§ Lesson 11 Not guilty 无罪
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
★guilty adj. 犯罪的，违法的
The thief sought forgiveness for his guilty acts.那小偷乞求宽恕他的罪行。
内疚的
Then I would be guilty too.那样的话我也要感到内疚了。
He felt guilty when he did what he shouldn’t have done.
He said that with a guilty smile.
guilt n. 有罪, 对罪行有责任
The guilt of the accused man was in doubt.被告之罪尚有疑问。
confess one's guilt坦白认罪
guiltily (adv.有罪地, 有罪似地)
反义词：innocent, innocence n. not guilty; sinless；guiltless
★tolerant adj. 宽容的，容忍的, 忍受的
She's tolerant toward those impudent colleagues.她对那些无礼的同事采取容忍的态度。
a tolerant person must be easy going.
tolerantly ad.
tolerance n. 宽容, 容忍
He has a sense of humour plus tolerance and patience.他具有幽默感又能宽容和忍耐。
忍耐力Human beings have limited tolerance of noise.人类对噪音的忍耐力有限。
偏差, 公差It has a tolerance of 0.001 of an inch.允许有0.001英寸的偏差。
tolerate vt. 容许; 承认
The teacher cannot tolerate eating on the class.老师不容许在课堂上吃东西。
忍受; 容忍She can tolerate that rude fellow.她能容忍那个粗鲁的家伙。
tolerable adj. 可以忍受的，说得过去的；好的, 尚可以的, 过得去的; [口]可算得健康的
be in tolerable health身体还好The pain was severe, but tolerable.疼痛剧烈, 但尚能忍受。
★declare vt.宣布, 宣告; 声明
He declared that the meeting has been postponed.他宣布会议已延期了。
断言, 宣称He declared (that) he was right.他力陈他是对的。
vi.申报
He should declare at customs.他应该报关。
declare war宣战declare peace宣布和平declare sb. (to be) innocent宣布某人无罪
She declared that she didn't want to see him again.她宣称她再也不愿见到他。
Have you anything to declare?你有东西要申报吗? (指应纳税的东西) Anything to declare?
★hardened adj. 有经验的（侧重于老练的）; (意见等)坚定; (行情等)看涨; (市场)稳定
Her mind hardened at the thought of the difficulties awaiting her.
当她想到面临着许多困难时, 她的意志更坚定了。
a hardened player
a hardened thief
experienced (侧重于有经验的)
an experienced teacher
★professional adj. 职业的，专业的------amateur adj.业余的, 非职业的
amateurish adj.外行的, 不熟练的
The concert was rather an amateurish affair.这场音乐会颇有些外行客串的味道。
a professional player 选手She is a professional actress.她是职业演员。
内行的, 有经验的
You’d better get professional advice before buying stocks.你在买股票前, 最好听听行家的意见。
有意的, 故意的
The footballer made a professional foul.那位足球运动员故意犯规。
n.具有某专业资格的人, 专业人士
I need a professional to sort out my finances.我需要专业人士为我管理财务。
内行, 专家She is a real professional.她真内行。
专门职业者, 职业选手
The professionals played football very well.这些专业足球运动员踢得棒极了。
★smuggler n. 走私者 drug smuggler 毒品走私犯=drug trafficker（(非法)买卖的人）毒品走私贩=drugg runner 运毒者
The police caught an international arms trafficker.警察抓到了一个国际武器贩子。
smuggle 偷带进[带出](in; out; over); 私运
smuggle a letter into [out of] a prison偷偷把一封信带进[出]监狱
Heroin has been smuggled out by sea.海洛因已从海上偷运出境。
补充：marijuana?[,m?ri'hwɑ:n?] n. also marihuana,大麻(烟)
Marijuana is a common form of the drug.大麻是麻醉品中普通的一种。
冰毒ice; smokable methamphetamine?[,meθ?'fet?min]??? n.甲基苯丙胺,脱氧麻黄碱(一种中枢兴奋药)
★officious adj. 过分殷勤的; 爱管闲事的; 爱显示权力的a lot of old ladies are officious.
(外交)非正式的, 非官方的an officious statement非正式声明officious interference不必要的干涉
officiously adv.
officiousness n.
officious civil servant / public servant / government functionary (或employee) 好管闲事的公务员
an officious police officer
official 官方的，官员的，正式的
An official inquiry will be made into this matter. 对此事将进行一次官方调查
They have got some official figures.他们得到一些官方数字。
同义词：nosy adj. <口>好管闲事的;爱追问的=have a big nose nosiness n.好打听,爱管闲事
That old lady is very nosy, so nobody likes to talk to her.
那个老妇人是个包打听,因此没有人喜欢跟她说话。大鼻子的 香味(或臭味)的包打听；好管闲事的人 Our next door neighbour is a real nosy parker. He always has to know everything about everybody on our street. 我们隔壁的邻居真是个包打听，这条街上所有住户的事他都想知道。
stickybeak n.〈澳口〉爱管闲事者,爱打听的人
love meddling in other people's affairs; have an oar in every man's boatquidnunc 英[?kwidn??k] n. 爱管闲事的人; 喜欢探听的人,爱说长道短的人
★confidently adj. 自信地
He went to do the work confidently.= with confidence 充满信心的
confident adj.确信的, 肯定的I feel confident that we will win.我确信我们将胜利。
有信心的, 自信的I am fully confident that ...=I hold it firmly that …=in the full conviction that
We need a confident leader to overcome these difficulties.
我们需要一个有信心的领导者来克服这些困难。
confidence n. a vote of confidence信任投票
confidence in currency对货币的信任business confidence经营信心
I'm telling you this in strict confidence.我告诉你此事系绝密。
She lacks confidence in herself.她缺乏自信心。
We have full confidence that we shall succeed.我们完全有把握取得成功。
He has the confidence to deny it.他竟有胆量否认它。
have confidence 有信心
gain confidence 获得信心
in confidence 悄悄的，秘密的 = secretly
take sb. into one’s confidence 以某人为心腹
Eg: The boss take his secretary into his confidence.
★ dreadful adj. 可怕的，一团糟的= frightful （表示胆怯的，恐惧的）, 令人畏惧的
He told me a dreadful story.他给我讲了一个可怕的故事。
极端的, 极其大的I'm afraid it's all a dreadful mistake.看来全都大错特错了。
糟糕的, 讨厌的, 烦人的The play last night was just dreadful.昨晚的戏真没意思。
dreadful (侧重于可怕的，乱七八糟的)
★pounce vi.突然袭击, 猛扑;猛抓， 扑住
The cat pounced on the mouse.猫会猛然向那只老鼠扑过去。
★ perfume n. 香水This kind of perfume is made in England.这种香水产于英国。
vt. 使发香, 洒香水于; 把...弄香
perfume one's hair在头发上洒香水Flowers perfumed the air.空气中弥漫着花香。
fragrance:（抽象名词） 芬芳，芳香
★sarcastically adv. 讽刺地
sarcastic adj. 讥讽的, 讽刺的, 挖苦的She has a sarcastic tongue.她喜欢挖苦人。
sarcasm n. 讥讽, 讽刺, 挖苦His sarcasm hurt her feelings.他的讽刺伤害了她的感情。
heap burning satire and freezing irony upon sb. 对某人大加冷嘲热讽
squelch sb. with biting sarcasm用尖刻的挖苦话压服人
▼
squelch vt.制止; 压制; 遏制; 限制squelch a riot压制一场暴动
squelch sb. with a look of contempt以蔑视的眼光阻止某人讲话
★ exempt adj. 被免除的, 被豁免的
These goods are exempt from customs duties.这些货物免征关税。
vt.使免除[豁免]His bad eyesight exempted him from military service.他因视力不好而免服兵役。
★duty n. 税New duties will be imposed on wines and spirits.酒类要征收新税。
Customs Duty:关税Stamp duty 印花税duty free （免税的） shop 免税商店
同义词 tax individual income tax 个人所得税
duty专门指关税，是对商品征收的税，而tax指的是政府向个人征收的税款。
★gel n.凝胶, 冻胶
vi.形成胶体; 胶凝, 胶化This liquid gels faster in cold weather.这种液体天冷时凝结得快些。
成形My ideas are beginning to gel.我的想法逐渐形成了。
★ mixture n. 混合物
Air is a mixture, not a compound of gases. 空气是气体的混合物, 不是化合物。
She is mixing the mixture of flour and water.她正在搅和面粉与水的混合物。
混杂的事物[人群]混合(状态)
He stood in a mixture of desire and apprehensions.他怀着渴望和恐惧交加的心情伫立着。
mix v. mix sth. with混合, 搅和
He was preparing fodder, chopping finely and mixing thoroughly.他在准备饲料, 把它切碎、拌好。
(使)结交, (使)交往
She doesn't mix well.她不善与人相处。
n.混合, 结合
His first reaction was a strange mix of joy and anger.他第一反应很奇怪, 高兴和愤怒掺杂在一起。
食物混合配料Cake is made from a packaged mix.糕点是由一包现成的配料制成的。
★unscrew v. 拧开, 从…旋出螺丝,旋开,旋松
screw n.螺丝钉The handle of this door is kept by two screws.这扇门的把手用两枚螺丝钉固定。
vt.用螺丝拧紧Squeaking floorboards should be screwed down.踏上去咯咯作响的地板应用螺钉钉住。
vt. & vi.旋, 扭; 拧The two pieces screw together easily.这两个部件很容易拧紧。
screw up
拧紧Can you screw up this handle for me?你能帮我把这个把手拧紧吗?
扭歪(脸)He screwed up his face at the nasty smell.闻到这令人作呕的气味, 他皱眉蹙额。
〈非正〉把…搞糟
It was such a simple plan; how could you have screwed it up?
这是个很简单的计划, 你怎么会把它弄得一团糟呢?
★nostril n. 鼻孔The horse dilated its nostrils.马张大鼻孔。
dilate?? 英[da?'le?t, 'da?,le?t] 美[da?'let, 'da?,let]vt. & vi.(使某物)扩大, 膨胀, 张大
Her eyes dilated with terror.她吓得瞪大了眼睛。
??
★chalk n. 粉笔chalk line(田径)场上白线
chalkboard n. 黑板; 粉板
★ baggage n. (美)行李 baggage ticket 行李票 baggage train 行李搬运车
baggage car n.(铁路)行李车厢,(铁路)邮件车厢 baggage claim 领取行李
同义词 luggage
four pieces of luggage四件行李check one's luggage寄存行李, 打行李票
【课文讲解】
quite tolerant
我们在运用形容词、动词时，往往需要用副词来强调。
really表示“真正地”; 确实地; 实际上
Really, that was a terrible mistake.说真的, 那是非常严重的错误。a really officious person
很, 十分, 全然It's really cold today.今天非常冷。
Tell me what you really think.把你的真心话告诉我吧。
A: We passed the winter in Mexico. 甲:我们在墨西哥度过了冬天。
B: Really -? 乙: 真的吗?
强调“特别，尤其是” particularly
强调“绝对的” absolutely
强调“完全的，彻底的” completely, entirely, fully, thoroughly, totally
fairly adv.相当地, 还算（语气一般）
-- a fairly good book. 一本还算可以的书。
very（语气程度强烈“非常”）
-- a very good book. 一本非常好的书。
rather 语意程度接近fairly, 注意不冠词的位置。
-- a rather good book = rather a good book (更常用)
quite adv.完全地; 整体地; 十分地Are you quite ready?你完全准备好了吗?
有几分; 颇; 相当It was quite good, but not perfect.它相当不错, 但还不完善。
〈尤英〉同意, 不错; 对的He is quite drunk.他确实喝醉了。
quite right / quit wrong / quite mistaken / quite sure
even really honest people...
a particularly officious young Customs officer...are made to feel guilty
make, have, let 及感官性动词see, hear, notice, feel 用于主动语态，符合宾语不定式的to符号应该省略。但这种结构改成被动式时，不定式符号必须还原。
We heard someone come up the stairs.
Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
On (the) one hand…, on the other hand
On the one hand we could stay and help you, but on the other hand it might be better if you went to help him instead.
hidden in his suitcase
过去分词短语作定语，修饰watches.
even if / though he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase.
looking me in the eye: 两眼直盯盯的注视着我
look sb. in the face, stare sb. in the eye = look directly at sb.
Not one of the men dared look him in the eye. 没有人敢正眼看他。
‘No‘, I answered confidently.
‘Would you mind unlocking this suitcase please?‘ ‘Not at all,‘ I answered.
Would you mind unlocking this suitcase, please?
注意：mind后面的动名词形式
The Officer went through the case with great care. = The Officer examined the case carefully.
go through 检查, 审查, 搜查
They went through our luggage at the customs.海关人员仔细检查了我们的行李。
完成, 做完Let's go through the exercises.咱们把这些练习做完。
练习The artists were going through their daily routines.艺术家们正进行日常的练习活动。
遭受, 经受, 经历When he was a child, he went through one hardship after another.
孩提时代, 他经历了一个又一个的艰难困苦。
穿过, 通过The river goes through the city.这条河流穿过这个城市。
用完, 用掉
We've gone through all those envelopes I bought last week.我们用完了我上周买的所有的信封。
看完How long will it take to go through the book?读完这本书要多少时间?
讨论Let's go through the plan again.让我们再详细地讨论这项计划吧。
补充：rummage
n. (尤指海关人员的)翻查, 搜查, 查寻
He had a good rummage inside the sofa.他把沙发内部彻底搜寻了一翻。
vi.翻找, 搜寻Who's been rummaging through my papers?谁乱翻我的文件来着？
rummage sale拍卖; 处理品廉价出售; 义卖
with great care----强调相当的仔细
in a mess:乱作一团 in a dreadful mess
介词in 和名词搭配，表示一种状态
秩序井然： in good order
身体健康： in good health
心情好： in a good mood
脾气好： in a good temper
light up:喜气洋洋，容光焕发;(使)变得喜悦, (使)兴奋起来
Her face lit up when she heard the news.当她听到这个消息时, 她的脸上闪出喜悦的光彩。
Eg: Masha's face lit up when she saw her old friend.
His face lighted up at the small triumph.
Tom really lighted up when he saw the new biccycle.
light up 照亮, 亮起来The room suddenly lit up.房间的灯突然亮了。
点烟, 开始吸烟He struck a match and lit up.他划着一根火柴, 点火抽烟。
开街灯或车灯
Drivers who forget to light up at night often cause accidents.晚上忘记开车灯的司机常常出车祸。
light有两种过去分词，过去式形式：lit, lighted
但是如果运用过去分词作定语，表示被点燃的。要用lighted
一只被点燃的雪茄：a lighted cigar
点燃的火炬： a lighted stick.
介词短语－－with delight “欣喜若狂的”
with和抽象名词搭配，表示内心充满了一种感情
自信地： with confidence
细心地： with care
骄傲的： with pride
欣喜若狂的：with delight
惊讶的： with surprise
pounce on:向…猛扑过去，对…大做文章
Eg: The policeman pounced on the thief.
Don't pounce on my mistake.
should have 和过去分词搭配，表示本应该做某事却没有做，具有谴责性的味道。
You should have arrived here five minutes earlier.
You should have told me about it.
本不应该做某事：shouldn’t have done
exempt:免除的，被免除的 be ~ from
Drinks are not exempt from import duty.
as----关系代词， 引导非限制性定语从句。他所指代的内容就是主句的整个句子的含义。
As we know, the earth is round. (众所周知)
As Brian pointed out, …（正如…所指出的）
正如我很快得知的：as sb. mentioned
关系代词as 和which的区别：
as 所引导 的非限制性定语从句，可用在主句之前
which 引导的非限制性定语从句，只能用在主句之后。
副词形式：encouragingly ad.鼓励地
He was greeted by an unpleasant smell…
greet:问候，向…致意；觉察到, 呈现在…眼前，在…耳边
I woke up and was greeted by a bird’s song. 当我醒来时, 耳边是鸟鸣声。
Inside the room a dreadful mess greeted us. 当我进入房间，眼前是一堆乱七八糟的东西。
When he went into the kitchen, a smell greeted him.
precious: adj.宝贵的, 珍贵的, 贵重的, 珍爱的
He has sent me most precious gifts.他送给我极其珍贵的礼物。
矫揉造作的
She was a precious, old-fashioned lady in her 90's.她是一个90多岁的、过分讲究的旧式老太太。
adv.〈口〉很, 非常
Precious few people can afford prices like that.没有什么人出得起那个价钱。
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§ Lesson 12 Life on a desert island 荒岛生活
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
★desert island 荒岛
desert : 沙漠
vt.舍弃, 遗弃Never desert a friend in need.决不要抛弃有困难的朋友。
vi.开小差, 逃亡Many soldiers deserted during the battle.在那次战斗中许多士兵开小差了。
dessert:(餐后)甜食, 甜点 We had ice cream for dessert. 我们餐后吃的甜点是冰淇淋。dim sum
★unrealistic adj. 不真实的；不切实际的,不实在的
realistic adj.现实的, 实际可行的; 现实主义的She is a realistic woman.她是位很实际的女人。
★paradise n. 天堂，乐土,天国
a lot of people imagine the USA as their paradise.
Parts of California seem like paradise to me.加利福尼亚的一些地区对我来说就像天堂一样。Heaven
Up above there is paradise,
Down here Suzhou and Hangzhou
伊甸园
Adam and Eve dwelt in paradise.亚当和夏娃生活在伊甸园里。
理想[完美]的地方, 乐园, 乐土These forests are a hunter's paradise.这片森林是猎人的乐园。
完美快乐的境界, 至福, 极乐Being alone is her idea of paradise.她认为一人独处最美。
heaven: 天堂，天国，也指死亡
★wretched adj. 可怜的，艰苦的 很不愉快的, 不幸的; 沮丧的
He was wretched when he failed the examination.由于考试不及格, 他很痛苦。
a wretched life悲惨的生活a wretched inn糟糕不堪的旅馆wretched weather恶劣的气候
miserable adj.悲惨的, 不幸的, 可怜的We have led a miserable life.我们过了一段悲惨的生活。
令人痛苦的; 令人不快的They started their holiday on a miserable day.他们假期开始时天气很不好。
低劣的; 贫乏的He was born in a miserable family.他出身于一个贫困的家庭。
卑鄙的, 可耻的, 可恶的What a miserable old devil he was!他是多么可恶的吝啬鬼呀！
lead a wretched / miserable / terrible life
★starve v. 挨饿starve to death
Because there is no food, the people are starving.由于没有食品, 所以人们在挨饿。
★element n. 成分, 要素, 原件Cells are the elements of the human body.细胞是人体基本单位。
一伙人They are the undesirable elements among the employees.他们是雇员中的不良分子。
基础, 纲要, 原理The elements of physics are difficult to grasp.物理原理是很难掌握的。
补充：grain n.少量；微量；一点儿grains of sand 沙子
without a grain of common sense 一点儿常识也没有
with some grains of allowance 有所保留地；不全信地
★opportunity n. 机会, 时机
He sought opportunities of doing her little service.他寻找机会为她尽一点力。
golden opportunity 绝佳的机会opportunity knocks only once 千载难逢的机会
chance 表机会时可以与opportunity 互换，表可能性时则不可
I had chance / opportunity of visiting Paris.
There is a chance that ….I will see him. 有可能…..
Chances (或The chances) are (that) the new machine will arrive tomorrow.
新机器明天可能运到。
The chances are ten to one that we will win. 我们十之八九会赢。
The chances are that he will be elected the president.
The chances are that he will past his examination next week.
+ of, to
He had not opportunity to see her.
★coral n. 珊瑚 The ship was wrecked on a coral reef.这条船在珊瑚暗礁上撞毁了。
maid maiden
★Virgin Islands 维尔京群岛 archipelago n.群岛, 列岛
peninsula n. 半岛
Korean Peninsula Nuclear Issue
★Miami n. 迈阿密 （美国最南的城市, 美国佛罗里州Florida达东南部港市）
★dinghy, dingey n. 救生筏，小船 无篷小船, 小艇 橡皮艇救生船=lifeboat
dingy adj.暗淡的, 乏味的 肮脏的
★Caribbean n. 加勒比海
Pirates of Caribbean 加勒比海盗
Pirated VCDs, DVDs
★spear gun 捕鱼枪 fishing pole 钓鱼竿/ fishing bait=bait 渔饵
★lobster n. 龙虾 cray-fish n.淡水螯虾(肉)
★tanker n. 油轮=oil tanker;运送大量液体或气体的轮船[卡车]; 油轮; 罐车; 油槽车
aircraft tanker 空中加油机
aircraft carrier 航空母舰=carrier
★genuinely adv. 由衷地
He is genuinely thankful/grateful to me.
genuine adj.真的, 非人造的This medal is made of genuine gold.这枚奖章是真金制成的。
a genuine diamond真钻石a genuine signature亲笔签字
a genuine person诚恳的人a genuine breed纯种
真诚的, 真心的
As time went on, a genuine friendship grew up between us.
随着时间的推移, 我们之间产生了一种真挚的友情。
n. genuineness
★Robinson Crusoe 鲁滨逊·克鲁索（英国小说家 Daniel Defoe 所著小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》主人公）
【课文讲解】
form an unrealistic picture of sth.
对...抱有不切实际的幻想
▽
picture n. 情况, 事态, 局面
It is hard to form a true picture of conditions in that country.
很难想像那个国家的真实情况。
A large number of people have formed an unrealistic picture of the job.
form（v.形成, 构成）= develop（vt.逐渐形成）
-- develop a habit = form a habit 养成一种习惯
imagine sth. to be / imagine sth. as
Some people imagine flying to be more dangerous than traveling by train.
A large number people imagin the USA as their paradise.
a sort of
sort of
I am sort of tired.
rain or shine, I will go.
quite the opposite: 恰恰相反=quite different= quite the reverse=quite the contrary
either…or…
Either you or I am going to the party. (谓语动词和最接近的主语保持一致。)
Either coming or go out don’t stand on the doorway.要么进来，要么出去，不要站在门口。
an element of truth: a bit of truth
optimistic: 乐观的
pessimistic: 消极的，悲观的
wish做谓语动词，其后的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气；虚拟语气的结构形式取决于所表达的实际情况：
1.如果表达对现在的遗憾或与现在相反的情况，that从句中的动词要采用过去时，be 动词要用were
I wish you could drive a car.
2.如果表达对过去的遗憾或与过去相反的情况，that从句中的动词要采用过去完成时
I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.
I wish that you had written to him.
3. 如果表达与将来事实相反或将来不可能实现的心愿，that从句中要使用would, could等情态动词的过去时
I wish that I could go abroad tomorrow.
I wish that you could come here tomorrow.
if only要比 wish 更富有戏剧性和感彩
-- If only the weather would change. = I wish the weather would change.
要是天气转晴该有多好啊！
-- We wish that we knew where to look for him. = If only we knew where to look for him.
要是我们知道到哪去找他该有多好啊！
-- If only we could have gone to the party. 要是我们昨天能参加那个聚会该有多好啊！
-- If only you hadn’t said that. 你要是不说那句话多好啊！
-- If only you would come here tomorrow. 你明天要是能来该有多好啊！
have it repaired （have sth done）
have sb. do
begin/start to do/doing sth.
load with 把…装载到…上
Eg: The workers are loading the truck with goods.
unload: 卸
hardly any: very little / few（hardly adv.刚刚, 几乎不）
Eg: Hardly anybody likes him becaues he is so rude.
You hardly eat anything, what's wrong?
freshwater
prove to be===turn out to be
put: express
If only we could have stayed on the desert island a little bit longer.
idle
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16
§ Lesson 13 ‘It’s only me’ “是我，别害怕”
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
◆ costume n. 化装服服装, 服装式样,戏服
The actor came on in full costume.那个男演员身穿全套戏装登场。
costume ball 化妆舞=costume party costume piece 古装剧
fancy (dress ) party 化妆舞会 suit 西服，西装dress 裙子
◆consist v. 由...组成
consist of--由…组成（表示被动概念）=be made up of=comprise =be composed of (强调由什么成分所构成)
Eg: Our class consist of 100 students.
The United Kingdom consists of G.B. and Northern Ireland.
The house consists of six rooms.
be composed of----
Water is composed of oxygen and hydrogen.
constitute v.----由部分构成整体
The committee consists of 10 members. = Ten members constitute the committee.
◆sheet n. 被单, 褥单, 床单=bed-sheet, bed-spread
She turned him down like a bedspread. 她对他翻了脸，就像把床罩翻过来一样。Mother raised the roof when she saw the dog’s muddy foot prints on her new bedspread.看见新床单上有狗的泥脚印时，妈妈大发雷霆。
◆effective adj. 有明显效果的，有作用的；有效的; 生效的
The costume is quite effective. His words were effective.
These are effective measures.这些都是有效的措施。
事实上的, 实际的
Her brother is the king, but she is the effective ruler.她的兄弟是国王, 但她才是实际的主宰者。
给人印象深刻的
The book has a very effective closing chapter.这本书的结尾一章给人印象极深。
influential: 有潜移默化影响力的; 有影响的, 有权势的
He is a very influential man in the government.他在政府中是个很有影响的人物。
What our parents do is influential to children.
efficacious: （药、措施等）有效的，灵验的efficacious against fever有退热的功效
Vaccination for smallpox is efficacious.种牛痘防天花是有效的。
The drug is efficacious.
fruitful: adj.有成效的 成功的, 富有成效的
It was a fruitful meeting; we made a lot of important decisions.
这是一次很有成效的会议, 我们做出了许多重大决定。
多产的, 果实累累的
He is really a fruitful novelist.他真是一位多产的小说家。
Their experiment is fruitful.
◆comfortable adj. 舒适的;安逸的, 使人舒服的
Tom gratefully took in the comfortable sitting room.汤姆感激地接受了那间舒适的起居室。
丰富的He has a comfortable income.他有相当宽裕的收入。
Please make yourself comfortable.别客气。
反义词：uncomfortable
comfort n. 舒适 adj. 安慰 discomfort n. 不舒适
In spite of discomforts he is determined to stay here.
◆storeroom n. 储藏室; 贮藏室; 商品陈列室=storage room
◆electricity n. 电 National Power Grid 国家电力网
◆metre n. 电表, 计, 表, 仪表 milometer n. 里程表
The man from the gas board came to read the gas meter.煤气公司派来的人来查煤气表的读数。
◆ pace n.一步, 步子=step
She finished only a few paces behind the winner.到达终点时, 她仅比获胜者落后几步。
vt. & vi.踱步于, 走动
He turned on the light and began to pace backwards and forwards.他打开电灯并开始走来走去。
步速; 计划进度I cannot walk at that pace.我不能以那种速度行走。
溜蹄, 步法The natural paces of the horse include the walk, the trot and the gallop.
马的自然溜蹄包括走步、小跑和飞奔。
以步测量, 步测
I think the hall is 80 metres long; I'll pace it.我估计这大厅有80米长; 我来步测一下。
为…定步速
She knew how fast she was running, because her trainer was pacing her on a bicycle.
她知道她当时跑得多快, 因为她的教练骑着自行车在为她定步速。
◆flee (fled, fled ) v. 逃走=run away=go away
flee:(vt.)(vi.)(总称)泛泛强调逃离危险的境地 逃离, 逃避
Why does she always flee any kind of responsibility?她为什么总是逃避责任?
Eg: The people fled in panic when the bull got loose松脱.
escape:逃出监狱，逃出牢笼
vt. 逃掉，逃出
Eg: He was able to escape from the house.
I am sorry your name escaped me. 很抱歉， 我忘记你的名字了。
They tried to escape death.
◆slam v. 砰地关上(门或窗)The door slammed.门砰地关上了。
vt.猛烈抨击The film was slammed by many reviewers.这部电影受到许多评论者的猛烈抨击。
n.猛然关闭的声音
They were surprised by the slam of a car door.关汽车门时发出的声音使他们很吃惊。
slam the door.
同义词：bang
【课文讲解】
too…to…太… 而不能
不定式to,在大部分情况下，表示否定概念。
not / never too … to …：并不太… 所以能够
One is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老
The question is not too difficult for me to answer.
如果在副词 too 前发现修饰语 all, but only, 不定式to 的概念也是肯定的
Eg: They are all too satisfied to work with you. 他们都非常满意很想和你一起工作
I am only too glad to have someone to speak to.我太高兴了，很想找个人说话
He was but too eager to get home.他太急于要回家了。
would be doing sth 是将来进行时的过去时，多与将来某个确定的时点相连。
见附件背景材料 will be doing 的用法
将来进行时的用法
1) 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。
She'll be coming soon.
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.
注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.
2）常用的时间状语
Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach
intended to = mean to :有什么打算，意图；打算(做)..., 想要(做)...
intend vt.意欲, 打算He seems to intend mischief.看来他想捣蛋。
打算使, 想让…做She intended that her daughter should study English.她想让她的女儿学英语。
dress up as: 化妆成为
the night before:前一个晚上（以过去的某一个时间为基准点）
last night:昨天晚上（以现在为基准点）
The night before she got everything ready.
She was impatient (eager, anxious ) to try it on.
be impatient to do sth: 急于要做某事，迫不及待
= eager, anxious, hungry, thirsty, desperate, can’t wait (口)
更焦急的情况用desperate( be desperate to do sth),口语中用can't wait.(can't wait to do sth.)
adj.不耐烦的, 急躁的
He gave another impatient glance at his watch.他又一次不耐烦地看了看他的表。
热切的, 急切的She's impatient for her father's arrival.她急切地盼望着父亲的到来。
an impatient answer不耐烦的回答be impatient to start a journey急于动身去旅行
try on: 试穿I'd like to try on that blue wool coat.我想试穿那件蓝色的毛外衣。
耍花招, 哄骗It's no use your trying it on with me.你想骗我是徒劳的。
After putting it on: 穿上以后
put on穿上, 戴上; 把…放在…上
He put on his best clothes for the party.为参加晚会他穿上了最好的衣服。
上演, 演出; 展览They are going to put on Hamlet.他们将上演《哈姆雷特》。
假装, 装出
He puts on a smile which makes other people feel be.他装出一副笑脸, 这使人们更信任他。
增加; 增加(费用)
He has put on weight during the last two months.他上两个月里体重增加了。
打开She put the radio on to listen to the news.她打开收音机收听新闻。
做饭菜He put the lunch on immediately after he came home.一回到家他就开始做饭。
装(船、火车、飞机)The workers are bringing things to put on the ship.工人正在运货装船。
押赌注
Many people are putting their money on Jim to win the race.
许多人下了赌注, 认为吉姆会赢得这场赛跑比赛。
强使承担(责任等)
Why are you trying to put the blame on me?你为什么总想把责任推到我身上呢?
分配任务Who are you putting on the special report?你让谁作那个专门的报告呢?
动词不定式to wear, 用来修饰说明comfortable, 作它的状语
The book is difficult to read.
The dress is easy to wash.
Your handwriting is easy to recognize.
it would be comfortable (for her ) to wear.
It is easy for me to read
主动形式————表达被动概念
The music is sweet to hear.
The machine needs repairing
“需要……” 被动概念，用need,want和动名词形式直接搭配
need可以和不定式的被动式或动名词连用
Your hair needs to be cut／needs cutting．你需要理发了。
The windows need to be washed／need washing．这些窗户需要擦洗了。
这里可以用want+动名词代替：Your hair wants cutting．你需要理发了。
Eg: The dictionary is worth buying.
The book is worth reading.
The house is under construction
The puma is under control.
The problem is under discussion.
The thief is under arrest.
介词under可以表达被动的意味
Eg: The airport came into use again.
came into use:不及物动词短语
Our time has already gone to waste. （浪费掉，付诸东流）
She is a respectable person. (被尊敬的人)
-able 形容词后缀，跟在动词后表达“能够被…的“
This is a returnable bottle.
“由…所组成”：consist of, comprise 本身表达被动概念，结构形式为主动。
There was a knock on the front door: 有人有敲门
come in:进来
straight adv.直接地; 径直地
His hot pancakes are delicious, you buy them straight from the kitchen to eat in your hands.他卖的热烙饼味道真好, 一做好你就可以直接买来用手拿着吃。
立即, 马上He went straight from school to university.他中学一毕业就马上进了大学。
if ever很少, 难得---ever用语条件句，表示任何时候，任何场合==when ever
His children rarely, if ever, see him at his place of work.
孩子们很少在父亲的工作地点看到他。
如果……的话
Eg: If ever you see George give him my best regards.
When ever he is in trouble I'll be on the spot.
Not wanting----分词的否定结构形式，做原因状语。多用于句首，也可插入句中，主谓之间。
Eg: Not wanting to make her nervous, the doctor didn’t fully explain the seriousness of her condition.=The doctor, not wanting to make her nervous, didn’t fully explain the seriousness of her condition.
Electricity Board 供电局 State Power Grid 国家电网公司
read the metre: 查电表
saying---现在分词做伴随状语
let out a cry 大叫了一声===utter / give a cry.
let out 发出==give
let out 使出来, 放出Please let the water out of the bathtub.请把浴缸里的水放掉。
〈主英〉出租(某物)He used to let out cars by the day.他惯常按日出租汽车。
使(火)熄灭Don't let the fire out, will you?别让火熄灭, 好吗?
〈非正〉使(某人)得到解〔开〕脱
“The regular teacher is back, isn't he?”“Good, that lets me out!”
“那位正式教员回来了, 对吗?”“好哇, 那我就算解脱了。”
〈非正〉打〔骂〕(某人)
Cass let out in all directions but his attackers were too strong for him.
卡斯左踢右打, 但攻击他的人比他厉害得多。
〈美, 非正〉解散; 放学When does your school let out?你们学校什么时间放学?
〈非正〉泄露秘密Someone had let the news out.有人把这消息泄漏出去了。
shout 高呼，高喊，有目的的
shout to sb 对某人高声喊
shout at sb 对某人大喊大叫
jump back several pases
〈俚〉大声喧闹, 吵翻天 The children are raising the roof in the next room; tell them to keep quiet.
孩子们在隔壁吵得太厉害了, 叫他们安静点。发火
He is apt to raise the roof. 他很容易发怒。
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2
§ Lesson 14 A noble gangster 贵族歹徒
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
★gangster n. 歹徒，强盗 a gangster film匪盗影片a band of gangsters 一伙强盗
gangsterdom n.[集合词]匪徒, 歹徒, 恶棍; 黑社会
robber 抢劫犯，抢劫者；The policeman caught an armed robber.那警察抓住了一个持枪劫匪。
bandit 强盗,土匪Bandits broke into our house and stole all our money.
强盗闯入我们的住宅, 偷走了所有的钱
brigand (书面用语) (尤指流窜或在山林中的)强盗，土匪，盗贼，草寇
They say there are brigands hiding along the way.他们说沿路隐藏着土匪。
hooligan 流氓，不良分子,小流氓, 街头恶棍
What are we going to do with these hooligans?我们怎么处置这些小流氓呢?
hoodlum (口语)罪犯，恶汉 强盗,无赖,阿飞,恶棍,流氓
rascal (口语)淘气，捣蛋鬼; 流氓, 无赖
If he had done otherwise, I should have thought him a rascal.
如果他不这样做, 我就认为他是个恶棍。
(开玩笑说法)淘气的人(尤指小孩), 恶作剧的人
悬疑片cliffhang films 枪战片gunfight films 警匪片shoot-outs films，cops and robbers movies
suspense film 悬疑片 tail 尾片白片 talent scout 星探 teaser 片头， thriller 惊悚片
timing 动作时机 titles 字幕 trailer 预告片 travelogue 观光影片
★Chicago n. 芝加哥 （美国中西部一大城市）芝加哥，地处北美大陆的中心地带，位于美国伊利诺州Illinois，是美国中西部地区最大城市，有将近300万人生活在这里。芝加哥是美国第三大城市，芝加哥及其郊区组成的大芝加哥地区的人口超过970万，是美国仅次于纽约市和洛杉矶的第三大都会区。
★protection n. 保护, 保卫
贸易保护措施Textile workers favored protection.纺织工人拥护贸易保护措施。
防护物 (向歹徒缴纳的)保护费=protection money 保护费
He was paying out half his profits as protection.他把所得利润的一半交给歹徒作为保护费。
protect v. protect from
We must protect our eyes from the sunshine.
protective adj. 保护的, 防护的
We feel safe with a protective device in the house.我们因为家里有了防护装置而感到安全。
显示保护意愿的
She's too protective towards her children; she should let them be more independent.
她对孩子太过于爱护, 她应当给他们更多的独立性。
protector n.保护者 保护装置; 保护器; 保护物
The swordsmen wore chest protectors.击剑运动员戴着护胸。
protege [pr?’tiei]n. 被保护者
★promptly adv. 准时地; 敏捷地,迅速地
I give him a ring and he calls me back promptly.
He was so sleepy that he went to sleep promptly.
on time准时/ in time及时
punctually adv. 守时地
sharp adv.准时地Please be on hand at 12 sharp.请在十二点整到这里来。
★destroy v. 毁掉；消灭;破坏, 毁灭
destroy 强调毁灭，消灭，完全的摧毁
Eg: The earthquake destroyed the city. / You destroyed his dream.
It seems he's destroying himself.他似乎正在毁灭自己。
The injured dog had to be destroyed.这只受伤的狗要予以人道毁灭。
damage 强调受损程度不很严重，可以被修复
break 强调弄坏，弄断Two of the strings were broken.
spoil 强调把事情搅和了
Eg: spoil the party. / spoil the holiday
★remarkable adj. unusual; uncommon; extraordinary不寻常的
a remarkable event 不同寻常的事件a remarkable change显著的变化
a remarkable work出色的工作[作品]be remarkable for one's bravery以勇敢著称
make oneself too remarkable(使自己)锋芒毕露
extraordinary adj.非常奇怪的
What an extraordinary hat!多么奇特的帽子呀！
非同寻常的, 特别的A trunk is extraordinary long!象的鼻子特别的长！
an extraordinary man非凡的人extraordinary kindness特别的和善
extraordinary weather反常的天气an envoy extraordinary特使
extraordinary power of the president总统的特权
an ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary 特命全权大使
Her strength of will is extraordinary.她意志的力量是不平常的。
额外安排的, 临时的
There will be an extraordinary meeting next Wednesday to discuss the emergency resolution.下星期三将有一个额外安排的会议专门讨论紧急决议。
an extraordinary event extraordinary session临时会议
outstanding adj. 突出的， 杰出的，卓越的
Eg: Our headmaster is an outstanding youth.
Her late husband was an outstanding scientist.她已故的丈夫是位杰出的科学家。
未偿付的, 未解决的
The outstanding bill must be paid next week.这笔未偿还的账下周必须还清。
地位显著的; 为人瞩目的
She is a painter outstanding for her landscapes.她是一位以风景画而出名的画家。
distinguished adj. 杰出的，卓越的，不同非凡的 以...著名的 (for, by)
distinguished guest贵宾distinguished marksman特等射手
distinguished services特殊的功劳[贡献]distinguished for diligence以勤劳著称
eminent adj. 显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的（指某人在世时的名誉，如死后仍出名，不能用eminent，应用famous）
Eg: a distinguished physicist; an eminent surgeon; an eminent judge; a distinguished lawyer
以上都可以用来修饰那些在严肃领域的人，比如科学，医学等等
(人)知名的; 受人尊崇的
We are expecting the arrival of an eminent scientist.我们正期待一位著名科学家的来访。
well-known adj. 强调众所周知的
He is one of the world's best-known writers.他是世界上最知名的作家之一。
famous adj. 因卓越的贡献和成绩而流芳百世的
Eg: She is well-known in the musical world. / This is well-known fact.
He is a famous moviestar. / Luxun is famous for his articles.
He is famous at fencing.他长于击剑。
fencing
n.击剑(运动)I did a bit of fencing while I was at college.我在大学时偶尔玩玩击剑。
筑篱笆[栅栏]的材料The fencing has been delivered to the site.筑篱材料已经运到工地。
notorious adj. 臭名昭著的，臭名远扬的;声名狼藉的； be notorious for bad things
He is a notorious rake( n.浪子, 流氓; 放荡的人).他是个声名狼藉的浪子。
a notorious gambler有名的赌棍be notorious for以...出名
It is notorious that ... 是众所周知的(事实)。
infarmous adj. 声名狼藉的(语气较弱) 丑恶的, 臭名昭著的
He is infamous for his dishonesty.他因不诚实而声名狼藉。infamous behaviour丑行
〈正〉邪恶的, 无耻的I was shocked by her infamous behaviour.她的无耻行径令我震惊。
an infamous plot罪大恶极的阴谋
renowned adj. 某人或某事以其独特的品质、个性而闻名
Eg: Hangzhou is renowned for its beautiful...
有名的; 享有声誉的He is one of the world's renowned writers.他是世界上知名的作家之一。
famous , renowned , celebrated , notable , remarkable , eminent 这是一组近义词，前三个词都表示“有名的”，后三个词的一般含义为“显著的”或“突出的”。
famous 具有“著名的”这一含义，是个最通用的词，可以指人也可以指物
The last scene shows you what will happen at the end of the harvest: the famous Calabrian macaroni-eating competition!
最后这个场面向你表明，收获结束时将要进行的活动：卡拉布亚人吃通心面的对抗赛！
renowned所表示的“著名的”包含“荣誉”的意思，而famous只表示有名而已
shakespeare is renowned.
莎士比亚是极有名声的。
noted也是“著名的”意思，但包含“不同一般”和“特别”的意思
Dickens is noted for long sentences.
notable 的词义亦为“受到大家注意的”
celebrated 强调“为公众所注目”，有时含有“为公众所敬慕”的意思，尤其指某人某物常见于报纸或报刊上
She is a celebrated star of ballet.
她是一个芭蕾舞明星。
Up to the time of his death, Richard Colson was one of the notable figures in our town.
理查德. 科尔森直到去世时一直是我们镇上最有名的人物之一。
remarkable 的词义亦为“大家所注意的”，另含“这种显眼的品质易于引起人的评论”
eminent 的词义亦为“著名的”，另含“这种名气出自突出的品格或优异的才能”
This attracted the attention of Richard Humphries who was then the most eminent boxer in England.
这引起了当时英国拳坛名将理查德.汉弗莱斯的注意。
★band n. 帮，团伙
a band of robbers 一伙强盗 The band played while we danced.我们跳舞时乐队伴奏。
mob n. 表示贬义色彩的团伙、帮派/暴徒 一群人, 一伙人; 一群罪犯
a mob of hooligans 一伙流氓 a mob of peasants一群农民
The windows were smashed by the angry mob.窗户被愤怒的暴民打破。
gang n. 一伙 (罪犯有组织的)一帮, 一伙 (闹事青少年的)一群
The gang are planning a robbery.那帮罪犯正在计划抢劫。
The phone box was vandalized by a gang of youths.那电话亭被一群少年歹徒故意破坏了。
a gang of thieves
nest n. 窝； a nest of bandits a nest of pirates (=sea-robbers)海盗窝
a nest of vice罪恶的渊薮a nest of sieves一套筛子a nest of drinking cup一套酒杯
nest egg留窝蛋(引诱母鸡继续把蛋生在窝中用); [喻]?子, 引诱物; 储备金[物]
pack n. 团伙、帮派； a pack of hoodlums
一群; 一伙; 一堆The pack of hounds was baying loudly.那群猎狗在大声吠叫着。
★Florence n. 佛罗伦萨（意大利城市）
Turin [tju’rin]都灵(意大利西北部城市)(即托里诺)
Venice [venis] n.威尼斯(意大利港市)
★city-state n. （古代古希腊的）城邦
★hire v. 租出，雇给;雇用 租用
No ordinary families can afford to hire servants.普通人家雇不起仆人。
n.租用, 雇用He had the hire of a car for a week.他租用汽车一个星期。
租金, 工钱He paid the carriage hire to the driver.他把马车租金给了马车夫。
be in the hire of sb.受雇于某人fight [work] for hire当雇佣兵[雇工]= lansquenet [l?nsk?net]
n.(15-17世纪德国的)雇佣兵
This car is for hire.这辆车是出租的。
rent n. 租金; 地租vt. & vi.租用; 出租(房屋等)He decided to rent the house.他决定租这房子。
[美口]出租地; 出租房屋for rent出租的For R-召租(广告用语)rent charge租费
rent service代替租金的劳役rent strike拒付房租行动
向某人收租rent sb. high [low]向某人收昂贵[低廉]的租金
出租This apartment rents cheaply.这套公寓租价便宜。
hire; rent; let; employ
hire out出租The company hires out machinery by the day.那公司按日计费出租机械设备。
受雇She hired out to the owner of an apple orchard.她受雇于一个苹果园主。;
rent out 租给
Eg: Does this firm hire out cars? 这家公司出租汽车吗？
rent out租给，雇给：主要强调出租房屋;租出
Frank rented out his gas station.弗兰克把他的加油站租了出去。
Eg: He rent out his house to a tourist.
let 出租房屋: let his house / please let your house to me。
hire from/ rent from 租进来 We're hoping to let this field.我们希望把这块地租出去。
Eg: He hired a car from us. / I rent a room form Mrs. Johnson.
hire 指短期雇佣体力劳动者He hired two helpers. 他雇佣了两个临时帮手。
employ 指长期雇佣或聘请脑力劳动者
We employed her as our advisor.
The factory employed 500 workers.
n.雇用, 受雇; 服务When did he leave your employ?他是什么时候不再受雇于你的?
★prince n. 君主，诸侯王子, 亲王
The Prince Imperial passed away last night.皇太子昨晚去世了。
小国的君主In former times parts of India were ruled by princes.
从前印度的一些地区由许多王公统治。
巨头, 巨子His father is a merchant prince.他的父亲是一位商业巨擘。
★Florentine n. 佛罗伦萨人
★funeral n. 葬礼, 丧礼=burial n.葬, 掩埋, 葬礼
Cremation is more common than burial in some countries.在一些国家, 火葬比土葬普遍。
burial case[美]棺材burial ground [place]埋葬地, 墓地burial service葬礼
deep earth burial地下深部埋藏(放射性废物)ocean (sea) burial海洋排放; 海洋埋藏
a state funeral国葬attend a funeral参加丧礼
The funeral made its way slowly through the silent streets.
送葬的队伍缓缓地穿过肃静的街道。
需要操心的事, 分内的事, 责任
I didn't see how the committee could handle it, but it wasn't my funeral.
我不知道委员会如何处理这个问题, 但这可不是我的事儿。
★dedicate v. 奉献，题献给
dedicate to 奉献给…… 比devote 更为正式而庄重
Eg:He dedicated his first book to his mother.
I devote my time to helping my students.
He dedicates his life to his motherland.
He dedicated his life to science.
dedicate a book to a certain person将(所著的书)题献给某人
(为建筑物、展览会等)举行落成仪式
The mayor dedicated the World Fair yesterday.昨天市长主持了世界博览会的开幕式。
put sb out of business使某人失业
put sb/sth out of ……使某人失去……
Eg: You are putting me out of patience.
put it out of your mind 忘记这件事情吧!= forget it.
★memory n. 纪念
in memory of作为对某人的纪念
He founded the charity in memory of his late wife.他兴办那个慈善机构以纪念他已故的妻子。to the memory of献给…(作者书前纪念性题词)
Eg: if my memory serves me well, you’re Tom.如果我没记错的话，你是Tom。
记忆力, 记性
As one grows older one's memory declines.一个人的记忆力随着年老而衰退。
You have a good memory.
记忆中的事物, 回忆
I have a vivid memory of her face.她的容貌栩栩如生地印在我脑海里。
记忆系统; 记忆容量He lost his memory after that accident.那次事故后他丧失了记忆。
speak from memory .根据记忆而讲述
This has been the hottest summer within my memory.就我所记得的, 这是最热的一个夏天。
He has a bad memory for dates.他对日期的记忆很差。
It brought back to me -ies of my schooldays.它使我回想起我的学生时代。
I got him to write his -ies of his early days.我要他写他早年时代的回忆录。
★valiant adj. 英勇的;勇敢的
Despite their valiant efforts, they were unable to save the child's life.
他们虽然很勇敢地努力抢救, 却没能救回小孩的生命。
valiant deed勇敢的行为the valiant record英勇事迹
During war, soldiers are valiant.
brave adj. 勇敢的, 大胆的He is a brave soldier.他是一位勇敢的战士。The boy is brave.
vt.勇敢面对; 不怕; 不顾Let us brave the danger!让我们勇敢地面对危险。
fearless adj. 大无畏的，无所畏惧的
The boy seems completely fearless.这个男孩似乎毫不畏惧。
We are fearless in time of danger.
courageous adj. 有胆量的，有勇气的
【课文讲解】
Zoro 佐罗 paladin [p?l?din]n.查理大帝,骑士,游侠,(一项事业的)杰出倡导者
take from the rich and give to the poor劫富济贫=steal from the rich to aid the poor
There was a time when ….
nothing to lose 不会失去
There are times when you make me laugh
there are moments when you drive me mad
there are seconds when I see the light
though many times you made me cry
There's something you don't understand
I want to be your man
Nothing to lose
your love to win
hoping so bad that you'll let me in
I'm at your feet
waiting for you
in times of 在。。。期间 in times of peace 在和平期间
in times of stress 在紧张的时候；在（商业）繁忙期
pay large sums of money to sb. 向某人付大笔大笔的费用
in return for 目的是为了换取...作为对...的回报
Eg: He gave me some books in return for my help.
when引导状语从句修饰 time
Eg: There was a time when mini skirt was in fashion.
promptly: immediately
put a man out out of business(失业,破产;〈美俚〉损坏,受伤,病): 使某人失业
put sb. / sth. out of ... 使某人失去......
Eg: You are putting me out of patience.
You have already put everything out of order.
put it out of your mind 忘记这件事情吧
by destroying his shop 通过......手段
Eg.: You are putting me out of patience by disturbing me.
你快把我弄得失去耐心了，如果再这样打扰的话。
obtaining...
obtaining: getting
as long ago as 追溯回到;早在：dating back to / date from
Eg.: I knew Jane as long ago as the year 1980.
John Hawkwood’s discovery was quite remarkable.
make the remarkable discovery 做出不同寻常的发现
a remarkable change显著的变化a remarkable work出色的工作[作品]
be remarkable for one's bravery以勇敢著称make oneself too remarkable(使自己)锋芒毕露
would rather do sth than do sth 宁愿而不
Eg.: He would rather die than surrender.
I would rather play tennis than swim.
==would prefer to do……than do
==would prefer doing……to doing
Eg.: He would prefer to die than surrender.
He would prefer dying to surrendering.
would rather: sooner + that从句 (过去式)
Eg: I would rather that you were not here. 我宁愿你不在这儿。
Eg: I would rather that I didn't see you. 我宁愿没见到你。
life work 毕生的事业
Eg.: I want to have the tree cut down.
Six hundred years ago...
a band of…… 一伙…………
settled near Florence 定居在Florence附近
make / get a name 成名、得到名声
make a name for himself ===become famous
Eg.: They soon made quite a name for themselves as pop singers.
He has made a name for himself by his broadcast talks.他的广播谈话使他出了名。
公侯伯子男
duke n.公爵 (公国的)君主
marquess[英]=marquis n. 侯爵,侯爵长子的尊称
comte [k?:nt] n.伯爵 count= (=[英]earl)(除英国外西欧的)伯爵 earl n.英国伯爵
landgrave n.伯爵,领土, 伯爵领主(中世纪德国拥有土地的伯爵)
女伯爵 countess 伯爵夫人countess
vicomte n.子爵 viscount [vaikaunt]n.(英国的)子爵
baron n.男爵 [美口]巨商; 工业巨头, 大王an oil baron石油大王coal baron煤炭大王
come to / get to 渐渐的
come to be known 渐渐的被人所熟知
Eg.: I come to be known to my students.
I got to know him.
whenever 无论什么时候
at war 交战 be at war with 与……交战
hire 表示出租
who指代 prince
he demanded: Hawkwood demanded
in times of peace 在和平期间
in times of……在……期间
go away离开
I'm tired of your constant complaints; go away and leave me in peace!
我讨厌你老是抱怨; 走开, 让我安静点!
私奔They went away together.他们一起私奔了。
march into 大踏步行军
would offer to do=== would promise to do
go away 走开；离去；（岁月）流逝；死去 I'm tired of your constant complaints; go away and leave me in peace!我讨厌你老是抱怨; 走开, 让我安静点!私奔 They went away together. 他们一起私奔了。
burn down烧毁;(使)烧毁;(火)减弱
When the firemen came the fire has burned down.当消防员到的时候, 火已经快灭了。
burn up烧光;烧起来,烧掉,发怒
burn out 烧空, 烧坏,烧掉,烧尽
Eg.: the house was burned out only...
in spite of this 尽管如此
People in different countries have different opinions.
Eg.: the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero.
give sb. a state funeral 给某人举行国葬
have sth. done
Signor （意大利语） 先生, 阁下
which指代picture
be dedicated to the memory of sb.
the most valiant 比较级的最高级形式
PAGE
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§ Lesson 15 Fifty pence worth of trouble 五十便士的麻烦
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
◆appreciate v. 欣赏，感激
◆pocket money 零用钱
◆rattle v. 格格作响
◆thrifty adj. 节俭的
◆nephew n. 侄子，外甥
◆bounce v. 弹起，跳起
◆pavement n. 人行道
◆stick ( stuck, stuck ) v. 卡住，夹住，不能再动
◆brigade n. 旅， （消防）队
◆grease n. 润滑油
◆appreciate v. 欣赏，感激
Eg.: You can't appreciate English poetry unless you understand its rhythm.
你若不懂英文诗韵律, 就无法欣赏英文诗。
The poem is too difficult for me to appreciate.
I appreciate your help very much非常感谢你的帮助. = be thankful / grateful to sb.
意识到, 体会I really appreciate the danger of this job.我真的认识到了这份工作的危险。
(使)增值, 涨价Things appreciate as time goes on.货物价格逐日上涨。
◆pocket money 零用钱 ready money现金
beer money: 留给丈夫的零花钱, 赏给仆役的小费,零用钱
mad money: 妇子留作应急之用的私房钱, (女子出门赴约时)自备的零钱,备急用的钱
greenback: 美金 buck=[美俗](=dollar)美元
soft / paper/ folding money: 纸币，钞票
hard money: 硬币 small money 零钱
压岁钱money given to children as a lunar New Year gift
Gift money更常用 Lucky money美式用法,亦指红包
Money makes the mare (to) go. （谚）有钱能使鬼推磨。
Money talks.（美俚）金钱万能。
wallow vi.（快活地在泥沼中打滚） in money 腰缠万贯，钱很多
pigs wallowing in the mire在泥沼中打滚的猪
wallow in luxury过度沉迷于奢侈
The boat wallowed helplessly in the stormy sea.那艘船在波浪滔滔的大海中无力地颠簸行驶。
money down[out of hand]现金[款]What's the money?要多少钱?价钱是多少?
◆rattle v. 格格作响
rattlesnake n. 响尾蛇=rattler
◆thrifty adj. 节俭的a thrifty housewife一个勤俭持家的主妇
兴旺的, 繁茂的, 壮的a thrifty tree枝叶繁茂的树
同义词：economical adj.节俭的, 节省的 经济的; 经济学的
be economical of one's time节省时间
My new car is economical of fuel.我的新汽车节省燃料[不费油]。
thrift [θrift] n.节俭, 节约He has the virtues of thrift and hard work.他具备节俭和勤奋的美德。
thrift shop[美]旧货店(尤指为“慈善”目的弄来的旧货出售的商店)
knock-off market假冒商品市场 flea market跳蚤市场(旧货和廉价商品市场)
To practice thrift is a virtue.节俭是美德。
厉行勤俭节约, 反对铺张浪费
practice strict / rigid frugality / economy and oppose /combat extravagance and waste
[同义词]
economical frugal thrifty
意思都含“节俭的”。
economical 着重“节省的”, 应用范围广, 可用来表示“在人力、物力、金钱, 甚至抽象概念方面节省的”, 可用于人或物, 如:
I have to buy a more economical stove.我得买一个更节省燃料的火炉。
frugal 侧重“生活俭朴的”, 特指“饮食方面俭朴的”只用于人, 如:
He was a VIP, but he had a frugal life.他是位要人, 但生活俭朴。
thrifty 强调“善于节省开支、积蓄钱财的”, 只用于人, 如:
She was a thrifty woman and managed to put aside some money every month.
她是个很会持家的妇女, 每月都设法存些钱。
◆nephew n. 侄子，外甥 niece [ni:s] n.侄女, 外甥女
◆bounce v. 弹起，跳起
The coin was bounced. A rubber ball bounces well.橡皮球弹力好。
n.弹跳 活力, 生气She's got a lot of bounce.她浑身都是劲=full of vigor
同义词：jump (跳跃)，leap (跃)，hop (单足跳)，spring (弹跳；n. 弹簧)，skip (跳跃；略过)
◆pavement n. [英]人行道(=[美] sidewalk) a crazy pavement(花园中的)碎纹石小径
◆stick ( stuck, stuck ) v. 卡住，夹住，不能再动
stick:不能跳跃，卡住；坚持，粘贴
Eg.: You must stick to your idea.
Stick the stamp on the envelop.
What's wrong with this stamp?It won't stick.这邮票怎么回事?粘不住了。
stick with:忠实于...... （=be faithful to ）继续做
Fred stuck with his homework until it was done.弗雷德继续做他的作业, 直到做完为止。
跟着…Stick with me until we get out of the crowd.在我们走出人群前, 不要离开我。
stick to保留, 保有
If we let him look after the money, I'm afraid much of it will stick to his fingers.
如果把钱交由他保管, 恐怕大部分都要被他侵吞掉。
遵守, 坚持You must stick to your promise.你必须遵守诺言。
紧跟; 粘住Stick close to me and you won't get lost.紧跟在我后面你就迷不了路。
His arm was stuck. 他的胳膊被卡住了。
a stick of chalk一支粉笔a stick of chocolate一块巧克力
◆brigade n. 旅， （消防）队
fire brigade: 消防队= fire department= fire station
squad n.(军队中的)班, 小队
platoon [pl?’tu:n] n.〈军〉排
battalion [b?’t?lj?n] n.【军】营, 大队; 营部
company n. 【军】连
regiment [‘red?im?nt] n.【军】团; 联队
brigade [bri’ɡeid] n.【军】旅; 大部队
division（军队的编制单位）师 infantry division 步兵师 armored division 装甲师
army corps n. 军
◆grease n. 润滑油=lubrication=lubricating oil 动物油脂
You will never get the grease off the plates if you don't use soap.
如果你不用肥皂的话, 盘子上的油腻你是洗不掉的。
油膏, 油脂
He puts grease on his hair to make it shiny.他往头发上擦油, 使之发亮。
vt.涂油脂于, 用油脂润滑Don't grease the affected part.不要用油脂涂抹患处。
【课文讲解】
in for a penny, in for a pound. [谚]一不做二不休。
A penny for your thoughts! [口]你呆呆地在想什么呢!
a pretty (或fine) penny （口）一大笔钱
pinch pennies 精打细算 penny-pinch vt.对...吝啬 penny-pincher n.吝啬鬼
pinch and scrape 省吃俭用
Children always appreciate small gifts of money. 孩子们总是喜欢得到些零花钱。
Husbands always appreciate small gifts of beer money.
provide a regular supply of …定期地提供……
provide sth. for sb./ provide sb. with sth. 为某人提供某物品
a source of extra income额外所得
small gifts of money gift money n. 压岁钱=new year lucky money
pocket money
extra income
补充： "细水长流"英语本意是"Still water runs long":)~~
"细水长流"也是句英语谚语了,英文句子是:
"Plan your consumption carefully on a long term basis"
经典的英语谚语"细水长流,遇灾不愁。"
Plan your consumption carefully on a long term basis, and you need not worry when a famine occurs.
"细水长流"在英语里常说成"Still water runs long"言简意赅:)~~
go a long way 可以买很多东西，维持很久
Eg: The money we have will go a long way.
go a long way towards: 对……大有帮助
Eg: This will go a long way towards overcoming the difficulty.
With frugal housewives, they made their small income go a long way.
介词With和For的区别：“对于……来说”
介词for----“关于，对于……来说，考虑到……的事实”
Eg.: The weather is quite warm for November.
For him, this will be an entirely new hobby.
介词with----“在某一方面”（多用于二者的比较）
Eg.: With some people, pleasure is more important than work.
Some people may accept that excuse, but it won’t work with me.
pence: 便士 （penny 便士的复数；pennies）
a fifty pence: 一个五十便士的硬币
a fifty pennies: 五十个一便士的硬币
Please give me fifty pennies for this fiftypence.
请给我把这个五十便士的硬币换成五十个一便士的硬币。（注意：复数pence用于数词后构成复合词，如 sixpence, tenpence, eighteepence）
small sums= a small sum of money 少额,一小笔钱
exchanges for: 换取，以......来交换
exchange notes互换照会; 交换意见= exchanges of views
in exchange for 以...换
rattle: 叮当作响 ==tinkle v. (使)发出丁当声
The sheep's bell tinkled through the hills.羊的铃铛叮当叮当地响彻整个山区。
n.丁当声
money-box 储蓄罐; 【经】 银(钱)箱, 金柜=piggy bank=saving box
roar:呼啸（重点突出老虎、狮子等大动物的鸣叫声）
shout at: 大喊大叫 = bark at vi.吠叫 vt.大声喊出
he is grunting. 咕哝的，哼哼唧唧的
vi.(猪等)作呼噜声 (指人)发出类似的哼声
He grunted as the bullet hit him.子弹击中他时他疼得哼出声来。
vt.咕哝着说She grunted some incomprehensible reply.她咕噜着回答了些令人费解的话。
slam: 砰的一声
fill up: 装满
1．up ----表示方向
to----目的地、说话者所在处
up to ----表示到达目的地
towards----表示朝某个方向
2．表示沿着，走向更远的地方，侧重强调距离更远了
They walked up the street.
The children run up the garden path to greet their father.
3. 系列动词 + up ---- 表示消费，摧毁，彻底，光，用完
Drink up your whisky.
Eat up your vegetable.
Finish it up.
burn up烧起来,烧掉,发怒
use up 用光
4． 表示积存，从少到多，积少成多
We must lay up some boiled food for the winter.
= store up, hold up, gather up
5．表示从河的上游到下游，河流入口处以上到源头的某一点
They are sailing up the Thames.
The house is up the river.
6．动词 + up ----表示包起来、封住、盖住
button up 扣上钮扣;扣紧She buttoned up her blouse.她将她的洋装扣好。
顺利完成They buttoned up the job within a short time.他们在短时间内就完成了那项工作。
wrap up 包裹起来,包裹, 包扎He wrapped up the parcel.他把包裹包好。
穿暖Make sure you wrap up in the cold wind.冷风中, 你一定要穿暖。
完成; 签订完协议They wrapped up an agreement on Friday.他们于周五签完协议。
注意力完全集中于…They're completely wrapped up in their work.
他们把全部精力都用在工作上了。
lock up 锁上;将…锁住〔关押〕Will you lock up the house, please?请将房门锁起来, 好吗? lock the house up
fasten up 栓起来,扣上This dress fastens up at the back.这件衣服在后面扣扣。
save up 赚钱;储存起来You should save up and get a house.你应该把钱攒起来买所房子。
wash up 洗碗盆〈英〉饭后洗餐具
We all washed up after dinner.晚饭后我们大家一块儿收拾餐具。
〈美〉洗脸和手It's a good habit to wash up before a meal.饭前洗手洗脸是好习惯。
将…冲上岸
Last night's tide washed up some quite beautiful shells.
昨晚的潮水冲上来一些非常漂亮的贝壳。
do up包扎, 捆
Do up these papers and send them to Head Office.把这些文件包好, 送到总公司。
扣, 系紧You've done your buttons up the wrong way.你把扣子扣错了。
整修, 修缮, 修饰Mary was doing up her hat.玛丽在修饰她的帽子。
打扮, 梳理头发Natalie has done herself up for the party.纳塔莉已打扮好准备赴宴。
使累垮, 使极疲劳; 使破产; 使完蛋
This formal talk with the manager had done him up.
他和经理的这次正式谈话弄得他十分疲劳。
fifty pence is a small price = fifty pence is not much: 装满
fifty pence is not much to pay
a small price = not much money: 并不是很多
For him, two thousand dollars is a small price to pay for it.
For me, five hundred yuan is not a small price to pay for a bicycle.
代价 No price is too high for winning their support.为了获得他们的支持, 任何代价均在所不惜。
find their way there = reach 抵达，到达，找到自己的去处
Rivers find their way to the sea.
How did such a foolish statement find its way into print. 这样愚蠢的话怎么会印出来呢。
All my books have already found their way there.
advise: 建议
advise sb. to do sth. : 说服某人做某事（失败的结果）
persuade sb. to do sth.: 说服某人做某事（成功的结果）
instead：相反的是
fifty pence worth of trouble: 五十便士的麻烦
系列的动词构成平行结构：take off, rolled up, push
roll vi. 滚动； vt. 滚动
vi. The pencil rolled under the table.
vt. He rolled the ball towards the puppy.
roll up:卷起，挽起; 卷成圆筒形〔球形〕
She rolled up her sleeves.她卷起袖子We will need to roll up the carpet.
到达; 出现We rolled up to the front porch.我们坐车抵达前门廊。
大量积累His debts were rolling up.他债台高筑。
what引导的插入语
what is more important 更重要的是
and what is worse 更糟糕的是=to make the matter worse(或worse than all)
what is more 甚者
what is rare 更罕见的是
Eg.: He went to the meeting, and what was worse, insist on speaking.
gather round 聚在周围; 围拢
Gather around, friends, and hear the news!朋友们, 大伙围拢起来听新闻!
支持, 拥护
The whole class gathered around the student who had been unfairly failed, and demanded another examination.那个学生在考试中因受到不公正的对待而不及格, 全班同学站在他的一边要求让他重考。
rubbed his arm with sth. ... 用......涂抹
firmly:坚定的，稳固的（加强语气）
[同义词]
firm hard solid stiff
都含“坚硬的、不易拉弯和失去原形的”意思。
firm 指“组织和结构坚韧、不易弯曲的”, 如:
His muscles are firm.他的肌肉坚实。
hard指“厚或坚硬的, 而不易穿透、不易切割和压碎的”, 如:
as hard as a rock坚如岩石。
solid指“物体的结构很坚固, 密度一致, 坚硬得能抗压”, 如:
Houses must be bulit on solid ground.房屋必须建造在坚硬的土地上。
stiff指“坚硬而不能弯曲的”, 如:a stiff collar硬领。
using----现在分词做状语，强调一种方式
reward ... with: 用...来奖赏某人
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§Lesson 16 Mary had a little lamb 玛丽有一头小羔羊
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
★prize adj. 珍贵的，宝贵的
可以表示“珍贵的，宝贵的”的词包括：prize，valuable，precious, cherishable，dear
Eg.: Mary has got a prize lamb.
The cat is prize to the old lady.
vt.珍视, 珍惜Mother prizes her best china.母亲珍藏着她的最好的瓷器。
prize security above all else安全第一 a prized collection of books(自己)珍视的藏书
precious adj.宝贵的, 珍贵的, 贵重的, 珍爱的
He has sent me most precious gifts.他送给我极其珍贵的礼物。
矫揉造作的
She was a precious, old-fashioned lady in her 90's.她是一个90多岁的、过分讲究的旧式老太太。
adv.〈口〉很, 非常Precious few people can afford prices like that.没有什么人出得起那个价钱
valued adj.经估价的,贵重的,尊贵的,尊重的,宝贵的
a valued friend 被尊重的朋友 valued opinion 宝贵的意见 valued possession 宝贵财产
cherished a.珍爱的；珍视的
cherished memories / moments / friends
★tie v. 拴，系
tie sth to 1．把…拴在…上Eg: I tie the dog to a tree He tied the parcel.他捆上包裹。
打结; 系上This is a rope too heavy to tie.这是一根重得不能打结的绳子。
2．与…有联系Eg: He is tied to his family
Family ties have kept him from success.家庭束缚使他没有成功。
3．n. 领带；关系（强调血缘关系）
★theft n. 偷盗行为，偷盗案
Eg.: He reports the theft to the police.
He was arrested for theft.他因盗窃而被送进了监狱。
There have been several thefts in this area.这一地区发生了几起盗窃案。
commit a theft行窃theft of state property盗窃国家资材
★accuse v. 指控;指责, 谴责; 控告
We accused him of taking bribes.我们控告他受贿。
accuse sb of doing sth 因为某事指控某人,指控某人做了某事
Eg.: He accused his neighbour of stealing his bicycle.
＝charge sb with doing sth
accuse比charge语意弱：accuse强调“严厉的指责” charge强调“控告”
★deny v. 否认
deny doing sth. 否认做了某事
He denied stealing the lamb. He denied the truth.
deny sb. nothing百依百顺
Eg: He denies his wife nothing
deny oneself:克制自己
Eg: On some occasions we must deny ourselves.
the accused【律】被告, 刑事被告
Man often accuses nature for his own misfortunes.人类常把自身的不幸归罪于天。
They accused him of taking bribes.他们控告他受贿。
★ashamed adj. 感到羞耻，惭愧, 惭愧的, 羞耻的, 害臊的
Her husband felt ashamed at her behavior.她丈夫为她的行为感到害臊。
be ashamed of v.感到羞愧,惭愧
He is ashamed of being a dustman.
shameful: 可耻的
The theft is shameful.
shameless:无耻的
The thief is a shameless person.
★apologize v. 道歉You forgot to apologize.你忘记道歉了。
apologize to sb. (for sth. ) 向某人为某事(为做了某事)道歉
apologize to sb. 向某人道歉
apologize to sb. for doing sth.向某人为某事(为做了某事)道歉
apology n. 道歉, 认错, 愧悔
I'm afraid I was rather bad-tempered yesterday; I think I owe you an apology.
恐怕我昨天的脾气不怎么好, 我认为应该向你道歉。
I have come to apologize to you.我是来向您道歉的。
I must apologize for the untidy state of the room.屋子这么不整洁, 实在抱歉。
I must apologize for calling you so late.实在抱歉, 这么晚给您打电话。
★dye v. 染;给…上色; 着色
Dye the cloth black.
Black will dye over other colours.黑色能把大多数其他颜色盖住。
【课文讲解】
in the tiny village of...在一个小小的山村
in the big city of Beijing
in the beautiful city of Paris
prize possession 最珍贵的财产
possession: 所有物
Eg: What I possess is valuable/ My possessions are valuable. 我所拥有的一切都很值钱。
belonging: 随身携带物（通常是用复数形式）Please take care of your belongings.
keep:使......处于某种状态
keep后的复合宾语（宾语补足语）可以是形容词、介词短语、分词
keep和过去分词搭配做宾语补足语，过去分词和宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
I keep my windows closed.
宾语补足语和宾语是主谓关系，那么宾语补足语是现在分词结构
I kept the boy standing outside.
fetch去取回来=go to get it
It is obvious / evident that…显而易见
set out to do sth. 开始着手做某事
it would not prove difficult, 是不难做到的
prove 是连系动词，作“证明是”讲，本句子与 it would not be difficult相同。
tell sb. about sth. 把某事告知某人
Eg.: He told the police about the theft.
acquire vt.获得, 得到, 养成 学得(知识等), 求得, 养成(习惯等)
The company has recently acquired new offices in central London.
公司最近在伦敦市中心弄到了新的办公室。
We must work hard to acquire a good knowledge of English.我们必须用功学习才能精通英语。
We must cherish experience acquired at the cost of blood.我们必须珍惜用鲜血换来的经验。
AIDS= Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 获得性免疫缺损综合症, 爱滋病;
acquisition n.获得, 得到
The children progressed in the acquisition of basic skills.
孩子们在掌握基本技术方面取得了进步。
获得者, 获得物He is a valuable acquisition to our firm.他是我们公司新来的得力雇员。
or: 否则, 要不然
Turn the heat down or your cake will burn.把热度调低吧, 要不蛋糕就要糊了。
Eg.: He can’t be ill or he wouldn’t have come.
[常和else连用]否则, 要不然or else: (口语) 否则……
Make haste, or (else) you'll be late.快点, 要不然就来不及了。
Eg: Your room is so dirty. Clear it promptly, or else….
The book must be here, or else you've lost it.书一定在这, 要不然就是你把它丢了。
用以表示威胁You'd better give me the ball—or else!你最好把球给我——不给的话!
It is true that..., but... 诚然......, 但是......
Eg.: It is true that the work is hard, but we’ll finish it ahead.
ashamed of having acted so rashly, ... 其前省略了being, 现在分词结构（形容词结构）做状语，此处相当于原因状语，放在主句前后均可。
Angry at everybody here, he left suddenly.
Anxious for a quick decision, he called his friends.
Nervous, the man opened the letter.
rash n.发疹, 疹子
adj.太急速的; 鲁莽的; 轻率的Don't be rash in making your decision.别轻率做出决定。
be rash enough胆敢 rash advance冒进
wool n.羊毛 cashmere [k??‘mi?] n.开司米; 山羊绒
down n.羽绒；绒毛； duck down 鸭绒
wash off (使)清除掉, 清洗掉 No, thick black ink like that won't wash off easily.不行, 那样的黑墨水不容易洗掉。I let some lemonade fall on my clothes, and I'm not sure if I can wash it off.我把柠檬汁洒在衣服上了, 不知道能否把它洗掉。
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§Lesson 17 The longest suspension bridge in the world
世界上最长的吊桥
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
★suspension n. 悬，吊 中止, 暂停, 停职; 停学
the suspension of payment暂停付款 suspension from school [office]暂时停学[职]
suspension of arms停战= armistice n.停火停战The two nations signed an armistice.两国签署了停火协议。
停战协定Armistice Day 第一次世界大战的停战纪念日(11月11日)
suspension bridge悬桥, 吊桥suspension points, suspension periods【语】省略号[...]
suspend: 悬挂, 吊
A lamp / light was suspended from the ceiling.天花板上吊着一盏灯。
suspend a lamp from the ceiling 把灯从天花板挂下
暂停, 终止
Both sides in the conflict have agreed temporarily to suspend hostilities.
冲突双方同意暂时停火。
suspend payment暂停付款 suspend talks中止谈判
suspend diplomatic relations中止外交关糸
Tom is suspended from school for a week for bad conduct.汤姆因为行为不端被停学一周。
The sentence was two years' hard labor suspended for a year.
判处强迫劳役两年, 缓期执行一年。
The train was suspended because of the heavy rain.
suspense: n. 担心，挂念，悬念;悬而未决; 不确定
The suspense was unbearable.这样提心吊胆的状况实在叫人受不了
Eg.: The wonderful film give me a deep impression because of its suspense.
He didn’t tell us the truth in cap to me in suspense all day.
suspenders 吊袜带,吊裤带,悬挂物,吊杆,袜吊
★agreeable adj. 欣然同意的be agreeable to sth.欣然同意某事
Is this agreeable to you? 这合你的意吗?
He was quite agreeable to accepting the plan.他乐意接受这项计划。
令人愉快的, 惬意的It's very agreeable to have you here.有你在这里很令人愉快。
宜人的
Today is agreeable.
an agreeable situation
His house is in an agreeable situation.
agreeable weather宜人的天气be agreeable to the ear悦耳的
I find her a very agreeable woman.我发现她是个和蔼可亲的女人。
★situation n.形势; 情况The situation will soon come clear.情况不久就会明朗的。
〈正〉职业, 职位, 工作
In August he was appointed to the situation of secretary.在八月份, 他被指定担任秘书。
位置, 环境;地点，地方The house has a fine situation.这房子占了个好位置。
location n.位置, 场所It is a suitable location for a new school.那是建一所新学校的合适地点。
发现[找出]…的位置[地点]
He was responsible for the location of the missing yacht.他负责查明失踪游艇的下落。
外景(拍摄地)
It was difficult to find a suitable location.当时要找一个合适的外景拍摄地相当困难。
situate v. locate v.
Beijing is located in the North of China.
Japan is located to the East of China.
is located to...
★locate v. 找出, 指出(地点或位置)
The general tried to locate the enemy's site.那位将军想找出敌人营地的位置。
vt. & vi.(在…)设置, 坐落于;位于
Early settlers located where there was water.早期的移民安居在有水的地方。
★immortal adj. 永生的，流芳百世的
Someone believed that the soul is immortal.有人认为灵魂不灭。
n.不朽的人物Shakespeare is one of the immortals.莎士比亚是不朽的人物之一。
流芳百世to leave a good name for a hundred generations; to have a niche in the temple of fame; to render one's name immortal
★Brooklyn n. 布鲁克林（纽约西南部的一区名）
★Staten n. 斯塔顿（岛）,位于美国纽约
Staten Island是纽约的一个岛，在Long Island以东， Staten Island 埋葬着很多“朝鲜战争”的“阵亡烈士”，也有一个垃圾场，同时也是很多富有的中产阶级的理想居住地。
★span n.跨度, 跨径
The bridge has a span of 100 metres.这座桥跨度为一百米。
一段时间The pupil's attention span was short.这个小学生的注意力持续时间很短。
in a short span of three years 在短短的三年之中
the whole span of Roman history 罗马的全部历史
lengthen the machine’s lifespan 延长机器的使用寿命
lifespan n.(动植物的)寿命,预期生命期限,(物的)预期使用期限
vt. 横跨；横越；（喻）弥补：
span a river with a bridge 在河上架桥 Rails span mountains and rivers.铁路跨山越水。
It takes twenty minutes to span the bay. 越过海湾需二十分钟。
His revolutionary activities spanned half a century. 他的革命活动长达半个世纪。
span the gap in one’s knowledge 弥补自己知识上的缺陷
★cable n 缆索 cable-car n.(悬空)缆车; 索车
vt. & vi.给(某人)发电报, 打电报告诉(某人)Please write or cable.请来信或来电。
We cabled congratulations to him.我们打电报祝贺他。He cabled in reply.他回电了。
补充：光纤电缆 fiber-optic cable; optical fiber cable
★concrete n. 混泥土
实际的， 具体的 混凝土制的， 水泥的
a concrete noun具体名词concrete facts具体事实
make a concrete analysis of concrete problems对具体问题作具体分析
a concrete mass凝结的团concrete floor水泥地
★suspend v. 悬挂
★length n. 根，段，一段, 一节
We'll need several lengths of string to tie the package.我们需要几段绳子用来打包。
长, 长度; 距离All these sticks are of uniform length.所有这些手杖的长度都是一样的。
a pipe 20 metres in length一根二十米长的管子a length of pipe一节管子
a length of cloth一段衣料the length of a road路的长度
★estimate v. 估计estimate the cost of ...估计...的成本
estimate sb.'s ability评价某人的能力
underestimate vt.对…估计不足, 低估
I underestimate the distance, and am exhausted.没想到这么远, 我可累坏了。
overestimate vt.对(数量)估计过高; 对…作过高的评价；高估
We overestimated the bill.我们对账单涉及的钱数估计多了。
n.估计, 估价At a rough estimate, the car is worth 500 thousand RMB.
The painter's estimate for painting the whole house was 1000 dollars.
油漆匠对油刷整个房子的估价是1000美元。
报价
We got estimates from three different contractors before accepting the lowest.
我们得到三个承包商的报价后, 接受了最低的报价。
判断
I don't know her well enough to form an estimate of her abilities.
我对她不太了解, 无法对她的能力做出判断。
vt. & vi.估计; 评价, 评估
The gardener estimated that it would take him four hours to weed the garden.
园丁估计他给花园除草需要四个小时。
estimation n. 判断in my estimation
estimate , appraise , evaluate , value , assess , appreciate 这组同义词的一般含义是“估计”或“估价”。
estimate表示的“估价”或“估价”只是猜测，甚至只是一种想法。
Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us.
虽然用金钱来衡量物质产品的价值是可能的；但要估计人们为我们提供的服务的真正价值却极为困难。
One authority made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre.
一位权威对英国南方一块草坪上的蜘蛛作过统计，他估计每英亩有2,250,000多只蜘蛛。
evaluate 很少用来表示“估价”或“估计”某物的市场价值，而是用来表示“评价”。如“领导对他的评价很高”。
By marks in numbers or letters, the teacher evaluates a student's work.
老师用数字或字母的符号来评价学生的作业。
The scientists were still evaluating their data.那些科学家还在评价他们的资料。
appreciate 是前面这几个词的近义词，它的意思是“鉴赏”，即充分了解某物或某人的价值或才能，以期批判地欣赏或赏识。appreciate的同义词应为value, treasure, cherish.
I think that young children often appreciate modern pictures better than anyone else.
我认为小孩子常常比任何别的人都能更好地鉴赏现代图画。
Children always appreciate small gifts of money.小孩子总是把大人给的一点点钱看得很重。
assess的原义是对某商品进行估价，以期决定应课多少税；词义引伸之后，assess通常表示“估计”出某物的价值，以更有效地利用它。
It is impossible to assess the importance of a machine of this sort, for many international misunderstandings are caused simply through our failure to understand each other.
要估计出这种机器的重要性是不可能的，因为许多国际间的误解纯粹是由于相互不能了解而导致的。
appraise 表示的“评价”是行家的“估计”，常用于估计某物的价值或市场价格，也可用于评审某物的质量，或估计某人的才能等。
An expert came to appraise the value of my antiques.一位专家来对我的古玩作了估价。
An employer shoule be able to apprasise ability and character.
雇主应当有能力估计才能和性格。
value与appraise的含义很近，即“估计某物的价值、价格”。其区别在于appraise强调“行家”的估计，而value用于一般人所作的“估计”
He valued the house for me at ￡3,500.他为我估价了这幢房子，说值3500英镑。
I value your advice.我对你的忠告是看得很重的。
★immensity n. 广大,巨大,无限,浩瀚
immense adj.广大的; 巨大的; 无边的; 无量的[俚]非常好的
an immense territory广大的领土an immense improvement巨大的改进
The performance was immense.演出好极了。
★capacity n. 承受量,容量, 容积
This can has a capacity of four quarters.这个罐的容量有四夸脱。
才能, 能力
Are you clear about the capacity of the cinema?
Their reasoning capacity must be developed.他们的推理能力必须加以培养。
身份, 职位She worked here in the capacity of nurse.她在这里当护士。
As your father, I can set you free, but in my capacity as a king of the country I must do my duty and punish you.
作为你父亲, 我可以释放你, 但作为一个国王, 我必须履行我的职责处罚你。
做某事的能力have a capacity for doing sth. / have a capacity to do
ability成功地做到了
We have ability to finish the work in two days.
n.能力; 力量His ability is limited.他的能力有限。
智慧, 才智; 天资
abstract ability抽象能力academic ability学习能力, 研究能力
a man of ability有本事的人ability in music音乐天才
Most schools cater for children of different abilities.大多数学校能够满足具有不同天资的儿童的需要。
capability能做某事的素质; 能力;尚未发挥的天资或素质;内在的潜力
have capability to do
have capability of doing
Any chilfhas capability of learning a foreign launguge well.
Any child has capability to learn a foreign launguge well.
the capability of a metal to be fused金属的可熔合性
She has -ties as a singer, she's worth training.她具备歌唱家的才能, 值得培养。
faculty 侧重于“主观的能力”
the faculty of seeing / the faculty of hearing /the faculty of memory记忆力
the imaginative faculty想象力
the students and faculty全院师生
the faculty of law [medicine, theology]法律[医学, 神学]系
Faculty-of Engineering工学院 the medical faculty医界同人
competence 胜任工作的能力、资格
I have competence for the job.
★elegant adj. 优美别致的 优美的, 文雅的; 讲究的elegant: 还表示人的举止很得体，大方
She has a life of elegant ease.她过着风雅悠闲的生活。
[口]极好的, 一流的elegant furnishings雅致的装饰an elegant gentleman举止文雅的绅士
an elegant vase别致的花瓶an elegant writer格调高尚的作家
graceful: 强调一个人的体型 adj.优美的, 文雅的
The tall graceful form of a woman appeared at the top of the stairs.
一个体形修长优美的女人出现在楼梯顶上。
得体的, 礼貌而周到的
His refusal was worded in such a graceful way that we could not be offended.
他婉言谢绝, 无损于我们的颜面。
delicate: adj.娇弱的, 纤细的Her health is delicate.她的身体很虚弱。
易碎的, 脆弱的
Be careful with those wine cups—they are very delicate.当心那些酒杯——它们很容易碎。
微妙的, 有技巧的, 得当的 精美的, 雅致的
★faintly adv. 微细地
faint vi.晕倒, 昏倒
The young soldier fainted in the hot sun.那个年轻的士兵在炎炎烈日下晕了过去。
变微弱; 变暗淡The sounds fainted away in the distance.声音在远处渐渐消失。
adj.微弱的, 模糊的, 暗淡的 (体力)无力的, 虚弱的; 易失去知觉的, 昏眩的
(动作等)无力的, 似无太大效果的
The sounds of music grew fainter in the distance.音乐的声音在远处逐渐变得微弱了。
faint resistance微弱的抵抗a faint hope一线希望a faint heart懦夫, 胆小鬼
a faint smell闷人的气味She looks faint.看来她象要晕倒。
The sounds grew fainter.声音渐弱。
I haven't the faintest idea of what you mean.我一点也不懂你的意思。
n.昏倒He recovered from a faint.他从昏厥中苏醒过来。
【课文讲解】
little known 鲜为人知的
adv. 少到几乎没有, 毫不, 难得, 很少，少许，少量，略微，稍微 Little does he know what trouble he's in.他对自己身处何种麻烦茫无所知。I go there very little. 我很少去那里。
sailed into.. ----句子的主干
about whom----Italian
describe sth. as 把......描绘成......，认为 ......
常见的动词有：see, view, look upon, recoginze, regard, treat, accept
Eg.: I should describe the attempt as a failure.
His mother regards him as genius.
I accept his words as true.
located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river 位于两座小山之间，一条大河滔滔流过。
located... 是过去分词短语作定语，修饰 situation;
in the midst of which 引导一个定语从句，which指two small hills。句子结构要倒装（flowed 在a great river之前）
in the midst of, 在......之中。
in the midst of two small hills flowed a great river
A great river flowed in the middle of the two hills.
in the middle of the night == at midnight
in the middle of the winter midwinter
in the middle of the summer midsummer
I like the village located within two small hills.
Eg.: 我们来到了一个农庄，在这个农庄的前面有一座大山。
We arrived at a farm house. in front of which is a mountain. 动词位于主语之前
though / although / even though 引导让步状语从句
用了though, although 不能使用but, yet可以用——强调转折关系。
by no (matter of)means 决不，绝对不 （加强语气）绝不, 一点也不
This by no means the first time you have been late.这绝不是你第一次迟到了
E.: It is by no means pleasant to take a crowded bus.
乘坐一辆拥挤的公交车无论如何不是一件令人高兴的事。
In the period of socialism, the class struggle is by no means over.
在社会主义时期，阶级斗争绝没有结束。
A: Am I wrong? B: No, by no means. 甲：我错了吗？ 乙：不，一点不错。
not by any means=not at all
He isn’t satisfied with a job at all.
in no way一点也不；决不She is in no way to blame.根本不应该怪她。
Teaching in school can in no way be separated from practice. 学校教学决不能脱离实践。
in no case在任何情况下都不；无论如何不In no case should you panic.千万不要惊慌。
In no case should erroneous ideas be allowed to spread unchecked.
决不能让错误思想自由泛滥。
in no sense决不
in(或under) no circumstances决不，在任何情况下都不
Under no circumstances should you lend him any money. 你无论如何都不该把钱借给他。
remain immortal
suspension bridge 吊桥；悬索桥
combined bridge 铁路公路两用桥
cable-stayed bridge苏通长江大桥是世界上最大的斜拉桥。
举世瞩目的苏通大桥各项建设及试运行工作已经圆满完成。2008年6月30日上午，苏通大桥通车仪式在大桥北堡隆重举行。苏通长江大桥横跨苏州和南通两市，大桥全长32.4公里，主桥跨径为1088米，是世界最大跨径的斜拉桥。
The Suzhou-Nantong Yangtze Road Bridge is the world's largest cable-stayed bridge.
be named after以…的名字起名
The machine is named after its inventor.这台机器是以其发明者的名字命名的。
be named for以…的名字起名
The college is named for George Washington.学院以乔治·华盛顿的名字命名。
take one’s name from
a span of: 跨度，桥长
take into account（或consideration） / take into consideration / take account of 考虑到
Eg.: We have to take the date into account when we have the meeting.
support : hold up 支撑
extend vt. & vi.(空间、时间等)延伸; 伸展; 延续
vt.延长; 扩展; 达到(某一点)
France has greatly extended its influence in world affairs.
在世界事务中, 法国的影响已大大地扩大了。
给予, 提供, 发出The bank will extend you credit.银行会给你提供信用贷款。
a railway extends to the next city
extend to a depth of 深度
extend to a length of 长度
extend to a width of 宽度
rise to 上升的高度
which指代先行词 cables
It has been estimated / expected that…据估计
It is said
It is reported
It has been estimated / expected
be packed with... 作“挤满......; 装满 ......”解
packed like sardines 拥挤得像罐头里的沙丁鱼,挤得满满的
were 虚拟语气
carry 承载;支撑, 支持The three columns carry the roof.有三根柱子在支撑着屋顶。
a third 三分之一
immensity----size
despite==in spite of
fulfilling: 分词做状语表结果
The bus was held up by the snowstorm, causing the delay.
her husband died in1970, leaving her with two children.
At last he passed his examination, fulfilling his dream to go abroad. 他终于通过了这次考试，实现了出国的梦想（现在分词做结果状语，表示一种主动的概念。）
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§Lesson 18 Electric currents in modern art 现代艺术中的电流
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
★current n. 电流This button switches the current on.这个电钮接通电流。
the flow of electricity 电流 a continuous movement of water 水流, 气流
The swimmer was swept away by the current.那个游泳的人被激流卷走了。
趋向, 趋势, 倾向Newspapers influence the current of thought.报纸影响思想潮流。
The adventure changed the whole current of his life.那场奇遇改变了他人生的方向。
adj. 目前的，现在的； current affairs / events 时事
overcome current difficulties克服当前的困难current English现代通行英语, 日常英语
current fashions现代服装式样current money通用的货币
They suggested measures to overcome current difficulties.他们提出了克服目前困难的措施。
currency n. 流通（货币）stabilize currency稳定通货
currently adv. 普遍地，通常地，现在，当前
★sculpture n. 雕塑His sculpture of a horse won first prize.他雕塑的一匹马获得一等奖。
vt.雕刻[塑]; 用雕刻[雕塑]装饰sculpture a statue out of ivory雕刻象牙雕像
sculptural adj. 雕刻的，雕刻般的
sculptor n.雕刻家He is one of Britain's best-known sculptors.他是英国最有名的雕塑家之一。
★mistaken adj. incorrect; wrong; misunderstood
错误的; (人)弄错的; 理解错误的 (行动、想法、判断等)错误的
You are mistaken if you think he's clever.如果你认为他聪明, 那你就错了。
The teacher has mistaken opinion of his pupil. He doesn’t use simple plain language and he is often mistaken.
make a mistake / by mistake 弄错了
by mistanke错误地
She put salt into her tea by mistake.她误把盐放进茶里去了。
He took my umbrella by mistake.
and no mistake 确实如此(口语): 毫无疑问; 的确
He's an odd character and no mistake!他的确是个怪人!
He is honest and no mistake.
mistake vt. 弄错; 误解, 估计错
mistake sb.'s meaning误解一个人的意思
mistake the [one's] road [way]弄错了路
be grossly mistaken大错特错
mistake sb. for 把某人误认为
Eg.: Yesterday, I mistook him for my classmate.
★gallery n.画廊, 美术馆
The art galleries of Florence are very famous.佛罗伦萨的美术馆非常著名。
楼座, (议会的)旁听席
The visitor's gallery in the House of Commons/ Lords was full.下议院的旁听席上坐满了人。
走廊The armor is displayed in a long gallery.盔甲在长廊内展出。
★exhibit n. show in public展品，陈列品 Don't touch the exhibits.不要触摸展品。
在法庭提出的证物
The first exhibit was a knife which the prosecution claimed was the murder weapon.
当庭出示的第一件证物是一把刀, 据原告称是谋杀凶器。
exhibition n. 展览会Yesterday we went to an exhibition to visit exhibits.
She will have an exhibition of her pictures.她将为自己的画作举办一个展览会。
表现, 显示
The quiz was a good opportunity for the exhibition of his knowledge.
这次测验是他显示知识的好机会。
公开示范表演
There's an exhibition of pottery-making at the fair.在集市上有陶器制作的示范表演。
★oddly adv. 奇怪地, 古怪地
She's been behaving rather oddly.她一直表现得颇为古怪。oddly enough说也奇怪
oddly: strangely
odd peculiar queer strange
意思都含“奇怪的”
odd指“超出常规的”或“超出预期的不正常的”, 强调“违反正常情况”, 如:
The book is an odd combination of audacity and intense conservatism.
那本书很怪, 所谈内容既很大胆, 又非常保守。
odd adj. 奇怪的; 古怪的
I had rather an odd experience the other day.前几天我有过非常奇怪的经历。
单的I threw away the odd glove.我丢弃了那只不成对的手套。
奇数的(even )Three is an odd number.三是个奇数。
临时的He makes a living by doing odd job.他通过做临时的工作来谋生。
余下的; 零头的Here are two odd volumes of an encyclopedia.
这儿有两卷零散的百科全书。
odd numbers奇数/ even numbers 偶数
the odd month大月(指有31天的月份)an odd shoe单只鞋
odd permutation【数】奇排列, 奇置换odd volumes散册, 零本
odd lot零星货物; 不成套的东西; (交易所)零星股
odds and ends (Brit infml 口)odds and sods n.零碎的东西;琐碎物品
He’s moved most of his stuff; there are just a few odds and ends left.
他把大部分东西都搬走了，只留下一些零星杂物。
sixty thousand odd六万多
odd money(剩下的) 零钱an odd man [hand]打杂的短工
at odd times[moments]有空的时候; 偶而an odd fellow奇怪的人
odd corners偏僻的角落
strange是最普通、应用范围最广的词, 指“奇怪的”、“陌生的”, 强调“不常见的”、“生疏的”, 如:
It's strange that the bus has been delayed so long.真奇怪, 汽车竟耽误这么长时间。
adj. 因为陌生而奇怪的strange fish[口]怪人be strange in one's manner举止很古怪
a strange idea古怪的想法be strange at bridge对桥牌是外行
be strange to the job不太习惯这工作in a strange land在异地; 在外国
Truth is stranger than fiction.实际的人生比虚构的故事还离奇。
Strange-to say, he is still ignorant of it.说也奇怪, 他还不知道这件事。
Who is that strange man over there?那边的陌生人是谁?
The village boy was strange to city life.这个农村的男孩对城市生活不习惯。
He is still strange to the work.他对这项工作仍很生疏。
She says she feels strange.她说她觉得不太舒服。
Not being able to speak the language made me feel strange.
由于不会说那种语言, 我感到很不自在。
queer 指“古怪的”, 强调“违反正常的”, 含有“可笑的”、“可疑的”的意思, 如:
I had a queer sensation as if a worm was creeping down my spine.
我有一种可疑的感觉, 好象有个虫子在顺着我的脊梁往下爬似的。
adj.奇特的, 古怪的
What a queer story!一个多么离奇的故事！ That's queer indeed!真奇怪!
act in a queer way行为古怪 have queer ideas有古怪的想法
Look, he is wearing a queer hat.
可疑的
I heard some queer footsteps.我听到某种可疑的脚步声。
He is a queer character.他是个可疑的人。
(身子)不舒服的She has been queer lately.她最近身体不舒服。
vt.把...弄糟, 损坏, 破坏 使觉得不舒, 使陷入窘境[不利地位]
queer sb.'s plans破坏某人的计划
His cheating on the final queered his chances of graduation.
他在大考中作弊影响了他的毕业。
peculiar指“与众不同的“、“罕见的”, 强调“独特性”, 如:
He is very peculiar in his behavior.他的举止很古怪。
adj.奇怪的, 异常的The wine has a peculiar taste.这种酒有种怪怪的味道。
特有的, 独具的The book has a peculiar value.这本书有特殊的价值。
〈非正〉不舒服, 有病的
Seeing blood makes me feel a bit peculiar.看见血会使我感到有点儿不舒服。
peculiar sound独特的声音peculiar way特有的风味a peculiar taste怪味
Language is peculiar to mankind.语言是人类所特有的。
This book has a peculiar value.这本书有特殊的价值。
There is something peculiar about him.他有点古怪。
peculiarity
n.古怪, 怪癖 特色, 特性Each country has its own peculiarity.每个国家都有自己的独特之处。
fantastic adj.奇妙的;荒诞的, 奇异的, 古怪的
极大的, 异乎寻常的 极好的, 极出色的, 了不起的
What a fantastic goal!这球进得多漂亮！
eccentric adj. 古怪的, 怪癖的; 异乎寻常的
She is so eccentric that she is regarded as a bit of a curiosity.她非常古怪, 算是个奇人。
He is an eccentric person.
★attach v. 连，系
attach vt. 系，拴，粘上，贴上; 附上
The worker attached a cable.工人连接电缆。attach labels to the luggage把标签系在行李上
attach a document to a letter将文件附在信中
aid with no conditions attached 无附加条件的援助
a bedroom with a bathroom attached 带有浴室的卧室
attach to
attach part of sb.'s salary扣下某人的部分薪金attach one's name to在...上签名
He attached his horse to a tree.他将马栓在树上。No blame attaches to him.他无可责备。
The hospital is attached to that university.这医院附属于那所大学。
Eg.; he attached the lamb to a tree.
attach to sb. for sth. 因为某事而把......加在某人身上
Eg.: We didn’t attach blame to him for his failure.
attach primary / great importance to sth. 对某事非常重视
Eg.: We should attach primary importance to a firm and correct political orientation.
我们要把坚定正确的政治方向放在第一位。
be attached to sth.附属于 喜欢，喜爱；爱慕；依恋
Eg.: be attached to one’s revolutionary work 非常热爱自己的革命工作
I’m very attached to her.
attachment n. 固定，爱慕，友情，附着 依恋：
We have a strong attachment for every tree and bush in Yenan.
我们对延安的一草一木都怀有深厚的感情。
[同义词]
attach add affix annex fasten
均含有“把一件东西或一件事添加或附加于另一件东西(或事)上”的意思。
attach 表示“较为外形的结合, 可以连得上去, 也可拆得开来”, 还可用于比喻的意义, 如:
He attached labels to all his bags.他在所有的袋子上都系上标签。
add 是最普通的词, 可用于一切有形的和无形的东西, 如:
The index adds appreciably to the usefulness of the book.
索引明显地增加了这本书的实用价值。
affix 是比较正式的词, 通常指“把一件较小的或次要的东西永远加于另一件东西上”, 如:
affix a stamp to the parcel贴邮票于包裹上。
annex 是比较正式的词,表示“附加”, 也指“扩充”或“兼并”, 如:
annex a condition/ clause to a contract在合同中附加一项条件/ 条款。
fasten 表示“结牢”、“拴住”,用于有形的东西,有时可与attach互用, 如:
fasten an ox to the tree把牛拴在树上。
★sphere n. 球(体)
The Earth is not a perfect sphere.地球并不是一个完全的球体。
(兴趣或活动的)范围, 领域
Biology is not my sphere.生物学不是我研究的范围。
★magnetize v. 使磁化 magnetizer [m?ɡnitaiz?]n.导磁体
magnetized vt.
Eg.: The iron was magnetized.
He speech magnetized the listeners.
★repel v. 排斥
repel vt.: to drive back; cause feelings of dislike击退, 抵制
They repelled the enemy.他们击退了敌军。
使厌恶, 使反感His manner repels me.他的举止让我厌恶。
Eg.: the different sexes attract each other and the same sexes repel on the contrary.
Let me go at once, you repel me. 让我走，你真让我恶心。
attract or repel （磁铁）吸引或排斥
击退; 驱逐 反驳; 抵抗(诱惑等); 抵制; 拒绝 使厌恶; 使不愉快 不透水
【物】反拨, 排斥, 弹回
repel an attack [the assailants]击退进攻[进攻者]repel a temptation不受诱惑
A plastic coating repels moisture.塑料涂层能防潮。
Water repels oil.油水不相溶。
★flicker v. (通常指灯光)闪烁, 摇曳
The candle-light flickered in the wind.烛光在风中摇曳。
The fire flickers low.炉火颤动欲灭。
The candle flickered and then went out.蜡烛忽亮忽暗, 接着就全熄了。
用微小的动作表示或传达
flicker a warning with a lifted brow皱一皱眉头以示警告
n.(火光)闪烁, 摇曳; 扑动; 忽隐忽现a weak flicker of hope一线希望的闪现
flickering [flik?ri?]adj.闪烁的,摇曳的,忽隐忽现的,一闪一闪的
★flash v. 闪光；闪耀, 闪现His eyes flashed a smile.他眼里闪现出微笑。
flash sb. a meaning look 给某人使一个眼色
a flash in the pan 昙花一现(的人) flash flood （暴雨等造成的）骤发洪水
flashlight n. (灯塔、机场等的)闪光信号灯 手电筒
flicker v. shine unsteadily
flash v. shine for a moment
flash , gleam , glance , glint , glisten , spark , flicker 这组动词的一般含义是“闪”或“闪耀”。
flash表示“忽明忽暗的闪光”。如手电筒的忽隐忽现的光，或活动着的反光体（如镜子）所反射出的光
A lighthouse was flashing in the distance.一个灯塔在远处闪着光。
The lightning flashed across the sky.闪电掠过天空。
gleam 一般表示透过某种媒介而现出的微弱的光，这种光由于微弱，有时也显得忽隐忽现，如在大雾中所看到的远处的灯光，或黄昏时透过毛毛细雨而看到的灯光；有时也表示在昏暗中忽隐忽现的弱光。
glance尤其表示急促的反射光，例如古代的刀、枪、剑、戟等兵器在阳光下闪烁的光亮。
Their helmets glanced in the sunlight.他们的头盔在阳光下闪着亮光。
glint 用于表示迅速闪烁的微弱的光，如朝阳下露水珠上闪烁的微弱的光
Nothing can be compared, he maintains, with the first cock crow, the twittering of birds at dawn, the sight of the rising sun glinting on the trees and pastures.
金鸡初啼，黎明鸟语，那闪烁着朝晖的树木和草原的景色，这一切他认为无可比拟。
The sun glinted through the leaves after the shower.
阵雨过后，阳光透过叶隙闪烁着微弱的光芒。
glisten尤其指潮湿的物体上反映的有光泽的柔和光辉，如高山上积雪反射的光辉
Round about, piles of lime-stone glistened in all the colours of the rainbow.
周围一堆堆的石灰石，在彩虹一样的斑斓色彩中闪闪发光。
Her eyes were glistening with tears.她眼睛中的泪水闪着柔和的光。
spark表示发出火星的光。
flicker表示如油灯或蜡烛的火苗要熄灭前扑动着的闪光
Sparks were emitted from small black boxes and red lamps flashed on and off angrily.
黑色的小盒子里发出火花，红灯刺目地忽亮忽灭。
He was so angry that his eyes sparked furiously.他如此气愤，两只眼睛冒着怒火。
These lights flickered continuously like traffic lights which have gone mad.
这些灯象发狂的交通灯一样不停地闪动着。
The candle flickered and then went out.那只蜡烛的火苗扑动着，后来就熄灭了。
★emit v.放射 发[放, 幅, 散]射, 发[放, 喷, 冒]出The sun emits light.太阳发光。
发出; 放出She was heard to emit a cry of horror.人们听到她发出恐怖的叫声。
emit v. give off
emit sound / emit smell / emit light / emit heat / emit smoke
★prehistoric adj. 史前的，老掉牙的
Eg.: They have found prehistoric remains.他们发现了史前遗迹。
★electronic adj. 电子的
◆peculiar adj. 奇异的奇怪的, 异常的
The wine has a peculiar taste.这种酒有种怪怪的味道。
特有的, 独具的The book has a peculiar value.这本书有特殊的价值。
〈非正〉不舒服, 有病的
Seeing blood makes me feel a bit peculiar.看见血会使我感到有点儿不舒服。
peculiar adj. stange and unusual
Eg.: The food has peculiar taste.
I’m feeling rather peculiar.
◆shock vt.使…震惊
The violence and bad language in the program shocked many of the viewers.
电视节目中的暴力场面和污秽语言使许多观众震惊。
使受电击She got shocked when she touched the bare wire.她摸了裸线, 遭电击了。
使…感到厌恶[恐惧]He was shocked at her smoking.他对她抽烟感到很厌恶。
get shocked 受震动
At the news, he got shocked.
shock n. 激动,震惊The news gave me a very great shock.这消息使我非常震惊。
get a big shock a terrible shock to him使他极为震惊
震动
The shock of the explosion was felt far away.爆炸引起的震动很远都可感觉到。
电击You get an electric shock if you touch a live wire.如果触动电线你会触电的。
打击
His death was a great shock to the family.他的死对他的家庭是一个很大的打击。
休克She died of shock following an operation on the brain.她死于脑手术之后的休克。
冲突; 突击;shock troops突击部队
地震A slight shock occurred last night.昨夜有轻微地震。
◆emotionally adv. 感情上
emotional adj. 易激动的，情绪的，感情脆弱的an emotional actor善于表达情感的演员
emotional nature易激动的性情an emotional speech动人的演说
Eg.: I think you agree with me, women are often said to be more emotional than men.
反义词 unemotional
emotion: n. 感情：with emotion感动地, 激动地
Eg.: Love, hatred and grief are emotions.爱、恨和忧伤都是强烈的情感。
feeling n. 某时的内心感受
Eg. : I can’t describe my feeling now.
n.知觉I've lost all feeling in my hands.我的双手失去了知觉。
感觉, 感触
She had an uneasy feeling that they were still following her.她有一种他们仍在跟踪她的感觉。
态度, 看法
There seems to be a general feeling that the election will be held in June.
似乎普遍的看法是这次选举将在六月份举行。
同情, 体谅She has no feeling for the suffering of others.她对别人的痛苦没有同情心。
激情He spoke with feeling(s) about the high rate of unemployment.他针对高失业率慷慨陈词。
感情, 情绪His abrupt reply hurt our feelings.他粗鲁的回答伤了我们的感情。
emotive adj.引起情绪反应的；激起强烈感情的
The word home is more emotive than house.
emotionally; emotional; unemotional; emotive; emotion; feeling
feeling , affection , emotion , sentiment , passion 这组名词的一般含义是“感情”。
feeling所表示的“感情”可以是愉快的或痛苦的，也可以是喜爱的或厌恶的，而且这种反应既可能是精神的也可能是肉体的。除非根据上下文或者修饰语，一般看不出feeling的心理反应的性质
The Algerian landing had been viewed with mixed feelings in a politically divided France,…
在政治分歧的法国，各派怀着不同的感情来看待在阿尔及利亚登陆一事，……
affection的含义也是感情，主要用于表示“爱好”或“倾向于喜爱”，通常包含“愿望”的意思
Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection.
大象正象狗一样，喜欢专一的主人，而且能够有相当程度的个人感情。
emotion 也具有feeling的含义，但是它的“感情”却多了一层“激动”的意义。
A gifted American psychologist has said,"Worry is a spasm of emotion…"
一位有天赋的美国心理学家说过：“焦急是感情的一阵发作……”
…；the violent thief is usually at the mercy of an instant emotion.
行凶的强盗通常受一时感情冲动的支配。
sentiment表示的“感情”包含着较强的理智因素，通常用来表示优雅的感情，即所谓“情操”、“情趣”，有时也表示浪漫的感情，比如“情调”
A statesman should be animated by lofty sentiments.政治家应当焕发出崇高的情操。
passion表示强烈的“激情”。这种感情可以是占有或报复的欲望，而且较少或根本不受理智的制约
Notice how the cold, colourless men, without ideas and with no other passion but craving for success, get on in this society,…
看看那些冷酷无情、毫无个性特色、无见地和除了渴望飞黄腾达别无任何激情的人是怎样在此社会里青云直上的……
【课文讲解】
rarely: seldom adv.不常, 很少地, 难得地
She rarely went anywhere except to her office.她除了去办公室以外, 很少去别的地方。
rare adj.稀有的, 罕见的; 不常发生的 稀少的, 稀薄的 杰出的 [口]非常有趣的, 极有意思的
a rare bird珍禽rare metals稀有金属have a rare time玩得很高兴
in a rare degree极, 很 =on rare occasions)难得, 偶尔
The higher we go above the earth, the rarer the air is. 我们离开地面越高, 空气越稀薄。
in rare cases(Edison had rare powers as an inventor.
爱迪生是一个极有才能的发明家。
We are not surprised at moden sculpture...
that引导同位语从句，修饰限定the idea的内容。
Eg. : The idea that one can learn English well in English-speaking countries is mistaken.
重点句式结构
who take no interest in art 修饰说明 people
take interest in 对......感兴趣
take delight in 对......感到高兴
take pride in 对...... 感到骄傲
show interest in 显示对......的兴趣
cannot; failed to 双重否定意味着肯定；加强语气
推测：过去肯定 must have done 现在肯定 must be
过去否定 can’t have done 现在否定 can’t be
He must have passed his examination last week.
He cannot have failed to pass his examination last week.
You must keep your promise.
You can’t fail to keep your promise.
on display / on show 在展出中，在展览中
We can see sculptures everywhere.
strange forms 奇形怪状=oddly shaped forms 造型奇特 =peculiar
用夸张的口吻表明事实
in spite of this 尽管如此
作者表明了自己的观点
重点句型
The first thing I saw when I entered the art gallery was a notice which said:
The first thing... was a notice which said...
定语从句省略that
The sculpture can move
art gallery 艺术走廊
走廊, 阳台 美术陈列室[馆]; 画廊 (戏院中)最高的楼座; 楼座观众[听众]
摄影室; (射击等的)练习室 (议会等的)旁听人; 高尔夫球 赛的观众
a shooting gallery室内靶场the distinguished guest's gallery贵宾席
the press gallery记者席the public gallery旁听席
oddly...
Oddly shaped forms that are suspended from the ceiling and move in response to a gust of wind are quite familiar to everybody.
in response to对…做出反应She laughed in response to his jokes.他的话引起她大笑。
Oddly...that...
that 引导的定语从句用来限定shaped forms
are ...familiar to...谓语
句子主干：Oddly shaped forms are familiar to everybody
that 定语从句中：in response to / in reaction to 作为对......的反应
gust n.一阵强风A gust of wind blew the front door shut.一阵大风吹来, 把前门关上了。
(怒、笑等的)爆发A gust of happiness swept through her.一股幸福的暖流流遍她的全身。
vi.(风)猛刮The wind gusted up to 45 miles an hour.风力达每小时45英里。
a gust of rage勃然大怒 a gust of rain一阵暴雨
be familiar to sb. 对某人来说很熟悉things familiar to us我们所熟悉的事物
Eg.: The house is familiar to him.
I don’t really remember where I have seen him before, but he looks very familiar to me.
be familiar with 熟悉，熟知, 熟悉的, 精通的(with): be familiar with English通晓英语
Eg.: Are you familiar with the play of Shakespeare?
I ‘m familiar with that book too.
be familiar to sb. / be familiar with sth.
familiar friends亲密的朋友a familiar essay小品文, 随笔
His manner is too familiar.他的态度太随便了。
different 大开眼界=eyes open 大开眼戒
lined up 过去分词做状语，与 long thin wires 为被动关系
attached to metal spheres 过去分词做定语，修饰long thin wires
定语从句
there were long thin wires that were attached to metal spheres.
the center of the hall 展厅的中央
colored lights 彩色灯泡
=multi-colored lights
continuously adv. 不停止的
ga mad 发疯，发狂 run mad
Eg. : He must have gone mad to do such a thing.
on and off=off and on: continuously不时；断断续续地，间歇地
Eg: It has been raining on and off since noon.
It rained on and off all day. 整天断断续续下着雨。
It was rather like===It was more like 看起来更像
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§ Lesson 19 A very dear cat 一只贵重的宝贝猫
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
★dear adj.珍贵的; 珍视的 He lost everything that was dear to him.价格昂贵的; 昂贵的 Fruit is dear at this time of year. 一年中这个时候水果是很贵的。I can’t afford the car because it’s too dear. The cat is dear to me.
亲爱的，用于信函抬头的名字或头衔前）亲爱的 ，（表示亲昵喜爱）亲爱的 He is my dearest friend. 他是我最亲爱的朋友。n.亲爱的人, 可爱的人
cost sb dear 花了某人很多钱
valuable adj.贵重的, 珍贵的, 值钱的, 名贵的 He has a valuable collection of stamps.他收藏了很有价值的邮票。Is the watch valuable? 这块表很值钱吗?宝贵的, 有价值的, 极有用的 This is one of the most valuable lessons I learned. 这是我所学到的最宝贵的教训。The book is valuable for my purpose. 这本书对我很有用。The handbook is valuable to me. 这本手册对我很有价值。n.贵重物品, 财宝She has put all her valuables in the bank. 她已把她所有的贵重物品存进了银行。
precious adj.宝贵的, 珍贵的, 贵重的, 珍爱的 He has sent me most precious gifts. 他送给我极其珍贵的礼物。Each life is precious. 生命都是宝贵的。矫揉造作的 She was a precious, old-fashioned lady in her 90's.她是一个90多岁的、过分讲究的旧式老太太。adv.〈口〉很, 非常 Precious few people can afford prices like that. 没有什么人出得起那个价钱。
invaluable adj.无法估计的, 非常宝贵的,极有用的,无价的 The painting is invaluable. 这幅画是非常珍贵的。A computer would have been invaluable for this job.
一台计算机对这个工作的作用会是无法估计的。This information was invaluable to him. 这个消息对他来说是非常宝贵的。
★kidnapper n. 绑架者，拐骗者
kidnap .诱拐, 绑架, 劫持 His son was kidnapped yesterday. 他儿子昨天被绑架了。
★★★considerable adj. 相当大(或多)的 It is a considerable sum of money. 那是一笔数量可观的钱。
They have given the plan considerable attention.
他们已经给予这个计划以相当多的注意。
a considerable business 大规模企业He has got a considerable success.
considerably adv. 相当,非常,颇 He has added considerably to his piano repertoire. 他的钢琴演奏曲目大大增加了。In the following years,his fortunes improved considerably.在后来的几年中,他的运气大为好转。Investments turned down considerably during the economic crisis.
在经济危机中,投资大大减少了。I bought this shirt because it was considerably reduced from its original price.我买这件衬衫是因为它远远低于它的原价。By the end of a year the little seed and grain shop had developed its trade considerably. 到年底,那个卖种子和粮食小店的生意有了相当大的发展。As production has developed, the living standard of the peasants has risen considerably. 农民的生活水平随着生产的发展而大大提高。
It’s considerably colder today than yesterday.
considerate adj. 体贴的be considerate to sb. 对某人很体贴入微
Are you considerate to your wife?
considered 1.经过仔细考虑的, 经过深思熟虑的 It is my considered opinion that we can’t afford to do it.
我们承担不了这事, 这是我经过深思熟虑的意见。
In my considered opinion, ‘Trainspotting’ is one of the best British movies ever made. 仔细想来，我认为《猜火车》是英国最好的电影之一。
It’s my considered opinion. 这是我经过考虑的看法。
受尊敬的, 受尊重的, 受推崇的 Her paintings are well considered abroad. 她的画在国外得到很好的评价。
all things considered 就各方面而言
Eg: All things considered, he finished the work well.
considering prep & conj. & adv.
Eg.: 1.考虑到；就…而言；鉴于 Considering the strength of the opposition, we did very well to score two goals. 就对方的实力而论, 我们能进两个球就很不错了。Considering his age, the little boy reads very well.
adv.1.从各方面考虑, 从通盘考虑 Yes, her speed was quite good, considering. 不错, 从各个方面来看, 她的速度相当快。
He studies English well, considering.
★wealthy adj. 富的，有钱的He grew up in a wealthy family. 他在一个富有的家庭里长大。补充：born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth 出生在特权人家, 出生在富贵人家 She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth and has never done a day's hard work in her life. 她出生于富贵人家, 一生中从未做过一天的苦活。
My brother is now very wealthy. 我哥哥现在很有钱。
n. 富人；有钱人；阔人
wealth n.1.财产; 财富 Health is above wealth. 健康比财富更重要。大量, 众多, 丰富
His wealth is estimated at fifty million dollars. 他的财产估计有5000万美元。
★orderly adj. 有规律的;安排好的; 整齐的; 有秩序的=disciplined It's an orderly room. 这是个整洁的房间。
n. (=medical orderly) （医院的）勤杂工 勤务兵
★disappearance n.消失, 丢失 Nobody noticed her disappearance. 没人注意到她不见了。失踪, 失踪案 Her disappearance gave rise to the wildest rumors. 她失踪一事引起了各种流言蜚语。
disappear 指消失，完全客观的现象，没有前者语气强烈。 vi.不见, 消失 He disappeared. 他不见了。A ship disappeared below the horizon. 船消失在地平线下。不复存在 The snow will soon disappear when the warm weather comes. 天气变暖时, 雪很快就会融化。
补充：vanish的语气强,指完全、往往是神秘而突然的消失,不留任何蛛丝马迹 用作比喻的时候注重的是“消亡、消灭、化为泡影”，一去不复返的感觉。Bermuda百慕大群岛(北大西洋西部群岛) vi.消失, 突然不见,（莫名其妙地）突然消失 With a wave of his hand, the magician made the rabbit vanish. 魔术师手一挥兔子便不见了。The smile vanished from her face. 笑容从她脸上消失了。不复存在, 绝迹,消亡 Many types of animal have now vanished from the earth. 许多动物物种现已从地球上绝迹。
★anonymous adj. 无名的, 不具名的匿名的 It is an anonymous letter. 这是一封匿名信。The writer wishes to remain anonymous. 作者希望姓名不公开。
anonymity n.匿名;作者不详 Our company promises to preserve the anonymity of all its clients.我们公司承诺不公开客户的姓名。
on the condition of anonymity for fear of repercussions
★ransom n. 赎金They have to pay a large ransom. 他们不得不付一大笔赎金。
pay ransom to sb.
The old lady paid a ransom of one thousand pounds to the kidnapper.
hold sb to ransom 绑票（索取赎金）
They kidnapped the boy and held him to ransom.
★cardboard n. 硬纸板
She brought the shopping home in a cardboard box. 她将买的东西放在纸箱里带回家。
★withdraw (withdrew, withdrawn ) v. （从银行）取钱; 提，取（银行账户中的款）
I'd like to withdraw 1000 dollars from my savings account and put it in my cheque account. 我想从我的储蓄账户上提取1000美元转到支票账户上。(使)撤退[出]; （使）撤回, 撤离 I want to withdraw a statement I made earlier. 我想收回我早些时候发表的一项声明。The general decided to withdraw his soldiers. 那位将军决定撤军。
★punctually adv. 准时地not early nor late
punctual adj. .严守时刻的; 准时的; 正点的 I am not myself a particularly punctual person. 我本人不是一个严守时间的人。I have to go now because I must be punctual for class.我现在不得不走了, 因为我得准时去上课。
punctuality n. 严守时间 He gave the child a lecture on the importance of punctuality.他教训孩子们严守时间的重要性。He’s been taken to task for his habitual lack of punctuality. 他因为经常不准时而受到批评。Punctuality is essential in the business world. 在商界严守时间至关重要。
take to task (为失误等而)责备(某人) It's wrong of you to take the child to task for such trifling offenses.
因这类小毛病责备那孩子是你的不对。
★astound v. 使吃惊;使震惊, 使大吃一惊 This remark astounded me. 这话使我大吃一惊。
语意程度比surprise要强得多
astounding adj. 使人震惊的; 令人惊骇的
吃惊程度 astoud>amaze>astonish>surprise
He was astounded to hear of her death.
They were amazed to find the lazy girl came very early.
surprising----> surprised
【课文讲解】
rarely=seldom
take interest in
take great / no interest in
share sth. with sb.
I share the room with my friend.
flat adj.平的, 扁平的, 平坦的We don't have flat land in this region. 我们这个地区没有平地。 .单调的, 沉闷的 It is a flat weekend. 这是个乏味的周末。
n.一套房间, 公寓套房=(美)apartment
lead an orderly(=disciplined) life
for a great many years = for a long time
orderly=disciplined regular
take a short walk =go for a stroll
however
look (everywhere) for find
everywhere adv.处处, 到处, 各个地方 I can't find it though I've looked everywhere. 虽然我什么地方都找了, 但还是没有找到。The man isn't very happy everywhere. 人并不能在什么地方都舒畅。People come from everywhere to celebrate the victory. 人们从各处汇集而来庆祝胜利。
after可以和名词搭配
Three days after~ arrival
an anonymous letter 匿名信
state;非常正式的声明
in safe hands在[可靠]的人手里;安然无恙=safe and sound
平安无事 I'm glad to see you home safe and sound. 看到你平安回家我很高兴。The fragile china survived the bumpy journey safe and sound.
那批易碎的瓷器经过颠簸的旅途仍完好无损。
instruct: order be instructed to do sth.
命令, 指示,吩咐 The union issued an order instructing its members not to work overtime.
工会发出指示, 不让会员超时工作。The captain instructed the soldiers to retreat. 上尉命令士兵们撤退。教, 指导 She instructs music once a week at a middle school. 她在中学每周教一次音乐课。通知,告知
My agent has instructed me that you still owe me ￡50.我的代理人通知我, 你还欠我50英镑。We should instruct the passengers what customs regulations are.
我们应该向乘客说明海关规则是什么。
The journalist was instructed to obtain...
call / go to the police报警,报案
fearing 现在分词做原因状语
make it clear to sb that 弄清楚；明示
The teacher has made it clear to us that we must read English aloud every day.
change one’s mind改变主意 He changed his mind about moving, but was unable to buy the house back.他改变了搬家的主意, 但没能把自己的房子买回来。She is very firm about it; I can't bend her into changing her mind.
她对此十分坚定, 我无法使她改变主意。
follow one’s instructions听从某人的指导/指示
keep his promise
word 表示诺言、保证时，要采用单数形式 I give you my word I'll go. 我向你保证, 我会去的。You have my word/Give me your word 我向你保证/你向我保证
Stand by your word. 要守信用。
keep his word break his word give sb. one’s word
honor one’s commitment/ promise履行承诺; 履约
(商)承兑，承认并如期支付；（喻）实践；允准：
honor a cheque 承兑支票 honor sb.’s signature 承认某人的签字而付款
honor a debt in advance提前还债 honor an application 批准申请
as good as one's word 表示说到做到，说话算数，守信用，侧重点在于强调一个结果
go back on one's word 食言
sure enough 果然，无疑
He said he would come, and sure enough he came. 他说过要来, 果然, 他来了。
I said would happen, and sure enough it did happen.
half a bottle of milk
in more ways than one ( way ) in many ways
双重意义：dear price 昂贵； expensive 珍贵
用英语练习将此故事讲给朋友听。
PAGE
4
§ Lesson 20 Pioneer pilots 飞行员的先驱
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
★pioneer n. 先驱;先驱者; 创始者; 先锋=forerunner =bellwether系铃的公羊,前导,领导者,群众的首领Intel Corp, for instance, has traditionally been a bellwether for the semiconductor industry. 例如英特尔一向就是半导体行业的龙头股。
He is a pioneer in modern medical practice. 他是现代医学实践的先驱。拓荒者; 开发者 Pioneers from the East settled in this region in 1875.
1875年, 来自东部的拓荒者在这个地区定居下来。vt.开拓, 开发, 创始 This company pioneered the use of silicon chip.这家公司开创了使用硅片的方法。
young pioneer
同义词 advocate n.提倡者, 拥护者 倡导者
He is an advocate of more airplanes and fewer warships.
他是一个提倡多造飞机、少造军舰的人。辩护律师, 辩护人
He got the best advocate in town to defend him. 他请城里最好的律师为他辩护
vt.提倡, 主张 I don't advocate doing such things. 我不主张干这样的事情。拥护；鼓吹；为…辩护pioneer adult education成人教育的先驱
n.先驱,开路人She is a forerunner of the modern women's movement.她是现代妇女运动的先驱。先兆, 前兆 Heavy clouds are the forerunners of a storm. 阴云密布是暴风雨的前兆。
★lord n. 对（英国）贵族的尊称；勋爵 领主, 君主, （英国）贵族 He was a feudal lord. 他是封建领主。 上帝 The Lord be with you. 愿主与你同在。
lordless adj.无君主的;无丈夫的
lordship n.大人,阁下,爵爷,老爷 His lordship will be out of country until next week. 大人他下周才从国外回来。I’m honoured to meet you, your lordship. 很荣幸见到阁下。
lordly adj.傲慢的; 高傲的 宏伟的; 堂皇的; 贵族气派的
duke 公爵
marquis / marquess侯爵
comte / count（欧洲大陆国家） / earl(英) 伯爵
The Count of Mounte Cristo 基督山伯爵
There is neither happiness nor misery in the world; there is only the comparison of one state with another, nothing more. He who has felt the deepest grief is best able to experience supreme happiness. We must have felt what it is to die, Morrel, that we may appreciate the enjoyments of living.
世界上并无所谓的快乐 也无所谓的痛苦 唯有两种处境的比较罢了 唯有经历过最大厄运磨难的人 才能真正感受到幸福的所在 尽情的享受生命的快乐吧
"Live, then, and be happy, beloved children of my heart, and never forget that until the day when God shall deign to reveal the future to man, all human wisdom is summed up in these two words, -- `Wait and hope.' Your friend,
永远记住 在上帝揭开人类未来的图景前 人类的智慧就包含在两个词中：等待和希望.
英[de?n] vi.屈尊,俯就 He passed by without deigning to look at me.他走过去不屑看我一眼。
viscount 子爵
baron 男爵
★Calais n. 加来（法国北部港市）
★overland adj. 陆上的；经由陆路的, 横跨大陆的天然色Overland trucks carry food to market. 横越大陆的卡车把食品运往市场。
trans-continental adj.横贯大陆的,大陆那边的,〈主加〉横穿大路的列车(或铁路)
overnight adj.一整夜的, 晚上的,夜间的,只供一夜的She took the overnight train to New York. 她乘夜车去纽约。突然的; 很快的;一夜之间的
The show was an overnight success on Broadway. 在百老汇的演出一炮打响。
adv. 突然, 很快,一夜之间,旋即
Our success is not won overnight. 我们的成功不是一夜之间得来的。
在晚上, 在夜里 She stayed overnight in the hotel. 她在旅馆过了一夜。
overpopulated adj.(城市等)人口过密[过多]的人口众多的
overseas adj.(在)海外的, (在)国外的 The old man is a patriotic overseas Chinese. 这位老人是一位爱国华侨。We enjoyed the overseas travel.我们喜欢去国外旅行。(向或来自)外国的The overseas trades have been developing these years. 这些年对外贸易得到了发展。The radio station sets up an overseas broadcast program.电台新设置了一个对外广播节目。
over + 动词 表示超过
Eg: overeat, 吃多了
oversleep vi..睡得太久,睡过头 I shall probably oversleep as I am not used to getting up so early.我很可能会睡过头,因为我不习惯这么早起。
sleep over v.借宿别人处, 忽视, 不注意
overwork vt. & vi.工作过度或时间过长 I hope you’re not overworking that poor boy. 我希望你没有驱使那个可怜的男孩工作过度。n..工作过度或时间过长 Overwork killed him. 他工作过度, 劳累致死。 He became ill through overwork. 他因工作过于劳累而病倒了。
overcharge vt.对…要价过高 That store overcharges tourists. 那家商场对游客要价过高。n.过高的要价 I am going to call the gas company about this overcharge on my bill.对于这次我的账单上过高的收费我准备给煤气公司打电话。索要价钱过高
overestimate vt.对(数量)估计过高;对…作过高的评价 We overestimated the bill.我们对账单涉及的钱数估计多了。I think you’re overestimating his abilities.我看你对他的能力评价过高。
【课文讲解】
the first man to fly across...序数词和动词不定式to搭配连用中以代替其后的定语从句
She was the only one to survive the plane crash.
fly across the English Channel英吉利海峡channel如果大写，并且除了the以外没有其他定语时，则指英吉利海峡=the Channel
offer a prize / reward of sth(奖励) to sb 给予某人……奖励
Eg: He offered a prize of 1,000 to the first man who would fly cross the English Channel.
如果before所引导的时间状语从句之前出现段时间，则最佳翻译方法：才。。。
before conj. (指时间)在…之前It will be some time before we know the full results.还要过一些时间我们才能知道全部结果。
It may be many years before we meet again.大概要过许多年我们才能相见。
Before the week was out, they were dead. 那个星期没过，他们就死了。
It will be a long time before we finish this dictionary.我们需要很长的时间才能把这部词典编译完。
take off拿走, 取下; 去掉 I can't take the lid off, it's stuck! 这盖子卡住了, 我拿不下来。Help me to take this handle off.帮我把这握柄取下来。Last night's strong wind nearly took the roof off! 昨夜的大风差一点把屋顶刮掉了。脱去 I can't take my boots off, they're so tight! 靴子太紧了, 我脱不下来!截断, 切除=amputate I'm afraid the disease can't be stopped, so we shall have to take your leg off.恐怕这病情控制不住了, 我们得把你的一条腿截肢。
(使)离开 I'll take off now, and see you later. 我现在就要走了, 回头见。The director has taken the visitors off to his office. 经理把客人带到他办公室去了。I think I'll take myself off now. 我想我现在就得走。起跳; 起飞 The tiger took off from the ground with a powerful spring. 老虎从地上猛地一跃而起。Watch that bird taking off from the branch! 注意看那只鸟从枝头飞起来!(飞机)起飞 It's exciting to feel the plane taking off. 感觉到飞机起飞令人兴奋。发起
The attack will take off from our position near the harbor.此次攻击将从我们在港口附近的阵地上发动。使停运; 使停航
The early morning train is being taken off for the summer. 早班火车夏季将停运。减轻(体重) I'm so pleased that I've been able to take off all that weight and get into my good clothes again! 我的体重终于减轻, 那些漂亮的衣服又合身了, 我真高兴!〈非正〉走开, 离开 They took themselves off without saying good-bye. 他们没有告辞就走了。
land vt.使陷于（困境）；使处于；使不得不应付
land oneself in a passive position 使自己处于被动地位
travel vt. 走遍;走过…=cover 走完；行过（路程） He travelled the whole world. 他周游了全世界。We have travelled a tortuous road.我们走过了曲折的道路。
The Red Army covered 25,000 li on their Long March.红军在长征中行军二万五千里。
when adv. -=at which time, on which occasion 在那时；当时；当场
The Queesn’s last visit was in May, when she opened the new hospital.
女王上次来是五月份，她那时主持了这座医院的落成典礼。
attempt in one's attempt
Eg: She failed in her attempt to swim the tunnel.
make an attempt on 尝试，试图
make an attempt to do 尝试，试图
make no attept 没有……企图，尝试
at that moment
failed: break down;refuse to work
fail 失败，忽视；在…中失败 He failed to pass the examination through carelessness.由于粗心, 他考试没及格。
She failed to win the prize.
不足, 短缺, 缺乏 The oil supply failed. 石油供给不足。
n.考试不及格 Some college courses are graded in terms of either a pass or a fail.
有些大学课程按及格或不及格评分。
忘记, 忽视, 未能 The car failed to climb the hill. 这辆小汽车没能爬上山去。
be forced to do 被迫做……
pick up拾起, 捡起; 抬起
He picked up the child and put her on his shoulders. 他抱起孩子, 让她骑在自己的肩膀上。
I picked up your book by mistake. 我拿错了你的书。
I would have picked it up if I had noticed it. 我如果看见的话, 我早就把它拣起来了。
安排接取; 使搭乘; 搭救
The ship calls at each port on this coast to pick up passengers and mail.
那艘轮船在沿海每个港口停下, 搭载乘客和接取邮件。
Please wait at the school gate. John will pick you up there.请在校门口等候, 约翰会到那里接你。The shipwrecked sailors were picked up by a passing boat.
一艘过路的船只搭救了遭受船难的水手。
爬〔站〕起来; 振作起来
His spirits picked up. 他的精神振奋起来了。
Pick yourself up and brush yourself down. 自己爬起来, 把衣服掸干净。
It's hard to pick yourself up after such a terrible shock.
经历这样可怕的打击后, 就很难再振奋起来了。
使增加〔加快〕
The car began to pick up the moment the vehicle got onto the motorway.
一开上高速公路, 车子的速度就加快了。
The car picks up speed with just a touch of the accelerator.这辆车只要你一触加速器就会加速。
收拾东西〔屋子〕
Children, it's time to pick up and have supper. 孩子们, 该收拾吃晚饭了。
Pick up your room before you go out, please. 请在离开之前整理好房间。
The room must be picked up before the guests arrive.这个房间在客人到达之前必须收拾出来。掘, 挖 The peasants were picking up in the field. 农民们在田里翻地。
The man was picking up the ground very hard. 那个人正在使劲地挖地。
The frozen ground will have to be picked up by hand before machine digging can begin.这冻土必须挖过后才能用掘土机掘土。
染上 He must have picked up a cold—he's begun to snuffle. 他开始鼻塞, 一定是感冒了。
捉住, 逮住
He was implicated in a murder, and sooner or later they would pick him up.
他和一宗凶杀案有牵连, 迟早他们会逮捕他的。
He is picked up on a charge of killing a man.他因犯有杀人罪而被逮捕。
好转; 恢复
When is the weather going to pick up? It's been bad for weeks.
天气什么时候转好?几周来一直很糟糕。
Trade has been slack for the past six months, but it is now picking up.
在过去六个月中贸易一直不景气, 但现在状况正在好转。
He has picked up slowly since he came out of hospital. 他自出院以来, 身体恢复得很慢。
The writer's personal appearance picked up the sales of the book considerably.
那位作家亲自到场, 使那本书的销售量大增。
A bit of exercise will pick you up. 你稍微运动运动就会恢复健康的。
(跌倒后)使(自己)起来，再爬起来(尤指偶然地、无意地、不费劲地)得到；偶然获得，偶然找到；无意地学会(技术、语言、游戏等)；无师自通地学会；理解；懂得；意识到；注意到
She picks up a lot of imformation. 她偶然得到许多信息。
停下来把…带走；中途把…带走
Will you please pick up my parcel at the post office as you pass by?
请你路过邮局时把我的包裹带回来好吗?
把(某人)拘留起来；逮捕；捉到；拿获(罪犯等)
The prisoners who had missed from the place of reform through labour were picked up within 24 hours. 从劳改场所逃走的囚犯在24小时之内被捉到了。
(病后)恢复健康、体力等；好转 This tonic should pick you up . 这种补药会增强你的体质。
中断后重新开始(活动、叙述等)；重新开始
The engine coughed for a few minutes, and then picked up.发动机嘭嘭地响了几分钟，然后又重新开动了。
(在广播、电视里)收听、收看到；(用雷达、探照灯等)看到，偶然发现收进或接受(账单)准备付款
It is the custom for the new wife's father to pick up the bill for the wedding.
由新娘的父亲承担婚礼的费用这是个惯例。
(偶然、随便地)结识、结交(尤指结交与之发生性关系的异性)
He went home with a girl he'd picked up at a party. 他带着一个在宴会上结识的姑娘回家。
vt.通过实践学会
She soon picked up French when she went to live in France. 她到法国居住后很快就学会了法语。The children have picked up the local accent. 孩子们已经学会了当地的口音。
with a plane: with 具有、带有
had been making planes
背熟：A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight during which he covered twenty-six miles.
cover vt.通过，走过(若干里)，走完(一段路程) They covered thirty-five kilometers yesterday. 他们昨天走了35公里。
By sunset we covered thirty miles.到日落时，我们已走了三十英里。
during which----during flight
It looked/ seemed as if /like ： 似乎，看起来
It looked as if there would be a heavy storm.
make a short test / trial flight 试飞
make another attempt
介词和关系代词搭配连用，当定语从句的关系代词是介词的宾语时，能够把可移位的介词提前放在关系代词的前面。（正式）
在非正式问题和口语当中，介词一般要放在从句的末尾
This is the person about whom I was telling you.
Is this the book for which you asked me?
定语从句中介词位置
决定介词位置的4个因素:
1．如果是口语，介词位于句尾，同时关系代词可以省略。
2．非正式问题，介词位于从句句尾。
3．有些动词+ 介词，合成词组被看成是不可分割的语言单位，这个时候介词必须紧跟动词，不可移动take after account for
4．在很多情况下，介词和关系代词构成独立的介词短语，在句中起状语作用，与从句的谓语动词毫无关系，而不是谓语动词的一部分，这时介词始终位于关系代词之前
Eg: He described it as a very agreeable situation located within two small hills
In the midst of two small hills, flowed a great river.
Eg: He described it as a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river.(in the midst of跟后面的谓语动词flow没有任何关系)
Mrs. Ramsay received an anonymous letter in which the writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands.
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offer: 常用词，意为" 提出，提供，呈现"，表示向别人提供可接受也可拒绝的某物，如帮助，服务或物品，这可能是对方要求也可能是自己主动提出的。 offer to help sb. offer sb. sth./ offer sth. to sb.
provide: "供给，提供，装备，准备"，强调有预见，并通过储存或准备的方式为某事做准备，以在需要时提供所需物品。常用词组：provide sb. with sth./ provide sth. for sb. 提供生活费，养活，为……做准备。例如：
提供[(+for)]
On Sundays his landlady provided dinner as well as breakfast. 星期天,他的女房东不但供给早餐,还供给晚餐。
装备,供给[(+with)]
Somehow she managed to provide her children with food and clothing. 她总算设法使她的孩子有饭吃,有衣穿。
预备；准备 Mother provided a good dinner. 妈妈准备了一顿美味的饭菜。
supply: "供给，补充，弥补"，着重表示替换或不足所需之物以及弥补缺陷，满足要求的意思，还可作名词，意为“供给（量），物资，存货”。
供给, 供应Our task is to supply vegetables all the year round. 我们的任务是全年供应蔬菜。The school supplies books for the children. 学校为儿童提供书本。He supplied food and clothing for his reputation. 他为了自己的名誉而赞助衣食。
It supplies an urgent need.这满足了急需。Rocks and stumps supplied the place of chairs at the picnic. 野餐时石头和树桩都充当了椅子。The shop was unable to supply what she wanted. 这商店不能供应她所需要的商品。向…提供(物资等)，为…提供(或供应)(常与for， to连用) We can supply the best service for you. 我们可为您提供最周到的服务。
(用外科手术)截(肢等) In the end they had to amputate his foot to free him from the wrecked car.
最后他们不得不截断他的脚才把他从撞坏的车中救出来。 In these cases there is no choice but to amputate. 在这些病例中,除了截肢别无他法。 She had her leg amputated below the knee. 她的一条腿自膝盖以下被截掉了。
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