to turn out the light when you leave the classroom. 你离开教室时别忘了关灯。2.制造; 培养 How many machines did you turn out last month? 上个月你们生产了多少台机器? This university has turned out some first-rate scholars. 这所大学培养了一些第一流的学者。 Many TV sets have been turned out by this factory. 这家工厂生产了许多电视机。3. (表明结果）结果是, 原来是 （= prove, 都表示系动词）
turn out ( to be) + n./adj.
Eg: He said he was a doctor; but later he turned out to be a cheat.
他自称是个医生, 结果证明他是个骗子。 The day turned out (to be) a fine day. 那天倒是好天气。 Our party turned out (to be) a success
The concert turned out to be failure.
It turned out that………… 原来是(表示结果)
that 从句，或其他名词从句，it 作形式主语
Eg: It turned out that he was never there. 原来他根本没去过那儿。
It turned out that the diamond had been in the bank all the time. 原来钻石一直都在银行里保存着。
It turned out that his statement was false. 原来他的话是假的
as it turns out 人们后来发现
Eg: As it turns out, there was not need to worry. 后来人们发现, 没有必要担心。
As it turns out, the report was mistaken. 人们后来发现,这篇报告被弄错了。
She stood three feet high and her hands rested on the hips.
rest on v.被搁在, 停留在, 信赖
= depend on（依靠, 依赖）/ lean on（靠着）His hand rested lightly on my shoulder.
which swept the ground进一步说明拖地的，曳地的
despite / in spite of +n. /动名词
It is still a problem for the archaeologists up to now.
so far,up to now 都是完成时的标志
discover her identity= find out/figure out he identity
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§ Lesson 4 The double life of Alfred Bloggs阿尔弗雷德.布洛格斯的双重生活
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
★ manual adj. 体力的；手工的= physical
The school offers manual training(学校的手工课、手艺教育、手工艺训练) to the pupils.
该校为学生开设手工课。
manual work:体力工作 mental work: 脑力工作
reduce / eliminate the difference between manual and mental labor
减少/消灭体力劳动和脑力劳动的差别
a sign manual 亲笔签名
n. 手册, 指南
He bought a manual of car repairs.他买了一本汽车维修手册。
a shorthand manual 速记手册 operating manual 使用说明
补充：mental adj.精神的, 头脑的, 心理的, 智力的;思想的；内心的
mental outlook 精神面貌 mental arithmetic 心算
mental age 智力年龄 mental deficiency智力缺陷
His mental abilities are very good.他的智力非常好。mental facilities 智力
He has some mental problems.他有心理上的问题。
精神病的
a mental patient 精神病人 a mental specialist 精神病医生
A mental hospital has just been set up here.这里刚刚建成一座精神病医院。
a mental hospital(或home, asylum) 精神病院，疯人院
mentally ad. 精神上，在内心；智力上 be mentally prepared 有精神准备
★ collar n. 衣领，硬领
take (或seize) sb. by the collar/arm 抓住某人领口/手臂 a stand-up collar 竖领
white-collar:白领 ( do mental work) blue-collar:蓝领 （do manual work）
（美俚）逮捕：make a collar on sb. 逮捕某人
arrest vt. 逮捕; 拘捕 Policemen have authority to arrest lawbreakers.警察有权逮捕犯法者。
bust vt. 指警方突击搜查房屋或拘捕某人Mickey’s been busted for drugs.米基曾因毒品事而被捕。
nab vt. 逮住;捉住(某人) He was nabbed by the police for speeding.他超速行车被警察逮住了。
apprehend vt. 逮捕, 拘押 The police apprehended the criminal.警察逮捕了罪犯。
seize vt.逮捕；捉拿；俘获The spy has been seized by our militiamen. 那特务被我们的民兵逮捕了。
be (或get) hot under the collar: （俚）怒气冲天
-- He got hot under the collar when he knew that they laughed at him.
★sacrifice v. 牺牲，献出（to give up for good purpose）to give up for good purpose
Eg: sacrifice one’s life for the country / to save others
sacrifice time sacrifice vividness to accurancy 为了准确宁可不太生动
n. fear no sacrifice 不怕牺牲
make（many）sacrifices或 make a sacrifice 作出牺牲；付出代价
at some sacrifices of regularity 以打乱一些常规为代价
祭品
They killed a sheep as a sacrifice.他们宰了一只羊作为祭品。
★privilege n. 好处（= advantage n.优势, 有利条件, 利益）
-- sacrifice one‘s advantage/privilege 牺牲掉某人的好处
特权,特别待遇 （=special right）
Enjoy privileges 享受特权（或优惠） an exclusive privilege专有特权
give / grant sb. the privilege of doing sth.特许某人做某事：
牺牲掉自己的好处：
privileged adj. 有特权的；特许的；荣幸的
the privileged classes 特权阶级 be privileged to attend the party 有幸参加那宴会
-- We are privileged tonight to have our headmaster as our speaker.
★dustman n.清洁工= sanitation engineer 环卫工程师
cleaner n. 保洁员，清洁工
I used to work as a cleaner in a hospital.我过去在医院里做保洁员。
Mother has been advertising for a cleaner for weeks without success.
近几周母亲接连登广告想雇一名清洁工,但至今没有找到人。
The hotel cleaner entered carrying a bucket and a mop.旅馆清洁工拿着水桶和拖把进来。
吸尘器
In his innocence he had allowed the salesman in to discuss vacuum cleaners.
他傻傻地允许推销员进屋讨论吸尘器的问题。
I went down on one knee to plug in the vacuum cleaner.我单腿跪下插上吸尘器插头。
My old vacuum cleaner has gone west at last and I’ll have to buy a new one.
我的旧吸尘器终于完蛋了,因此我得买一个新的。
清洁剂；去污剂
★overalls n. 工作服;工装裤; 工作裤
He is in overalls today.他今天穿的是工作裤。
长罩衣
The shop assistant was wearing a white overall.那店员穿着白色长罩衣。
uniform n.制服, 校服
The new uniforms will arrive tomorrow.新制服明天就到。
Soldiers, policemen, and nurses wear uniforms.士兵、警察和护士们都穿制服。
He was in uniform three years.他服役三年。
补充：overall adj.总体的; 全面的; 综合的
We have finished overall homework.我们已完成所有的家庭作业。
全面考虑的We did an overall consideration of the matter at last.最后我们又对这个问题作了全盘考虑。
adv.大体上, 总的来说=altogether Overall, prices are still rising.总的说来, 价格仍在上涨。
一切包括在内, 全部的How much will it cost overall? 一共多少钱?
s-t-a-t-u-e: 雕像，塑像
★corporation n. 公司 limited company / Ltd Co. / Inc.
★shower n. 阵雨, 阵雪=on and off（或off and on）
The weather was good except for an occasional shower. 除下了一阵大雨外, 天气还是很好的。
淋浴
We have to take several cold showers to keep us cool every day in summer.
夏季, 我们一天得冲几次凉淋浴.
★ secret n. 秘密 I will pledge myself to a top secret.我发誓保守这一绝密。
keep a (或the)secret 保守秘密 let out a secret 泄露秘密 top secret 绝密
adj. keep sth. secret:保密 secret agent 特务 double agent双重间谍
It’s just / only between you and me / us.
confidential : 机密的
tight-mouthed adj.守口如瓶的；沉默寡言的
secretive adj. 遮遮掩掩的, 守口如瓶的, 秘密的 隐匿的; 不坦率的; 隐秘的; 诡秘的
【生】(促进)分泌的 be secretive about ...对...保守隐密
in secret:私下里
= secretly, in private, privately
I was told about it in secret. meet in secret 秘密会见
in the secret: 知道内情
He was in the secret from the beginning.
Is he in the secret ? 他知道这件事的内情吗？
★status n. 身份, 地位= social position
Age has status in the villages.在乡村里年长者受人尊敬。
情形, 状况 the status of affairs 事态，形势 political / social status 政治/社会地位
We all are interested in the status of world affairs.我们都关心世界形势。
status quo (拉)现状：seek to preserve the status quo 企图维持现状
【课文讲解】
these days 目前，现在
refer to
提及Don't refer to the matter again.不要再提这件事了。
暗指Does your remark refer to all of us?你的评论是针对我们所有的人的吗?
有关, 针对The regulations refer only to children.这些规定只适用于小孩子。
提交…作处理〔决定〕For further particulars I refer you to my secretary.详情请问我的秘书。
查阅; 参考
Refer to the dictionary when you don't know how to spell a word.
当你不知道怎么拼写一个词时, 查阅一下词典。
(把…)归因〔功〕于…ascribe / attribute ….to…..
Some people refer all the troubles to bad luck instead of lack of ability.
有些人把自己所有的苦恼都归咎于运气不佳, 而不认为是缺乏能力。
向…求助He never refers himself to us when he has difficulties.他有困难时从不求助于我们。
people who do manual work = blue-collar workers
people who work in offices / do mental work =white-collar workers
gold collar workers 金领族
far more money
far--（副词，常用于比较，用来强调语气，强调程度、性质）==much大大…；….得多：
far better 好得多 far different 大不相同
The socialist system is far superior to all the other social systems in history.
社会主义制度比有史以来一切社会制度要优越得多。
Compared to the Party’s expectations, what we’ve done is far too little.
补充：way (美)远远地；大大地；非常：
He is way ahead (behind). 他远远地在前领先（落在后面）。
He was notified of the meeting way in advance. 这会议老早就预先通知他了。
be way beyond expectation 大大出乎意料之外
The mortality rate was way down. 死亡率大大降低。
refer to … as ==regard … as 把…看作为
I always refer to him as bookworm (书呆子).
for the simple reason => for 引导的原因状语从句
for the reason that 比because正式，因此多用于正式文体，because多用于口语中
He is referred to as a book worm for the simple reason that he spare no efforts reading.
-- He was send to prison for he could not pay his debts.
spare no efforts不遗余力, 尽力去做
They spared no effort to finish the duty.他们不遗余力地完成这项任务。
Such is human nature.
Since such is the case. 既然是这样。=such(或that) being the case 事实既然如此
human nature 人性；人情；人的本性；天性
such…that…
that 引导同位语从句，进一步补充说明such的基本内涵
such that 这样的人〔事、物〕
His kindness was such that we will never forget him.
His behavior was such that everyone disliked him.他的行为使得人人都讨厌他。
=> Such was his kindness…
Such is human nature that we want to get a lot of things free.
Such用在句首，要倒装
Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.
介词for表示一种目的
be willing to do sth. == be ready to do sth. 心甘情愿做…
give rise to, lead to, cause:引起，惹起 =result in
Unhygienic conditions give rise to disease.卫生条件不好会导致疾病。
Such conduct might give rise to misunderstandings.
The bad conditions have given rise to a lot of crimes.不良的环境引起了犯罪。
evoke vt.产生, 引起, 唤起Her speech evoked great anger.她的讲话引起了极大的愤慨。
in the case of: 至于，就……而言;就…来说
It's the kind of story we think of as myth. But in the case of Lincoln, the story is true.
我们把这类故事视为神话, 但就林肯来说, 这故事却是真实的。
Eg: Stealing is no shame in the case of him.
in case of: (连) 万一，以防
Eg: In case of fire, walk quickly to the nearest door.如果失火, 就赶快朝最近的门跑。
The wall was built along the river in case of floods.沿河筑了防护墙以防洪水。
You should ensure your house in case of fire.
Who引导定语从句
Too embarrassed to say:太尴尬而没有说明Too…to…, 太…而不能
be ashamed of感到羞愧, 惭愧
Alf was ashamed of his job as a dustman.
get married
marry v. 如果强调动作：He married the girl…
如果表示状态：get married, be married
如果表明和某人已经结婚多长时间了：be married to sb.
The old man has been married to his wife 50 years.
simply adv. 用来修饰限定动词told
仅仅; 只不过
I have never met our new neighbours; I simply know them by sight.
我从未接触过我们的新邻居, 只见过面。
〈非正〉实在, 简直, 非常
My brother's English pronunciation is simply terrible.我兄弟的英语发音实在糟透了。
dressed in a smart（整洁漂亮的; 衣着讲究的; 时髦的）black suit-----形容词短语表示一种状态
Eg: He got to work dressed in a beautiful coat.
He left home wearing a smart black suit.
changed into: 换上 / change back into 换回
Before returning home==Before he returned home
在before 引导的时间状语从句中，return 的逻辑主语和主句的主语he是保持一致的，所以这个时间状语是由介词before和动名词搭配而成，相当于before 引导的时间状语从句。
如果运用动名词形式，动名词的逻辑主语必须是主句的主语。
After getting home, he had a good rest.
Before having dinner, he finished all his homework.
补充：不知不觉
imperceptibly；unconsciously；unknowingly；without one's noticing it
不知不觉已过了三个月。Three months have passed before we knew it.
She never will = she will never discover the secret
在省略句式中， never要放在助动词之前。
That will never do.那决不行。 never ever[用以加强语气]永不, 决不
‘Will you go to see her?’
‘ I will never go to see her.’ / ‘No, I never will.’
将来进行时will be + 动词进行时
as much as 尽…那样多：
Take as much as you need. 你需要多少就拿多少。
as much as possible 尽可能It was as much as he could do to help us. 他尽了最大的力量帮助我们。
差不多；几乎等于：
He as much as admitted the whole story. 他几乎全部承认了。
That is as much as to say ….这等于是说….。
half as much as (he used to): 是 … 的一半
half as much again 加半倍；一倍半
half (a quarter, twice, three times ) as …as…表示倍数
I won’t marry a man who is twice as old as me.
We got three times as many people as we expected.
This room is about three times as large as that one.
as much… as……跟…到同一程度：
It is as much our responsibility as yours。这是你们的责任，同样也是我们的责任。.…
…as (形容词或副词原形)as… 是 …几倍
比 …多几倍：…times (形容词或副词比较级)
This road is four times longer than that one. => This road is five times as long as that one.
is well worth the loss of money
What he obtained is well worth the loss of time.
Well 副词用来加强语气，修饰形容词worth
The rarer it is, the more it is worth. 物以稀为贵。
It is worth while discussing (to discuss) the question again. 这问题值得再讨论一下。
worthwhile adj.值得的, 值钱的, 有价值的
The teacher recommended some really worthwhile novels to his students.
老师推荐给学生一些真正有价值的小说。
worthy
形式 1： be worthy of 名词/动名词的被动形式
This issue is worthy of careful study. 这一问题值得仔细研究。
This issue is worthy of being studied carefully. (passive gerund)
形式 2： be worthy + 不定式的被动形式 to be done
For example：
The issue is worthy to be studied carefully.
PAGE
1
§ Lesson 5 The facts 确切数字
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
★ editor n. 编辑 a chief editor(或 editor-in-chief)总编辑,主编 a contributing editor 特约编辑
a managing editor 主编，编辑主任 city editor[英]商业金融栏编辑; [美]本地新闻编辑主任
edit vt. 编辑
edition n.编辑 版本a pocket edition 袖珍版 / a revised edition 修订版
editorial adj. 编辑的，主编的；n. 社论，评论 editorial from XinHua News Agency
★extreme n. 极端 Joy and grief are extremes.喜与悲都是极端。
go to extreme(s) (=run to an extreme) to do 走极端, 采取极端手段
Eg: He went to extreme to say that the play was the best one.
He went to extremes to say that his girlfriend was the most beautiful in the world.
go from one extreme to the other从一极端转到另一极端
Extremes meet. (谚) 两极相通。
★statistics n..
一项统计数据 We have a fascinating statistics.我们有一项可喜的数据。
统计资料, 统计数字 We have statistics for the last year.我们有去年的统计资料。
统计学 Statistics is taught in many colleges.许多大学都教授统计学。
★journalist n. 新闻记者
The Ambassador refused to give any interviews to journalists.大使拒绝会见记者。
journalist n. (杂志) 新闻记者
reporter n. (电视台) 记者He told his story to a reporter.他向一个记者讲述了自己的经历。
correspondent n. (电台)记者，通讯员
They said foreign correspondents who stayed too long in a place went blind.
他们说, 驻外记者在一个地方待得太久就变得不能发现新事物了。
通信者He's a good correspondent.他是个勤于写信的人。
anchorman n. (电视或广播电台新闻节目的)男主持人
MC=Master of Ceremonies 司仪，节目主持人
journal n.杂志, 期刊
日志, 日记He kept a journal during his visit to Japan.他在访问日本期间坚持记日记
DJ disc jockey （广播电台）流行音乐播音员，流行音乐节目主持人
★president n. 总统 presidential a.
★palace n.王宫；宏伟的住宅
★publish v. 出版= print vt. 或 go to press
Eg: They have already published the magazine.
Eg: The book has already been published.=The book has already been printed.
The book has gone to press.
The only daily newspaper in the city did not publish yesterday because of a strike.
昨天市内惟一的日报因罢工而没出版。
publisher n.出版者; 出版商; 出版社
★fax n. 传真
send a fax
★impatient adj. 不耐烦的, 急躁的
He gave another impatient glance at his watch.他又一次不耐烦地看了看他的表。
热切的, 急切的
She's impatient for her father's arrival.她急切地盼望着父亲的到来。
patient adj. 有耐心的patiently adv. 有耐心地
impatient adj. 不耐烦的impatiently adv. 不耐烦地
patience n. impatience
★fire v. 解雇(口语)
He was fired from his job.
dismiss vt. (正式) 解雇; 撤职; 开除
The new governor dismissed the staff that served his predecessor.
新州长将前任州长的职员全部解雇。
The manager dismissed him from his company.
使退去; 解散
The pupils were dismissed from school.学生们放学了。
sack vt. n. (俚语,口语) 开除 解雇，辞退
Eg: If you do it wrong again you will be sacked.
He got the sack for petty thieving.他因小偷小摸而被开除了。
give sb. the bucket (口)解雇某人 kick the bucket （俚）死掉
★originally adv. 起初，原先，从前
original adj. 起初的; 原来的
The original settlers are the Indians.最早在这里定居的是印第安人。
独创的; 新颖的
The inventor had an original mind.那个发明家具有创新的头脑。
Your designs are highly original.你的设计很独特。
原版的; 原作的 an original edition 原版（指未经修改的最初版本）
The original picture is worth 1000 dollars.这幅画的原作值1000美元。
n. （the original）原文, 原稿
This is the reproduction, not the original. 这是复制品，不是原作。
read Marx’s works in the original 阅读马克思原著
This is a translation; the original is in French.这是译文, 原文是法文。
原件；正本
【课文讲解】
consequence n.结果, 后果
Nobody can tell what the consequences may be.没有人能说出可能的后果。
重要(性), 重大
This matter is of great consequence to all of us.对于我们来说这件事非常重要。
a person of consequence 举足轻重的人 It’s of no consequence. 这是无足轻重的。
in consequence 结果是，因此 in consequence of 由于的缘故take the consequences 承担后果
insistence n.坚持, 坚决主张
his insistence on doing the work himself (或 his insistence that he do the work himself)
他坚持自己动手坐着工作的主张
at sb.’s insistence 经某人的坚决要求
go to extremes 走极端
provide = supply 给…，提供（通常与介词搭配连用）
provede sb. with sth. / provide sth. for sb.
He provided them with a bed for the night.
He provided a bed for them for the night.
instruct sb. to do sth ==tell sb. formally to do sth. 正式告诉某人做某事
‘…a journalist had been instructed by a well-known magazine to write an article on the president's palace in a new African republic.’
主动语态：A well-known magazine instructed a journalist to write an article on the president's palace in a new African republic.’
The teacher instructed him to take the examination.
on ==about 侧重强调课题专一
a book on radio
When the article arrived = When the editor received the article
refuse to publish it
refuse: vt. 拒绝（态度严厉）回绝
We asked him to come, but he refused.我们叫他来, 可是他拒绝了。
decline: vt. 婉言谢绝；辞谢; 谢绝(邀请等)
We asked her to come to our party, but she declined.我们请她来参加我们的晚会, 但是她谢绝了。
decline an offer拒绝请求 decline an invitation谢绝邀请
decline to answer a question拒绝回答问题
repudiate: vt. 断然拒绝拒绝接受, 否认, 否定
He used his position to repudiate the charge.他利用自己的职位来否认指控。
拒付(债款)
repudiate a bribe拒绝受贿repudiate a debt赖债
which 指代the high wall
instructing—现在分词进一步补充说明fax的情况
set out to do sth.==decide and try to do 决定，打算，着手做=set about doing
Ega: He set out to make his first 1,000,000 in 5 years
take sb. a long time to do sth. 某事花了某人很久的时间
It took me five days to write the article.
two more faxes = another two faxes
fail to
reluctantly = unwillingly 勉勉强强地，不情愿地
as it had originally been written = in its original way
倒装简述：
not only 位于句首，必须采用倒装形式
The poor man had not only been arrested, but had been sent to prison as well.
倒装：部分倒装
1．否定副词位于句首，要倒装。
Never have I read such stories. 我从来没有读过这样的小说。
Nowhere can he find the book he wants. 无论在哪儿他都找不到他想要的那本书。
Hardly did I think it possible. 我并不认为这是可能的。
常用的否定副词：never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, nowhere, no sooner
scarcely adv.几乎不, 简直没有nowhere adv.无处, 到处都无
2．含有only的状语位于句首，句子要倒装
Only +（副词）then did he realize that he had made a mistake.只有到那个时候，他才认识到自己犯了个错误。
Only +（状语从句）when a great deal more information has been obtained will it be possible to plan a trip.只有获得比较多的信息之后，才有可能计划去旅行。
Only +（介词短语）in this way can we learn English. 只有这样才能学会英语。
3．还有not的副词短语位于句首，要倒装。
not for a moment, not for a second 决不, 毫不not in the least 绝不, 一点也不, not for an instant, not until
Not in the least is he interested in Englsh literature. 他对英国文学一点都不感兴趣。
Not for an instant did i believe he had lied. 我根本不认为他说了慌。
4．含有no的短语位于句首，句子要倒装。
at no time, in no way, in no sence, by no means, in no case, on no account, on no condition , under no circumstances.都表示‘绝不’
Under no circumstances can we accpet the check.无论如何我们不能接受这笔钱。
On no account must you leave the baby in the house.你无论如何也不能把婴儿留在房间里。
5．so, such位于句首，句子也要倒装。
He had at last been allowed = he had at last been permitted
= he had asked for permission
请求允许，被允许： be allowed to do, be permitted to do, asked for permission to do sth.
in which ----which指代fax
while和现在分词搭配，做时间状语，表示“正在做某事的过程中”，可以用while引导的时间状语从句去替换。
while he was counting…
leading to 现在分词，通向
the steps leading to the president’s palace
the road leading to the forest
fifteen-foot ----做前置定语，这里的名词必须是单数形式
which指代wall (避免和前面的句式结构相同)
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§ Lesson 6 Smash and grab 砸橱窗抢劫
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
★smash-and-grab n. 砸橱窗抢劫
smash vt. break sth. into pieces violently重击; 打败
We smashed his intrigues.我们粉碎了他的阴谋。
vi. The dishes smashed on the floor.
smash into: 撞击到某处Eg: The bus smashed into a big tree.
grab v.抢夺, 掠夺, 夺取（= seize suddenly）
-- He grabbed me by the arm.
Joe grabbed him by the collar.乔抓住他的衣领。
-- He grabbed the coin and ran off. 他抓起硬币就跑了。
对…有好感, 对…产生影响
How does the idea of a holiday in Spain grab you?你对于到西班牙去度假这个主意感兴趣吗?
n. 试图抓取, 有意抢夺
The thief made a grab at my bag but I pushed him away.贼想抢我的手提包, 但被我推开了。
snatch vt.抢, 夺取（= catch sth/sb suddenly and violently）
-- The big bird snatches the hen from the ground.
The thief snatched her handbag and ran.盗贼抢了她的手提包就跑。
snatch a victory out of defeat转败为胜
be snatched away by premature death突然夭折
snatch a kiss冷不防接一个吻
be snatched from the jaws of death侥幸得救
The wind snatched his cap off.风把他的帽子吹掉了。
n. (举重)抓举—— 挺举 clean and jerk
小片,破片, 片刻, 片段a snatch of sleep短短一觉snatches of song断断续续的歌唱
[美俚]诱拐, 绑架
seize v.抓住, 逮住, 夺取（强调抓住、抓到的结果）
-- Fear seized her. 她突然感觉很恐惧。
Gill seized my hand and shook it heartily.吉尔突然抓住我的手, 热情地和我握手。
The following day mobs seized the Parliament building.第二天暴徒占领了议会大厦。
seize political power夺取政权seize the city攻占城市
没收, 查封, 扣押
If you don't pay your debt, your property will be seized.如果你不还债, 你的财产将被扣押。
seize smuggled goods 没收走私货物
抓住（时机等）明白, 理解
Seize the day, seize the hourQ 只争朝夕！
seize an opportunity 抓住机会；趁机=seize on a chance
seize the essence of the matter 掌握问题的实质
I can't quite seize your meaning.我不太理解你的意思。
[常用被动语态](疾病)侵袭; (情绪)支配
be seized by apoplexy 中风
The child was seized with an illness.这个小孩得了病。
The man was seized with panic.这个人惊惶失措。
Uncontrollable laughter seized us.我们不由自主地大笑起来。
seizure n.捉住, 查封, 扣押
Seizures of illicit drugs have increased by 30% this year.今年违禁药品的扣押增长了30%。
夺取；占领
the seizure of power by armed force 武装夺取政权 aircraft seizures 劫持飞机
依法占有；没收；充公
the seizure of contraband by the Customs 海关对违禁品的没收
（疾病的）发作
a heart seizure（或attack） 心脏病的发作die from a seizure of apoplexy中风而死
catch vt.捕获, 赶上(车船等) （= get hold of sth/sb moving）
接住
I threw the ball to him and he caught it.我将球扔给他, 他接住了。
逮住, 捉住, 抓住
I caught him by the arm.我抓住他的胳膊。偶然撞见, 突然发觉
He caught the boys stealing apples from his garden.他撞上那些男孩子在他的花园里偷苹果。
赶上, 追上
They ran as fast as they could to catch the bus.他们飞速奔跑去赶公共汽车。
患病; 感染上
理解, 听懂, 听到
Could you catch her meaning?你明白她的意思吗?
引起, 吸引
The unusual paneling on the walls caught our attention.墙上不寻常的镶板引起了我们的注意。
grasp 强调“掌握”
-- We have already grasped six thousand words.
vt.抓住, 抓紧
He grasped my arm.他抓住我的手臂。
A man who grasps at too much may lose everything.贪得无厌的人, 可能毫无所得。
Grasp all, lose all. (谚)贪多必失。
理解, 领会
I could not grasp her meaning.我不懂她的意思。
n.抓住; 理解
I kept her hand in my grasp.我抓住她的手。
hold 强调抓牢、抓紧（catch hold of 抓住）
-- He is holding an umbrella.
vt.拿, 抱, 握住
Hold the baby a minute, please.请把孩子抱一下。
认为, 相信
I hold that this is a right decision.我相信这是个正确的决定。
I hold it firmly that ….我坚信….
vi.有效, 适用
The law still holds.这条法律仍然有效。
n.握住, 抓住; 控制, 掌握
They have strengthened their hold on the troops.他们已加强对军队的控制。
用以握住的东西
There are no holds for the hands on the wall.墙上没有抓手。
★arcade n. 有拱廊的街道（两旁常设商店）拱形走道(两旁有商店或娱乐设施)
We go to the amusement arcade on Saturdays to play the electronic games.
每个星期六我们去娱乐城玩电子游戏。
★ Piccadilly n. 皮卡迪利大街(伦敦的繁华街道)
Piccadilly Circus 皮卡迪利广场(戏院及娱乐中心)
★jewellery n. 珠宝（总称）首饰; 饰物
She never wears jewellery.她从不戴首饰。
jewel n.宝石, 宝石饰物
He spent important money on a small jewel for his wife.他花大笔钱购买小小的宝石给太太。
受珍视的人[物] This painting is the jewel of my collection.这是我藏画中最珍贵的一幅。
★necklace n. 项链She wears a necklace.她戴着项链。
bracelet
★ring n. 戒指 The Lord of Ring 指环王；魔戒
a wedding ring结婚戒指 a diamond ring钻戒
She wears a pair of pretty ear rings. 她戴着一副漂亮的耳环=dangler, earbob(耳坠，耳环)，earring。
He that runs fastest gets the ring. 捷足先登。
an annual ring(树木的)年轮
★background n.(画等的)背景, 底色
The mountains form a background to this photograph of the family.这幅家庭照的背景是群山。
背景情况
The riots took place against a background of widespread unemployment.
=against the backdrop of the global economic recession / slowdown / crisis
暴乱是在普遍失业的情况下发生的。
个人背景资料
She has a background in child psychology.她受过儿童心理学的教育。
on the background of sth. 以什么为背景
background information
a man of excellent background
★velet n. 天鹅绒，丝绒Velvet feels soft.天鹅绒摸起来很柔软。
a (或the) velvet glove 内里强硬表面温和的东西，表面的温和
with an iron hand in a velvet glove 外柔内刚地；口蜜腹剑地
★headlight n. （汽车等）前灯 taillight n.尾灯,后灯=rear light sidelight n.侧灯
rear-view mirror 后视镜 left rear mirror 左后视镜
★blare v. 发嘟嘟声，吼叫 (喇叭或其他高音器具)刺耳地大声鸣响
The radio is blaring out.收音机发出喧闹的声音。
响亮地宣告或浮夸地宣布
blare out a warning高声 发出警告
n. 虚张声势; 排场a blare of publicity过分的宣传
★staff n. 全体工作人员;全体职员; 教职员 faculty n. (高等院校中院、系的）全体教师
The school's teaching staff is[are] excellent.该校的教师队伍是优秀的。
参谋, 幕僚
He works at the General Staff.他在总参谋部工作。
the Headquarters of the General Staff总参谋部
The Chief of General Staff总参谋长
President / Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff （美军）参谋长联席会议主席
★raid n. 偷袭；突然袭击
In an air raid last night the enemy aircraft bombed the city.在昨晚的空袭中敌机轰炸了该城。
劫掠, 劫夺
There was a raid on a bank by armed mobs yesterday.昨天发生了一起武装暴徒抢劫银行事件。
突然查抄[搜捕]
During their raid on the house, the police found a lot of drugs.
在对这所房子的搜查中, 警方发现了大量的毒品。
vt.突然袭击[抢劫]; 突然搜查
The enemy raided the docks.敌人突然袭击了码头。
★scramble v. 爬行；快速爬行, 匍匐前进; 攀登
He scrambled over the rocks.他爬上了岩石。
(用黄油)炒蛋She is scrambling eggs.她正在炒蛋。
scramble the pages of a manuscript把手稿的页码搞乱
Bad weather scrambled the air schedules.恶劣的天气把飞机班次打乱了。
Scrambling up her hair, she darted out of the house.她匆忙扎起头发, 冲出房去。
争夺, 索求scramble for power and wealth争权夺利
scramble to one's feet急忙站起scramble for a living勉强凑合着过日子
scramble vi. creep quickly
climb vt. 爬上
mount: 登上
★★★fantastic adj. 非常大的
1> = very great / very large 非常大的
-- a fantastic sum of money = a very large sum of money
2> = strange adj.奇怪的, 奇异的
-- a strange dream = a fantastic dream fantastic shapes 奇形怪状
3> = wonderful adj.极好的, 美好的, 极妙的
-- a fantastic play.
极好的, 极出色的, 了不起的What a fantastic goal!这球进得多漂亮！
★ashtray n. 烟灰缸
【课文讲解】
just opening 刚刚开始开业
opening soon 即将开业
如果是书面的那就有可能是主语+be+动词ing,是现在分词表将来时。有时也可以省略be或同时省略主语和be，多数是宣传标语中出现省略。
分别举例，如：
1.The bar is opening soon，那个酒吧很快就要开业了。
2.传单标题上写着“New Club Opening Soon!”新俱乐部要成立了！
3.店门口的告示牌上：“Opening soon”即将开张。
也就是说后两种一般不是说出来的，是写出来的公告性质的。
补充：open to traffic 通车 The new road is soon open to traffic. 这条新马路不久就可以通车。
admire vt.赞赏; 钦佩 He intended to drive his car and admire the view.他想自己开着车去观赏风景。
We admire his working so hard.我们钦佩他工作努力。
admire sb.’s capacity for work 钦佩某人的工作能力
称赞, 夸奖Don't forget to admire the baby.不要忘了夸奖那孩子。
〈美口〉想要, 喜欢 admire to do sth. 很想做某事We would admire to hear.我们喜欢听。
window display 橱窗展示——fireworks display 烟花汇演
window shopping 逛商店 shop until you drop
assistant = shop assistant 店员 salesman/saleswoman salesclerk / clerk
图书管理员 librarian = library technician= a library assistant
过去完成进行时是由"had been + 现在分词"构成。
①表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作。
过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提。
I had been looking for it for days before I found it. 这东西我找了好多天才找着的。
They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came. 他们只等了一会儿车就来了。
②表示反复的动作。
He had been mentioning your name to me. 他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。
You had been giving me everything. 你对我真是有求必应。
③过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中(详见第12章)。
The doctor asked what he had been eating. 医生问他吃了什么。
I asked where they had been staying all those days. 我问他们那些天是呆在哪儿的。
④过去完成进行时之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when分句。
I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in. 我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。
She'd only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her.
她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断她了。
Past experience, if not forgotten, will serve as a lesson/guide for the future.
I had been sleeping when my friend telephoned me. 我正在睡觉时，我的朋友给我打电话。
过去完成进行时经常与现在完成进行时混淆。
现在完成进行时 (The present perfect progressive) 由 have/has been +-ing 分词构成； 过去完成进行时（ The past perfect progressive tenses ）由 had been +-ing 分词构成．
现在／过去完成进行时的用法：
A. 在某段时间内一直进行的动作用现在完成进行时来强调动作在某段时间里的持续性．动作通常有＂现在＂的结果，要根据上下文来确定到＂现在＂为止，动作是否还在继续进行．同样，过去完成进行时表示在过去更早时间内进行的动作,并对过去某一时刻产生结果。
B.表示重复动作的现在／过去完成进行时
我们也可以用完成进行时形式来表示现在或过去经常重复的动作
注意：过去完成进行时和过去完成时类似，需要有过去这一时间点。
过去完成进行时与过去完成时 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?201153.htm?)的用法很相近，它通常表示一个持续到过去某时的动作：
He had been waiting for two weeks． He was still waiting．（有一个表示一段时间的状语 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?111834.htm?)）
Up to that time he had been translating those books．（He was still translating at “that time”．）
He had been writing the letter till two o'clock．
He was now thirty years old．He had been gambling since he was ten．（He was still gambling at thirty．）casino pool snooker
He had been standing there in the sun．（没有时间状语）
He had been thinking about his marriage．
不过这种时态 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?238614.htm?)并不一定表示这个过去动作将持续下去：
He came back at seven．He had been waiting for her two hours．（At seven he did not wait any more．）
He stopped swimming．He had been swimming for the last three hours．
简单的说，现在完成时表示动作在过去发生 动作持续到现在 并对现在造成影响，
而过去完成时是动作在过去的过去发生 并对过去造成了影响，
现在完成进行时表示动作一直发生并持续到说话的时间 可能还会持续下去，
过去完成进行时表示动作在过去的过去发生并一直持续到过去的某一个时间。
所以，现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别是前者更注重动作在过去发生并对现在产生的影响而后者更强调持续性。现在完成时与过去完成时的区别是动作在过去发生并造成对现在的影响与动作在过去的过去发生并对过去某个时间的影响。
另外，还需注意的一点是，现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时强调过去发生的动作与现在的联系，而一般过去时仅仅指过去某一个时间发生的动作，因此一般过去时通常和过去的某一点时间连用。
only just 刚刚；恰好
arrange vt.整理; 布置=display
He began to arrange the flowers in the vase.他开始把花瓶内的花摆好。
mapout
gaze vi.凝视, 注视
The climbers stood on the top of the mountain, gazing at the splendid view.
登山队员们站在山顶, 凝视壮丽的景色。
n. 凝视, 端详
‘After gazing at the display for several minutes, Mr Taylor went back into his shop.’
运用ing形式结构，其逻辑主语要和主句的主语保持一致
break the silence 打破宁静/沉寂
补充：silence n. 寂静; 无声 Silence reigns everywhere。万籁俱寂。
Now and then a bird's song broke in upon the silence of the wood. 鸟鸣声不时打破林中的寂静。沉默；缄默；默不做声 What is the reason for your long silence? 你长时间沉默的原因是什么?.
无音信, 失去联系,互相不通音信的情形；无书信或电话联系
Forgive me for my long silence. 请原谅我好久没给你写信。
寂静[沉默, 无音信]的时刻[期间] observatory Central Meteorological Observatory
Let's observe a minute's silence in memory of the dead. 让我们为死者静默一分钟。
vt.使安静, 使沉默,使不说话 The arrival of the teacher silenced the class. 教师的到来使全班安静下来。
….with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.
本课的重点句式：with 的复合结构 weeping willows
1>如果宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上有主谓关系，应该采用现在分词形式作宾补。
-- She sat staring into the distance with tears streaming down her cheeks.
她坐着凝视着远方泪流满面。 （Cheek n.脸颊, 面颊）
-- She stood there with her hands resting on her hips
2>如果宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上是动宾关系，应该采用过去分词形式作宾补。
-- He ran into the room with his face covered with tears.
-- With his homework finished, he felt happy.
3>如果表达某事将要发生，要用动词不定式to；
-- With a lot of work to do, he can‘t go to the cinema.
4>如果是说明当时的情况，常用形容词、副词、介词短语表明宾语的状态；
-- He used to sleep with all the windows open.（open adj.开着的）
-- He went out with his hat on.（on是副词）
-- With the meeting over, we went home.（over adv.结束）
-- He came in with a knife in his hand.（in his hand --介词短语）
-- Tow others with black stockings over their faces jumped out.（over their faces --介词短语）
另外两个脸上蒙着黑色袜子的人跳了出来。
5>总结：
with用于句首或句尾，常表示状语、行为方式、原因、伴随状况等。
with如果跟在名词之后，是用来修饰限定该名词。
-- a thief with stocking over his face.
-- a teacher with a book under his arm.
-- a room with the windows open.
Two others with black stockings over their faces jumped out.
With a lot of work to do, he can’t go to the cinema.
come to 后面常接名词，表示达到
-- come to a stop停下来 / come to an end结束 / come to a decision做出决定
-- come to an agreement达成协议 / come to an understanding互相理解
-- come to success获得成功, come to fame成名 停车 stop, draw up, pull up
停住A car came to a stop outside the jeweller's.一辆汽车在珠宝店门外停下。
at the barber’s, at the butcher’s, at the baker’s, at the greengrocer’s n.蔬菜水果商,菜贩. at the grocer’s, at the stationer’s文具店, at the tobacconist’s烟草商,烟店, at the chemist’s=drugstore (兼售化妆品等的)药房 [美]杂货店(出售药物、糖果、饮料及其他杂物的店铺)
barber n.理发员, 理发师
butcher n.屠夫, 肉商
baker n.面包师, 面包工人 n.<美>(便携式)烘炉
greengrocer n.蔬菜水果商人 n.蔬菜水果商店
grocer n.食品商人 n.杂货店
stationer n.文具商人 n.文具店
tobacconist n.烟草商人 n.烟店
chemist n.化学家, 药剂师
at the wheel 掌舵;控制,指挥
They drove north out of the city, the guard, with his ever-present shadow, at the wheel.
警卫和他贴身的搭档控制着开车，从北面出城了。
She spelled her husband at the wheel. 她替她丈夫开会儿车。
他刚开始学开车，还有些掌握不好方向盘。
He started to drive not long ago and he is still not good at controlling the steering wheel.
stocking n.长筒袜
socks 短袜, 袜子,
hose 连裤袜,短统袜She bought a pair of woollen hose yesterday.昨天她买了一双毛线袜子。
all over 全部结束；完蛋 Glad (或I’m glad) it’s all over.这事全结束了，好得很。
It’s all over with him. 他完蛋了。
到处 He was very well thought of all over the district. 他在整个地区评价很高。
help oneself to（prep.）:自便
help yourself to dish
My roommate helped herself to my clothes without asking me.
move off 离开,启程，出发 死,畅销
The lorries were lined up, ready to move (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/?move?/??) off (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/?off?/??). 载重汽车排好队准备出发 (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/????????/??)。
补充：take off (使)离开 I'll take off now, and see you later.我现在就要走了, 回头见。 The director has taken the visitors off to his office. 经理把客人带到他办公室去了。 I think I'll take myself off now. 我想我现在就得走。
at a fantastic speed / at a tremendous speed / at a high(full) speed / with great speed
as swift as wind / an arrow 风驰电掣
run after 追赶 The policemen are running after a prisoner who escaped last night.
警察在追捕一名昨夜逃跑的犯人。Don't bother running after the bus. 别费劲去追赶那辆公共汽车了。追求 He runs after every beautiful girl in the village. 他追求村上每个漂亮的女子。伺候 Don't expect me to run after you all your life.别指望我伺候你一辈子。
get away离开, 脱身
He got away just before the enemy came.就在敌人到来之前他跑掉了。
逃掉
The bank robbers used a stolen car to get away.抢劫银行的人坐一辆偷来的汽车逃跑了。
get-away n.逃跑, 逃走[口]逃亡, 逃走
The burglar made his getaway across the roof.小偷从屋顶上逃跑了。
a car with a good getaway一辆起动快的汽车
补充：美国俚语:Get away with murder什么意思?
hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of jewel数十万美元的珠宝
PAGE
9
§ Lesson 7 Mutilated ladies 残钞鉴别组
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
★mutilate v. 使残缺不全;严重残害…的身体; 肢解(经常用于被动语态)
毁伤，残害 The body was too badly mutilated to be identified.这尸体支离破碎, 难以辨认。
He was mutilated in the accident, and now has only one leg.
(fig 比喻)The editor mutilated my text by removing the whole paragraphs from it.
那编辑把我的文稿整段删除，弄得面目全非。
a mutilated note一张残缺不全的钞票 a five-pound note / a ten-dollar bill / greenback(美钞)
把…搞砸了 You've already mutilated the novel by making such changes.
mutilation n. 切断,毁损 肢体残缺
Thousands suffered death or mutilation as a result of the bomb attacks.
这场空袭造成数千人死的死伤的伤。
补充：maim [me?m] vt. 使（某人）终身残疾;使受重伤 (通常用于被动语态)
He was mutilated in a First World War battle.他在第一次世界大战的一场战斗中受伤残疾。
Mines have been scattered in rice paddies and jungles, maiming and killing civilians...
地雷遍布稻田与林间，很多平民被炸死或炸成重伤。
One man has lost his life, another has been maimed. 一名男子丧生，另一名重伤。
★chew v. chew sth (up)咀嚼 A lot of people love chewing gums（口香糖）=gum.
Chew your food well before you swallow it.食物在吞咽前要仔细咀嚼。
Don’t bite off more than one can chew（习语）（口）试图做过多的事或太费周折的事.
不要自不量力/不要贪多嚼不烂。
chew the fat/rag(口): 谈论某事物（常为以抱怨或争辩的方式）=chitchat vi. n. 闲谈,聊天
；发牢骚；唠叨；拌嘴 chew up 充分咀嚼The dog chewed up the meat.狗细嚼这块肉。
弄坏The boy chewed up the book.这男孩弄坏了那本书。
罚, 申斥The chief really chewed him up yesterday because of what he did.
主任昨天因他所做的事而狠狠申斥了他。
chewed up： （俚） 着急的，担心的
Don't get chewed up about your examination.
chew over (口) （从容审慎地）细想某事物
chew over a problem 仔细考虑一个问题
I’ll give you till tomorrow to chew it over.我给你一天时间考虑考虑这问题。
★fiancé n.未婚夫
fiancée n.〈法〉未婚妻
★microwave n. 无〉微波，微波炉
Mum has just won a microwave cooker（或oven）.妈妈刚刚赢得一台微波炉。
micro- adj.极小的, 微小的= tiny, very very small
microswitch 微型开关 microfilm 缩影胶片；微型胶卷microscope 显微镜microsecond 一百万分之一秒, 微秒 micro-organism 微生物 microbiology 微生物学microphone 扩音器, 麦克风
反义前缀：macro- adj.巨大的；大规模的= great.large
macrobiotics 益寿饮食学（对全谷及未经化学处理的蔬菜之饮食的研究）
macro-economics 宏观经济学
★oven n. 炉灶,烤炉，烤箱, 炉 The bread is hot/baked from the oven.面包是刚出炉的, 还热着呢。
have a bun in the oven (口，谑) 怀孕
like an oven非常热 Open the window, it’s like an oven in here!打开窗户，这里热得像火炉！
★safekeeping n. 妥善保管 保管,保护,警卫
keep sth. safe Please keep your ID card safe
do evil:干坏事 evil doing
make trouble => trouble making
★ Newcastle n. 纽卡斯尔（英国港市）（澳大利亚港市； 英国Nothumberland郡的首府； 美国Pennsylvania州西部的一城市）
a center for coal exports (giving rise to the expression `carry coals to Newcastle' meaning to do something unnecessary) 做徒劳多余的事；井边挑水井边卖；徒劳无益
bring owls to Athens 运猫头鹰到雅典，多此一举，徒劳无益（因雅典盛产猫头鹰，希腊神话中雅典守护神(angel, patron saint)的标志是猫头鹰）
owl【动】猫头鹰, 鸱鸺 (?http:?/??/?wenwen.sogou.com?/?z?/?Search.e?sp=S%E9%B8%B1%E9%B8%BA&ch=w.search.yjjlink&cid=w.search.yjjlink" \t "http:?/??/?wenwen.sogou.com?/?z?/?_blank?), 枭惯于晚上活动的人; 夜生活者表情严肃的人 (?http:?/??/?wenwen.sogou.com?/?z?/?Search.e?sp=S%E4%B8%A5%E8%82%83%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA&ch=w.search.yjjlink&cid=w.search.yjjlink" \t "http:?/??/?wenwen.sogou.com?/?z?/?_blank?); 聪明面孔笨肚肠的人[美]深夜行驶的电车[火车等]Don't be such a silly owl. 别做那样的傻事。
习惯用语as blind as an owl 瞎[笨]透了as stupid as an owl 瞎[笨]透了as drunk as a boiled owl [美俚]烂醉如泥grave as an owl 摆出一付严肃的神气, 板起脸孔grave as a judge 摆出一付严肃的神气, 板起脸孔as grave as an owl 摆出一付严肃的神气, 板起脸孔as grave as a judge 摆出一付严肃的神气, 板起脸孔bring owls to Athens 运猫头鹰到雅典:多此一举, 徒劳无益(因雅典盛产猫头鹰, 希腊神话中雅典守护神的标志是猫头鹰)carry owls to Athens 运猫头鹰到雅典:多此一举, 徒劳无益(因雅典盛产猫头鹰, 希腊神话中雅典守护神的标志是猫头鹰)send owls to Athens 运猫头鹰到雅典:多此一举, 徒劳无益(因雅典盛产猫头鹰, 希腊神话中雅典守护神的标志是猫头鹰)fly with the owls 夜间活动, 夜游night owl [美]经常深夜不睡[外出]的人, 夜游神night-owl [美]经常深夜不睡[外出]的人, 夜游神take the owl [俚]发火, 生气
★identify v. 鉴别,识别（= prove identity of sb or sth） identify sb/sth as sb/sth
She identified the man as her attacker. 她认出那个男人就是袭击过她的人。
Can you identify your umbrella among this lot? 你能在这些伞中认出你自己的那一把吗？
identify sth with sth 认为某事物与另事物等同;认为…等同于
One cannot identify happiness with wealth. 幸福和财富不能混为一谈。
We cannot identify happiness with wealth. 我们不能把幸福与财富混为一谈。
identify (oneself) with sb/sth 支持某人（某物）；与某人（某事物）有关联;觉得与…有联系; 支持
He refused to identify himself / become identified with the new political party.
他拒绝与那个新政党往来。.
I knew that if I protested, he would at once identify me with his father.
我知道如果我争辩的话, 他马上就会把我和他的父亲联系在一起。
与某人认同；以某人为模式;同情(某人); 和…有同感
She always identifies with the underdog. 她总是同情受害者。
I found it hard to identify with any of the characters in the film. 我对这部影片里的任何角色都难以认同。
identification n.识别;鉴定;确认
Early identification of a disease can prevent death and illness... 病症的及早诊断可避免死亡与病痛。
Their work includes the identification of genes which govern the growth rate and fertility...
他们的工作包括找出那些控制生长率和繁殖能力的基因。
There should be some identification of goals, and how far these have been achieved.
应该对目标加以明确，并确认完成情况。
识别;验明;认出
Officials are awaiting positive identification before charging the men with war crimes...
在以战争罪起诉这些人以前，官员们一直在等待他们身份的核实。
He's made a formal identification of the body. 他正式确认了死者身份。
...the Hamlyn identification guide to wild flowers of Britain. 哈姆林对英国野生花草的鉴定指导
身份证明;身份证件
The woman who was on passport control asked me if I had any further identification.
检查护照的女士问我是否有进一步的身份证明。
密切关联;相互关联
Throughout the Balkans, there is a close identification of nationhood with language.
整个巴尔干半岛上，国家地位与语言有着非常密切的联系。
...the identification of Spain with Catholicism. 西班牙与天主教的密切联系
认同;同情;支持
I need your full, emotional identification with the problem and with me...
我需要你对我、对此问题都有充分的情感认同与支持。
Marilyn had an intense identification with animals. 玛丽莲非常怜爱动物。
identification parade 供辨认嫌疑犯的一排人（其一为嫌疑犯，供目击者辨认）
ID =identification=identity card (ID card)
identity n.身份
-So far the archeologists have been unable to discover her identity.
= So far the archeologists have been unable to identify her.
identification n.辨认, 鉴定, 证明identification n.命名，确认
★spokeswoman n. 女发言人
spokesman n. 男发言人
补充：mouthpiece n. 烟斗的嘴,乐器的吹口话筒 He put his hand over the mouthpiece and called his wife to the phone.他用手捂住话筒，叫妻子来接电话。喉舌,代言人,传声筒
The media is controlled by the state and acts as a mouthpiece for the ruling party.媒体由国家控制，是执政党的喉舌。He became the official mouthpiece of the moderate leadership.他成为温和派领导人的官方代言人。
【课文讲解】
It
段首或段尾运用疑问句提出问题
段首——主要要引起读者的兴趣和注意力
段尾——进一步巩固、加深与本段所涉及的内容，进一步引起读者的沉思
washing machine= washer (home appliance/ household appliance家用电器)
washing powder 洗衣粉
back pocket backpack n.双肩背包 pickpocket 扒手 tooth pick 牙签
floss 牙线
a white lie
in total/complete despair desperate housewife
it’s my fault. I am to blame.
rescue 救援，援救
Hundreds of people went to rescue the plane crash.
rescue , ransom , save 作为动词，在一起比较的一般含意是“搭救”或“拯救”。除save外，另外两个词还可以用作含义相同的名词。
rescue的含义是搭救受到监禁、攻击或死亡威胁的人。这个词的内涵是：不失时机地以强有力的措施进行搭救
It was not long before a helicopter arrived on the scene to rescue the survivors of the plane crash.
不久一架直升飞机飞到了现场，来搭救这次飞机失事的幸存者。
Rescue workers are therefore drilling a hole on the north side of the mine.
因此营救工人正在矿井北侧钻孔。
ransom所表示的营救是向捕获者提供一定量的赎金而使受困者得到解脱
His wife ransomed him at a heavy price.他妻子花了大价钱才把他赎了出来。
The writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands and would be returned immediately if Mrs ramsay paid a ransom of ￡1000.
写信人说拉姆特斯很安全，如果拉姆特赛夫人付出一千镑的赎金，这只猫便会立刻被送还。
save是通用词，使用范围很广，其含义可以是rescue,也可以是ransom。但是这个词不仅有使受难者获释的意思，还具有使获释者继续生存、享受幸福的内涵
For hundreds of years, St bernard dogs have saved the lives of travellers crossing the dangerous pass.
几百年来，圣伯纳修道院的狗已经搭救了穿越这个险关的许多旅游者的性命。
大词小用所起到的目的——加强语气
whiter than white纯白无暇, 比白纸还白====damaged, mutilated.损坏，残缺不全
needn‘t despair(v.) = needn’t feel despaired(adj.)
make mistakes like this
Fortunately for them = luckily for them = happily for them
Fortune Magazine
tell a fortune fortune-teller
Misfortune never goes/comes singly.
team n.队, 组（= organization n.组织, 机构, 团体）
called Mutilated Ladies = that called Mutilated Ladies
-- 这里采用分词called是为了不和后面which引导的定语从句从复
deal with v.处理 （deal vi.处理, 应付）do with=handle=tackle
Deal with a man as he deals with you.
It’s a deal. 成交！ It’s a date! hiber-date
claim n.(根据权利而提出的)要求, 索赔claim damage
You have no claim on my sympathies. 你无权要求得到我的支持。
You have no claim on my sympathies. 你无权要求得到我的支持。
主张, 断言 His claim to own the house is valid. 他主张对此屋的所有权有效。
-- make a claim for 对（赔偿等）提出要求...
feed vt.vi.( fed , fed, feeding) 给吃, 喂
-- feed sth to… 把某物喂给;向…提供食物 Farmers feed kitchen waste to the pigs. 农民们用厨房里的残羹剩饭喂猪。You'd better feed these fresh vegetables to the little boy.
你最好把这些新鲜的蔬菜给那个小男孩吃。
…it seems
Dogs, it seems, love to chew up money!
it seems 似乎
本句= It seems that dogs love to chew up money!
case history 病例；病历
It’s a piece of cake.
You cannot eat the cake and have it.
第二段充分说明了约翰是怎么样把钱从银行里拿回来
concern: 涉及到——is about
有关于, 关系到 These problems concern all of us. 这些问题与我们所有的人都有关系。It doesn't concern me at all. 此事与我毫不相干。The principal issues in dispute concern the duration of the future treaty.有争议的主要问题牵涉到将来条约的期限。This is a great event that concerns the future of our company.这是关系到我们公司前途的大事。The second question concerns our method of work. 第二个问题牵涉到我们的工作方法。We are firm where our principles are concerned. 在涉及原则问题时我们是坚定不移的。In short, the style concerns not what a writer says but how he says.
简言之, 风格不是跟作者说什么有关, 而是跟如何说有关。The police are anxious to interview everyone concerned in last night's accident.警察急于会见与昨晚事故有关的每个人。
Concerning
container
horse racing car racing
pale vt. 使…相形见绌
naughty
athletic
job responsibilities
by accident/chance by design=on purpose
race n. racial discrimination
rice cooker
leftover n. aesthetic
run a factory 开一家工厂 / run a company 开一家公司
I have a very good day. 我今天过得很好。
I have a good / rattling time. 我玩得很高兴。to keep it safe
for safekeeping = to keep it safe
wallet containing… = wallet which contained…
go horse-riding, go fishing, go hunting, go shopping
dismay: vt.使惊愕, 使焦虑, 使气馁
He was dismayed at the size of his adversary.对手的魁伟身材使他丧失了勇气。
The thought that she might fail the history test dismayed her.想到历史可能考不及格时, 她很沮丧。
n.惊愕, 气馁
I am filled with dismay at the news.我对这个消息极为震惊。
The enemy retreated in perfect dismay.敌人沮丧地退去。
dismay appall horrify 都含“使沮丧”、“使灰心”、“使惊吓”的意思。
dismay指“面临突然地令人惊吓、困惑或烦恼的事时, 表现畏惧、缺乏勇气或手足无措”, 如:
He was dismayed at his lack of understanding.他对自已的无知感到沮丧。
The thought that she might fail the history test dismayed her.想到历史可能考不及格时, 她很沮丧。I was dismayed to learn that she had failed again.得知她又一次失败, 我感到惊愕。
appall指“使惊吓”、“使丧胆”, 如:
an appalling death rate令人吃惊的死亡率。
They were appalled by the reports of the nuclear war. 他们被核战争的报道吓坏了。The enemy was appalled at our attack. 敌人被我们的进攻吓得魂飞丧胆。
horrify 指“使恐怖”、“使惊骇”, 如:
She felt horrified at the sight.见这情景, 她感到恐怖。
I was horrified to hear that news.我听到那个消息感到震惊。
beautifully-cooked wallet: 用一种讽刺的口吻
turned to = turned into = become(使)变成 Water turns to ice at 0℃. 水在零摄氏度时变成冰。She turned love to hate. 她由爱生恨。Is it the low temperature that turns the water to ice? 是低温使水变成冰的吗?Their friendship was turned to enmity through idle gossip.无聊的闲言碎语使他们反目成仇。
(使)转向 Turn to the right. 向右拐。He turned his back to me. 他转过身去, 背对我。She's a most useful person in the office; she can turn her hand to anything.她无所不能, 是办公室里很能干的人。(把注意力等)转向
More and more people turn to computer science. 愈来愈多的人从事计算机科学研究。We are all turning our thoughts to the matter. 我们大家都开始转而考虑这个问题。翻书到 Turn to the next page. 翻到下一页。求助于 He turned to me for help. 他向我求助。She often turns to the book for guidance. 她经常参考那本书。He was turned to for advice by all sorts of people.各种各样的人都向他求教。
who ----bank manager
get back 找回, 取回 I haven't got back the book I lent him.我还没有收回我借给他的那本书。
回来, 回家What time will you get back? 你什么时候回来?When did Jarvis get back from India? 贾维斯什么时候从印度回来的?The team will have to play much better if they want to get back into the first division.如果这个队想重新回到甲级队, 他们必须把球踢得更好。回到…上来
Things will not get back to normal soon after the earthquake.
地震过后一切都不会马上恢复正常。We are away from our topic. Let's get back to our discussion.
我们离题了, 让咱们重新开始讨论议题吧。退后 Get back, don't block the traffic. 往后退, 不要阻塞交通。The police told the crowd to get back to give the firemen more room.警察命令人群后退, 给消防队员腾出更多的空间。
报复, 向…报仇 I'll get back at them somehow for this! 我一定想法为这件事报复他们!
so long as: on condition that 表假设，只要
You will do all right so long as you follow my advice.只要你听我的建议, 你一定会做好的
on condition that若是…, 以…为条件
He can use the bicycle on condition (that) he returns it tomorrow.
自行车可以借给他, 条件是明天必须归还。
on the condition of anonymity for fear of retribution/repercussion (New York Times)
n.(由于伤害等)应得的惩罚或赔偿
Do evil actions bring retribution after death?恶行在人死后会有报应吗?
give back归还; 恢复 When can you give back the money that you owe? 你欠的钱什么时候还?Living here has given back my health. 在这里居住使我恢复了健康。The gold ring should be given back to the owner. 这枚金戒指应该还给失主。后退 Give back there. The express is due. 往后退, 快车就要进站了。
pay for:为…付款We paid 80 dollars for the dictionary.
How much did you pay for the book? 那本书你付了多少钱?
赔偿Let me pay for the broken window.我来赔打破的玻璃窗。
因…受罚〔痛苦〕; 为…付出代价
They made him pay for his offence by giving him the sack.
他们解雇了他, 从而使他因自己的过错而受到了惩罚。
替某人付款I'll pay for her, and you'll pay yourself.我替她付账, 你自己付款。
on 强调对21000起索赔要求
pay off 付清, 还清
The couple have already paid their debts off.
You must pay off your old loan before you can obtain a new one.你必须还清旧账, 然后才能再借款。
使得益; 有报偿
The investor believes that his investment will pay off handsomely soon.
这个投资者相信他的投资不久会有相当大的收益。
(付清工资后)解雇The boss paid off the employees.老板付清雇工工资后解雇了他们。
〈非正〉对…进行报复I'll pay him off for treating me like that.他这样待我, 我早晚要报复的。
〈非正〉取得成功Did your daring plan pay off?你那项大胆的计划成功了吗?
pay back 偿还把钱归还回去 pay money back
I am sure that he will pay back every cent he owes you.我敢肯定他会分文不差地把欠款还给你。
报仇，报复 pay somebody back
I've paid him back for the trick he played on me.我已报复他对我的愚弄。
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§ Lesson 8 A famous monastery 著名的修道院
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
★ monastery n. 寺院，修道院
补充：abbey n. 修道院; 大教堂; 大寺院 Westminster Abbey 伦敦威斯敏斯特大教堂
威斯敏斯特大教堂坐落在伦敦泰晤士河 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?29703.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)(River Thames)北岸，原是一座本笃会(（天主教最早的修会， 6世纪初意大利人本笃 Benedictus 所创） )隐修院cloister，始建于公元960 年，1045年进行了扩建，1065年建成，1220年至1517年进行了重建。威斯敏斯特教堂在1540年英国国教 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?281199.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)与罗马教廷决裂前，它一直是天主教 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?6994.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)本笃会即天主教的隐修院修会之一的教堂，1540年之后，一直是伦敦的国家级圣公会 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?207157.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)教堂。
教堂平面呈拉丁十字形，全长156米，宽22 米，大穹窿顶高31 米，钟楼 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?6939.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)高68.5 米，整座建筑既金碧辉煌 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?subview?/?91193?/?5095452.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)，又静谧肃穆，被认为是英国哥特式(Gothic)建筑 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?20705.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)的杰作。 威斯敏斯特大教堂既是英国国教 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?281199.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)的礼拜堂，又是历代国王举行加冕典礼(coronation)、王室成员举行婚礼的大礼堂，还是一个国葬(state funeral)陵墓(mausoleum(名人、富人的)陵寝，陵墓)。从 11 世纪胜利王威廉 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?6360177.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)开始，除了爱德华 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?79537.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)五世和爱德华八世外，所有英王都在此加冕登基，当今英女王伊丽莎白 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?67104.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)二世就是于1953 年6月在威斯敏斯特大教堂里举行加冕典礼的。每当新国王加冕时，威斯敏斯特大教堂布置得焕然一新。各国代表、皇亲国戚(a kinsman of the emperor ; members of the imperial [royal] house; princes and princesses of the royal family ; relatives of an emperor )上千人云集一堂，喇叭齐鸣，圣诗班(choir)高唱圣诗。大主教(archbishop; eparch ;exarch; metropolitan ; primate )将王冕 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?19453.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)戴在英王头上。英王加冕宝座在圣爱德华小教堂内，宝座下有一块称作“斯库恩”的圣石，原是古苏格兰国王传统的加冕座位，后被爱德华国王征讨苏格兰时将它夺过来，并在石上配了一把橡木椅子。以后历代英王登基时就在这椅上端坐加冕 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?752550.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)，因此，这把模样普通的椅子和下面的石头成
(?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?picture?/?51543?/?51543?/?0?/?2fdda3cc7cd98d106c9e34a5213fb80e7aec90df?fr=lemma&ct=single" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)
?? (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?picview?/?51543?/?51543?/?0?/?2fdda3cc7cd98d106c9e34a5213fb80e7aec90df.html?fr=lemma" \o "查看图片" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)威斯敏斯特大教堂
为神圣的国宝。在2011年4月29日，英国时间11时（北京时间14时）迎来威廉王子 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?32713.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)与凯特·米德尔顿 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?32542.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)的世纪婚礼。威斯敏斯特大教堂还是英王的墓地。1066 年撒克逊王爱德华死后就埋葬在这里。从亨利三世到乔治二世的 20 多位国王都埋葬在这里。其中规模最大的是国王亨利七世的教堂和陵墓，它位于中轴线正中的最后方，占据了整整三分之一的面积。它那纤细华美的穹顶，五彩缤纷的旌旗，给人以明快欢乐的世俗气氛。在它的右面，是女王伊丽莎白一世 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?14059.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)的陵墓；左面是被伊丽莎白一世处死的苏格兰女王玛丽一世 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?subview?/?243551?/?6172694.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)的陵墓。
教堂内的“诗人之角”因埋葬 14 世纪诗人乔叟 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?73787.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)和文艺复兴时期诗人斯宾塞 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?51546.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)而得名。后来，英国著名的文学家、艺术家 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?67095.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)，如狄更斯、哈代 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?22799.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)等，都在这里建有墓室或墓碑。此外还有著名的政治家、军事家 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?45083.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)、科学家如丘吉尔 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?11240.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)、克伦威尔 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?49729.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)、达尔文 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?6739.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)、牛顿 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?1511.htm" \t "http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?_blank?)等。
威斯敏斯特教堂是11世纪号称“笃信者”的英王爱德华建立的。英国历代国王和女王都在这里加冕，死后也多长眠在此。王室成员在这里举行婚礼。威斯敏斯特教堂忠实地记录了英国皇族兴衰史。教堂建筑为哥特式，由数个彩色玻璃嵌饰的尖顶并列在一起，美丽绝伦。教堂著名的诗人之角有莎士比亚、狄更斯等许多文学伟人的纪念碑与纪念文物。英国把威斯敏斯特教堂称为“荣誉的宝塔尖”。威斯敏斯特教堂已经成为难得的历史博物馆。[
In ancient China, there were lots of monasteries.在古时候, 中国有许多寺院。
abbot:修道院院长 —— abbess:女修道院院长
convent n.修女 女修道院She entered a convent at the age of 16.她十六岁时进了修道院。
nun:修女 go into a convent做尼姑［修女］
★St. Bernard 圣伯纳德
★pass n. 关隘通道, 山口;关口
The monastery is in a remote mountain pass. 那个修道院在一个偏远的山口中。
There is a bus passing through the Brenner Pass every day.
每天都有一辆穿过布里纳山口的公共汽车。
不要混淆 pass 和 spend。表示在等待的过程中做某事打发时间，可以用 pass the time，例如：He had brought along a book to pass the time（他带了本书打发时间）。表示一段时间已经流逝，可以用pass，例如：The first few days passed（最初几天过去了），The time seems to have passed so quickly（时间似乎过得非常快）。表示花一段时间做某事或呆在某个地方，用 spend，例如：I spent three days cleaning our flat（我花了3天打扫我们的公寓），a hotel where we could spend the night（我们可以入住过夜的酒店）。
★watchdog n. 看门狗;监察人(员);监察委员会 A watchdog is a person or committee whose job is to make sure that companies do not act illegally or irresponsibly.
...an anti-crime watchdog group funded by New York businesses.
由纽约商界资助的反犯罪监察团体
janitor n. 看门人
seeing eye dog n. 导盲犬
huntaway n. 牧羊犬=shepherd dog =mastiff n.(大型猛犬的一种)
shepherd’s purse 荠菜 spinach 菠菜 lettuce 莴苣，生菜 leek 韭菜
durian(马来群岛产的)榴莲果;榴莲树 Chinese yam 山药
苋菜edible amaranth; three-colored amaranth, flower gentle
Dragon fruit(火龙果) Pitaya fruit(仙蜜果)
★rashly adj. 莽撞地，冒失地 boldly adv.
太急速的; 鲁莽的; 轻率的
a rash young man 莽撞的小伙子 a rash statement 不顾后果的话
I made quite a lot of money, but I rashly gave most of it away...
我赚了不少钱，但是大部分被我轻率地花掉了。
My sister always said I acted rashly. 我姐姐总是说我行为鲁莽。
He did something rash and repented it forever. 他做了件轻率的是而一直为之后悔。
Don't be rash in making your decision.别轻率做出决定。
be rash enough胆敢 rash advance冒进
Marry in haste and repent at leisure.草率结婚后悔多。
rashness
I lent him $5 in a moment of rashness. 我一时不慎借给了他5美元。
With characteristic rashness and valor, Peter plunged into the icy water.
以他惯有的冲动和勇气，彼得一头扎进了冰冷的水中。
...the rashness of youth. 年少的鲁莽
rash n.发疹, 疹子 nettle rash 荨麻疹
I noticed a rash on my leg... 我发现我腿上长了疹子。
He may break out/come out in a rash when he eats these nuts...
他吃了这些坚果可能会长皮疹。
The symptoms include skin rashes, fever, and painful joints. 病症包括皮疹、发烧和关节疼痛。
rash of sth. (比喻) 令人不愉快的事情突然大量出现
a rash of ugly new house 一下子冒出来的一大片难看的房子
a rash of strikes in the steel industry 钢铁工业突如其来的一连串大罢工
rash adj. 轻率的；鲁莽的；冲动的
It would be rash to rely on such evidence... 依靠这样的证据是草率的。
Mr. Major is making no rash promises... 梅杰先生没有作出轻率的承诺。
Don’t make rash promises. 勿轻易承诺（以免后悔）。
Don't do anything rash until the feelings subside. 在冷静下来之前不要鲁莽行事。
It was rash of you to sign the form without reading it.你看也不看就在表格上签字真太轻率了。
大量，许多（令人不快的事情）
They believe this confusion is responsible for a rash of suicides this spring.
他们认为今年春天一连串的自杀事件是由这次混乱引起的。
...one of the few major airlines left untouched by the industry's rash of takeovers...
没有受到行业内大量收购风波波及的少数几个重要航空公司之一
Now a rash of scruffy little shops bordered one side of the street.
现在街道的一边排满了各种破旧的小店。
★enclosure n. 围场，圈地，圈占地, 圈用地
We were led to a fenced enclosure.我们被带到一处用篱笆围住的场地。
This enclosure was so vast that the outermost wall could hardly be seen.
这块围场如此之大，几乎看不见最远端的围墙。
附件, 装入物I received your enclosure with gratitude.附件收到, 十分感谢。
enclose vt.把…围起来；包围;围住;封闭
The rules state that samples must be enclosed in two watertight containers...
规则要求样本必须装在两个水密容器中。
Enclose the pot in a clear polythene bag... 将罐子装在透明的塑胶袋中。
The surrounding land was enclosed by an eight foot wire fence.
周围的土地围有8英尺高的铁丝栅栏。
The wall encloses the hospital.围墙将那所医院围在里面。
把…装入信封, 附入；把…封入信封;随函附上
I have enclosed a cheque for ?10... 我已随信附上10英镑的支票。
He tore open the creamy envelope that had been enclosed in the letter...
他撕开了随信寄来的奶油色信封。
The enclosed leaflet shows how Service Care can ease all your worries.
随信寄上的宣传页将说明“服保”如何能为您解除所有烦忧。
He enclosed a cheque for 500 dollars.他附寄了一张500美元的支票。
the enclosed附件I enclose herewith a cheque for 20 pounds.随信附上二十镑支票一张。
★monk n. 和尚，僧侣；修道士 a Buddhist monk和尚; 喇嘛 friar ['fra??(r)] n. （天主教的）男修士；化缘修士；(天主教)托钵修会修士
friary ['fra??r?] n. 男修道院，寺院
nun n.修女；尼姑 nunnery ['n?n?r?] n. 尼姑庵，女修道院
★privacy n. 清静，隐居,(不受干扰的)独处
He must have disturbed your privacy.他必定打扰了你的清静。
私事, 隐私；独处；清静
He preferred to read the documents in the privacy of his study.
他比较喜欢在书房里无干扰的情况下阅读文件。
He saw the publication of this book as an embarrassing invasion of his privacy...
他觉得这本书的出版侵犯了他的私生活，让他十分难堪。
Thatched pavilions provide shady retreats for relaxing and reading in privacy.
茅草亭是独自放松和读书的阴凉清幽之所。
...a collection of over 60 designs to try on in the privacy of your own home.
能让你自己在家安心试穿的60多种款式的系列时装
干扰…的生活；侵犯…的隐私
The press invade people's privacy unjustifiably every day.
每天媒体都会毫无道理地干扰人们的生活。
I demand an explanation for your rude intrusion upon my privacy.
我要求你对于无礼地侵扰我的私人生活的行为做出解释。
We must respect other's privacies.我们不该打听他人的私事。
Newspapers often don;t respect the individual’s right to privacy. 报纸的报道往往不尊重私人权利。
She complained that the questions were an invasion of (her) privacy.
她投诉这些问题侵犯了她的个人自由。
补充：seclude vt.使隔开,使隔绝,使隐退,隐秘seclude sb./oneself from society 与世隔绝对
She seclued herself in her study to work. 她把自己关在书房里埋头研究。
You can’t seclue yourself from the world. 人不能与世隔绝。
seclusion n. 隔绝,隔离,隐居
I live very much in seclusion these days. 这些天我过着几乎与世隔绝的生活。
For holidays, I prefer the relative seclusion of the countryside.
度假的时候，我较喜欢乡间相对的幽静。
She liked to sunbathe in the seclusion of her own garden.
她喜欢在自己僻静的花园里晒日光浴。
secluded a. 僻静的;隐蔽的;与世隔绝的；人迹罕至的；离群索居的
lead a secluded life 过离群索居的生活
We were tucked away in a secluded corner of the room...
我们被藏匿到房间里一个隐蔽的角落。
We found a secluded beach a few miles further on.
我们又前行了几英里，发现了一处僻静的海滩。
seclusion [s??klu:?n] n. 隔绝;隐退;隐居
She lived in seclusion with her husband on their farm in Panama...
她与丈夫隐居在他们在巴拿马的农场。
They love the seclusion of their garden. 他们喜欢自家花园的幽静。
★skier n. 滑雪者
He is an enthusiastic skier. 他是个滑雪爱好者。
The skier skimmed across the snow.滑雪者飞快地滑过雪地。
skiing n.
ski boot滑雪靴 ski jump(助滑道)飞跃滑雪；滑雪跳跃比赛
ski-bob 滑雪车（状如自行车、有滑雪板，无轮）
skiing course, instructor, resort 滑雪课程、教练、胜地
skiing equipment, clothes 滑雪用具、服装
ski 滑雪板;滑水板 ...a pair of skis. 一副滑雪板;一双滑雪屐
滑雪;滑水
They surf, ski and ride... 他们冲浪，滑雪，还骑马。
The whole party then skied off. 然后整群人都滑着雪离去。
skiing
My hobbies were skiing and scuba diving. 我爱好滑雪和潜水。
...a skiing holiday. 滑雪假日
滑雪用的;滑雪的;滑水的
...the Swiss ski resort of Klosters. 瑞士克洛斯特斯滑雪胜地
...a private ski instructor. 私人滑雪教练
...artificial ski slopes. 人造滑雪坡
water-ski 滑水
The staff will be happy to help arrange for you to swim, sail, or water-ski.
工作人员会很乐意为您安排游泳、航行或是滑水等活动。
water-skiing
He offered to teach them water-skiing. 他主动提出教他们滑水。
skate 冰鞋;溜冰鞋 Skates are ice-skates.
四轮溜冰鞋;旱冰鞋 Skates are roller-skates.
I actually skated, and despite some teetering I did not fall on the ice...
我真的滑冰了——尽管有些踉跄，但没有跌跟头。
Dan skated up to him. 丹滑着冰来到他的面前。
skating
They all went skating together in the winter. 他们冬天一起去溜冰。
skater
West Lake, an outdoor ice-skating rink, attracts skaters during the day and night.
无论白天还是晚上，西湖这个户外溜冰场都吸引着许多溜冰的人。
鳐鱼(一种扁平状海鱼) A skate is a kind of flat sea fish.
Boats had plenty of mackerel and a few skate. 那些船上有许多鲭鱼，还有几条鳐鱼。
Skate is this fish eaten as food.(供食用的)鳐鱼
避谈;回避;搪塞
Scientists have tended to skate over the difficulties of explaining dreams...
科学家们往往回避释梦的难题。
When pressed, he skates around the subject of those women who he met as a 19-year-old.
别人逼问他有关他 19 岁时遇到的那些女人的情况时，他就会加以搪塞。
skateboard n. 滑板
★Easter n. 复活节
at Easter, at Christmas, at Thanksgiving
复活节假期
They usually have a walking holiday at Easter... 复活节假期他们通常都会去徒步旅行。
She spends her Easter holidays taking groups of children to France...
她带领一群孩子去法国过复活节。
The government declared Easter Monday a public holiday.
政府宣布复活节后的星期一是公共假日。
【课文讲解】
St. = saint（n.圣人, 圣徒 adj.神圣）
Bernard n.伯纳德(男子名)
Pass n. 关口,通道, 山口
There is a bus passing through the Brenner Pass every day.
每天都有一辆穿过布里纳山口的公共汽车。
把...与…连接在一起 connect…to… / join….to… / link…with…
connects / join Switzerland to Italy / link Switzerland with Italy
connect … with:把…与某事联系在一起
I can’t connect the picture with my friend Mary.
Are you connected with the government?
be connected with 与…有联系
Connect the gas stove with the gas pipe.将煤气炉和煤气管接起来。
connect Dalian with the sea提到大连就想到海
Their families are now connected by marriage.他们两家现已联姻。
I was again connected to the wrong person.又给我接错了电话。
at 2,473 metres:介词短语修饰全句用于句首表示原因、条件或状态
-- In red, she looks much more beautiful.
At the age of 15, he is able. 在十五岁的时候, 他很能干。able-minded a.
At 1. 65 metres, he is a little short.
海拔height；height above sea level；elevation海拔四千米
4,000 metres above sea level; with an elevation of 4,000 metres 海拔高度
altitude
姚翼 Alex
QQ:635878296
alex33730
eye witness 目击证人
The year 1949 witnessed/saw the founding of the PRC.
smiles
found（v.建立, 创立）= set up（设立, 竖立）= establish（vt.成立，建立）
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句最大的区别t5
1）非限制性定语从句是对主句或主句中所出现的某个名词的补充说明和解释，去掉对主句影响不大
2）限制性定语从句是主句当中不可缺少的一部分
1>who引导的非限制性定语从句主要指人做主语
Mr Smith was a famous person in American history.
Mr Smith, who died on July 17th at 84, was a famous person in American history.
There were very few passengers, who escaped without serious injury. （n.伤害）
旅客很少, 他们都逃出来了, 没有受到重伤。
There were very few passengers who escaped without serious injury.
没有受重伤而逃出来的旅客很少。
The taxi drivers, who knew about the traffic jam, took another road.
所有司机都知道堵车的事, 都走了别的路。
The taxi drivers who knew about the traffic jam took another road, and others who didn’t know about the traffic jam still took this heavy road.
得知堵车的司机走了别的路, 不知道堵车事件的司机仍然走这条路。
2>指代事物在非限制性定语从句当中只能使用which
He lent me a thousand dollars, which was exactly the sum I needed.
3>指代时间when, 地点where
He was left on the desert island, where he stayed for as long as three weeks.
他被留在了荒岛上, 在那里他呆了长达三周之久。
live----lives
a mile(一英里)=1.69031 公里
which指代friendly dogs
The panda, which was brought from China, was used as a symbol of friendship.
Rome As in Rome, do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗；入国问禁
Rome is not built in a/one day.
All roads lead to Rome.
Roman
now that：既然;由于
用做时间连接词时，后面通常跟完成式
Now that you have left university, you have to find a job.
用做原因连接词时，后面时态不限。
Now that you won't help me, I must do the job myself.
Now (that) you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents.
既然你长大了, 就不应该依靠你的父母。
Now(that) he is well again, he can go on with his English study.
既然恢复了健康, 他就可以继续学习英语。
whenever, whoever, whatever,wherever, whichever, however
no matter when / who / what / where / which / how
You can telephone me whenever you like.
Whichever day you come, we’ll be pleased to see you.
Whenever you go, I’ll follow you.
However busy you are, you must spare some time to study English.
dilemma on the horns of a dilemma 骑虎难下；左右为难
despite介词——in spite of(of是介词)
rashly 莽撞的 attempt to do sth. =try to do sth.企图做某事
there + be
There are still a few students studying English in the classroom.
= There are still a few students who are studying English in the classroom.
依旧有些学生在教室学习英语。
in cars/in a car =by car
on foot
by air / aeroplane
about 到处，周围=around
As there are so many people about, the dogs have to be kept in a special enclosure.
About（adv.到处, 周围）
-- Don‘t litter waste paper about. 不要到处扔废纸。 litter（vt.乱丢, 铺草, 弄乱）
-- look about 到处看 / go about 到处走 / run about 到处跑 / wander about 到处闲逛
shop until you drop
(only)a drop in the bucket 沧海一粟；九牛一毛；杯水车薪 minus plus
keep：使某人或某物处于某种状态，经常和介词短语、形容词、分词（现在分词和过去分词）搭配连用，表示一种状态
keep him out, keep him in(介词)
Do keep the cat in the room.（介词）
表示逻辑的主谓关系——现在分词 I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
表示逻辑的动宾关系——过去分词 The lamb was kept tight to a tree.
lamb（n.小羊, 羔羊） / tight（adj.紧的, 绷紧的）
quite the opposite 恰恰相反
prefer sth. to sth.
prefer A to B 宁愿A也不愿B
-- I prefer reading to doing nothing. 我宁愿看书, 也不愿什么都不做。
-- The boy prefers apples to bananas.
prefer to do sth than do sth
-- He prefers to read than do nothing. 我宁愿看书, 也不愿什么都不做。
The regular visitors to Beijing常去北京的游客
Pursue vt. 追求;从事 pursue one’s occupation occupy
pursue further studies abroad
pursuit in pursuit of
bathroom restroom;cloakroom go somewhere
washroom, lavatory,WC water closet
above sea level; altitude
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§ Lesson 9 Flying cats 飞猫
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
★fascinate v. 迷住，吸引住；使着迷, 使极感兴趣
Her beauty fascinated every boy.她的美貌使所有的男孩子都着了迷。
慑住…使动弹不得The serpent fascinated its prey.这条蛇震慑住了它要捕食的动物。
n.蛇, 大蛇There's a serpent beside him.他身边有条大蛇。
诱人犯错的人; 狡猾的人Don't believe him, he is a serpent.别相信他, 他是个狡猾的家伙。
fascination n. （n.魔力, 入迷, 魅力）
fascinating adj. 迷人的, 有极大吸引力的Sweet music is fascinating.
The changing vivid colors of the sunset are really fascinating.
日落时变化多端的色彩确实使人心醉神迷。
fascinated（adj.感到着迷的）
主系表结构：be fascinated with被…迷住了，被…吸引住了
-- He is fascinated with music.
-- He is fascinated with chess. / Are you fascinated with English?
be crazy about… 着迷于…狂热爱好的, 着迷的
He is crazy about that girl.他迷上了那位女孩。
He is crazy about music.
be mad about /for… 着迷于…/ 狂热的; 着迷的
He is mad about music.
He is mad for fame.他疯狂地追求名誉。
‘like, love, be fond of 喜欢
The boy is fond of football.
★ affectionate adj. 充满情深的，柔情的;
She is an affectionate child and loves to be hugged and kissed.
她是一个多情的孩子，喜欢让人爱抚亲吻。
an affectionate mother慈母 affectionate kisses, words, smiles 示爱的吻、话、微笑
be on affectionate terms with和...交情极好
He is affectionate to me.他爱我。
Cats are affectionate animals.
affectionately adv.
Affectionately-Yours(=Yours Affectionately)你的亲爱的(英美人写家信时结尾用语)
The lady is looking that man affectionately.
写业务信函用Truly yours（Yours truly），Faithfully yours（Yours faithfully）等；
假若您不知道收信人的姓名Dear Sir /Madam / Sir or Madam ... Yours faithfully
假若您知道收信人的姓名：Dear Mr/ Mrs / Miss / Ms Hanson ... Yours sincerely
当您写信给好朋友或同事： Dear Jack ... Best wishes/Best regards
?当您写信予整个部门： Dear Sirs ... Yours faithfully
写给家人、亲戚，用Your loving grandfather，Lovingly yours，Lovingly等；
写给熟人、朋友，用Yours cordially，Yours affectionately等；
对上级、长辈用Yours obediently（Obediently yours），Yours respectfully（Respectfully yours）等。
affection n. 喜爱, 爱 I try to win her affection(s). 我尽力讨她的欢心。
The officer transferred his affections to the other girl.那军官爱上了另一个姑娘。
〈心〉感情He has a deep affection for his old friend.他对老朋友感情很深。
★mysterious adj. 神秘的，难以理解的
a mysterious plan / a mysterious explanation
His action was very mysterious.他的行动十分神秘。
mystery n. 迷团，神秘感神秘(性), 秘密(性)
He often tells stories full of mystery.他常讲些充满神秘色彩的故事。
神秘的事, 难以理解的事物The flying saucer is yet an unsolved mystery.飞碟仍然是未解之谜。
来历不明[难探究竟]的人She's a bit of a mystery!她这人有点来历不明!
His death is a mystery.
mystify vt.使(某人)困惑不解; 使迷惑
I'm mystified; I just cannot see how he did it.我大惑不解, 说不明白他是怎样做到的。
be mystified by给 ... 弄得莫名其妙
★submissive adj. 服从的，顺从的;顺从的, 唯命是从的=obedient Are you obedient?
He expects his wife to be meek and submissive.他期望妻子温顺而且听他摆布。
a humble and submissive servant 恭顺的仆从
Dogs and horses are submissive, but cats are never submissive to us.
be submissive to sb.
submit vi.屈服, 认输Joe refuses to submit.乔决不屈服。
submit to discipline, superior force 遵守纪律，慑服于优势兵力
vt.提交, 呈递I submitted my resignation yesterday.我昨天递交了辞呈。
〈正〉建议, 主张, 申辩
补充：counsel submitted that there was no case against his client.
辩护人辩称没有什么可加罪于他的当事人。
counsel n. 辩护律师, 法律顾问
The judge asked counsel for the defence to explain.法官要求被告的辩护律师做出解释。
submit oneself to sb. / sth. 屈服于，顺从于
submission n. 归顺；降服；投降submission to sb.’s will 屈从某人的意志
屈从；服从；顺从
parents who want children to show complete submission to their wishes 要孩子百依百顺的父母
提交；呈递：The submission of a claim, a petition, an appeal 要求、请愿书、上诉书等的提交
★feline adj. 猫(科)的；猫一样的; 狡诈的; 阴险的n.猫科动物
with feline movement似猫的动作轻轻地移动feline amenities笑里藏刀
补充：canine adj.犬的
She's a specialist in canine psychology and behavior.她是狗心理和行为专家。
n.犬 犬齿, 犬牙
★ independence n. 独立，独立性, 自主, 自立
the Declaration of Independence 独立宣言
By the time they get to that age they will value their independence.
当他们到了那年龄时他们会珍视自己的独立性。
independence in judgement独立判断(能力) Independence-Day美国独立纪念日(7月4日)
independent adj. 独立的, 自主的, 自立的
Children should be encouraged to be independent thinkers.应该鼓励孩子独立思考。
不相关连的, 无关的
Judges must be independent of political pressure.法官们一定不能受政治压力的影响。
You have already grown up, you must be independent.
depend 依靠;决定于, 视…而定(on,upon)
You must depend on yourself.
It all depends.I have certain doubts about it.这很难说, 得看情况。
★high-rise adj. (建筑物)超高层的,高楼的 a high-rise office block 高层办公大楼
n.高楼,大厦
补充：skyscraper n.摩天大楼A skyscraper has been erected.一栋摩天大楼拔地而起。
towering adj.高耸的, 极大的; 个子高大的towering trees参天的树木towering crimes滔天罪行
突出的, 杰出的Beethoven was a towering musical genius.贝多芬是一个伟大的音乐天才。
猛烈的, 激烈的；强烈的; 极度的a towering rage狂怒He was in a towering rage.他在大发雷霆。
★windowsill n.窗槛
window frame窗框window screen纱窗window shade遮光帘window bar窗闩
window blind遮光帘window curtain窗帘
★paratrooper n. 伞兵, 伞兵运输机
paratroop adj.伞兵的a paratroop battalion伞兵营paratroop landing
补充：parachute n.降落伞
Please release the parachute when there is an emergency.有紧急情况, 请打开降落伞。
a parachute descent [drop]降落伞降下a parachute flare伞投照明弹parachute troops伞兵
vt. & vi.用降落伞降落They parachuted food to us.他们向我们空投食品。
★squirrel n. 松鼠 Red squirrels are now very rare in Britain.红色松鼠在英国已十分罕见了。
vt.贮藏...以备后用(away)
She is squirreling the stuff away deep in one of the closets.她正将东西藏在一个壁橱深处。
squirrel away surplus grain 贮存余粮
He denied that he had any money squirreled away in foreign bank.
★air-resistance n. 空气阻力
★impact n. 冲击力impact pressure碰撞压力stress under impact冲击应力
影响, 作用
The computer had made a great impact on modern life.计算机对现代生活产生了巨大的影响。
impact of modern science upon society as a whole现代科学对整个社会的影响
vt. & vi.对某事物有影响These costs will impact on our profitability.这些费用会影响到我们的利润。
【课文讲解】
UFO n. 不明飞行物; 飞碟Unidentified Flying Object
Many millions of people have allegedly seen UFOs in the USA.
在美国, 有数百万人声称目睹过不明飞行物。
放风筝 fly a kite
A cat has nine lives 猫有九命(指生命力强)
rain cats and dogs= rain buckets 下倾盆大雨
That cat won’t jump. （口）这一手行不通。
catfish n. 鲶鱼;
never fail to do双重否定意味肯定（运用双重否定结构加深句子肯定的语气）
If you ask for help in the polite way, you never fail to succeed.
If you receive requests like this, you'll never fail to accept.
双重否定结构：（起加深句子肯定的语气的作用）
常用的双重否定结构（加强语气）
1. never fail to, can't fail to, don't fail to , 否定词+fail to（语气较强烈）
2. 否定的形容词之前加以否定 unreasonable-> not unreasonable
Eg: What he said is not unreasonable.
It is quite common (not uncommon ) for us to make mistakes.
3. not + without There is no smoke without fire. 无风不起浪。
=Where there’s reek,there’s heat.哪里有恶臭,哪里必发热。有果必有因。（或：无风不起浪。）
Eg: You can't obtain English without working hard.
He doesn’t have any meal without meat.
4. no+not
Eg: There is no cat that doesn't like fish.
There is nothing that he can't do.
There is no rule that has no exception.
as well也, 又，同样
They never become submissive like dogs and horses.
He speaks English and Spanish as well.他既能说英语, 也能说西班牙语。
as a result 结果, 因此
As a result, he had to leave.结果他只得离开。
have learned to:学会了，习惯了
People have learned to expect that trains are punctual.
Children have learned to expect that their parents are very able.
be suspicious of sb. 对什么表示怀疑，存有戒心
remain+suspicious vi+adj. 系表结构
One of the things that fascinates us： that 引导定语从句
that 引导同位语从句
One of the things that fascinates us most about planes is the popular fact that they are safe and fast.
Truth, a good / great deal of+不可数名词
apparently 显然,显而易见=obviously=evidently=it is quite evident / obvious that….
It seems that...
A cat’s ability to survive falls is based on fact.
Facts speak louder than eloquence. 事实胜于雄辩。
Action speak louder than words.行动比语言更响亮。
survive vi.幸存, 活下来
These plants cannot survive in very cold conditions.这些植物在严寒中不能存活。
vt.比…活得长, 经历…之后还存在=outlive
Most parents expect that their children will survive them.
大多数父母都希望子女能够比他们自己长寿。.
be based on:基于事实基础之上
base sth. on: 把某事加强在什么基础之上
We base the theory on the fact我们把这理论建立在事实的基础之上。
The theory is based on fact. 这理论是建立在事实基础上的。
make a study of / probe into sth:对什么作出研究
over a period of five months
补充：space n. 一段时间: in the space of three days 在三天之内
In the space of five hours 在五小时内 Let us rest a space. 让我们休息一会儿。
after a short space 片刻后
in common = the same
have something in common 有共同点
fall off 坠落， 掉落；跌落, 滚落下
When you are learning to ride a bicycle, you often fall off.初学骑自行车时, 常会从车上掉下来。
突然降低; 向下斜The land falls off here towards the river.这儿的地势朝河的方向低了下去。
减少
The number of passengers by this line fell off slightly in January.一月份这条航线的乘客数量略有减少。
变坏; 恶化The cooking fell off remarkably.烹饪质量大大降低。
逐渐消失, 死亡Words fall off by disuse.词不用就会成为废词。
不再支持; 叛离His friends fell off one by one.他的朋友一个一个地跟他疏远了。
变瘦; (健康、精力等)衰退
He took care to keep the cattle from falling off.他精心照料着牛群, 不使它们瘦下来。
die from:死于
死于疾病：die of illness / disease / hunger / thirst,自然的死亡用of
She died of shock following an operation on the brain.她死于脑手术之后的休克。
死于非自然原因：die from shock / injures / wound, 用from
there is no shortage双重否定
shortage:缺乏 = lack, 与of搭配，shortage / lack of
shortage of money led to the failure of the experiments. 资金缺乏导致实验的失败。
32 storeys
suffer from: 遭受什么痛苦
A lot of people in the world are suffering from terrible disease.
behave like = act like
well-trained: 训练很好的，well-decorated:装饰漂亮的 well educated 受过良好教育的
the further cats fall, the less
典型的the more...the more...句型，用定冠词the 修饰形容词或副词的比较级
The harder you study English, the better you an learn it.
The more you eat, the fatter you will be.
be likely to do:有可能如何，强调可能性
In cold winter, We are likely to catch a cold.
and more 甚至更多（= more than 60 miles an hour）
at high speeds
stretch out 充分伸展
hit the ground撞在地板上
hit the street到街上去
hit the hay 上床睡觉=go to bed
ill in bed生病在床=ill abed adv. 在床上；
reduce =缓冲buffer; （cushion vt. 使免遭损害；使免受令人不快的影响 （用垫子）使柔和，使松软 （跌倒或碰撞时）起缓冲作用；缓和冲击）; slow down attack; buff; dampen; damping; amortize; redeem; redemption; shock mitigationact as buffers between the Western and the Eastern camps扮演东西方阵营之间的缓冲国角色elastic buffer 弹性缓冲The bush acted as a cushion to my fall. 矮树丛缓冲了我的下跌。
vt.<商>分期偿还(债务) I intend to amortize the total cost of the car over three years.
我打算用三年时间分期偿还汽车的所有费用。He wanted to amortize his fixed rental cost by stretching the operating hours.他想用延长营业时间来分摊固定的租金。Give delay charge to ought to be in its are effective the amortize inside economic life, the amortize that our country sets period do not exceed 10 years. 递延费用应当在其有效经济寿命内摊销，我国规定的摊销期不超过10年。
温顺的, 驯服的She won't object—she's so meek and mild.她不会反对的—她是那么顺服温和。
as meek as a lamb温顺得象羔羊, 非常温顺
air-drop; paradrop; aerial deliverya paradrop mission 空投任务The planes airdropped relief supplies to the stricken area. 飞机向灾区空投救灾物资。
vt.比(某人)长寿;活到(某事)已被遗忘 The old couple outlived several of their children.这对老夫妻比他们的好几个孩子都活得长。
fall（n.堕落, 落下, 下降）
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§ Lesson 10 The loss of the Titanic “泰坦尼克“号的沉没
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
★Southampton n. 南安普敦（英国英格兰南部港市）
Northampton 北安普顿
★ colossal adj. 庞大的;巨大的
gigantic adj.巨大的, 庞大的
He has a gigantic appetite and eats gigantic meals.他有很大的食量, 能吃很多的食物。
enormous , immense , huge , vast , gigantic , colossal , titanic , tremendous 这组同义词的一般含义是“极大的”。
enormous不仅表示“块头”和“数量”方面的“大”，而且可以表示程度方面的“极大”，并且具有反常(abnormality)的内涵。
He earned enormous sums of money and was paid as much as ￡100 for a single appearance.
他挣得的钱是极多的，一次出场就付给他一百英镑之多。
Despite its immensity, it is both simple and elegant, fulfilling its designer's dream to create ‘an enormous object drawn as faintly as possible.
桥尽管很大，但它结构简单，而外形雅观， 实现了设计师要创造出“一个在重物作用下尽可能不变形的庞然大物”的理想。
enormous profits巨大的利益an enormous sum of money巨额资金
a man of enormous strength力大无穷的人
enormous 重点突出数量、程度、体积；强调程度时，语意强于big
Eg: He made a big success. / He made an enormous success.
immense 表示“特别大的”意思，其内涵是无法测量(immeasurableness)
As a great many people will be visiting the country, the government will be building new hotels, an immense stadium, and a fine new swimming pool.
因为很多人将要访问这个国家，政府将要建造新的旅馆，一个巨大的体育场和一个漂亮的新游泳池。
The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice which rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her.
泰坦尼克号及时地转了方向，勉强避开了高耸在它旁边超过海面一百英尺的一块巨大的冰墙。
They made an immense improvement in English.在英语方面他们取得了巨大的进步。
an immense stadium, immense iceberg
huge 强调体积方面的“巨大” a huge stone 数量巨大 a huge sum of money
Four days after setting out, while the Titantic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a lookout.
启航四天后，泰坦尼克号在穿过北大西洋多冰的海域时，了望员突然发现了一个巨大的冰山。
vast 强调幅员“辽阔广大”辽阔，广阔
adj.巨大的, 广大的, 广阔的, 大量的vast desert
The snowstorm swept the vast expanse of grassland.暴风雪袭击了辽阔的草原。
a vast palace巨大的宫殿a vast expanse of desert一望无际的沙漠
a vast sum of funds一大笔资金
It is a vast expanse of desert.那是一片辽阔的沙漠。
colossal 字面上的含义是“巨大的”，比喻如同Rhodes岛(土耳其西南)上Apollo神巨像那么大(120英尺高)。这个词常用来表示大得惊人或难以置信(stupendousness, incredibility)
Even by modern standards, the 46, 000 ton Titanic was a colossal ship.
即使按照现代的标准看，那46, 000吨的泰坦斯尼克号也是一艘巨轮。
a colossal building, man, price, amount 巨大的建筑物、巨人、高价、庞大数量
Some of the tall buildings in that city are colossal.那座城市里的高层建筑很庞大。
colossal: large in size
A ship Titanic was colossal.
a colossal monument; a colossal statue
titanic原义指“泰坦神族的”(古希腊神，为泰坦族，身材庞大，并有惊天动地的力量)，常用来形容体积大而且力量大的机器。《泰坦尼克号》巨轮用Titanic为船名，即表示此船不仅巨大而且载重能力也强，经得起远航中的风浪 用于修饰人和物，体积大、力量大
The ship is titanic.
We have been making titanic effort to achieve our purpose.
我们一直在作极大的努力，以达到我们的目的。
tremendous用于表示“大得惊人的” adj.极大的, 巨大的
There is a tremendous difference between them.他们之间有着极大的差别。
绝妙的, 极棒的
We went to a tremendous party last night.昨晚我们参加了一个极棒的晚会。
In his day, Mendoza enjoyed tremendous popularity.
门杜萨在全盛时期极受人们欢迎。
big:大的，重要的
You give me a big surprise.
He is a big person.
The box is big.
large:体积大，数量大
an empty large box
a large number of people
great: 伟大
giant: 巨大的，高大的
a giant person 巨人；gigantic
tremendous: big, fast, powerful
The plane is traveling at tremendous speed.
★watertight adj. 不漏水的
a watertight ship
watertight 引申为无懈可击的，毫无破绽的
watertight arguments 无懈可击的论点watertight excuse 毫无破绽的借口
补充：airtight adj.不透气的, 密封的
The police verified that she had an airtight alibi.警方查明她有着无懈可击不在犯罪现场的证据。
Do you have any proof to substantiate your alibi?你有证据表明你当时不在犯罪现场吗？
Biscuits will stay crisp if you keep them in an airtight tin.
如果你把饼干放到一个密闭的铁罐里, 它就会保持松脆。
waterproof adj.不透水的, 防水的waterproof coat 防水雨衣
My mother bought me a waterproof watch.我妈妈给我买了一块防水手表。
vt.使防水; 使不透水
I wax my boots chiefly to waterproof them.我给靴子打蜡主要是为了防水。
★ compartment n. （轮船的）密封舱
The ship's hold(n. 货舱) is built in watertight compartments.船舱建造成许多不漏水的隔间。
间隔, (列车车厢的)隔间；火车车厢=car，carriage火车客车厢 wagon 火车货车车厢
Your pencil box has several compartments.你的铅笔盒有好几个格。
★flood v. 充满水
vt. be filled with water; the ship is flooded.
(使)为水淹没Our street floods whenever we have rain.我们的街道一下雨就淹水。
大量涌来Letters flooded the office.办公室里到处是信件。
充满Cheap plastic bowls and buckets flood (into) the market.低廉的塑料碗和塑料桶充斥市场。
The room was flooded with moonlight.
Our classroom was flooded with sunshine.
n. 洪水 in flood 河水泛滥； 引申表示连续不断的
During the rains, the river is in flood.
in a flood of words 滔滔不绝的
She blamed her husband in a flood of words on seeing him.
我对你的景仰如滔滔江水，连绵不绝，又犹如黄河泛滥，一发不可收拾，。。。天地可证，日月可鉴
周星驰电影<<鹿鼎记>>
补充：submerge vi. (使)潜入水中, 淹没 The submarine can submerge very quickly. 潜艇能非常迅速地潜入水中。The river overflowed and submerged the farmland.河水泛滥, 淹没了农田。vt.完全掩盖, 遮掩 His talent was submerged by his shyness.他的腼腆埋没了他的才华。
★float v. 漂浮， 飘浮(使)漂浮[飘动] =drift
When you're tired of swimming, just float for a while.你游累了，就漂浮一会儿。
(使)浮动
It was decided to float the pound because a fixed value was damaging exports.
决定浮动英镑的汇率, 因为固定汇率不利于出口贸易。
vi.游荡
The old man floats from town to town with nowhere to go and nothing to do.
这位老人从一个市镇游荡到另一个市镇, 无所事事, 也没有目的地。
vt.提出, 提请考虑
The idea was first floated before the war.这个意见最初是在战前提出的。
n.漂浮物; 鱼漂
When a fish bites the hook, the float bobs.当鱼上钩时, 鱼漂上下跳动。
浮有冰淇淋的饮料I'll have a coke float please.请来一杯带冰淇淋的可口可乐。
彩车
An outsize cotton shoes was mounted on a huge float and paraded through the main street.
一双特大的布鞋装在大型花车上在大街上通过。
备用零钱
The salesmen in this company have floats for their traveling expenses.
这家公司的推销员准备了在路上用的零钱。
★tragic adj. 悲惨的；悲剧的unfortunate;
There was a tragic accident on the highway yesterday.昨天公路上发生了一起很惨的事故。
miserable 苦难的悲惨的, 不幸的, 可怜的We have led a miserable life.我们过了一段悲惨的生活。
令人痛苦的; 令人不快的They started their holiday on a miserable day.他们假期开始时天气很不好。
低劣的; 贫乏的He was born in a miserable family.他出身于一个贫困的家庭。
卑鄙的, 可耻的, 可恶的What a miserable old devil he was!他是多么可恶的吝啬鬼呀！
bitter adj.有苦味的 严寒的, 刺骨的The bitter winter was coming.寒冬到了。
辛酸的,引起痛苦的; 难以接受的She learned a lot from bitter experience.她从惨痛的经验中学了许多。
充满仇恨的He is still bitter that he was once cold-shouldered.曾经受过冷遇, 对此他至今怀恨在心。
tragedy n. 悲剧， 惨剧 in tragedy 以悲剧形式
The holiday ended in tragedy.
comedy 喜剧 comic 喜剧的，滑稽的 comical adj.古怪的，可笑的好笑的, 滑稽的, 怪里怪气的
Everyone laughed at her comical remarks.大家听了她的插科打诨都大笑起来。
★liner n. 班船；邮轮, 客轮; 班机
They sailed to America in a large liner.他们乘一艘大客轮航行到美国。
衬里, 衬垫
The suitcase liner is a piece of soft cloth.箱子的衬里是一块很软的布。
streamliner n.流线型火车
tramp n. 不定期货船
★voyage n. 航行, 航海; 航天
It is a prosperous voyage to the ship.这是那艘船的一次成功的航行。
The voyage is more than the old lady can bear.
voyage 海上航行flight 飞行journey 长途行程navigation 航海，航海术
★iceberg n. 冰山
the tip of the iceberg 冰山一角The English I have learned is just the tip of an iceberg
★lookout n. 瞭望员
警戒, 注意Everyone here is on the lookout for extra work.这里人人都在留心等候着额外工作的机会。
瞭望台, 监视哨The general posted a lookout on top of the hill.将军下令在小山顶上设立一个监察哨。
景色; 远景; 前途
It's a bad lookout for the company if interest rates don't come down.
如果利率降不下来, 公司的前景可就不妙了。
★ collision n. 碰撞, 冲突, 抵触The two ships came into collision.两艘轮船相撞。
collision at sea海上碰撞
collide vi 碰撞，抚触
The plane collided with the mountain
crash v. 坠毁
It is said that there is an airplane that crashed in the mountains.
conflict vi. 和某事（某人）相抵触
My idea conflicts with yours.
clash vi. 相冲突
Eg: His wedding clashed with my examination, so I couldn’t go.
★narrowly adv. 刚刚，勉强地;仅仅：We won narrowly. 我们仅是险胜。
The child narrowly escaped drowning.那个小孩差一点淹死。
严密地；仔细地；小心地：observe someone narrowly 密切注意某人
examine the machine narrowly 仔细检查机器
a narrow escape 九死一生 the narrow bed(或cell, house) 墓
a narrow (或near, close)squeak 九死一生的脱险；非常勉强的成功
narrow-minded adj. 气量狭窄的；眼光短浅的；有偏见的
★miss v. 避开
未击中; 未抓住; 未达到; 未看见; 未领会…
He fired two shots, both missed.他打了两枪, 都没有打中。
The two planes missed disaster by a matter of inches when they nearly collided.两架飞机在几乎要相撞时，以毫厘之差擦身而过，险些酿成一场灾难。
vt.未出席; 未赶上; 未能利用, 失掉I nearly missed my flight.我差点误了班机。
发现遗失He missed the pen from the desk.他发觉桌上的钢笔不见了。
想念, 惦记
Her children have gone to Australia, and she missed them very much.
孩子们去了澳大利亚, 她非常惦记他们。
n.失误, 失败, 失手; 回避
A miss is as good as a mile英里, 哩(=1609米.失之毫厘, 差之千里。
★slight adj.微小的, 轻微的, 微不足道的I have a slight cold.我患了轻微的感冒。
The difference is so slight, that I can hardly see it. 差别很小, 我几乎看不出来。
a slight difference 微笑的区别 a slight odour of gas 一点儿煤气味
pay sb. slight attention 不大注意（或尊重）某人 There is not the slightest reason. 毫无理由。
not in the slightest 一点不（=not at all）
不结实的, 纤弱的; 脆弱的The wind seemed to lift her slight body.风似乎要把她瘦弱的身体吹起来。
a slight framework 脆弱的骨架
n.轻蔑, 忽视; 冷落 suffer slights 受到怠慢 put a slight on (或upon) sb. 蔑视某人
I'm afraid he took your remark as a slight on his work.恐怕他把你的话当作是对他工作的一种轻蔑。
vt.轻蔑, 忽视, 怠慢He slighted no one.他不轻视任何人。 feel slighted 感觉受到轻蔑
slightly adv. 轻微地;稍稍
a slightly built child 身材瘦小的孩子 know sb. slightly 认识某人但不熟The number of passengers by this line fell off slightly in January.
一月份这条航线的乘客数量略有减少。This one’s slightly better than that. 这一个比那个稍好一点。
★ tremble vi.发抖, 颤抖
The room is warm now, but he is still trembling.房间里现在暖和了, 但他仍然哆嗦。
焦虑, 担忧
I tremble to think of the consequences.我为可能产生的后果而担心。
His voice trembled with anger.他的声音因愤怒而发抖。
I tremble for your safety.我担忧你的安全。
n.震颤, 发抖There was a tremble in her voice.她声音颤抖。
tremble v. 有规律的、小幅度的抖动
Look, your hands are trembling, what’s wrong with you?
shiver v. 强调由于寒冷、惧怕而一连串地抖动
A sudden gust of cold wind made me shiver.一股突然刮来的冷风吹得我打哆嗦。
n.颤抖The accident gave me the shivers.这事故使我不寒而栗。
I found he’s shivering in a cold.
shudder vi. 强调全身的颤栗;战栗, 发抖
I shuddered at the sight of the dead body.我一看见那尸体就战栗。
The boy is shuddering, why? Because he was frightened.
(机器、车辆等)突然震动, 颤动
He slammed on the brakes and the car shuddered to a halt.他猛踩刹车, 车颤抖着停住了。
n.颤动, 打颤, 战栗The news sent a shudder through the audience.这消息使听众激动得直发抖。
★faint adj. 微弱的, 模糊的, 暗淡的, （光、声、味）微弱的, 不清楚的
The sounds grew fainter. 声音渐渐微弱。 a faint hope 一线希望=a gleam of hope
I haven’t the faintest idea of what you mean. 我一点也不懂你的意思。
(体力)无力的, 虚弱的; unconscious易失去知觉的, 昏眩的
He has been faint for a long time.
The imperialists are fierce of visage but faint of heart. 帝国主义者色厉内荏。
(动作等)无力的, 似无太大效果的, 微小的, 可能性不大的
The sounds of music grew fainter in the distance. 音乐的声音在远处逐渐变得微弱了。
faint sound / weak sound; weak voice / faint voice
比较：slight 轻微的，微不足道的
a slight headache; a slight book
n. 昏厥 go off in a faint 昏过去 fall in a dead faint 昏倒
vi.晕倒, 昏倒 The young soldier fainted in the hot sun.那个年轻的士兵在炎炎烈日下晕了过去。
weak adj.弱的; 易毁坏的; 无力气的; 容易被击败的 Don't stand on that chair, it's got a weak leg. 那张椅子有一条腿不牢, 不要站在上面。She spoke in a weak voice. 她有气无力地说话。He was too weak to say a word. 他太虚弱了, 一句话也说不出来。
feeble adj. 虚弱的, 衰弱的, 无力的 She replied in but a feeble voice. 她仅能以微弱的声音回答。An old or sick person is often feeble.老人或病人往往很虚弱。
★horror n.恐怖, 恐惧, 惊恐To his horror, the bus caught fire.使他惊恐的是, 公共汽车着了火。
憎恶, 痛恨She had a horror of hospitals.她极其憎恶医院。
令人感到恐怖的事
Sometimes his mind would dwell on the horrors he had been through.
有时他会老是想着他所经历过的种种恐怖。
讨厌鬼
The little horror never stops playing tricks on his parents.那个小淘气鬼不停地捉弄他的父母。
★abandon vt.离弃, 丢弃Jackson has abandoned his old car.杰克逊把他那辆旧车扔了。
遗弃, 抛弃I'm sorry I abandoned you like that.很抱歉我那样突然抛下你走了。
放弃We will never abandon our principles.我们应该坚持原则。
n.放任; 纵情
People were shouting and cheering with abandon.人们兴高采烈，纵情欢呼。
abandon 因为某事而被迫放弃自己喜爱的事物
He abandoned his research because of the war.
desert vt.背弃,遗弃,舍弃, Never desert a friend in need.决不要抛弃有困难的朋友。
desert the army; desert the duty; desert his family
vi.开小差, 逃亡Many soldiers deserted during the battle.在那次战斗中许多士兵开小差了。
★plunge vt. & vi.投入，跳入plunge: jump or rush suddenly and wildly
He got so angry that he plunge into the water.
When the ship Titanic sank in the ocean, a large number of people plunged into…
颠簸The little boat plunged about in the storm.小船在暴风雨中颠簸得很厉害。
(使)陷入
The country (was) plunged into civil war after the death of the President.总统死后全国陷入了内战。
The news plunged us into despair. 我们听了那消息后就陷入了绝望。
That man plunged in the river but not to save the child.那个人在河中沉浮, 但是救不了那个孩子。
n.投身入水
John felt refreshed after a quick plunge in the lake.在湖中游了一会儿泳后, 约翰感到精神振奋。
猛跌, 骤降
The sky diver had a plunge of more than 10, 000 feet before his parachute opened.
那个跳伞运动员坠落了一万多英尺, 他的降落伞才打开。
jump:侧重强调快速地跳
The boy is jumping up and down.
leap: 跳跃 He leapt out of the sleeping bad.
dive 跳水、潜水
★lifeboat n. 救生船 life jacket n.救生衣 life belt n.安全带=fasten your seat belt
n.(汽车、收音机等的)座椅安全带 life buoy n.救生圈,救生衣
【课文讲解】
watertight compartment 水密舱
The loss of the Titanic
The great ship, Titanic, sailed for …背景介绍
sail for 航海去往某处=leave for
set out (off) for 出发去往某处
set out动身, 出发He will set out for the Atlantic.
A visitor arrived just as we were setting out for the airport.我们正要前往机场时来了一位客人。
着手, 开始
The government has set out to make many needed reforms.政府开始进行许多必要的改革。
安排, 组织
They set out the chairs for the meeting in rows of ten.他们摆好会议的坐椅, 每排十把椅子。
leave for, head for, make for
set off出发, 动身
He proposed to set off immediately.他建议立即动身。
(使)开始; 引起
She had stopped crying but his shouting set her off again.
她已经不哭了, 但是他的大声喊叫使她又哭了起来。
点燃, 爆炸
Be careful that you don't set the fireworks off by mistake.当心点, 别弄错了引起那些爆竹爆炸。
make for走向, 前往
When the bell for supper rang, all the students made for the dining room.
晚饭铃响了, 学生们都涌向餐厅。
冲向, 向…猛扑
We didn't want to open the garden gate in case their dog made for us.
我们不想打开花园的大门, 以防他们的狗向我们扑过来。
有利于, 致使
Cleanliness makes for good health.讲究卫生有助于增进健康。
The plane is making for the airport.
We are heading for Canada.
start out启程, 出发 He started out on his journey very early in the morning. 他一清早就踏上了旅途。开始〔着手〕做 He started out to write a novel. 他着手写一部小说。
start off开始旅行 At night I started off upon my journey.当晚, 我又踏上了征程。以…开始 What shall we start off this thing with?我们该从哪儿开始谈这件事?I'll start off by using this piece of wood. 我用这块木料开始干。迅速跑开
The rabbit started off as soon as it smelt the dogs.野兔一嗅到有狗的气味便迅速跑开了。
carry 表示载有；
a crew of 一组人员
全体船员, 全体机务人员 The plane crashed, killing all its passengers and crew.
飞机失事了, 所有乘客和机组人员都遇难了。一队(或一班、一组)工作人员
They are the stage crews for the new play. 他们是这台新戏的舞台工作人员。
Even by… by : according to 表示依据
modern standards 现代的标准
by regulation 依据规则 ; by rules 依据条例
by our estimate 根据我们的估计
by one’s looks / by one’s appearance 根据某人的长相
according to 依据 （事实、课文等客观存在的现实）
according to the fact 依据事实
according to the text 依据这篇课文
在我看来： in my opinion
according to / in accordance with
in accordance with 更加正式
in accordance with law 依据法律
in accordance with rules
in accordance with the principles of consultations on an equal footing根据平等协商的原则
at that time 在当时
not only… but (also )… 不仅…而且
be regarded as: be considered to be, be thought of as 把…看作为
口语中： regard sb. / sth. as + (n. / pron. / adj. / doing / done)
Eg: I regarded his idea as totally unacceptable.
We can’t regard the matter as settled.
unsinkable adj.不会下沉的,不会沉底的
invincible adj.不可战胜的; 不能征服的
They are invincible in battle.他们打起仗来战无不胜。
an invincible army常胜军invincible opposition顽强的抵抗invincible difficulties不可克服的困难
invincible armada.=[the Armada ] (=the Invincible A-)(1588年西班牙进攻英国时的)无敌舰队
for 表示原因
be able to 强调有能力 can
be remembered 被永远记住
go down: sink
on her first / maiden voyage/virgin (of an aircraft or ship) 处女航,首航
补充：debut [deibu:]n.〈法〉演员首次演出
She made her debut album in 1973.她在1973年推出她的第一套唱片集。
with heavy loss of life 损失惨重，造成大批人员的死亡
补充：casualty=injuries and deaths；常用casualties
n.伤亡者 受害者, 牺牲品
She read through the casualty list anxiously.她忧虑地把伤亡人员名单从头到尾看了一遍。
Mr. Jones was the first casualty of the firm's cut-backs.琼斯先生在公司裁员中是第一个受害者。
伤亡惨重suffer heavy casualties;(take) a heavy toll of lives;
战争给作战双方都造成很大伤亡。The war produced many casualties in both armies.
four days after setting out… : four days after setting off…
…spotted（第一课）…: suddenly discovered by a look out
icy waters 水域，海域
Can a leopard change its spots?
the alarm had been given 发出警报 =raise the alarm / sound alarms / give the alert
to avoid…不定式表目的
a direct collision -------head-on collision
正面对撞；迎面相撞
sharp sharpen
sharpen one’s competitiveness(competitive edge)
pencil sharpener
Panasonic
Toshiba
National
Walls have ears.
Not…at all =
not ..in the slightest=
not …in the least
just in time 很及时
missing 现在分词做状语，表示对主句的补充说明
sharply adv.锐利地,急剧地-narrowly 勉强地
which 指代the immense wall of ice
from below 从下方 from above 从上方
… so faint that no one thought that…
so… that…
to one’s horror 使某人感到惊讶
dumbfounded adj.惊呆的;目瞪口呆的 She was dumbfounded by the terrible news. 她被这可怕的消息惊呆了。
five of her sixteen watertight compartments had been filled with water.
The order was given 命令被下达
to abandon ship 弃船，不定式做定语
As (because) there were not enough lifeboats… 1,500 lives died.
the order was given. 命令被下达
to abandon ship 弃船 不定式做做定语
ability 能力
the ability to do sth.
order sb. to do sth.
be capable of doing sth. 强调有做某事的能力
capability of doing sth. 做某事的能力
Man proposes; God disposes.
physicist physician surgeon
mine mime Charlie Chaplin miner
originality 新颖性；创新
be slow/quick on the trigger/switch
He’s a nice lad, but a little bit slow on the trigger.
duel
air hostess
stewardess
fly attendant /flight attendant
welcome aboard /on board
at home and aboard
veer
cave exploration
No investigation, no right to speak.
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
enquire
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