§ Lesson 21 Daniel Mendoza 丹尼尔·门多萨
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
■boxing n. 拳击Each round of the boxing match lasts three minutes.
拳击比赛每回合时间是3分钟。
He does boxing in his spare time. 他在业余时间打拳击。
boxing match拳击比赛boxing ring拳击比赛场地boxing weights拳击体重等级
shadowboxing 太极拳
■boxer n. 拳击手
■bare adj. 赤裸的光秃秃的, 无遮蔽的
The boy likes to walk on the sand with bare feet.这男孩喜欢赤足在沙滩上走。
刚好够的, 勉强的
vt.使赤裸, 使露出, 使暴露He bared the tree of its bark.他剥光树皮。
bare uncovered
bare (部分的)赤裸
bare fists 赤手空拳=barehanded adj. 赤手空拳的，光着手的 / barefooted adj. 光着脚的
barelegged adj. 露腿的,没有穿袜子的
barely ad.仅仅,只不过,几乎不We barely had time to catch the train.我们几乎来不及赶火车。
barely enough勉强够be barely of age刚成年He barely escaped.他好不容易地才逃了出来。
赤裸裸地; 光秃秃地, 空空地The room is barely furnished.室内几乎没有陈设。
naked adj. 全裸;裸露的
Naked bathing is not allowed to this beach.这个海滩禁止裸泳。
赤裸裸的, 无遮蔽的
To the east of our school, there's a naked hillside.我们学校东边有片光秃秃的山坡。
naked feet光脚a naked sword出鞘的剑the naked eye肉眼the naked truth显然的事实
a naked contract无担保的契约naked fields不毛之地; 荒地a naked tree秃树naked ape人
He’s walking in bare feet.
He is naked.
nude adj. 光秃秃的；裸体的a nude hillside 光秃秃的山坡
【律】无效的, 无偿的
a nude contract【律】有条件的无效契约a nude matter【律】直率的陈述
n. 裸体（雕象，油画）(绘画、照片或雕塑)裸体
[同义词]
naked nude bare
都含“没有衣物或必需的遮蔽物的”、“赤裸”的意思。
naked 指“没有必需物遮盖的”、“全裸或身体某部分裸的”, 语气较强, 如:
She was completely naked.她一丝不挂。
nude 比 naked更正式, 只用于人, 指“一丝不挂的”、“全裸的”, 如:
She doesn't like nude swimming.她不喜欢裸泳。
bare 指“没遮蔽物的”(指物)、“部分裸体的”(指人), 如:
a tree bare of leaves光秃秃的树; bare arms 赤臂
■prizefighter n. 职业拳击手（尤指古时赤手拳击手）
prize money (旧时出售捕获船货物后分给立功官兵的)捕获赏金
■crude adj. 天然的, 未加工的crude materials原料crude salt粗制盐a crude drawing略图
Last night a cargo ship collided with a tanker carrying crude oil.
昨晚一艘货轮与一艘载着原油的油轮相撞。
简陋的, 粗糙的, 未加修饰的
The cottage wears a very crude appearance.那幢农舍外观颇为简陋。
粗鲁的, 粗俗的, 粗野的
The boy is crude enough to stick his tongue to his own sister.
那个男孩太粗野了, 居然对他妹妹伸舌头。
a crude behavior粗暴的行径 the crude birth rate总出生率
the crude life of our savage ancesters in the remote past远古时代未开化祖先的原始生活
be crude to sb 对……粗鲁，无理 , rude语气比 crude 要弱
He is crude to the girl.
■marquis n. 侯爵=marquess
■technically adv. 严格根据法律意义地; 严密地来说;严格按照法律地;技术上,学术上,工艺上
Prize-fighting remained popular, though technically illegal, until the 1880s.
在19 世纪80 年代以前，职业拳击比赛虽然严格来说是不合法的，但一直很受欢迎。
The tomato is technically a fruit, although it is eaten as a vegetable.
严格地说,西红柿是一种水果,尽管它是当作蔬菜吃的。
He was technically in breach of contract.
严格按照法律条文来讲,他是违约了。
technically speaking 从严格意义上来说
技术上;工艺上;技巧上
a technically accomplished musician技艺娴熟的音乐家
a technically demanding piece of music to play一支弹奏起来技术要求很高的曲子
a technically proficient performance of the piece精湛的乐曲演奏
Her performance was technically brilliant but lacked feeling.她的表演技艺精湛但缺乏感情。
It’s quite clear that the electric car is technically feasible.
很清楚,电动汽车在工艺技术上是可行的。
Technically it is the most advanced equipment ever.从技术上说,这是最先进的设备。
The film is technically impressive, but lacks real excitement.
这部电影的技术给人留下深刻的印象，但是情节不够刺激。
■science n. 科学, 科学研究
This discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of science.
这个发现在科学界得到很高的评价。
学科I'm beyond my depth when it comes to natural sciences.谈到自然学科我就茫然。
■popularity n. 名望；有声望；普遍,流行;受欢迎;
enjoy [win] general/ tremendous popularity享盛名, 受欢迎, 得众望The rose was chosen as the star flower because of its immense popularity.玫瑰花被选作明星花是因为它极负盛名。
big, large, huge, great, vast, immense, enormous, giant, gigantic, tremendous, titanic
这些形容词均有“巨大的，庞大的”之意。
colossal: large in size侧重尺寸、规模和体积的无比巨大。
A ship Titanic was colossal.
a colossal monument; a colossal statue
big:大的，重要的
You give me a big surprise. He is a big person. The box is big.
large:体积大，数量大an empty large box a large number of people
great: 伟大
vast: 多指空间、面积、范围的巨大，不涉及重量。辽阔，广阔 vast desert
immense: 正式用词，侧重空间的广阔，也指面积或分量的巨大。 immeasurable 不可测量的an immense stadium, immense iceberg
enormous 重点突出数量、程度、体积远远超过一般标准；强调程度时，语意强于big
Eg: He made a big success. / He made an enoumous success.
giant: 非正式用词，多为褒义。指如巨人般的庞大体积。巨大的，高大的
a giant person 巨人；
gigantic : 指面积或体积的巨大，但多用于引申意义。
tremendous: 指某物很大，大得惊人；也可用作引申意义。 big, fast, powerful The plane is traveling at tremendous speed.
titanic 用于修饰人和物，体积大、力量大The ship is titanic.
huge: 含义广，强调体积或容积的庞大。也可用于引申意义。
a huge stone 数量巨大 a huge sum of money
massive : 指大的体积、数量和重量，侧重庞大而笨重。
At the peak of its popularity in the late nineties, the band sold ten million albums a year.20 世纪90 年代后期那个乐队最红的时候，每年售出1,000 万张唱片。the recent upsurge in the popularity of folk music近来民间音乐的大受欢迎There are indications that his esoteric popularity may be ebbing.有迹象表明,他神秘的声望可能正在下降。They brought in new tax laws in a bid to restore their popularity.他们提出了新税法,力求重新赢得人心。Agency France Presse enjoys great popularity both at home and abroad.
法新社在国内外都很有名气。
n.(=popular concert)大众音乐会
in popularity 受欢迎，受喜爱
Instant foods are getting in popularity. 即食食品越来越受欢迎。
popular songs are in popularity.
popular adj.流行的, 受大众欢迎的
Bob is playing the piano again, banging out the latest popular tunes.
鲍勃又在弹钢琴, 大声奏着最近流行的曲子。
the popular front人民阵线a popular edition普及版a popular science readings科普读物
a popular singer流行歌曲的歌手a popular song流行歌曲a popular price廉价
She is a popular girl.她是一个招人喜欢的姑娘。
通俗的, 大众(化)的 普通的; 一般的; 广泛的
“Mary” is a very popular name for a girl.“玛丽”是个很常见的女孩名字。
公众的The policy enjoys wide popular support.这项政策受到公众的支持。
popular with 受人喜爱
popularity 名望，受人欢迎的状态
fame 出名的名声 famous adj.
reputation 声誉
■adore v. 崇拜，爱戴; 爱慕; 崇拜
More and more people adore the famous actress.
They adored her as a living goddess.他们把她当作活女神崇拜。
非常喜欢You will adore this film.你将十分喜欢这部电影。
adoration n.崇拜,爱慕,受崇拜(或爱慕)的对象
He is worthy of your adoration (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/?adoration?/?" \t "_blank?).?他值得你崇拜 (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/?%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C?/?" \t "_blank?)。
Kissing on the eyelid signifies adoration (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/?adoration?/?" \t "_blank?).?在眼皮上接吻——敬慕 (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/?%E6%95%AC%E6%85%95?/?" \t "_blank?)。
Fall down in adoration (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/?adoration?/?" \t "_blank?) before Buddhist images?在佛像面前顶礼膜拜
Offer up praise and adoration (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/?adoration?/?" \t "_blank?) to sb.?颂扬并崇拜 (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/?%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C?/?" \t "_blank?)某人。
A position of high regard or adoration (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/?adoration?/?" \t "_blank?).? 崇拜 (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/?%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C?/?" \t "_blank?)或尊崇的地位
adorable adj. <口>可爱的,讨人喜欢的; 值得崇拜的
The calves were really adorable.小牛犊真可爱。
He is adorable for his devotion to science.他献身科学的精神令人敬佩。
■alike adv. 一样地;同样地
She treats all her students alike.她对她所有的学生都同样看待。
He treats all customers alike.他对所有的顾客都是一视同仁。
He was adored by rich, and poor alike.
The teacher is adored by boy, girl and alike.
adj.同样的, 相像的
The two office buildings are somewhat alike in appearance.
这两座办公楼在外形上有点相似。
[常作表语]同样的, 相似的These twins are very much alike.这对双胞胎非常相象。
■fame n. 名声, 名望, 名气
Her chief fame rests on her several films.她的名声主要来自她的几部影片。
ill fame丑名, 恶名undying fame不朽之名
The reformer's fame spread all over the country.这位改革者名震全国。
vt.[常用被动语态]使出名, 传扬...的名
The city is famed for its scenic spots.该市以风景优美著称。
come to fame 成名
流芳百世
have a niche in the temple of fame; good reputation flowing down for long ages; hand down a good reputation [name] to a hundred generations; leave a good name for posterity [future generations]; One's name will perpetually be remembered by posterity.; One's name will remain forever a sweet remembrance.; transmit a good name forever; render one's name immortal
“The Paris Commune” will go down in history and hand down a good reputation to a hundred future generations.“巴黎公社” 将永垂史册，流芳百世。
遗臭万年
leave a stink for ten thousand years; be cursed by posterity; be condemned by posterity; everlasting shame; go down in history as a byword of infamy; leave a bad name forever; leave a bad name for thousands of years to come; leave a foul reputation for a myriad years; leave behind a bad name for myriads of years; live in history as a byword of infamy; One's name will be anathema for all time.
■eminent adj. 著名的，杰出的; (人)知名的; 受人尊崇的eminent scientist
We are expecting the arrival of an eminent scientist.我们正期待一位著名科学家的来访。
be eminent among one's contemporaries在同代人中是杰出的
eminent as a sculptor卓越的雕刻家eminent souls社会名流
eminent peaks巍峨的山峰
a very eminent promontory极突出的海角
eminent domain【律】国家对一切财产的支配权; [美]土地征用权
如果指某人在世时出名, 死后仍出名, 不能用 eminent, 应用 famous。此外, 人们常把
eminent与 imminent两词混淆。eminent是“闻名的; 卓越的”, 而imminent的意思是“即将来临的; 逼近的”。(通常指不愉快的事)即将发生的, 逼近的，临近的
The black clounds show/forebode that a storm is imminent.乌云预示暴风雨即将来临。
distinguished adj.著名的, 卓越的, 突出的 以...著名的 (for, by)
distinguished guest贵宾distinguished marksman特等射手
distinguished services特殊的功劳[贡献]distinguished for diligence以勤劳著称
eminence n. 卓越, 显赫, 著名 高处, 高地
[Eminence ](天主教中对红衣主教的尊称)阁下
a position of eminence显赫的地位win [reach] eminence as an inventor成为卓越的发明家
a man of eminence in the world of learning学术界有卓越成就者/名人
■bitterly adv. 厉害地 伤心地; 愤怒地 (形容不快或伤痛)极其; 非常
苦涩地;痛苦地;不痛快地
He spoke most bitterly of his experiences in prison.他非常痛苦地讲述了他在监狱中的经历。
He realized how he had been fooled, and laughed bitterly.
他明白了自己是怎么被愚弄的，苦笑起来。
残酷地;激烈地;非常地
It is bitterly cold today.今天冷得很。
A bitterly cold winter damaged industrial output and trade.
严寒的冬天损害了工业生产和贸易。
Regional monopolies were bitterly fought for.为夺取地方垄断权发生了激烈的竞争。
He was ashamed and bitterly humiliated.他感到羞耻,丢尽了面子。
非常寒冷的；严寒
bitter adj. (药等)苦味的, 苦涩的a bitter taste苦味a bitter smile苦笑
辛酸的, 悲惨的bitter tears辛酸的眼泪
怀恨的; 抱怨的; 讥讽的bitter remarks刻薄话, 恶毒的话
强烈的, 厉害的, 刺骨的, 严酷的bitter discipline严格的训练a bitter argument激烈的争论
a bitter wind 刺骨的风 bitter fighting 苦战
n. 苦味; 苦味物the sweets and bitters of life人世间的悲欢
Bitter pills may have wholesome effects. （口）良药苦口。
■bet (bet, bet; betted, betted) v. 打赌
Some people are fond of betting.有些人喜欢打赌。I'll bet you.我将与你打赌。
I bet you twenty cents on his winning.我跟你赌20美分他赢。
I bet that it will snow tomorrow.我敢说明天一定会下雪。
bet sb. that 跟某人打赌
He bet me ten dollars that John would come (或on John’s coming.)
他认为约翰回来，与我打赌十元。
I bet her￡200 that she would lose the vote.我拿200英镑和她打赌，说她在选举中肯定落选。
肯定, 确信I bet you can't do this puzzle.我敢说, 你解决不了这个难题。
I bet 我肯定，我断言 I bet he won’t come. 我敢断定他不会来。
bet on sth. 以...打赌
n.赌金, 赌注
His bet on the boat race was $50.他下在赛船上的赌注是50美元。
bet one's bottom dollar on 对……孤注一掷
He bet his bottom dollar on his last attempt.
bet on the wrong horse 对…… 做出了错误的判断
you bet (口) 你可确信，的确，当然
■academy n. 专业学校，专科学校
This is an academy of music.这是一所音乐专科学院。
研究院, 学会
I visited Chinese Academy of Sciences yesterday.我昨天去访问了中国科学院。
Chinese Academy of Social Sicences 中国社会科学院
Chinese Academy of Engineering 中国工程院
Beijing Film Academy 北京电影学院
Central Academy of Fine Arts 中央美术学院
黄埔军校（Whampoa Military Academy）. 黄埔军校建于1924年，建校时的正式名称为“中国国民党陆军军官学校”。
Central Academy of Drama 中央戏剧学院
conservatory n.音乐［艺术、戏剧］学院
Central Conservatory of Music 中央音乐学院
■extravagant adj. 奢侈的, 铺张的extravagant habit extravagant in living生活奢侈
Don't be so extravagant, spend your money more carefully.不要如此挥霍, 花钱要仔细点。
过度的, 过分的, 放肆的He is extravagant in behavior.他行为放肆。
extravagant act放肆的行为extravagant in conduct行为放肆
an extravagant price过高的价格load sb. with extravagant praise过分赞扬某人
extravagant vegetation茂盛的植物
thrifty frugal economical
■poverty n. 贫困 abject poverty 赤贫
in poverty 在贫困当中They lived in poverty.他们生活在贫困之中。
缺少; 贫乏
He showed his poverty in his knowledge of agriculture.他表现出缺乏对农业知识的了解。
indigence 贫困 (正式)
destitution n.穷困,缺乏,贫穷,赤贫
destitute adj.赤贫的, 贫苦的; 没有的, 缺乏的the destitute family贫穷的家庭
When Mr. Smith died, his wife and childern were left destitute.
史密斯先生死后, 他的妻儿变得一贫如洗。
Vagrant, usually destitute (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/?destitute?/?" \t "_blank?) people.?无业游民通常指穷困潦倒的人
没有的(of)
be destitute of morality无道德的be destitute of good feeling无同情心
be destitute and homeless流离失所 He is destitute (?http:?/??/?dj.iciba.com?/?destitute?/?" \t "_blank?) of dignity.?他毫无尊严。
needy adj.贫穷的;贫困的 a woman who looked needy 一个看起来非常贫穷的女人A young man idle,an old man needy. 少时闲混,老来穷困。helping the children of poor and needy parents 帮助来自贫困家庭的孩子They awarded scholarships to needy students. 他们给贫苦学生颁发奖学金。The previously free (= not paid for) distribution of text books will now be confined to students who are needy. 以前免费发放课本， 现在只给贫困学生。
penury n.赤贫, 缺乏;诘据 贫穷; 穷困, 缺乏(of ) 吝啬
penury of thought思想的贫乏 penury of table食物的缺乏
Hardship and penury wore him out before his time.受穷受苦使他未老先衰。
A succession of bad harvest had reduced the small farmer to penury.
连续歉收使得这个小农场主陷入了贫困境地。
poor adj. 贫穷的, 贫困的 贫弱的, 贫瘠的, 贫乏的
[口] 不幸的; 可怜的; 胆小的; 已故的 粗劣的; 拙劣的; 破旧的 瘦弱的, 虚弱的;
a poor crop歉收a poor cook拙劣的厨师a poor memory不好的记忆力
a poor supply不足的供应in poor health健康不佳
How is your poor father?你那可怜的父亲怎么样?
He is a poor speaker.他是一个蹩脚的演讲者。
as poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗
【课文讲解】
in popularity
fought with bare fists: 赤手空拳的打斗
in those days 当时,那时候
prize money (旧时出售捕获船货物后分给立功官兵的)捕获赏金
be known as 被认为是….
大家知道的; 已知的; 知名的a nationally known writer全国知名的作家
be known for 因...而著名
be known to 为...所知
seriously injured 重伤=deeply hurt serious injury
背熟：One of the most colorful figures (in the limelight) in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza who was born in 1764.
one of the most famous people
introduce: bring in引进, 采用
Production is going up because we have introduced new techniques.
产量提高了, 因为我们采用了新技术。
Potatoes were introduced into Europe from South America.
draw up: 制定，起草; 草拟, 拟订
Has your lawyer drawn up the contract yet? 你的律师把契约写好了没有?
将(某物)拉上前Draw up a chair, and join the conversation.拉把椅子过来, 加入我们的谈话。
折叠; 拆除It seems that he is drawing up something.他好像在折叠什么东西。
排好队伍, 使整队Draw up the lines and welcome the new teacher.排好队欢迎新老师。
(使)停下We saw a truck drawing up to our building.我们看到一辆卡车开到我们楼前停住。
使(自己)挺直身子He drew himself up to his full height.他挺直了身子。
technically= technically speaking 严格来讲
Sb. did much to do sth.
in his full time in his good day
day n. 时期, 时代; 寿命
The life used to be very interesting in my school days.在我学生时代, 生活非常有趣。
In my days things were different. 在我那个时代, 情况又不同了。
补充：prime n.全盛时期 He is at the prime of his career. 他正处于事业的巅峰。
rise to fame = become famous;get a name;make a name for oneself一举成名
He has made a name for himself by his broadcast talks.他的广播谈话使他出了名。
become famous overnight;achieve instant fame
补充：hit n. 很受欢迎的人（或事物）；风行一时的作品（或电影、歌曲、演出等）；轰动一时的成功人物（或事物）
The play was quite a hit in New York. 这剧本在纽约曾轰动一时。
He is a hit with everyone. 大家都喜欢他。
They sang their latest hit. 他们唱了最新的流行歌曲。
a hit tune 流行曲调 hit songs, records 流行歌曲、歌曲唱片
hit parade 最畅销的流行歌曲唱片目录；唱片曲目集锦
attract sb.’s sttention == attract the attention of sb.
be quick to learn 一学就会（悟性很高）
be quick(slow) on the draw / trigger （美俚）思想(不)敏捷；理解很快（慢）
You have to be quick on the draw if you want to find low-rent housing here.
He is a nice lad, but a bit slow on the draw. 他是个不错的小伙子，就是头脑欠灵活。
turn against sb 与……反目成仇;(使)转为反对; (使)变成和…敌对
Those who were once for him have turned against him.
那些原来支持他的人现在倒过来反对他了。
six votes for, four against, and three abstentions 六票赞成，四票反对，三票弃权
pro n.赞成的意见, 赞成的理由 pros and cons 赞成和反对的理由; 有利有弊; 正反
We should hear all the pros and cons of the matter before we make a decision.
我们在对这事做出决定之前, 应该先听取正反两方面的意见。
quarrel bitterly 争吵不休severely
badger [b?d??]n.獾, 穴熊 獾皮, 獾毛
vt.纠缠不休, 烦扰, 吵着要
The children badgered me into taking them to the cinema.孩子们吵着要我带他们去看电影。
live a cat and dog life经常吵架; 争吵度日
….. settled by a fight=duel n.两男子的决斗
Feeling were so intense that they fought a duel.双方情绪异常激烈, 以至进行了一场决斗。
竞争, 斗争
The two teams are locked in a duel for first place.两个队为争夺第一名打得难解难分。
bet a great deal of money on sb. 在某人身上下大赌注
ring n. 赛马场, 竞技场, 运动场; (赛马的)赌博席; 马戏场; (动物展览会的)陈列场; [the ring]拳击场, 拳师帮伙
背熟：It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion.
He earned enormous sums of money and was paid as much as ￡100 for a single appearance.他挣得的钱是极多的，一次出场就付给他一百英镑之多。
enormous sum of money
enormous不仅表示“块头”和“数量”方面的“大”，而且可以表示程度方面的“极大”，并且具有反常(abnormality)的内涵。
补充：handsome adj. 数量多的 He gave a handsome sum of money to charity. 他向慈善团体捐了一笔相当可观的钱款。
considerable adj.相当大(或多)的 It is a considerable sum of money. 那是一笔数量可观的钱。They have given the plan considerable attention. 他们已经给予这个计划以相当多的注意。
Despite its immensity, it is both simple and elegant, fulfilling its designer's dream to create ‘an enormous object drawn as faintly as possible.
桥尽管很大，但它结构简单，而外形雅观， 实现了设计师要创造出“一个在重物作用下尽可能不变形的庞然大物”的理想。
appearance fee 出场费
in debt=debt-ridden 负债累累 Some debt-ridden countries in the world have suitcase economics.世界上有些债台高筑国家的经济体系易导致通货膨胀。
extravagant 挥霍无度=spend money like water挥金如土=throw one’s money about (口)大肆挥霍
break [leap] the pale(n. 界限；篱笆；栅栏 );
You may live luxuriously but you must not break the pale.
你可以过奢侈的生活，但不能入不敷出。
squander wantonly;
(指钱, 财产等)浪费, 乱花 He squanders all the money which his father gives him.他挥霍了他父亲给他的全部钱财。A person my age shouldn't squander their eyes
一个像我这么大年纪的人不应该不知爱惜地用眼。
adj..蛮横的,放肆的,毫无道理的恣意的;肆无忌惮的 the wanton destruction of public property 对公物的恣意破坏淫乱的,放荡的
A wanton woman prefers brawn to brains. 荡妇喜欢肌肉发达的人甚于头脑聪明的人。The manager booted his secretary out for her wantonness.经理开除了他的秘书,因为她行为放荡。无节制的,不受约束的 She is living in wanton luxury. 她生活极其奢侈。不负责任的;胡乱的;反复无常的 (草木)繁茂的 嬉戏的;淘气的
live beyond one's income;
make the money fly; play duck and drake
as much as 多达
forgotten 遗忘
补充：oblivion n.遗忘, 忘却;无感觉, 无知觉
a minor masterpiece saved from oblivion 免于湮没的小杰作被遗忘, 被忘却
The ancient civilization fell into oblivion. 古代的文明被遗忘了。
本课重点：定语从句（限制性和非限制性）
adj.极大的, 巨大的 an immense ocean 无边的海洋 an immense amount 巨额They made an immense improvement in English. 在英语方面他们取得了巨大的进步。The expense of living is immense. 生活费用很庞大。
(俚)极好的：The performance was immense. 演出好极了。
immensely adv. 大大地；无限地 （口）非常；很
We enjoyed the play immensely. 我们非常喜爱这出戏。
补充：tremendous adj.极大的, 巨大的 There is a tremendous difference between them. 他们之间有着极大的差别。The response to our appeal was tremendous. 对我们呼吁的反应极大。绝妙的, 极棒的,了不起的 We went to a tremendous party last night. 昨晚我们参加了一个极棒的晚会。I think you're tremendous. 我认为你真了不起。
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§ Lesson 22 By heart 熟记台词
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
■run v. （戏剧、电影等）连演；连映(ran, run) =go on
The film is so successful that it runs for several weeks.
The novel has run into ten editions. 这本小说已经出到第十版了。
延续；有效 The movie ran for two hours.这部影片延续两个小时。
n.时期; 一段时间 The play had a good run of six months.那出戏演了六个月。
run wild
■lines n. （剧本中的）台词 memorize one’s lines 记台词
短信：Drop me a line(或a few lines) when you get there. 到达那里之后，请写封短信给我。
行业；行当；擅长：His line is chemistry. 他是搞化学的。
He is in the plumbing line. 他是干装修水管这一行的。
（复）结婚证书(=marriage lines)
(复) 命运；运气： Hard lines!倒霉！
（皮肤上的）条纹；皱纹；掌纹： a face seamed with lines 满是皱纹的脸
■part n. 剧中的角色，（角色的）台词
Which part do you play? 你演那个角色？
know one’s part 背熟台词
Do the actors all know their parts yet?演员们都熟悉他们的角色吗?
part and parcel 重要（或必要、基本）的部分
Metaphysics is part and parcel of the idealist world outlook.
形而上学是唯心主义世界观的组成部分。
■falter vi.(嗓音)颤抖, 支吾，结巴地说
His voice began to falter.他的声音开始发颤。
I can feel my legs faltering.我感到我的腿在颤抖。
He has practiced the poem several times, so he has no cause to falter.
犹豫, 畏缩He never falters in his determination.他的决心从不动摇。
蹒跚, 踉跄;蹒跚而行（=stagger ↓）He faltered home.
n.摇晃 支吾 踌躇, 不稳There was a falter in his voice.他的言语支吾。
faltering adj. 犹豫的,支吾的,蹒跚的speak in a faltering voice用颤抖[吞吞吐吐]的声音说
faltering steps 跄踉的步子
stammer vt. & vi.结巴地说出She stammers when she feels nervous.她紧张时就口吃。
stammer (out) a few words结结巴巴地说出几个字
He stammered out his request. 他结结巴巴地说出他的要求。
He stammered most when he was nervous.他一紧张往往口吃。
He stammers badly. 他口吃很严重。
n.口吃, 结巴He's got a bad stammer.他口吃非常严重。
He is troubled with stammer. 他患口吃。
stammerer n. 口吃者；结结巴巴说话的人
stammering a. （患）口吃的 n. 口吃
补充：stagger vi.蹒跚He staggered to his feet.他摇摇摆摆地站起来。
stagger along 摇摇晃晃地走
vt.使…感到震惊[担心]
The difficulty of examination staggered him.考试的难度使他很担心。
The question staggered him. 这个问题使他不知所措。
This unexpected blow did not stagger his resolution.这个意外的打击并没有动摇他的决心。
He was staggered by the news. 这消息使他惊愕。
错开 stagger work shifts错开工作班
Our management has decided to stagger our working hour.
我们的管理层已决定错开工作时间。
staggerer n. 蹒跚的人 犹豫的人
staggering adj.摇晃的; 犹豫的 惊人的; 使吃惊的; 压倒的(多数) 巨大的; 庞大的
a staggering problem难题The cost is staggering.费用大得惊人。
The cost has soared to a staggering one million. 费用激增到令人惊愕的数字—一百万元。
Profits have shot up by a staggering 25%.利润惊人地攀升了25%。
The public response was absolutely staggering.公众的反应非常令人惊愕。
The sheer volume of fiction produced is staggering.完成的小说数量之巨令人吃惊。
词性变化
■cast (cast, cast ) v. 选派……扮演角色;分配(演戏剧等的)角色
He was cast as[for the part of] Hamlet.选派他扮演哈姆雷特的角色。
投, 掷, 扔This is a good place to cast.这是垂钓的好地方。
cast a vote(或ballot) 投票 cast anchor 抛锚 cast a net 撒网 cast seed 播种
投射, 加…于(on,at):
His words cast (a) new light on the problem. 他的话是人们对这个问题有了新的认识。
cast a glance (或a look, an eye) at (或over, on) 向….瞧了瞧
cast the blame on (或upon) 归咎于某人
cast doubt on 引起对。。。的怀疑；使人们不相信。。。。
cast a spell on sb. (用魔力)摄住某人
She cast him a significant smile.她向他投去意味深长的一笑。
n. 演员表, 全体演员
The cast is[are] waiting on the stage.全体演员正在舞台上等候。
●role n. 角色=part
She prefers to play comic roles.她更喜欢扮演滑稽角色
The actor was cast in the role of hero.
作用, 职责
The success of her business made it difficult for her to fulfill her role as wife and mother.
她在事业上的成功使她难以尽到当妻子和母亲的职责。
■aristocrat n. 贵族
Many aristocrats were killed in the French Revolution.许多贵族在法国大革命中被处死。
平民百姓 the populace；the common people；commoner; ordinary people; civilian
rank and file n.普通成员,士兵; 普通老百姓
■imprison v. 关押; 下狱, 监禁
They imprisoned many of those they caught.他们把抓来的许多人关入了监狱。
put sb imprison: 关押
He was imprisoned for 10 years.
imprisonment：n. 关押, 监禁
false imprisonment; unlawful detention; unlawful restraint 非法拘禁
be sentenced to {律}death penalty/execution；be put to death被处死刑=death sentence；capital punishment
corporal punishment 肉刑 体罚
corporal adj.人体的
Nowadays, corporal punishment is banned in many schools.现在许多学校禁止体罚。
death sentence with a two-year reprieve 死刑缓期两年执行
execution n.依法处决Executions used to be held in public.过去处决犯人都公开执行。
缓期执行 reprieve / respite / stay of execution / suspension of execution
reprieve n.(死刑)缓期执行令vt.缓期执行(死刑)
respite n.休息(时间), 暂时的缓解或轻松a brief respite from one's work工作后的稍事休息
The director gave the cast a short respite before the next scene.
导演让全体演员在下一场开始之前稍事休息。
(义务的)暂缓履行; (刑罚的)缓期执行
The judge granted the condemned man a respite to enable his attorneys to file an appeal.法官同意缓期执行, 以便这个犯人的律师提出上诉。
grand a respite to a condemned man对判刑的人宣布缓刑
vt.延期; 缓期执行(死刑)使休息; 使(苦痛等)暂时和缓【军】停付(军人)薪 饷; 停付(薪金)
respite a sentence缓期执行
be sentenced to life imprisonment： 被判终生监禁/无期徒刑
监狱：prison, jail, gaol n.[英]监狱, 监牢(美国用 jail)
把……送进监狱send sb. to prison == put sb in prison == throw sb into prison
gaol sentence 徒刑
in prison 坐牢the prison 监狱
He is in prison / jail.
He is behind bars(behind bolt螺栓(门或窗)插销, 闩and bar). 关在监牢里
（常作the Bar）律师的职业；律师界：be called to the Bar 取得律师资格
gaol-bird n.囚犯, 惯犯 gaolbreak n.越狱, 劫狱
gaoler n.监狱看守 gaoleress n.监狱女看守
chair n.（美）电椅：go to (或get) the chair 被处（上电椅的）死刑
send sb. to the chair 把某人处（上电椅的）死刑
■Bastille . 巴士底狱, 监狱, 堡塔
■gaoler n. 监狱长，看守连演，连映
■colleague n. 同事, 同僚He is a colleague of mine.他是我的同事。
■curtain n. （舞台中的）幕布 窗帘, 门帘
a window curtain窗帘a curtain call要求谢幕The curtain falls.闭幕。
[pl. ][美俚]死; 终结; 完蛋be curtains for him意味着他要完蛋了
Our infantry was protected by a curtain of artillery fire.我们的步兵在炮兵火力掩护之下。
■reveal v. 使显露显示; 露出
A very tight dress reveals the beautiful figure. 紧身的裙子露出了漂亮的身段。
Her laugh revealed her even teeth.她一笑就露出了她那整齐的牙齿。
泄露; 透露reveal a mystery [secret]揭露一个秘密reveal one's identity揭示身分
He never revealed his identity.他从未暴露过自己的身份。
The secret hasn’t been revealed.
reveal:揭露，揭穿，把什么露出来
A curtain was up and revealed the beautiful scenery.
disclose:揭发；说出, 表明He disclosed his views about this thing.他表明了对这事的看法。
揭露, 揭开She disclosed a secret.她揭露了一个秘密。
He disclosed the box to us. 他揭开盒子给我们看。
disclose one's intentions暴露企图 disclose the truth
refuse to disclose one's name and address拒绝透露自己的姓名和住址
discover: 发现Recently they have discovered a comet.最近他们发现了一颗彗星。
uncover: vt.揭开…的盖子Please uncover the pot.请拿掉锅盖。
揭露, 发现
It was two young reporters who uncovered the whole plot.是两位年轻记者揭露了整个阴谋。
unveil vt. 揭去…的面罩, 除去…的遮盖物;拉开…的帷幔 The memorial to those who had died in the war unveiled in 1948.为战争中死去的人树的纪念碑是在1948年揭幕的。使公之于众;揭露The plan was unveiled with the approval from the Minister. 经部长同意该计划被公之于众。（首次）展示，介绍，推出
revealable adj. 可展现的; 显露的,揭发的
revealer: n.启示者;探测器
■cell n. 单人监房，监号; 小牢房, 单人小室a condemned cell死刑犯监禁室
vi.住在小室或牢房中
The thief celled with two other prisoners.这个贼与另外两个犯人同关在一个牢房中。
cellar n.地窖；地下室=basement n.地下室
■blank adj. 空白的, 空着的Suddenly my mind went blank.猛然间我的脑子里一片空白。
a piece of blank paper一张白纸a blank form一张空白表blank verse无韵诗
a blank silence一片沉寂a blank check空白支票He looked blank.他看上去没有表情。
She sometimes occupied her blank days with sewing.她有时做做针线来消磨日子。
茫然的, 无表情的There was a blank look on his face.他脸上毫无表情。
n. 空白; 空白处; 空白纸; 空白表格
leave a blank留出一个空白an application blank空白申请书
His memory is a blank.他什么也记不起来。
■squint . vi.〈医〉斜视 眯着（眼）看，瞄
The sun was shinning straight in her eyes which made her squint.
太阳直射着她的眼睛, 使她眯起了眼睛。
squint one's eyes 眯上眼睛
n. 斜视眼 have a bad squint斜视得厉害
a squint towards democracy民主倾向
（口）一瞟；一瞧Let me take a squint at it. 让我瞧一瞧。
Eg.: He squinted his eyes and looked at the letter.
pear at : 眯着眼睛看
balsam [b?:ls?m] 香树脂,香膏,香脂树,凤仙花属植物pear苦瓜
the garden balsam 凤仙花
■dim adj. 暗淡的, 昏暗的, 不明亮的He sat in a dim corner.他坐在一个黑暗的角落里。
隐约的, 模糊不清的 无光泽的 [口](指人)迟钝的 悲观的, 怀疑的
The outline of the mountain in the distance is dim.远处山脉的轮廓隐隐约约。
dim light of a candle/ an oil lamp微弱的烛光/ 油灯光a dim room光线不好的房间
the dim outline of a building房屋的模糊轮廓 a dim future不乐观的前途
dim sounds of a distant bell远处隐约的钟声 be dim and remote渺茫
a dim memory of the past/one’s childhood 对过去/童年时代的模糊记忆
take a dim view of 对,…抱悲观的看法
vt. & vi.(使)变暗淡, (使)变模糊
The lights in the theatre began to dim.剧场的灯光开始暗下来。
The room is too dim so I can’t read the letter.
dimout n. （防止敌方空袭等的）半灯火管制
dimwit n.[美俚]笨蛋, 傻子 dimwitted a. 笨的；傻的
gloomy:(天气，心情)抑郁的;令人沮丧的, 令人失望的
When I saw their gloomy faces, I knew something was wrong.
当我看到他们沮丧的脸时, 我知道出事了。
黑暗的, 阴暗的The little boy sat in a gloomy corner.小男孩坐在一个阴暗的角落。
The weather is gloomy today.
He is in gloomy mood.
dusky:(天色)昏暗的微暗的, (肤色)黝黑的; 凄惨的黑黝黝的; 阴暗的忧郁的
a dusky brown深褐色a dusky frown愁眉不展
Towards evening is getting dusky.
dusk n.傍晚, 薄暮, 黄昏 昏暗; 幽暗
from dawn to dusk从黎明到黄昏
at dusk在黄昏时刻in the dusk of the evening暮色苍茫中
She was invisible in the dusk of the room.她在昏暗的房间里别人看不到她。
murky:（天色）漆黑的，黑暗的
murky night黑夜 murky sky阴沉的天空 murky darkness漆黑
Rain poured down from the murky skies. 雨从阴沉的天空倾盆而下。
I can’t go out at murky night.
misty:多雾的，迷蒙的 不清的, 模糊的 泪汪汪的 无知识的, 蒙昧的
misty view朦胧的景色have a misty recollection [memories] of sth.模糊地记得某事
eyes misty with tears泪眼朦胧
The building is out of sight on such a misty day.
■sire n. （古用法）陛下，阁下,(男性)祖先(=Your majesty)
■proceed v. 继续进行;前进; 行进
I was proceeding along the High Street in a northerly direction.我正在沿着大街向北走去。
进行; 继续下去
They will proceed to build another laboratory building.他们将着手建造另一座实验大楼。
proceed from the outside to the inside由表及里
proceed to Beijing去北京
proceed to the next business着手另一工作
proceed from objective realities从客观实际出发
proceed to take off one's coat开始脱衣服
proceed to the degree of M.A.得文学硕士学位
The talks proceeded in a friendly atmosphere.会谈是在友好的气氛中进行的 。
The work is proceeding briskly.工作很有生气地进展着。
n. [pl. ](从事某种活动或变卖财物等的)收入, 收益
He sold his house and lives on the proceeds.他卖了房子靠房款收入过日子。
export proceeds 出口收入, 出口货款gross proceeds 总货价收入, 得价总数, 总实收金额
life insurance proceeds 人寿保险收入loan proceeds 借入资 金
net proceeds 纯收入, 净收益sales proceeds销货进款
securities proceeds 出售证券收入tax proceeds 捐税收入, 税收
veterans' insurance proceeds 退伍军人保险收入proceeds in cash 货币收入
proceeds of instalment sales 分期付款销售收入proceeds of sale销售收入
proceed vi. particular after stopping
proceed to / with:进行继续某事 向...进发; 进入(下一个议程项目); 改读[获取]学位
Let’s proceed to business.
You must proceed with your work.
proceed from出于, 来自, 发生于;从什么着手开始继续
They proceed from lesson 1.
procced against【律】对(某人)依法起诉; 向法庭控告(某人、某企业等)
Eg: He decided to proceed against his neighbour.
【课文讲解】
by heart 熟记台词
on end
1．== continuously:连续地，位于具体的时间之后
Eg: He sat there for hours on end. 他连续几个小时坐在那里。
We had hardly anything to eat for days on end.
2． ==upright直立着, 竖立着
Eg: We had to stand the table on end to get it through the door.
我们只能把桌子竖起来才能把它抬进这门。
put a thing on end 把东西竖着放
set sb.s hair on end 使某人毛骨悚然
The cat's fur stood on end.
I got a big shock so my heart stood on end.我吓了一大跳，以致于毛骨悚然。
补充：
in a row 成一长行 The students stood in a row.学生们站成一排。
连续；一连串：We have had good harvests for ten years in a row.
in succession adv.接着,接连地
reap bumper harvests in succession连续获得丰收
Reports of victory came in quick succession. 捷报频传。
连续五年丰收
bumper harvests for five consecutive years (for five years in a row/ for five years in succession/ for five years on end / for the fifth consecutive year)
night after night adv.一夜又一夜 day after day / day by day / day to day日复一日
Day after day went by and still no message arrived.日子一天天过去, 仍然没有得到消息。
Things go on day by day.事情逐日进行着。
never have cause to falter 绝不会临场结巴的
stage fright 怯场
learn/ know sth. by heart: 把……牢记在心
Eg.: The sentence is so important that you must learn it by heart.
Yet this is not always the case. 然而/ 但是情况却并不总是这样。
Actually, it is not the case.实际上, 情况不是这样的。
A: Is that the case? B: No, that’s not the case.
甲：事实是那样吗？ 乙：不，事实并非如此。
That is often the case with him. 她往往就是这样。
highly adv.高度地, 极, 非常highly interesting很有趣highly scientific非常科学的
China is a highly civilized country.中国是一个高度文明的国家。
非常赞许地
The teacher speaks very highly of the boy's behavior.老师称赞这个男孩的表现。
=sing high praise for高度赞扬..
who = actor, 关系代词做主语，不能省略
Eg.: The student who was required to recite the poem 100 times is really poor.
act n. (戏)(一)幕；(马戏；杂耍中的)一段表演 a play in three acts 三幕剧
Most modern plays have three acts.大多数现代戏剧有三幕
Act I, Scene II 第一幕第二场
interval n. 间隔时间trains leaving at short intervals每隔很短时间就开出的火车
The interval between the two trees measures 40 feet.这两棵树的间隔是40英尺。
It snowed at intervals this week.这星期不时下雪。
He visits me at regular intervals.他总是间隔一定时间访问我一次。
after a year's interval隔一年后 an interval of ten feet 相隔十英尺
幕间休息The audience were going out for the interval.幕间休息时观众走出了剧场。
Interval—10 Min. 休息十分钟（常用于演出节目单中）
heart and soul 全心全意的，全身心的She loved Mike heart and soul.她全心全意地爱迈克。
Eg: We serve the students heart and soul
write out写出, 写完
The boy was kept in school, writing out lines for the teacher.
那男孩放学后被老师留了下来抄写诗行。
通过剧情安排使(某角色)退出表演
They've written me out!The character I was playing dies in the third part!
他们安排我下场!我所扮演的角色在该剧的第三集中死了!
使(自己)竭尽才智无可再写
The author seems to have written himself out.
这作家似乎已经江郎才尽, 再也写不出东西来了。
take heart 鼓起勇气，恢复信心，振作起来Take heart and go on trying!鼓起勇气, 再试试吧!
take heart of grace v.鼓起勇气
lose heart 失去信心；丧失勇气
lose heart to sb= give heart to sb: 轻信于某人;迷恋某物；爱上某人
Eg: The boy lost his heart to the girl
put one's heart into sth: 致力于某事(口)尽心尽力
Nothing in the world is difficult if you put your heart into it.
世上无难事，只怕有心人
=Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.
have one's heart in one's boots提心吊胆;吓得要命,焦急万分,非常地紧张,沮丧
Eg: He had his heart in his boots when he went out alone at night.
even though = even if = though / although
at each performance = at every performance
insist: 坚决要求，suggest:建议， order:命令，demand:要求，require:要求
表示建议/要求/希望，和that宾语从句搭配，that从句必须出现should + 动词原形的虚拟，should 可以省略。
in full==fully=completely充足,以全文,用完整的词(不缩写)=full text全文
play a joke(cheek) on sb: 开某人玩笑
crack a joke 说笑话cut a joke 说笑话make a joke 说笑话have a joke 说笑话, 开玩笑
She said this in a joke.她说这话是开玩笑的。
过于容易的事
The test was a joke to the whole class.全班都认为那次考试题出得太容易了。
joking apart (用作插入语)言归正传
[同义词]
joke jest
都含“玩笑”、“笑话”的意思。
joke 指“任何能使人发笑取乐的话、小故事或恶作剧等”, 如:
He loves a joke, a good joke.他喜欢笑话, 好笑话。
jest 是正式用语, 主要指“开玩笑或戏弄的话语”, 如:
They made a jest of his ignorance.他们笑话他无知。
on the final act == in the last act
with，独立主格结构
hand to == present sth. to == pass to 把……递给某人
as usual像往常一样
I got up at six that morning as usual.像往常一样那天早上我六点起床。
He arrived late as usual.他照常迟到。
look on 旁观;在一旁观看, 袖手旁观
John took part in the game, but the rest of us just looked on.
约翰参赛, 而我们其余的人只是观看。
把眼光投向〔以某种观点来看待或对待〕(某物或某人)
He looked on me with curiosity.他好奇地凝视着我。
anxious,形容词短语做伴随状况状语
looker-on n. (pl.lookers-on)观看者,旁观者 =stander-by
Standers-by [Lookers-on] see most of the game. [谚]旁观者清。
stare at 一眨不眨地
vt., vi.盯着看(at); 凝视; 瞪眼看 (颜色)刺目, 太显眼(out) (毛)倒竖
stare into the distance凝视远方She stared him into silence.她瞪了他一眼, 他就不说话了。
n.凝视, 瞪视look at sb. with a cold stare冷冷地盯着某人
give sb. a rude [frosty] stare无礼地[冷若冰霜地]瞪某人一眼
glare [ɡl??] vt. & vi.怒目而视vi.发强光These colours glare.这些颜色太显眼。
n.强光The glare of the headlights almost blinded us.汽车前灯耀眼的光使我们睁不开眼。
the glare of the sun on the water水面上耀眼的阳光
怒视, 瞪眼She looked at him with an angry glare.她生气地瞪着他。
炫耀, 张扬They were in the full glare of publicity.他们大肆炫耀。
look at sb. with an angry glare对某人怒目而视
gaze vi.凝视, 注视
The climbers stood on the top of the mountain, gazing at the splendid view.
登山队员们站在山顶, 凝视壮丽的景色。
n.凝视, 端详
参考词汇
gaze , stare , glare 这组动词的一般含义是“凝视”。
gaze表示“目不转睛地看”，并含有“惊叹”、“羡慕”或“入迷”的意思：
She gazed at it for some time, then added. "You don't need bookcases at all."
她对地毯凝视了一会儿，然后补充说：“你根本不需要书柜”。
After gazing at the display for several minutes, Mr. Taylor went back into his shop.
泰勒先生对此陈列凝视了几分钟之后，便回到店里去了。
gaze at 凝视
stare特别表示“睁大眼睛凝视”，并含有“惊奇”、“傲慢”或“茫然”的意思
The noble stared at the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds.
那位贵族对那张空白纸凝视了几秒钟。
glare表示“凶狠而且带有威胁性的瞪眼睛”
Men in shirt sleeves stood outside their houses and glared at us.
只穿着衬衣的男人站在房子外面瞪着我们。
The trapped eagle glared at his captors.被诱捕到的雄鹰凶狠地瞪着捕获它的人。
in the full glare of publicity 在众目睽睽下; 非常显眼
in broad daylight adv.在大白天,公开地;光天化日之下
squinting: ing形式，做方式状语，伴随状况状语
promptly ==immediately
with this 说完这话
hurry off (使)迅速离开She hurried off without a word.她一句话没说匆匆走了。
much, 用来加强语气
play a joke on 开玩笑; play a trick on 捉弄，单方面取乐
have a joke with sb. 和某人开玩笑，强调两人共同取乐
Eg.: He laughs best who laughs last. 笑到最后的才是笑得最好的。
PAGE
2
§ Lesson 23 One man’s meat is another man’s poison 各有所爱
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
■poison n. 毒药,毒物
It was deadly poison and if he drank it he'd probably die.
这是致命的毒药, 他要是喝下去很可能会丧命。
酒What's your poison?你们喝点什么酒?
name one’s poison 喝什么酒 Name your poison, please. 说出你要喝点什么酒啊。
极糟的食物I'm not eating that poison!我可不吃那种猪食！
vt.毒死, 毒杀
The explosion of the chemical plant has poisoned many local residents.
那座化工厂的爆炸毒死了许多当地居民。
放毒于 污染
Exhaust fumes from cars are poisoning the air of our cities.
汽车排出的废气使我们城市中的空气遭受污染。
对…有不良影响, 毒化
Don't trust the words which poison the friendship of ours.不要相信那些破坏我们友谊的话。
poison n.& vt.He was poisoned by pesticide.
give poison to sb/ give poison to sth.使某人或某事中毒
hate each other like poison 彼此互相恨透
■illogical adj. 不合逻辑的，无章法的；没有道理的,
没有道理的,不合逻辑的
It is clearly illogical to maintain such a proposition.坚持这种主张显然是没有道理的。
2.与逻辑相违的
Although strictly illogical, Martin’s interpretation of this paradox seems the best.
马丁对于这一悖论的解释尽管严格说来不合乎逻辑，卻似乎是最好的解释了。
反义词： logical adj.
类似的：
illegitimate adj.非婚生的,私生的 About 68 per cent of illegitimate births were jointly registered by both parents.大约有68% 的私生子是由父母双方共同登记的。法律不容的,非法的 (指辩论等的结论)不合逻辑的,不合理的 It is quite illegitimate to argue that the government had no choice.
辩称政府别无选择是十分不当的。adv.私生地;非法地;不合理地
■octopus n. 章鱼;章鱼;八爪鱼;八达通devilfish [dev?lfi?]n.大头鱼(尤指石鱼) 章鱼
He experienced nausea after eating octopus.吃了章鱼后他感到恶心。
sleeve-fish [sli:vfi?]n.枪乌贼,鱿鱼 squid[skwid]n.乌贼, 墨鱼；dried squid墨鱼干
calamary[k?l?m?ri]n.枪乌贼 calamari n.(用作食品的)鱿鱼
■delicacy n. 美味，佳肴 精美的食物
Smoked herring / salmon is a local delicacy.烟熏鲱鱼/三文鱼是当地一种美味食品。
Eg.: He considered chicken to be a great delicacy.
精致, 精美; 娇嫩She has full of feminine delicacy.她充满了女性的娇柔。
the delicacy of her feature她娇美的容貌
the delicacy of one's sense of right and wrong敏锐的正义感
diplomatic negotiations of great delicacy极微妙的外交谈判
delicate adj. 美味的，可口的，清淡的 娇弱的, 纤细的
Her health is delicate.她的身体很虚弱。
易碎的, 脆弱的
Be careful with those wine cups—they are very delicate.当心那些酒杯——它们很容易碎。
精美的, 精致的, 精巧的 微妙的, 需慎重考虑的, 需慎重处理的
a delicate piece of embroidery精致的刺绣品delicate feeling温情
delicate colors柔和的颜色
The international situation is very delicate at present.当前的国际形势十分微妙。
He has a delicate sense of smell.他嗅觉灵敏。
delicious adj. 美味的, 可口的(=palatable)This dish is very delicious.这道菜味道鲜美。
a delicious meal美餐
令人开心的, 怡人的It's a delicious joke.这是个令人开心的笑话。
palatable adj. 可口的,美味的 合意的,认可的,认同的
palatable food可口的食物
adv. 合意地,可口地
■repulsive adj. 令人反感的，令人生厌的【物】推斥的, 斥力的
a repulsive sight使人厌恶的景象 a repulsive appearance令人厌恶的外表
He was utterly repulsive to her.她对他极为反感。
She found the idea deeply repulsive.她发现这个想法很恶心。
repulsive force斥力, 推力
disgusting adj. 令人作呕的, 令人厌恶的What a disgusting smell!多么讨厌的气味！
非常令人不快的, 极坏的, 极糟的
I think it's disgusting the way the government keeps putting up taxes.
我认为政府不断加税的做法糟透了。
disgust vt. 使厌恶, 令人作呕
His behavior disgusted everybody.他的行为遭到众人的唾弃。
The food disgusted me.这食物使我感到恶心。
vi. 令人厌恶; 令人作呕Too rich food soon disgusts.过于油腻的食物很快会使人厌腻。
n.作呕, 憎恶, 反感(at, for, towards, against)
take a disgust at嫌, 讨厌to one's disgust可厌的是; 令人作呕的是
aversion n. 厌恶, 讨厌, 反感,憎恶,憎恨,嫌恶
have (或take)an aversion to(或from, for) 对….抱反感
one’s pet aversion某人最不喜欢的东西=pet hate指对某事非常憎恨
He has a strong aversion to dogs.他非常讨厌狗。
Cats have a natural aversion to water.猫生来对水反感。
I underwent aversion therapy for my addiction to smoking.
我因为吸烟成瘾接受了厌恶疗法的治疗。
Have you developed an aversion to babies? 你对婴儿感到厌恶了吗？
讨厌的人或东西 <废>转变方向;背离
aversive a. 反对的；不乐意的；不情愿的：
He is aversive to(或from) flattery.他不喜欢听恭维话。
be aversive to coming (或come) 不愿意来，不想来
■stomach n. 胃[口]肚子; 腹部I often feel a pain in my stomach.我经常胃疼。
upset one’s stomach 使胃不舒服
腹部I hit him in the stomach.我击中他的腹部。
a proud [high] stomach傲慢What a stomach he has got!他真是一个大腹便便的人!
My stomach turns [rises] at it.一看到[一想到]这个就恶心。
It goes against my stomach.这个不合我的胃口[兴趣/脾气]。
have no stomach for doing sth. 不想做某事，对做某事无兴趣
vt. （常与否定词或疑问词连用）忍耐；忍受：
He could not stomach such an insult. 他不能忍受这样的侮辱。
turn sb.’s stomach 使某人恶心呕吐
stomachache n. 胃疼
■turn v. 感到恶心，翻胃(使)不适, 作呕,
At the sight of blood her stomach turned.她看到血就感到恶心。
The stink of the rotten fish turned my stomach.腐烂的鱼臭味使我恶心。
My head (stomach) is turning. 我头晕（恶心）。
■fry v. （be cooked in hot oil）油炸, 油煎The fish was frying.鱼正在煎着。
(deep-)fried(油炸) egg 煎鸡蛋fried bread fring pan 煎锅
stir-fry 用旺火煸,用旺火炒
vi.皮肤晒黑We'll fry if we stay too long in this hot sun.
我们如果在这样酷热的阳光下待久了, 皮肤会晒黑的。
=tan [t?n]n.黄褐色, 棕黄色
These shoes are tan, not dark brown.这些鞋是棕黄色的, 不是深褐色的。
vt. & vi.(使)晒成棕褐色She tanned quickly in the sun.她在太阳下很快晒黑了。
fry up 加热；把(某物)烤干〔焦〕或烤坏
The unusually hot sun has fried up the crops.罕见的烈日烤坏了庄稼。
油煎We can fry up some of these cold meat for our lunch.
我们可以把这些冷肉煎一煎作午饭吃。
Fry up the food, please.
fry / stew in one's own fat / grease 自作自受
stew vt. & vi.炖, 焖stew meat炖肉
Stew the pears in red wine for a couple of hours.将梨在红葡萄酒中炖上几小时。
[口]使着急, 使烦恼stew oneself into an illness着急得生起病来
The cashier was stewing herself over the sum of 1, 000 which was missing.
钱短了一千美元, 出纳员着急得要命。
n.炖煮的菜肴She prepared a hearty stew for dinner.她为晚餐准备了丰盛的炖菜。
烦恼, 焦虑There's no need to get in a stew.没有必要烦恼
Everybody went into a terrible stew about it.每人都为它着急。
The bus has not come, and she is in a stew, for fear she will be late.
公共汽车还没来, 她忧心如焚, 生怕迟到。
have other fish to fry 另有要事要做
Eg: Hello, Lucy, let's go have dinner.
That's a good idea, but I have other fish to fry. Thank you very much.
frying pan n.煎锅,长柄平锅 out of the frying an into the fire
跳出油锅又入火坑，逃脱小难更遭大难
■fat n. （动物、植物）油;脂肪, 油脂
The pig stores a lot of fat in its body.猪在体内储存了大量的脂肪。
肥肉She can't eat fat.她不能吃肥肉。
put on fat 长胖，发胖get fat =grow fat =run to fat [口]长胖了; 发福
fat adj. 胖的 运用此adj.时常很不礼貌，因此用large, heavy, overweight 替代。
多脂肪的, 肥胖的A fat man has much more flesh than a thin man.胖子比瘦子肉多。
丰富的, 大量的
The sale netted a fat profit for the company.这次销售为公司赚得了丰厚的利润。
a fat year丰年a fat letter厚厚的一封信a fat price很大的代价
The pods of the beans are getting fat.豆荚饱满起来。
This book is fat with first-hand information.这本书第一手材料很丰富。
chubby adj.胖乎乎的 圆脸的；丰满的：
a chubby boy 圆脸蛋的男孩 chubby cheeks丰满的脸颊
his progression from chubby teenager to handsome movie star
他从胖乎乎的少年成长为英俊的电影明星
a young girl’s chubby figure少女丰满的身段
■abuse n. 辱骂，责骂;滥用, 妄用, 虐待
personal abuse 人身攻击heap abuses on sb. 肆意谩骂某人
I'm afraid the position is open to abuse.恐怕这个职位容易使人滥用职权。
恶习, 不正之风They decided to reform social abuses.他们决定改革社会陋习。
恶言, 辱骂He burst into a storm of abuse.他破口大骂。
[?’bju:z] vt.滥用, 妄用He never abuses his privilege.他从不滥用特权。
abuse one’s authority (power)滥用职权（权力）
虐待, 伤害Stop abusing the child.住手, 不要伤害这孩子。
辱骂, 毁谤Most of the foremen abused the workmen in the foulest languages.
大多数的工头用极其污秽的语言辱骂工人。
Don’t abuse your authority.
He greeted his wife with a stream of abuse. 他骂妻子的声音不绝于耳。
■snail n. 蜗牛Most snails have shells on their backs.大多数蜗牛背上有壳。
vi.捉蜗牛; 缓慢移动The train snailed up the steep grade.火车蜗牛一般地慢慢爬上陡坡。
(as) slow as a snail 慢如蜗牛
snail-paced,snail-slow adj.象蜗牛一样慢的
■luxury n. 奢侈品，珍品
a life of luxury奢侈的生活live in luxury生活奢华
the luxury of a good book好书的乐趣[享受]
His salary is low and he gets few -ries.他的薪水微薄, 所以很少买奢侈品。
What a luxury it is to be alone!单独一人多舒服!
The diamond ring is a luxury to me.
be lapped in luxury 穷奢极欲
wallow in luxury 沉迷于灯红酒绿的生活
luxurious [l?ɡ’zju?ri?s] adj. 奢侈的，奢华的a luxury ocean liner豪华的班轮
live in luxurious surroundings生活在奢侈的环境中
a luxurious hotel豪华的旅馆a luxurious piece of writing一篇词藻华丽的作品
The carpet in the house is luxurious.屋里的地毯很华丽。
■associate v. 联想到
associate v. connect in one’s mind
A with B 把……跟……联想到一起= connect with.
由...联想到..., 把...联系起来
associate one thing with another把某一事与另一事联系起来
We associate China with the Greet Wall.我们想起中国, 就联想到长城。
I don't associate the two ideas.这两个概念我联系不起来。
I can't associate you with your wife.
Can you associate snails with delicious food.
associate with ==connect with==link with == be bound up with
vi.交往, 结交
结伙, 参加, 联合Don't associate with dishonest boys.不要和不诚实的孩子结交。
adj. 准, 副的 associate professor[美]副教授
associate judge陪审法官an associate member预备会员
probationary party member 预备党员
association n. 协会, 社团
The association is[are] having its[their] annual conference next week.
该协会在下个星期举行年度会议。
联合, 结合, 交往
Our long association with your company has brought great benefits.
我方和贵公司的长期合作带来了巨大的利益。
海协会全称为“海峡两岸关系协会”（Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits, ARATS）于1991年12月16日在北京 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?2621.htm" \t "_blank?)成立。它以促进海峡两岸交往，发展两岸关系，实现祖国 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?63027.htm" \t "_blank?)和平统一 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?291869.htm" \t "_blank?)为宗旨。实现中国 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?61891.htm" \t "_blank?)和平统一为宗旨的民间 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?265937.htm" \t "_blank?)团体。海峡两岸关系协会为中国大陆因应台湾地区的海峡交流基金会成立的社会团体组织，属大陆授权处理海峡两岸事务的机构。其业务指导和管理机关为国务院 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?17491.htm" \t "_blank?)台湾事务办公室。协会最高权力机构是理事会。理事会理事由社会各界和有关方面推荐、协商产生。理事会每届任期3年，可连任。协会会址设在北京，并可根据需要设立办事机构。协会名誉会长荣毅仁，会长汪道涵，常务副会长唐树备 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?320656.htm" \t "_blank?)，副会长经叔平、邹哲开，秘书长由邹哲开兼任。台湾同胞联合会会长张光辉，全国人大侨务委员会副主任林丽韫、台盟主席蔡子民 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?304081.htm" \t "_blank?)为协会顾问。
1993年4月27～29日，会长汪道涵与海峡 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?94125.htm" \t "_blank?)交流基金会董事长辜振甫在新加坡举行汪辜会谈，为两岸事务性交流掀开了新的一页。
2005年12月24日汪道涵 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?38176.htm" \t "_blank?)病逝后,会长的职位空缺至2008年6月3日。2008年6月3日，陈云林 (?http:?/??/?baike.baidu.com?/?view?/?303919.htm" \t "_blank?)任会长。
海峡交流基金会（全称财团法人海峡交流基金会，简称海基会；英语：Straits Exchange Foundation，SEF）成立于1990年11月21日，1991年3月9日正式挂牌运行。为台湾办理海峡两岸交流所衍生的各项事务的机构组织，其业务授权和指导机关为行政院大陆委员会（陆委会）。
■despise [dis’paiz] v. regard as worthless鄙视, 看不起某人(某事)
Honest boys despise lies and liars.诚实的孩子鄙视谎言和说谎者。
No one will despise you.没有人鄙视你。
Don't cheat at examination, or your classmates will despise you.
考试不要作弊, 否则同班同学会轻视你的。
Eg.: We despise him for a coward. 我们把他看作一个懦夫。
look down upon / on 俯瞰(某处)
The church stands on a hill, looking down on the village.教堂位于一座小山上, 俯瞰着村子。
看不起(某人) 鄙视，瞧不起
The rich man looked down on his poorer neighbors.那个有钱人看不起比他穷的邻居们。
Eg: Don't look down upon anyone.
■appeal v. 引起兴致;有吸引力appeal to sb 引起某人兴趣
This job rather appeals to me.这工作对我有吸引力。
Eg: Eating snails never appeals to me.
appeal 上诉，呼吁;诉诸, 求助(于)(to)
appeal for sth. 为某事而上诉 appeal for aid 请求援助
appeal for mercy [sympathy]请求宽恕[同情]appeal to arms [force]诉诸武力
appeal to another court向另一法院上诉
appeal against a decision不服判决而上诉
appeal from a judgement不服裁判而上诉
Bright colors appeal to small children.小孩喜欢鲜艳的颜色。
Five times he appealed the case, always losing.他上诉五次, 都失败了。
n.呼吁, 恳求His appeal for forgiveness went unanswered.他恳请原谅, 但没有得到答复。
感染力, 吸引力This kind of music hasn't much appeal for me.这类音乐对我没有吸引力。
artistic appeal艺术魅力[感染力]
eye-catching appeal具有动人的吸引力(指封面设计, 推广资料等)
The game has lost its appeal.这种游戏已引不起人们的兴趣。
控诉, 上诉court of appeal上诉法院
■shower n. 阵雨(on and off=off and on)
blizzard n. 暴风雪
You'll have to stay here until the blizzard blows itself off.你得等暴风雪停了再走。
sleet n.雨夹雪或雹
Driving sleet brought more problems to roads last night.
昨晚的雨夹雪给道路带来了更多的问题。
cloudy [klaudi]adj.乌云密布的, 多云的（云间有空隙）, 阴天的
drizzle [‘drizl]vi.下蒙蒙细雨, 下毛毛雨It's drizzling now.天正下着毛毛雨。
n.蒙蒙细雨, 毛毛雨
dust [d?st]n.灰尘, 尘土, 尘埃
遗骸This is the dust of our ancestors.这是我们祖先的遗骸。
fog / overcast天阴的, 多云的;密云（云间完全没有空隙）/ rain / sunny / snow / storm / thunderstorm
overcast vi.阴起来, 变阴暗It's overcasting for rain.天阴暗起来要下雨了。
overcast adj.多云的, 阴暗的; 阴郁的, 愁闷的an overcast night乌云密布的夜晚
■stroll n. 溜达，散步 slow walking for pleasure in street or in garden.
take [have, go for] a stroll == go for a walk; take a walk 闲逛, 散步, 漫步
stroller n.散步者; 闲逛者;散步的人 巡回演出的艺人; 流浪者; 流氓; [美](折叠式)婴孩车
stroll vi. 散步, 漫步He is strolling along the road.
ramble vi.(无目的地)漫游, 漫步; (喻)漫谈, 说话东拉西扯
He is fond of rambling among the trees.他喜欢在林中散步。
n.漫步, 漫游 闲谈; 随笔
go for a country ramble到乡村去漫游
This is the best season for a ramble in the suburbs.
这是去郊区漫游的最好季节。海岸，林中的漫步
The couple are rambling in the forest.
roam vt. & vi.随便走, 漫步, 漫游 不安定的漂泊，徘徊
They roamed about in the park.他们在公园里漫步。
roam about the forest在林间徘徊
Scientists have more to do than to allow their imaginations to roam at large.
科学家在 任其想象力自由遨游之外还有更多的事情要做。
The tramp roams every day.
[同义词]
roam ramble rove 都含“漫步”、“漫游”的意思。
roam 指“在一广大地区无目的地地漫游”, 内含“自由”、“快乐”之意, 如:
to roam about the country漫游全国。
ramble指“漫不经心地, 无目的地走动”, 如:
We rambled through the woods.我们漫步走过树林。
rove 指“无目的地, 但有一定目的的漫游”, 如:
He roved from town to town.他从一个城镇到另一个城镇。
wander vt. & vi.漫游,徘徊,流浪
I wandered lonely like a cloud.我像一朵浮云般漂浮不定。
vi.迷失The travelers wandered in the way.旅行者们在途中迷了路。
He has nothing to do, so he is wandering along the street.
wander about [over]the world漫游世界wander through the woods徘徊于林中
wander from proper conduct行为不正派wander from the subject [point]离题
His mind is wandering.他心不在焉。
wanderer n.漫游者, 流浪汉 迷路的动物
wander , stray , ramble , stroll , walk 为同义词，它们的一般含义是“流浪”。
wander 的含义是“无目的的，或无固定路线的到处漂荡”，可以用于人或动物
The dogs have greater freedom, too, for they are allowed to wander outside their enclosure.
狗也有较多的自由，因为允许它们在围栏外边随便走动。
Don't let your mind wander during the lecture.在上课时不要让自己的思想开小差。
stray 强调偏离了正确的路线，或背离了应当走的路线，常包含“走迷”或“走失”的意思，stray 用作名词时常作定语用
Don't stray too far from the correct path.不要离开正道太远了。
Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion.
只有两只野狗从这场混乱中得到了好处。
stroll 与 walk 都可表示“散步”，stroll 所表示的“散步”含有“出门闲逛同时看看风景或有意识地把漫步作为一种户外活动”的意思。
walk 是常用词，没有特殊色彩的含义。walk 与 stroll 都可以作动词或名词，在用作名词时，可说 have or take a walk (stroll)。walk 有“步行”的意思。如：It's ten minutes' walk from here (从这里步行十分钟就到了)。但是在回答 How did you get there? 时，只说 I went there on foot.
The idea never appealed to me very much, but one day, after a heavy shower, I happened to be walking in my garden when I noticed a huge number of snails taking a stroll on some of my prize plants.
这个主意从未使我感兴趣，不过有一天一场阵雨之后，我偶然在自己的花园里散步，这时我看到许多蜗牛在我的一些珍贵的植物上漫步。
He usually takes a short walk in the evenings.通常它天天晚上都要散步。
ramble 表示“无目的的或逍遥自在地漫步”，用于比喻时，常表示讲话离题。
They spent the morning rambling in the woods.
他们把一整个上午的时间都花在树林中游荡上了。
Exploring really deep caves is not a task for the Sunday afternoon rambler.
勘探真正深邃的洞穴，决非星期天下午散步人的任务。
■impulse n. a sudden wish to do sth. 冲动;凭冲动行事, 突如其来的念头
He felt an irresistible impulse to rush into the room.他有一种难以抗拒的冲动想冲进房间。
推动, 冲力, 刺激, 推动力
The plan will give an impulse to industrial expansion.这个计划将促进工业的扩展。
give an impulse / impetus to trade促进贸易a man of impulse易冲动的人
act on impulse凭冲动行事impulse buyer一时冲动的买主
on the impulse/spur of the moment由一时高兴
A sudden impulse of anger arose in him.他突然升起一阵怒火。
on impulse 冲动的
He rushed out to catch up (with) the lady on impulse.
be driven by impulse to do sth. 情不自禁地做某事
Why did you do it?
I should say I was driven by impulse to do it like this.
impulsive adj. (指人或人的行为)冲动的, 易冲动的
an impulsive action受一时感情所驱使的行动
impulsively adv. 冲动地
■dozen n. agroup of twelve 12个，一打,十二个Pack them in dozens.按打装袋吧。
[作为实数及用作定语时, 复数不加“s"]
(pl. dozens)若干; 几十; 许多
several dozen exercise-books几打练习本some dozen (of) people约十二个人
some dozens of people几十个人pack pencils in dozens按打包装铅笔
by the dozen 成打的
dozens of 许多的
two dozen eggs，a dozen roses. (其用法和hundred, thousand 一样)
a dozen of the (these ) roses 这些玫瑰中的一打
数词 +dozen +物品：……打……（物品）
be six of one and half a dozen of the other 半斤八两
Are they two birds of a feather，as you say?他们俩是不是像你们说的是半斤八两呢?
If popularization remains at the same level for ever, won't the educators and those being educated be six of one and half a dozen of the other?
如果普及工作永远停留在一个水平上，那么教育者和被教育者岂不都是半斤八两?
talk [run, speak]thirteen [nineteen] to the dozen 喋喋不休
The old lady is speaking nineteen to the dozen.
■fancy v.喜爱，喜欢
Eg.: I don't fancy this place at all.我一点也不喜欢这个地方。
I don’t fancy living in the cold room.
fancy 想像，设想（=image） （表示一种惊讶的心情）（其后接动名词做宾语）
Can you fancy yourself on the moon? 你能想像自己登上月球是怎样一种情景吗?
猜想, 以为
“He had no clothes on.”“I fancy so.”“他没穿衣服。”“我想是这样。”
想想看(表示惊讶)
Fancy her saying such rude things! 想想看, 她竟然说出这样粗鲁话。
I fancy (that) he won't come.我想他不会来的。
Fancy meeting you here. 没想到在这儿见到你。
fancy oneself 自以为是，自命不凡Do you fancy yourself?
n.设想, 空想, 幻想He indulged in idle fancy.他沉溺于幻想之中。
想像力, 幻想力Children usually have lively fancy.儿童往往有丰富的想像力。
爱好, 迷恋I have a fancy for some wine with my dinner.我喜欢在晚餐时喝点酒。
have a fancy for chess [travelling]热衷于下棋[旅行]
Children usually have a lively fancy.儿童们往往有丰富的想象力[幻想]。
I have a fancy that it's going to rain.我想大概要下雨。
adj.昂贵的, 高档的 别致的, 花式的, 花哨的 [美](商品, 特指食品)特选的; 特制的; 高档的
The dress is too fancy for me.这件服装我穿太花哨了。
fancy goods花哨的小商品fancy cakes花式糕点fancy diving花式跳水
fancy dress(化装舞会等)化装服装fancy ball化装跳舞会
fancy chrysanthemums杂色菊花a fancy fair[英]小商品市场fancy skating花样滑冰
sell at a fancy price以昂贵价格出售fancy fresh fruits特级鲜果
【课文讲解】
One’s man’s meat is another man’s poison. 各有所爱
=There is no accounting for tastes. 人各有所好。
1. Each has his likes and dislikes. 2. Each follows his own bent.
People become quite illogical when they try to decide what can be eaten and what cannot be eaten.
人们在决定吃什么或者不吃什么的时候，往往变得不合情理。
当涉及到或谈及到叙述客观事实的时候
it comes to sth …………
it comes to doing sth ……
用于when 引导的时间状语从句
Eg.:He never complains when it comes to helping his wife with the house work.
for instance == for example
consider (to be)...
on the other hand 转折连接词，表示而另一方面
turn / rebel (感到反感，恶心)at the idea of: =at the thought of 一想到
at 介词搭配作状语，表示当......就......；一......就......
at the sight of 一看到at the mention of 一提到at the news of 一听到......消息
at the touth of 一触摸到......东西at the sound of 一听到......声音
Eg.: I was glad at the thought of getting something to eat.
I always love at the mention of ghost story.
stick to + 名词==insist on doing sth == persist in doing sth
practice 表示习俗，做法；惯例, 常规international practice 【法】 国际惯例, 国际实践
I can see that they are not ready to depart from traditional practice.
我想他们不是真的背离传统习惯。
habit表示个人习惯Habit is second nature. （谚）习惯成自然。
custom社会的风俗或习俗
Eg.: Early to bed and early to rise is good habit.
habit , practice , custom , convention 这组名词一般含义为“习惯”。
habit指个人的“习惯”，通常用于表示做事、思考问题或行为举止的不自觉的方式方法
That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen.这证明是我的失败，因为我不久就回到在电视屏幕前打瞌睡的坏习惯去了。
practice 既可表示个人的也可表示社会的“习惯”，这种“习惯”从性质上看是一种反复不断的或是有选择性的行为或者方法
On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat——the normally accepted practice in many northern countries.
在另一方面，一想到用动物油煎马铃薯，你便会作呕。然而在许多北欧国家里，这是为大家接受的通常习惯。
She walked slowly into the hall and at once noticed that all the room doors were open,yet following her general practice she had shut them before going out.
她慢慢地走进厅堂，并且立刻发现所有的房门都是开着的。但是按照她自己的一般习惯，她在外出前总是把门全部关好的。
custom 具有 habit 和 practice 的一切含义，此外，custom 还包含这样一层意思：长期而广泛采用的行为或方法，即风俗习惯，按照某地区人们共同生活及其行为的准则或规范，它不仅有指导意义，而且具有必须遵循的意义
Don't be a slave to custom.不要做风俗习惯的奴隶。
From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour.一个人从诞生的那一时刻起，他降生后所处的风俗习惯便给他的阅历和行为定型。
convention 其实是其他3个词的近义词，它的含义为：固定的或公众一致承认的行事或表达思想的方法
They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary.他们不顾社会习俗，并未意识到自己在做些与众不同的事。
It is now quite common practice for married women not to take their husband’s second name.
The practice of closing shops on Sundays.
My practice to study English is to read everyday.
the custum of giving present at Christmas
Social customs vary greatly from country to country.
in many northern countries.
The sad truth is that most of us have been brought up to eat certain foods and
that引导表语从句，说明truth的内容
bring up抚养,教育, 养育(孩子)My aunt brought up four children.我姑姑养了四个孩子。
Eg.: Joe is born in England, but brought up in France.
She was brought up to believe that money is the most (great) important thing in life.
他从小到大一直认为金钱是生活中最重要的东西。
被动语态形式，表自小长大，在成长的过程当中已经习惯于......
I’ve been brought up to eat fish, just because my mother is fond of fish as well.
He has been brought up to eat fring potatoes just because his parents are fond of that.
He gave much attention to bring up his children.
bring up
把…带到楼上〔更高处〕When the doctor arrives, bring him up.医生来时, 带他到楼上。
提及〔提出〕…
Mr. Chairman, I should like to bring up the question of the reorganization of the committee.
主席先生, 我想提出改组委员会的问题。
恶心; 呕吐(食物)
The greedy child brought up all he had eaten.这个贪吃的孩子把吃下去的东西全部吐了出来。
使突然停住
He brought the car up short when the light changed to red.红灯一亮, 他突然把车停住。
stick to = keep to; not give up
Eg.: We stick to them all our lives.
I made my decision and I am going to stick to it. (to介词)
stick to the idea
stick to the plan
insist on doing sth. 坚持做某事
persist in doing sth. 坚持做某事
No creature has received more praise and abuse than the common garden snail.
比较级表达最高级的概念
Nobody is more beautiflul than you.
He is more intelligent than anyone else in my class.
The common garden snail often receives more praise and abuse than other creatures.
cooked过去分词做定语，与snails构成被动关系。
countless: 无数的，数不尽的 (=numerous)
who引导定语从句
associate sth. with sth. 把某物与某物相联系
People there, don’t consider snails to be a great dilicacy.
no garden of his own 没有自己的庭院
Robert is forn of snails very much.
The idea never interested me very much...
happened to do 恰巧，碰巧
I happened to be out when he called.
We both happened to be travelling on the same plane.
We happened to be in the neighbourhood.我们恰好是邻居。
happen / chance
It happened that 偶然..., 碰巧...I was out when he called.
It chanced that I was out when he called.
when
表示正在这时突然，通常使用过去进行时，过去完成时等搭配；位于句中
He was having a bath when the telephine suddenly rang.
We had not ... like this when ... came in.
We were about to start when it rained.
snails (that were ) taking a stroll...
现在分词做定语，修饰snails
on a sudden impulse 一时的，冲动的
Acting on a sudden impulse(=act on impulse凭冲动行事), he went shopping to buy several dresses.
Robert was delighted to see me and equally pleased with my little gift. ==Robert was not only delighted to see me, but also pleased with my little gift.
be delighted to do
be pleased to do
when特殊用法，表示就在这个时候
when , as , while 这三个词都可以引出时间状语从句，它们的差别是：when 从句表示某时刻或一段时间 as 从句表示进展过程，while 只表示一段时间
When he left the house, I was sitting in the garden.当他离开家时，我正在院子里坐着。
When he arrived home, it was just nine o'clock.当他到家时，正是九点钟。
As he grew older, he became more intelligent.随着他年龄的增长，他变得更有才智了。
While he was in London,he studied music.当他在伦敦时，他学习音乐。
While she was typing the letter,the telephone rang.当她在用打字机打那封信时，电话响了。
reluctantly: unwillingly 不情愿的
to our dismay 使我们感到惊愕的是
Eg.: Before we came back, all the snails had already escaped from the paper bag and had taken complete possession of the hall.
take possession 占据，占有
The policeman took possession of the thief's bag.警察夺过了小偷的包。
The soldiers took possession of enemies’ fort.
The terrorists took possession of the embassy.恐怖分子占领了大使馆。
The writer doesn’t fancy snails.
The writer doesn’t consider snails to be a great delicacy.
legal是讲法律上的合理---illegal
比如：吸毒是违法的. Using drugs is legal (not legal).
在以上的句子里，是不可以用 legitimate 来代替 legal 的.
legitimate---illegitimate
legitimate 是讲生活中的合理 adj.合情合理的; 合法的
比如：他迟到有合理的理由.He had a legitimate reason for being late.
在以上的句子里，也是不可以用 legal 来代替 legitimate.Sickness is a legitimate reason for asking for leave. 生病是请假的一个正当的理由。法律认可的；法定的 合法婚姻所生的
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§ Lesson 24 A skeleton in the cupboard “家丑”
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
■skeleton n. 骷髅
a skeleton in the cupboard(或closet)== a family skeleton 家丑, 见不得人的事
It’s time to bring a family skeleton out of the cupboard
skeleton key 万能钥匙 =master key
a walking skeleton 骨瘦如柴的人= a bag of bones n.骨瘦如柴的人
be reduced to a skeleton 瘦的皮包骨
He has nothing to eat for a couple of days so he has been reduced to a skeleton.
skinny adj.极瘦的, 皮包骨的 a skinny figure 皮包骨的体形At school I was fairly skinny and undersized. 上学时我相当瘦小。Tom was a lanky boy with long skinny legs. 汤姆是一个腿很细的瘦高个儿。
bony adj. 多骨的 That steak is bony and difficult to eat. 那种牛排多骨, 很不易吃。骨瘦如柴的, 瘦的 He eats so little that he is bony. 他吃得太少, 瘦得只剩皮包骨。
Accidents will happen in the best regulated families. （谚）家规再严，丑事难免。
a skeleton at the feast 扫兴的人（或物）
Jolly Roger(Blackjack)海盗旗(骷髅旗)
S&F = skull and flag
a skull and crossbones n.骷髅旗（为死亡之象征，昔时海盗用作旗帜）(旧时海盗旗) 直译为：“骷髅（skull）和交叉的腿骨（crossbones）”就是骷髅旗 因为海盗用来做标志 所以也叫海盗旗
skull n. 颅骨，脑壳，头盖骨 头脑 have a thick skull 笨头笨脑
skulled adj.(常用以构成复合词)有….脑壳的 thick-skulled 笨头笨脑的
skull session 首脑决策会议,非正式的学术性讨论 =skull practice （美俚）（足球队等的）战术研究课
■seemingly adv. 看来似乎, 表面上看
Seemingly, we can do nothing to prevent this from happening.
我们似乎没有什么办法阻止这件事发生。
apparently adv.显然地 He was apparently much surprised at the news. 他对那个消息显然感到十分惊异。表面上,似乎 Apparently she did not succeed. 看样子她没有成功。
■respectable adj. 体面的，雅观的
a respectable appearance体面的外表
I must go and put on a clean shirt and make myself look respectable.
我得去换件干净的衬衫, 让自己看上去体面些。
respectable decent, graceful, deserving respect:可敬的 正派的; 文雅的; 高尚的
a respectable teacher一位可敬的老师
He was respectable and no one questioned.他人格高尚, 没有人怀疑。
a respectable income可观的收入
He is too respectable for my taste.那个人太高雅了, 我不喜欢。
Eg.: He is a most respectable man.
The tie is for a respectale man only.
venerable adj. (因年高、显要、智慧等）令人尊重的；值得敬重的；受敬佩的
a venerable old worker 可尊敬的老工人
The cathedral is a venerable building.主教座堂是神圣庄严的建筑。
历史悠久的；令人肃然起敬的；古老的：
a venerable monument 历史悠久的纪念碑 venerable pines 古松 a venerable age 高龄
a venerable beard 长髯
（对圣公会吏长的尊称）尊者(仅用于名词前)
天主教会对尚未列入圣品的已故圣洁者的尊称）尊者(仅用于名词前)
venerate vt.尊敬；崇拜：
a man to be venerated for uprightness 由于正直而受尊敬的人
venerator n.尊敬（他人）者；崇拜者
veneration n. 尊敬，崇拜：be filled with veneration for 对…充满崇敬的心情
respectful : 充满敬意的，尊敬人的 有礼貌的; 恭敬的
He is respectful to his elders.他对长辈很尊敬。
A respectable person is respectful to others.
be respectful to sb.尊敬某人
keep [stand] at a respectful distance from sb.
(表示恭敬)站得离某人 有一定距离, [喻]敬而远之
respective adj.各自的; 各个的
He and I are each going to visit our respective teachers.我和他分别要去拜访各自的老师。
All men have their respective duties.各人有各人的职责。
Eg.:Our students return to their respective classroom.
respectively adv.各自地, 分别地
■conceal v. 隐藏，隐瞒;遮住； 对...保密=hide，比hide更加正式，语气强烈
a concealed enemy隐藏的敌人conceal one's feelings隐藏感情 a concealed firing postion
a concealed firing postioon 隐蔽的发射阵地 a well concealed treasury一宗极为隐藏的财宝
conceal the news from his mother对他母亲隐瞒这个消息
conceal sth. from sb.对某人隐瞒某事
Eg.: He concealed his disappointment from his friends.
He concealed his bets from his wife.
When the mother coming, the little girl hid behind the curtain.
hide, hid, hidden
concealment n. 隐藏；隐蔽： concealment from the air 对空隐蔽
■vivid adj. (光、颜色等)鲜艳的耀眼的,鲜艳的,强烈的
Her dress was a vivid colour.她的服装颜色很鲜艳。
生动的，栩栩如生的,鲜艳的，活泼的
A vivid picture is present to our eye.一幅栩栩如生的画面出现在我们眼前。
Our economic construction is vivid with life. 我们的经济建设生气勃勃。
There is a vivid proverb.
vivid blue 碧蓝色 / vivid green鲜绿vivid description生动的描述
It is still vivid in my memory.这事我还记得很清楚。
he is vivid with life. 他是生气勃勃。
Yours discription is really vivid.
more vivid, the most vivid
■dramatic adj. 令人激动的，扣人心弦的
dramatic比exciting更加强烈
The dramatic things are still vivid in his mind.
戏剧的, 剧本的He enjoys the dramatic arts.他喜爱戏剧艺术。
戏剧性的, 激动人心的His speech was dramatic.他的演说激动人心。
引人注目的, 给人深刻印象的
She plays a very dramatic woman with flashing eyes.
她饰演一位双眼闪光的引人注目的妇人。
dramatic criticism戏剧评论
dramatic performance戏剧表演
dramatic description戏剧般的描写
dramatic changes in international situation国际形势的戏剧性变化
a very dramatic woman一个十分惹人注目的女人
dramatic present
【语】(语法、修辞的)戏剧手法的现在式(描写过去事件为增强效果而用现在式)
She made a dramatic speech at the meeting.她在会上发表了激动人心的演说。
■ruin vt.破坏, 毁掉
ruin one's hopes使希望破灭
The storm ruined our wheat.暴风雨毁坏了我们的小麦。
使破产, 使沦落
I was ruined by that law case, I'm a ruined man.我被那场官司搞垮了, 现在已经倾家荡产。
n.毁坏, 毁灭, 灭亡
the ruin of his hopes他的希望的破灭
This news meant th e ruin of all our hopes.这消息使我们的一切希望都破灭了。
完全丧失, 断送; 垮台(的原因)
This flood will be the ruin of the harvest.这场洪水将是没有收成的祸根。
Gambling was his ruin[the ruin of him].赌博是他堕落的原因。
破败、坍塌或毁坏的状态
The church has fallen into ruin.那教堂已破败不堪。fall into ruin破败不堪
废墟; 遗迹
The abbey is now a ruin.那座修道院现已成废墟。
The building is in ruins.那建筑物已成断壁残垣。
■heroine n. 女主人公，女英雄, 女主角
■fiction n. 小说
He prefers light fictions to serious novels.比起严肃小说来, 他更为喜欢轻松的小说。
虚构的或想像出的事, 并非完全真实的事
Her story was a pure fiction.她的故事纯属虚构。
science fiction 科学小说, 科学幻想故事
It is a legal fiction that a corporation is a person.
把团体法人当作一个人是一种法律上的假设。
Fact[Truth] is stranger than fiction.[谚]事实比小说还离奇
fiction 和novel的区别
fiction 本义就是“虚构的东西”，翻译过来成了小说。(集合名词)不可数 (poetry )
novel 其实是特指长篇小说，只不过在学单词的时候很少有老师特意指出这一点。
某一部具体的小说 (poem)
I prefer reading fiction to hearing about real invent.
■varying adj. 不同的
=various 各种不同的, 各种各样的
The subject may be viewed in various ways.这问题可以从不同的方面加以考虑。
various views各种观点various shapes不同的形状for various reasons因种种理由
the peoples of various countries各国人民various members各个成员
There are various ways of getting to the station.从这儿去车站有各种不同走法。
一些, 若干
There are various ways to solve the problem.解决这个问题有许多种方法。
different 与......不一样adj.
不同的, 差异的Mary and Joan are quite different.玛丽和琼很不相同。
个别的, 另外的Let's take a different way home today.今天我们回家走另一条路吧。
各式各样的A department store sells many different things.百货公司出售各种各样的东西。
My idea differents from yours.
[同义词]
different diverse divergent distinct various 意思都含“不同的”。
different 系普通用语, 指“事物间的区别或本质上的不同”, 侧重“相异的”, 如:
The two boys are different in their tastes.这两个男孩的兴趣是相异的。
diverse指“性质、种类十分不同的”, 如:
The word is now used in a sense diverse from the original meaning.
在某种意义上说, 此词现在的含义与最初的含义完全不同。
divergent指“分歧的”、“差异的”, 强调“不相容的”, 如:
divergent schools of thought不同的思想流派。
distinct指“两个或更多个东西各自有其特点, 不容混淆”, 含有“明显”和“性质上不同”的意思, 如:things similar in form but distinct in nature形式相似, 实质不同的东西。
various 强调“种类或性质的不同与多样”, 而不强调“其本质的差别”, 如:
representatives from various parts of the country全国各地的代表。
■medicine n. 医术, 医学
John is going to study medicine.约翰要去学医。study medicine and surgery研究内外科
practise medicine开业行医medicine show走江湖卖药
Anesthesia was a great innovation in medicine.麻醉是一项伟大的医学创新。
药, 内服药
I felt fairly easy after taking the medicine.我服药后感到舒服些
take medicine for one's cold吃感冒药
■guestroom n. （家庭中的）来客住房; (私人住宅的)客房
■unpack vt. （从箱中）取出从(包裹等)中取出(所装的东西), 打开行李取出
Unpack your clothes.开箱取出你的衣服。unpack a trunk开箱取物
吐露; 解除...的负担 解释明白; 揭示...的意义
unpack a poem将一首诗的含义解释明白 unpack one's grievances诉苦
■stack v. （整齐地）堆放，排放;堆积
They are specially packaged so that they stack easily.它们经过特别包装以便于堆放。
The floor was stacked high with piles of books.地板上高高地堆放着书籍。
Traffic was stacked up for miles because of the accident.由于车祸, 车辆被阻塞了好几英里。
Stack arms! 【军】架枪!
stack up the books The housewife is stacking up the clothing.
n. 堆, 垛 大量, 一大堆
There's a whole stack of bills waiting to be paid.有一大堆账要付呢。
a stack of hay一堆草a stack of people一群人
a considerable stack of evidence大量的证明材料
■underclothes n. 内衣
underclothing n.内衣,贴身衣裤=underclothes, underwear
n. 衬衣, 内衣He had removed his underwear.他已脱去了内衣。
男内裤
briefs贴身的短内裤;
short pants; 英〉(紧身的)短裤, 内裤
He rushed out in pants.他穿着短裤就冲出来。
〈美〉 裤子 My new pair of pants is being altered.我的新裤子正在修改。
underpants (男用)内裤,衬裤
He sat on the examination table in his underpants.他穿着内裤坐在诊查桌上。
He walked in, bold as brass, wearing nothing but his underpants.
他走了进来,只穿一条衬裤,极为厚颜无耻。
女内裤
women's panties; (妇女或儿童的)短衬裤
knickers n. (女用)内裤
灯笼裤
They were dressed alike in blue jersey and knickers.
他们穿着一致,都是蓝色的运动衫和灯笼短裤。
(面对困境)恼火，烦闷，慌乱
Don’t get your knickers in a twist! It’s not the end of the world.别烦恼了，这并不是世界末日。
The boss is getting his knickers in a twist about these sales figures.
老板看到这些销售数字大为恼火。
■drawer n. 抽屉The paper is in my desk drawer.论文在我书桌的抽屉里。
[drC:]抽屉; [pl.] 橱柜
[pl.][drC:z]衬裤bathing drawers游泳裤out of the bottom drawer最低级的
■petrify v. 使惊呆;吓呆, 使麻木
= shock, dumbfound
be petrified with terror [amaze ment]因恐惧[惊异]而发呆
At /Heard the news I was petrified.
■dangle v. 悬挂; 悬吊着, 摆动不定
Huge earrings dangled from her ears.她耳朵上挂着一对大耳环。
尾随, 追逐(女人); 依赖或追随他人(about, after, round)
dangle about [after] a woman追逐女人
A kite dangles from a telephone wire.一只风筝悬挂在电话线上晃来晃去。
用某事物诱惑…；吊胃口
It’s the biggest financial incentive ever dangled before British footballers.
这是历来对英国足球运动员的最大经济诱惑。
■sway vt. & vi.(使)摇摆, (使)摇动 sway a sword挥剑
The dancers swayed to the music.跳舞的人随着音乐节奏摇摆。
vt.影响、改变…的观点[行动]
sway the minds of men动摇人心sway a nation统治一个国家
His splendid speech swayed thousands of votes.他美妙的演说影响了成千上万的选票。
His speech failed to sway his colleagues into supporting the plan.
他的一番话没能使他的同事支持这项计划。
n.摇摆
He felt the sway of the deck under his feet.他感觉到脚下甲板的摇动。
支配; 统治
In medieval times the church held sway over many countries.
在中世纪, 教会支配着许多国家。
■unsympathetic adj. 不表同情的，无动于衷的
sympathetic 同情的
sympathy n. in sympathy 同情地 （= sympathetically ）
同情(心)I have much sympathy for you.我很同情你。
同情; (感情上的)支持
Although I pity him, my sympathies are with his family.
虽然我认为他可悲, 但我还是同情他的家人。
■medical adj. 医学的, 医疗的, 医术的
Penicillin was an extremely significant medical discovery.青霉素是极其重要的医学发现。
内科的
The hospital has a medical ward and a surgical ward.这家医院有内科病房和外科病房。
a free medical care公费医疗a medical certificate健康证明书; 诊断书
a medical college医学院a medical examination体格检查the medical art医术
the medical department医务部medical attendant私人保健医生
medical practitioner开业医生a medical examiner法医, 检尸员
The stethoscope is a medical instrument.听诊器是一种医疗器械。
This hospital has 20 medical [surgical] wards.这所医院有 20 个内科[外科]病房。
【课文讲解】
how引导宾语从句
has some terrible secret 骇人听闻的秘密
conceal from stangers 不为人所知=unbeknown,unbeknownst a.(口)未知的；不为…所知的（to）：He went there unbeknown to us. 他在我们不知情的情况下去那里。
a person unbeknown to sb. 一个某人不知道的人
which 引导的定语从句，修饰说明secret
seemingly: （=from appearence )从表面上看来，
a seemingly respectable person:表面上受尊重的人
possess:(= have got, own )
不定式to作定语，修饰说明vivid saying, 来描述这种场景。
some—表示“某一个（=a certain）”，修饰单数可数名词
ruin 泛指概念，表示毁坏的过程不是一下完成的 （=spoil ）
The rain ruined / spoiled our holiday.
destroy: 把凭借某种外力来破坏和摧毁事物，完全摧毁
The earthquake destroyed almost entired city.
damage: 侧重强调把…弄坏，但是可以修复
The car is damaged and it is repairing now.
I thought I was alone in my room until I heard the mysterious noice again, and my hair stands on end.
make/set one's hair stand on end: 使某人感到毛骨悚然的
in her youth:在她年轻时
everyone(单独用every 和one 连在一起)
every one of与介词of 连用时要分开
It is allvery well for such things to occur in fiction. 这种事发生在小说中是无可非议的。
it is all very well but 不赞成不满意的反语，“好倒是好，但是……”
Eg: It is all very well for them to ask me to do it, but I am too busy.
It is all very well for you to suggent taking a few days’ rest, but how can we finish our work in time.
all adv.(加强语气) 完全地;十分：
I am all for adopting the new technique. 我十分赞成采用这项新技术。
all too few (quickly) 实在太少（快）
（接the和比较级）更加：Well I know that there’s danger ahead, but I am all the more set on drving forward. 明知征途有艰险，越是艰险越向前。
（球赛等）双方得分相等；打平的：The score was two all.比分是两平。
occur: 某个事件出乎意料的发生（正式）
happen: 某个事件出乎意料发生
take place: 事件根据安排“举行”
Eg.: When did the accident happen / occur?
It occured to me that / to do.
It occured to me to open the window.
When will the wedding take place?
take place, happen, occur, come about和break out用法区别
这些词或短语都有“发生”的意思，但用法各不相同，区别如下：
(1). take place 表示“发生、举行、举办”，一般指非偶然性事件的“发生”，即这种事件的发生一定有某种原因或事先的安排，例如：
Great changes have taken place in our hometown during the past ten years.
The Olympic Games of 2008 will take place in Beijing.
(2) .happen作“发生、碰巧”解，一般用于偶然或突发性事件，例如：
What happened to you? (一般不说：What did you happen?)
Maybe something unexpected happened.
I happened to see him on my way home.
= It happened that I saw him on my way home.
(3). occur作“发生、想到、突然想起”解，其意义相当于happen，例如：
What has occurred? (=What has happened?)
A big earthquake occurred (=happened) in the south of China last month.
It occurred to me that she didn’t know I had moved into the new house.
(4). come about表示“发生、产生”，多指事情已经发生了，但还不知道为什么，常用于疑问句和否定句，例如：
When Mother woke up, she didn’t know what had come about.
I’ll never understand how it came about that you were late three times a week.
Do you know how the air accident came about?
(5). break out意思为“发生、爆发”，常指战争、灾难、疾病或者争吵等事件的发生，也可以表示突然大声叫喊等，例如：
Two world wars broke out last century.
A fire broke out in the hospital in the mid-night.
After the flood, diseases broke out here and there.
She broke out, “That is too unfair!”
参考资料：http://rocky.stedu.net/shownews.asp?id=191 (?http:?/??/?rocky.stedu.net?/?shownews.asp?id=191" \t "_blank?)
To varying degrees=to various degree: 从不同角度来讲
To a large degree / extent 从很大程度上来说/讲
which引导定语从句修饰secret
learn: 了解某个事实，学习某种知识、技能
know 知道某个事实，具有某方面的知识、技能，认识、了解某个人（状态动词，不能用于进行时态）
I learned that I had passed the test.
She knows about computers.
She is learning about computers.
know-how n.〈口〉实际知识,技术秘诀,诀窍
instead of + doing----表示相反、没有、取而代之的是......
Instead of sleeping at home, he went shopping.
shall v.aux.(过去时should [Fud, FEd, Fd])(shall 可缩写为 'll , shall not 常缩写为 shan't [FB:nt], 美国人常用will代替)
1.[用于主语为第一人称单复数, 表示单纯将来] 将要, 会
I shall be forty on my next birthday.到下次生日, 我就满四十岁。
We shall be on holiday at this time next week.我们将于下星期这个时候度假。
I shall ring you up as soon as I arrive.我一到就给你打电话。
2.[用于陈述句第二、三人称, 表示说话者的意图、警告、命令、决心等, 主语的行动受讲话者支配] 必须, 应, 可
He shall go.他可以去。
You shall have an answer by tomorrow.到明天你可以得到答复。
He shall have a bicycle for his birthday.他可以得到一架自行车作为生日礼物。
She shall not enter my house again.她不得再进我家。
3.[在问句中, 征 询对方对于主语行动的意见(提供帮助, 提出建议、要求给予指示和征求意见), 主要用于第一、三人称]... 好吗? 要不要...?
Shall I carry your bag ?我帮你拿手提包, 好吗?
Shall he come to see you ?要不要他来看你?
4.[用于第三人称, 在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定]应, 必须
No reader shall remove a book from the library without consent of the librarian.
非经管理员同意, 读者不准把书带出图书馆。
The National Party Congress shall be convened every five years .
党的全国代表大会每五年举行一次。
5.[在表示意图、要求等的从句中] 应该, 要
I wish that you shall stay at home tonight .我希望今晚你留在家里。
You say you will not do it, but I say you shall do it.你说你不做这事, 但是我说, 你非做不可。
6.[用于将来时态的间接引语, 与直接引语中的shall相应]将
He says that he shall [will] be glad to see you. (=He says, “I shall be glad to see you.”)
他说他将乐意来看你。
will
v.aux.(缩写'll, 否定缩写won't, 过去式would)
1.[表示单纯的将来时, 用于第二、三人称](第一人称的单纯将来时, 英国人用shall, 美国人用will)将(要), 会
Tomorrow will be Wednesday.明天是星期三。
He will be forty on his next birthday.到下次生日, 他就四十岁了。
You will offend him if you do that.你要是这样做, 会冒犯他的。
Press the button and the wheel will turn.按一下电钮, 轮子就会转动。
2.[表示主观意志、意愿等]愿,想要,(一定)要
Wewilldo our best.我们一定尽最大的努力。
I won't do so.我不愿这样做。
We cannot always do as we will.我们不能总是按照我们的愿望去做。
She will not shove the heavy load onto others.她不愿意把重担推给别人。
He will go his own way.他一意孤行。
3.[表示推测]该是, 可能 This'll be the book you are looking for. 这可能是你正在找的那本书。He will have got home by now. 现在他该到家了。
4.[表示功能]能, 行
Each bench will seat four persons.每条凳子能坐四个人。
5.[表示习惯, 经常性, 倾向性]惯于, 总是[会], 终归是
Boys will be boys.男孩终归是男孩。
Matches will not strike if they are damp.火柴潮湿就擦不着。
6.[用于疑问句, 第二、三人称, 表示询问、请求、命令]请...; ...好吗?
Will you have another cup of tea ?请再喝一杯茶好吗?
Will your father allow us to use his telephone?你父亲肯让我们使用他的电话吗?
W-you take your seats, please?请大家都坐下!
7.[表示命令、指示]务必, 必须 You will please do so. 请你照办吧。
show / lead sb. to…带领某人进入………
which 指代guestroom
was rarely used=was little used
rarely adv.不常, 很少地, 难得地
She rarely went anywhere except to her office.她除了去办公室以外, 很少去别的地方。
little adj.小的, 幼小的, 矮小的What a pretty little house it is!多么小巧玲珑的房子啊！
(时间、距离)短的She stayed here only a little while.她在这里只停留了很短的时间。
琐碎的, 微不足道的A few little things apart, I am very pleased with the result.
撇开一些小事不谈, 我对这结果很满意。
pron.少量, 些许
adv.少到几乎没有, 毫不, 难得, 很少
Little does he know what trouble he's in.他对自己身处何种麻烦茫无所知。
stood in front of sth. petrified: 站在…前，目瞪口呆
frightened: 在某个特定的场合下，受到惊吓
I was frightened by a large dog.
terrified:表示惊吓的程度，更加强烈，感到恐怖
I was terrified when the tiger went towards me.
afraid (of ): 表示一种状态，永久性的恐惧
The girl is afraid of mouse / snake.
afraid petrified frightened terrified
it gave me the impression that:给某人以印象
that 引导的同位语从句，进一步说明impression的内涵，意思
He gave me the impression that he will help me every day.
make a lasting impression on sb: 给某人以不可磨灭的印象
have a false impression of sb: 对某人有错误的看法
give sb impression that: 给某人印象
impress sb with sth 用…给某人留下印象
be about to do sth.: 即将，就要。暗示动作即将发生（多与when连用）
I was about to go to bed when there was a knock at the door.
leap out at sb. 跳出来扑向某人
leap out 跳出 A frog leaped out.一只青蛙跳了出来。
〈非正〉显而易见 His name leaped out at me from the book.我一眼就在书上看到他的名字。
drop----是我所发出的主动动作，所以用-ing形式
as if 引导虚拟语气
Sebastian n.塞巴斯蒂安(m.) (古罗马的殉道者，一般被刻画为裸体男子)
（来源于希腊语，含义是“可尊敬的venerable”）
毛骨悚然with one's hair standing on end; absolutely terrified; be frightened from the tips of one's hair to the marrow of his very bones; be bloodcurdling; be overcome with horror; give someone the creeps; have gooseflesh; make one's blood run cold; make one's flesh creep; make someone creep all over; send chills up sb.'s spine; shuddered all over
The sight of the dead man made his hair stand on end.看到死人吓得他毛骨悚然。
Accounts of cruel tortures in the jails of the reactionary government would curl one's hair.
关于反动政府监狱里酷刑情况的介绍听了会叫人毛骨悚然。
It gave someone gooseflesh and he shuddered all over.毛骨悚然， 通体寒栗。
n. (因寒冷或恐惧而引起的)鸡皮疙瘩
Ann, put on your sweater; you’re so cold you have gooseflesh on your arms.
安，把毛线衫穿上，你冷了，手臂上都起鸡皮疙瘩了。
vt. & vi.战栗, 发抖
I shuddered at the sight of the dead body.我一看见那尸体就战栗。
(机器、车辆等)突然震动, 颤动
He slammed on the brakes and the car shuddered to a halt.他猛踩刹车, 车颤抖着停住了。
n.颤动, 打颤, 战栗
The news sent a shudder through the audience.这消息使听众激动得直发抖。
PAGE
1
§ Lesson 25 The Cutty Sark “卡蒂萨克”号帆船
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
■impressive adj. 给人深刻印象的, 感人的
The first ceremony which we went into college is an impressive ceremony.
我们进入大学的第一次典礼给我们的印象很深。
an impressive Olympic Games给人深刻印象的奥林匹克运动会
This is an impressive thing.
impression n. 印象, 感想
She made a good impression on his mother.她给他母亲留下了很好的印象。
a strong impression很深的印象
What's your impression of him?你对他的印象如何? (他给你的印象怎样?)
想法, 看法, 感觉
I got the impression (that) they'd just had an argument.我感到他们刚刚争论过。
I had the distinct impression that I was being followed.我清楚地感觉到有人跟踪我。
He gave an impression of the minister which made us all laugh.
他模仿那位部长令我们大家发笑。
What I said made practically no impression on him.我的话对他简直不起作用。
滑稽模仿
He did a brilliant impression of the President.他对总统作了逼真的滑稽模仿。
印记, 压痕an impression of sb.'s foot某人的脚印
There are the impressions of shoes in the mud.泥地上留下了鞋印。
重印
Seven impressions of the novel have been sold out.这本小说印了七次都卖光了。
the second impression of the second edition再版第二次印刷
make a lasting impression on sb: 给某人以不可磨灭的印象
have a false impression of sb: 对某人有错误的看法
give sb impression that: 给某人印象
impress vt. 给…以深刻印象, 使铭记
He impressed me favourably.他给我的印象不错。
be impressed by [at, with]被深深打动[感动]
impress sth. in [on] one's memory使...铭记在心
be favourably [unfavourably] impressed得到好[不好]的印象
My father impressed on me the value of hard work.我父亲让我铭记艰苦劳动的价值。
印, 压印
The design was impressed on the cloth.这个图案印在布上了。
impress sb. 给某人留下印象
impress sb with sth 用…给某人留下印象
impress a mark on [upon] a surface=impress a surface with a mark在表面上打记号
impress a motion upon a wheel把动力传递到轮子上
■steamship n. 蒸汽轮船; 汽船, 大轮船=steamboat
The return may be made on the same steamship.可乘同一艘汽船当天回来。
It was so foggy that the steamship almost ran down a small boat leaving the port.
雾很大,汽艇差点把一只正在离港的小船撞沉。
He telephoned the steamship office to find out what time the steamer is due.
他打电话到轮船公司办公室询问轮船何时到达。
■vessel n. 轮船，大木船,船, 舰oceanic / oceangoing vessel远洋船
We had sighted the vessel and were following it.我们已看到那船并在跟随着它。
容器 You should put the water into a vessel.你应该把水装入容器中。
血管, 脉管, 导管
The doctor said I'd severed a vessel in my leg.医生说我割断了腿上的一根血管。
(具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的)人 a vessel of wrath遭天罚的人
vessel（正式的词汇）可代替ship,boat. 用于文学体
a sailing vessel, a fishing vessel
boat 比ship小，可以替换ship(非正式文体)
a fishing boat
补充:tramp n.不定期货船(=tramp ship或tramp steamer):an ocean tramp 远洋不定期货船
定期客船 passenger liner 定期货船 cargo liner
■era n. 时期，时代=a period of time in history, epoch历史时期, 时代
We are living in the information era.我们生活在信息时代。
era: “纪元”， 地球、人类社会历史上的一个很长的时期，以特别事物或发展为标志
usher in a new era 开创一个新时代
the beginning of new era
the end of old era
epoch n. 纪元, 时期, 时代
We're at the end of the historical epoch, and at the dawn of another.
我们正处在一个历史时代的末期, 另一个历史时代的开端。
mark [form] an epoch in science开辟科学上的新纪元
an entire historical epoch整个历史时代
epoch-making,epoch-marking adj.划时代的
make an epoch in 开辟...的新纪元form an epoch in 开辟...的新纪元
times:历史上的一个阶段”时代，时期”
in ancient times
in classic times
Roman times
age: 特定的历史阶段（大写，构成专有名词）
a stone age 石器时代
the space age 太空时代
This is a beganning of era
■Java n. 爪哇（印度尼西亚一岛）是一种编程语言，也是一种软件开发平台，应用十分广泛。
■rudder n. 舵an internal rudder (火箭的) 燃气舵
An oar often acts as rudder.桨常可起舵的作用。
A sailor uses the rudder to make the ship go in the correct direction.水手用舵导航。
Some tried to stop up the leaks while others tried to steady the rudder.
一些人设法堵漏洞,另一些人设法掌稳船舵。
■roll v. 颠簸，摇摆 左右摇晃, 摇摆
The ship was rolling badly.船左右摇晃得厉害。
(使)打滚, (使)转动, 滚动 Round things roll easily.圆的东西容易滚动。
The child was rolling a hoop.那个孩子在滚铁环。
卷, 把…卷成筒状The wire rolled easily.这种金属线便于卷绕。
He rolled a cigarette for me.他给我卷了一支烟。
vt. 碾平
The lawn should be well rolled.这草地该好好地碾一碾了。
Roll the road surface flat!把路面碾平！
使…成球状（或管状） 把（衣服的边）卷起来 （用某物）包裹，覆盖 启动；开动
推车；用车载运 The school bus rolled us to the airport.校车载送我们到机场。
使左右摇晃 The high waves rolled the little boat from side to side.巨浪使小船左右摇晃。
使(眼球等)左右转动；传送秋波
The boy rolled his eyes in amazement.男孩惊愕得眼珠上下打转。
vi. .左右摇晃, 摇摆 The ship was rolling badly.船左右摇晃得厉害。
发出隆隆声 The drums rolled.鼓声隆隆。
开始工作 Are the cameras rolling?拍摄开始了没有?
(车辆)行驶；用车运送 The train was rolling at high speed.火车在高速行驶。
(眼泪等)滚落 Lucy's tears rolled down her face.露西的眼泪从她的脸上滚了下来。
盘旋 Dark smoke was rolling up from the chimney.黑烟从烟囱里袅袅上升。
(岁月等)流逝；(时间)不知不觉地到来 (天体等)循环运行
翻滚；奔腾；顺流而下A black car rolled down the hill.一辆黑色汽车从山坡上翻滚下来。
n..一卷 面包卷, 圆面包 Six brown rolls, please.请给我来六卷黑面包。
名册 The teacher read the roll of graduates.教师宣读毕业生名单。
打滚; 滚动 Our dog loves a roll on the grass.我们的狗喜爱在草地上打滚。
轰隆声 We heard the distant roll of the big guns.我们听到远处的隆隆的大炮声。
■steer v. 掌握方向 驾驶, 掌舵
This car steers easily.这部车子易于驾驶。
She steered the car skilfully through the narrow streets.
她熟练地驾驶着汽车穿过狭窄的街道。
steer: 驾驶水路交通工具，强调掌握方向，导航
drive: 开汽车，火车
pilot: 操纵轮船，飞机
He steers the boat suddenly.
He piloted his plane.
■temporary adj. 临时的, 暂时的, 短时间的
They just reached a temporary agreement.他们只是达成一个临时协议。
temporary punishment有期徒刑temporary workers临时工temporary pleasure一时的快乐temporary jobs / house
n.临时的人员[事物], 临时工
They are all temporaries like me.他们都象我一样是临时人员。
temporarily adv.
temporariness n.暂时
==transient:短暂的，瞬间的; 片刻的; 转瞬即逝的
Her feeling of depression was transient.她的压抑心情一会儿就过去了。
反义：permanent: 永久的
contemporary: 当代 的
[同义词]
temporary temporal 都含“暂时的”意思。
temporary指“暂时的”、“临时的”,如:
temporary needs暂时需要。
temporal 指“暂存的”、“短暂的”,如:
temporal matters of but fleeting moment不过是转瞬即逝的一时性的事物。
■plank n. 大块木板;(厚)木板
We use a plank to cross the ditch.我们用一块木板过了沟。
政纲条目, 政策要点
They intend to win the next election on the plank of developing trade.
他们想以发展贸易的纲领来赢得下次选举。
■fit v. vt. & vi.(使)适合The hat fits perfectly.这顶帽子挺合适的。
vt.安装, 配备He fitted my new cooker.他为我安装新炊具。
adj.合适的, 适宜的Only fit applicants need application.只有符合条件的申请人需要申请。
健康的You look very fit.你看上去很健康。
恰当的, 正当的, 得体的It is fit that we give thanks.我们致谢是应该的。
n.适合的样子, 合身The shoes are just your fit.这双鞋子正合你的脚。
(病)发作, 昏厥, 痉挛She fell down in a fit.她突然昏倒了。
突然爆发She burst into a fit of laughter.她突然大笑起来。安装
■Equator n. 赤道
Singapore is near the equator.新加坡位于赤道附近。
equal相等的，因为赤道离南北极等距而得名；厄瓜多尔是赤道之国的意思。
Ecuador [ekw?’d?:,’ekw?d?:]n.厄瓜多尔(拉丁美洲,南美洲西北海岸的国家)
■delay n. 耽误;耽搁, 延迟
His delay made the teacher angry.他的迟到使老师生气了。
被耽搁[推迟]的事件或时间
My delay in going abroad is due to my illness.我推迟出国是因为我生病了。
vt. & vi.(使)耽搁, 延误
It is getting late, don't delay.时间已晚, 不要耽搁了。
Heavy traffic delayed us.繁忙的交通把我们耽误了。
推迟，使延迟，使延期，延缓
The driver delayed the drive until the weather cleared.驾驶员延迟到天气转晴后才出车。
【课文讲解】
one of the most famous / well-known ...最著名的......之一
背熟：She stands on dry land and is visited by thousands of people each year.
Greenwich格林威治(位于英国伦敦东南部,为本初子午线所经之地,原设有英国皇家格林威治天文台),格林威治镇(位于美国康涅狄格州)
Greenwich Mean Time 格林尼治标准时间
dry land:陆地 wet land 湿地
each year=every year=per year=per annum [拉丁语]每年
serve as:(=act as )“起…作用” 充当, 担任serve as interpreter 充当翻译 The general had served as a soldier in the earlier war.
在早期的战争中, 这位将军曾当过士兵。We found that birch bark could serve as paper. 我们发现桦树皮可以作纸用。
impressive reminder :深刻的印象，作为......的回忆
replace vt. ==take (the) place of 取代, 代替; 更换, 替换, 更新
把…放回原位
He picked them up and replaced them in the bag.他把它们捡了起来, 放回包里。
代替
It would be difficult to find a man to take the place of the secretary.
找一个代替秘书的人会很难的。
By and by electricity will take the place of coal.不久以后, 电将取代煤。
steamship: n. 汽船
sailing ship /sailing vessel: 帆船=sail ship
match:( = be equal to )与......相匹敌，相比
与…同日而语 be mentioned in the same breath [at the same time]; be named on the same day (with ...)
match in / for
No forms of transport can match areoplane for speed and comfort.
transport n. 交通工具；运输系统；运输；运送
No clothing can match your dress for beauty. 没有那件衣服可以和你的这条裙子相媲美。
The hotel can’t be matched for food and service. 这家旅馆的食物和服务是无与伦比的。
The only other ship to match her was the Thermopylae.
动词不定式to作定语，修饰the only other ship
背诵：Both these ships set out from Shanghai on June 18th, 1872 on an exciting race to England.
背诵：This race, which went on for exactly four months, was the last of its kind. It marked the end of the great tradition of ships with sails and the beginning of a new era.
which----指代this race, 引导非限定性定语从句
帆船：ships with sail, sailing ships, sailing vessels
marked the end of : 标志…的结束
The first of the two ships to reach Java after the race had begun was the Thermopylae,...
可改为：after the race had begun the first of the two ships to reach Java was the Thermopylae,...
take the lead: 处于领先地位== go into the lead
占主要地位, 领先, 带头
Japan has taken the lead in car production. 日本在汽车生产中居首位。They took the lead in conducting the experiments. 他们带头做试验。
lose the lead: 失去领先地位
in the lead: 处于领先地位（状态）
take over the lead: 取得领先地位; （在比赛中或在商业上）领先
it seemed certain that…
She has a lot of bad luck.=she was unlucky / unfortunate
she was struck by a very heavy storm during which her rudder was torn away.
...was struck by a very heavy storm... 严重地遇到了雨／雪
be caught in the rain/snow 遇到了雨／雪
遭遇
1. （碰上; 遇到） meet with; encounter; run up againstmeet with misfortune; have hard luck 遭遇不幸2. （遇到的事情） (bitter) experience; (hard) lotWe have shared the same historical experiences.咱们有着共同的历史遭遇。
during 介词，用于关系代词which 之前，during the race, during the storm
torn away = destroyed , pull down
tear away勉强使离开
He tore himself away from Paris and returned home.他依依不舍地离开巴黎回国。
硬行拉走
The bandits struggled to tear her away from the safe.匪徒使劲想把她从保险柜跟前拉开。
Why did you tear the letter away from her hand?你为何要从她手中夺走那封信?
it became impossible to steer her (省略掉for captain)
there was a danger that+同位语从句 ……会有危险
the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted,
call in at: （船）停靠，（人）拜访=call on
1.拜访(某人) He often calls on me. 他常常来拜访我。2.叫, 号召The government called on the workers to oppose waste.政府号召工人反对浪费。3.要求, 请求 He called on his friends to help him. 他向朋友求助。
to = in order to, so as to “目的是”
have sth. done:
but by now the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead.
by now = so far
遥遥领先be way ahead; be far ahead; get a good lead; hold a safe lead
at tremendous speed:以极快的速度
considering 连接词，用来引导完整的语句
considering that考虑到………
So we should forgive him considering that he is ill badly.
There is no doubt that if she had not lost her rudder she would have won the race easily.
There is no doubt that...==without / beyond any doubt “毫无疑问“
There is some doubt + wh- ...
Eg.: There is no doubt that he is guilty.
There is some doubt whether he is guilty.
if ----与过去事实相反的虚拟
（二册L71 P320）：If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have been erected.
If you talked less and ate more, we would both enjoy our dinner. (二册：L40 P182)
recite paragraph 2 :
she was struck by a very heavy storm during which her rudder was torn away.
There is no doubt that if she had not lost her rudder she would have won the race easily.
take the lead
lose the lead
call in at
with great difficulty
at tremendous speed
It seemed certain that
【Multiple choice questions】
Comprehension
1 The fame of the Cutty Sark rests mainly upon _____ .
a. the number of tourists who come to visit her annually
b. her likeness to other great sailing ships of the past
c. her being one of the last and one of the fastest of a line of great sailing ships
d. her victory in the race against the Thermopylae
fame:名声，名誉
rest upon= rest on依赖于, 寄托于…上, 基于 Your success rests on your efforts.你的成功有赖于你的努力。His argument does not rest on reasoning or on experiment, but on authority.他的论点不是依靠推理或者实验, 而是靠权威。We rest our hopes on you.我们把希望寄托在你们身上。
line n.排, 行 There is a line of young trees on each side of the street. 街道两旁各有一排小树。
2 The race which took place between the Cutty Sark and the Thermopylae was _____ .
a. a landmark in the history of shipping
b. held to celebrate the invention of the steamship
c. held especially for sailing ships on the route from Shanghai to London
d. unusually slow because the Cutty Sark lost her rudder en route
landmark: 标志界标 a conspicuous landmark 显著的地标目标,明显的标志The tower was once a landmark for ships. 这座塔曾是船只的陆标。里程碑 The Russian Revolution represents a landmark in world history.俄国革命是世界历史上的一个里程碑。
3 During the race, the most remarkable feat of the Cutty Sark was _____ .
a. although last to reach Java, to take the lead on the Indian Ocean
b. the fact that she managed to sail into port without a rudder
c. the speed at which she was sailing while having a new rudder fitted
d. the speed at which she made up the gap between her and the Thermopylae
feat: 功绩, 伟业; 技艺 He received a medal for his heroic feat. 他因其英雄业绩而获得一枚勋章。
Structure
4 The Cutty Sark _____ at Greenwich. (ll.1-2)
a. is still possible to see b. is able still to be seen
c. may still be seen d. is still possibly seen
5 Before _____ , vessels like the Cutty Sark were used ... (ll.4-5)
a. steamships replaced sail b. the steamship replaced the sailing ship
c. steamships replaced sailing d. the steam replaced the sail
a 选项steamships:汽船，sailing ships
sail: 航海，航行，风帆
冠词the和名词单数形式搭配表示一类东西
6 It seemed certain that she _____ the first ship home. (l.12)
a. would go to be b. would be going to be c. went d. was going to be
would和be going to 重复搭配
7 The Thermopylae arrived in England only a weak before _____ > (ll.19-20)
a. she did b. she was c. herself d. she had arrived
before引导时间状语从句
8 _____ her rudder, there is no doubt she would have won... (l.21)
a. That if she had not lost b. Not having lost
c. Were she not to lose d. had she not lost
if引导的虚拟条件句
Vocabulary
9 ----on dry land and _____ thousands of visitors each year. (ll.2-3)
a. appeals to b. attracts c. catches d. pulls
attract 吸引，The beautiful scenery attracts me.
appeal to 引起...兴趣， The topic of the conversatiuon never appeals to me.
10 On June 18th, 1872 both these ships _____ an exciting race from Shanghai to England. (l.8)
a. set out on b. departed for c. entered d. went for
set out :出发
set out on: 出发进行比赛
Eg: set out on the trip/journey/excursion
depart for 去往某处
11 On the Indian Ocean, the Cutty Sark went _____ the lead. (ll.11-12)
a. into b. on c. for d. after
原文：take the lead
go into the lead ==take the lead
12 Even this was remarkable, _____ the numerous delays. (ll.20-21)
a. in respect of b. according to c. in view of d. accounting
considering: 介词 prep.1.考虑到；就…而言；鉴于 Considering the strength of the opposition, we did very well to score two goals.就对方的实力而论, 我们能进两个球就很不错了。副词 adv.1.从各方面考虑, 从通盘考虑 Yes, her speed was quite good, considering.
不错, 从各个方面来看, 她的速度相当快。考虑到
in respect of关于，就……而言==with regard to 关于，至于=as to=concerning
according to:依据= in accordance with
in view of 以…观点考虑到＝considering
account for
【Key to Multiple choice questions】
1. C 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. D 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. A 11. A 12. C
PAGE
9
§ Lesson 26 Wanted: a large biscuit tin 征购大饼干筒
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
■influence v. 影响,感化
The weather influences crops.天气影响农作物。
Outside factors influenced him to resign.外界因素促使他辞职。
The labour enthusiasm of the workers strongly influenced us.
工人们的劳动热情强烈地感染了我们。
n.影响; 感化力Her influence made me a better person.她对我的影响使我成为一个更好的人。
influence of atmosphere on optical systems大气对光学系统的影响
a man of great influence很有势力的人
势力, 权势He is a man of great influence in this town.他在这个镇上是很有权势的人。
产生影响的人[事物]
His parents no longer have any real influence over him.他的父母对他已不再有任何约束力了。
have effect on (对)有影响〔产生效果〕This drug has a cumulative effect.这种药有渐增的效力。
Eg.: Literature and art have great influence of people’s idelogy.
Don’t be influenced by bad examples.
under the influence of受…影响
Eg.: We are under the influnce of advertisements.
have influence over sb 有左右某人的能力
Eg.: A teacher has influence over his students.
exercise influence on sb's behalf 为某人而尽力
on sb's behalf 为某人的利益
Eg.: The boss exercises influence on his employee’s behalf.
区别：influence / affect
influence:通过劝说，行为，榜样来改变一个人的行为或思想，是潜移默化的影响力
affect: 对......产生不良影响: The bad examples will affect a lot number of students.
influential adj.有影响力的, 有权势的
He is a very influential man in the government.他在政府中是个很有影响的人物。
affect , influence , touch , impress , sway , move 这组动词的一般含义为使人或能作出反应的物产生或受到影响。
affect 的宾语是物时，它包含着足以引起反应的刺激，有时包含一定的改变。
The slight change of weather can affect her delicate health
天气稍有变化就会影响她那脆弱而娇嫩的身体。
当affect的宾语是人时，它表示引起心智上或感情上的影响，即感动
He was in no way affected by their misery.他们的惨状一点也没打动他的心。
We are lucky in that only the lower fields, which make up a very small proportion of our farm, are affected by flooding，
…我们的运气好，因为只有占我们农场极少部分的较低的田地受到洪水的影响。
influence 所表示的影响包含着“力量”，比如“他是个有影响的人物”。有时它包含着“诱使”的意思。
They, having first persuaded themselves, contrive to influence their neighbours.
他们首先自己信服了之后，便设法诱使邻居
No one can avoid being influenced by advertisments.谁也不能避免受到广告的影响。
In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been neglected.
在工业生活的组织中，工厂对工人的生理和心理状态上的影响完全被忽视了。
touch 所表示的“感动”有些象汉语的“感触”，它总含有密切接触的意思。此外，touch在表示使人或物受到影响或感动时，总有如下的内涵：激发、搅起、伤害等等。
I do not wish to do anything which may touch your credit.
我不想做任何会影响你的荣誉的事情。
Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realized how belief their children usually have in their character and infallibility.
…如果父母意识到孩子通常多么相信父母的品格和父母的绝对正确，他们会大大震惊和深深被感动的……
impress 通常用于表示深受“感动”，而且把所看到的东西，铭记在心。
but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds.
……但是我掩盖不了这一事实，那些钻石之大给我留下了深刻的印象。
sway 的原义同上
■pride v. 骄傲（pride oneself）使得意 (on, upon)
pride oneself upon one’s ability 自夸能力大
pride oneself on sth / doing sth.. 为…感到骄傲、夸耀;得意于某事物＝take (a) pride in(对某人/某事物感到自豪) / be proud of
She takes great pride in her children’s success. 她为孩子们取得的成绩感到无比骄傲。
take pride in sth. 认真做好某事物(因对自己很重要)：
He takes pride in his work. 他对待工作马马虎虎。
You should take more pride in your appearance. 你应该多注意一点仪表。
She prides herself on her garden / on her skill as a gardener.
她对自己的花园（自己的园艺）非常满意。
He prides himself on remaining calm in an emergency. 他在紧急关头十分镇静为此感到骄傲。
不能用于进行时态或被动语态
He prides himself on his tailoring.他对自己的裁缝手艺而感到得意。
He prided himself on his driving skill.
pride n. 得意, 自豪；自尊
His pride in his achievements is justified. 他为自己的成就而自豪, 这是理所当然的。Having to accept the money was a blow to my pride. 我不得不接受这笔钱, 这是对我的自尊心的打击。 a sense of national pride 民族自尊心骄傲; 傲慢
He has far too much pride. 他太妄自尊大=be puffed up with pride了。
Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见 肿胀
a peacock in his pride 开屏的孔雀 play the peacock 炫耀自己
in the pride of 处于最佳状态（顶峰）; 处于全盛时期
in the pride/prime of one’s life 在年富力强的时期
She is still young and in the pride of her beauty.
proper (或honest) pride 自尊心
put one’s pride in one’s pocket:控制自尊心;压抑自尊心, 忍辱
Pride goes / comes before a fall. (=Pride will have a fall.) 傲者必败。
(as) proud as a peacock 非常高傲
■taste n. 鉴赏力a man of taste颇有生活鉴赏力的人, 风雅的人
She has excellent taste in dress. 她对衣着有极好的鉴赏力。
滋味, 味道The food has an attractive taste.这食品的味道很诱人。
the bitter taste of life人生的辛酸take a taste of cake尝一点糕饼
Her house is furnished in excellent taste.她的房屋布置得非常高雅。
爱好, 嗜好Their tastes are different from mine.他们的爱好与我的不同。
vt. & vi.尝, 品尝, 尝到taste the joys of the happy life体会幸福生活的欢乐
Sometimes when you are ill, you can't taste properly.有时生病时吃什么都没有滋味。
The patient has not tasted food for two days.病人两天没吃东西了。
One can taste nothing when one has a cold.人在感冒时吃东西没味道。
A sick man has not much taste for food.病人吃东西没有味道。
vt.吃, 喝I have not tasted food for two days.我已两天米粒不沾了。
体验, 领略They tasted defeat for the first time.他们第一次体验到失败的滋味。
vi.尝味，辨味，辨出味 I can't taste when I have a cold. 我感冒时无法辨味。略进(饮食)；(少量地)吃，喝(常与of连用) He tasted of the cake.他吃了几口蛋糕。有某种味道；有某种气味(常与of连用) This bread tastes of mold. 这面包有霉味。
have excellent taste in sth 在…上有极高的品位
a taste of 尝一口，尝一点;
Eg: Oh, let me have a taste of your coffee.
in good taste: 文雅，得体;雅致〔俗气〕; 品味高〔低〕
Everything in his house is in good taste.他家里样样都很雅致。
(行为)高尚〔体面〕
His behavior was in good taste.他的行为高尚。
Eg: The beautiful girl is in good taste.
in bad taste: 庸俗，不得体; 雅致〔俗气〕; 品味高〔低〕
She dresses in bad taste.她穿得很俗气。
(行为)高尚〔不体面〕What he said was a joke in very bad taste.他所说的是个很鄙俗的笑话。
to one's taste: 合某人的口味，称某人的心愿
Eg: He did what he wanted to do to his taste.
There is accounting for taste. 人各有所好。
He who has never tasted bitter knows not what is sweet.不知黄连苦怎知蜂蜜甜呢。
tastable adj.可尝的,滋味好的
tasteful adj.有良好判断力或鉴赏力的, 举止得体的
tasteless adj.无味的The soup was rather tasteless.这汤淡而无味。
无判断力、鉴赏力等的, 举止粗俗的
taste blindness 味盲
taste maker 时尚的首创者; 时髦风尚的带头人
Eg.: Are you taste maker?
■exert v. 施加
exert all one’s strength / powers尽全力 exert every effort 尽一切努力
exert ones’s utmost 尽最大努力
exert pressure（influence） on sb 对某人施加压力（影响）
exert direct control of 对…加以直接控制
He likes to exert his authority.他喜欢行使自己的权力。exert authority运用权威
His wife exerted a lot of pressure on him to change his job.
He likes to exert his authority on us.
exert oneself 努力，尽力, 出力
exert onself to fulfill the task 努力完成任务
He never exerts himself to help anyone.他从未尽力帮助别人。
exertion n.尽力；努力；费力：make (或use) exertion 尽力
with all one’s exertion 尽最大的努力 combine exertion/work and rest/play 劳逸结合
be able to stand up to the exertion of travelling 经得起旅途劳顿
行使；发挥：
the exertion of power（或authority）权力的行使
■subtle adj. 微妙的，难以捉摸的
Her whole attitude had undergone a subtle change.她的整个态度发生了微妙的变化。
Advertisements exert subtle influence on us. 潜移默化的
敏感的，敏锐的
He is a subtle observer. 敏锐的观察者 subtle fingers灵巧的手指
subtly adv.微妙地，敏锐地
subtleness == subtlety n.细微, 精细, 巧妙, 灵巧, 诡诈
He argued his case with considerable subtlety.他相当机敏地为自己的论点辩护。
细微的差别等
I think the translator missed some of the subtleties of the original.
我认为译者漏掉了原著中一些微妙之处。
■advertiser n. 做广告的人；登广告的人
We've had several phone calls already this morning from advertisers.
我们今天上午已接到好几个广告客户的电话。
advertise: vt.公布, 宣传
It is unwise of them to advertise their willingness to make concessions at the negotiations.
他们宣扬愿意在谈判中让步, 这是不明智的。
I advertised him of my plans.我把我的计划通知了他。
We advertised through the press.我们通过报纸宣传。
vt. & vi.(给…)做广告宣传
Are lawyers allowed to advertise? 准许律师做广告吗?
advertisement [?d’v?:tism?nt]n.出公告, 做广告
If you want to sell your old sofa, why not put an advertisement in the local newspaper?
如果你想卖掉旧沙发, 何不在本地报纸上登个广告呢?
广告
He glanced his eyes down the classified advertisements.他浏览分类广告栏。
a full page advertisement整页的大广告wide advertisement广为宣传
Advertisement helps to sell goods.广告(能)帮助推销货物。
commercial advertisement 商业广告classified advertisement 分类广告
television advertisement 电视广告
■classify vt.分类; 归类
Librarians spend a lot of time classifying books.图书馆工作人员花许多时间将书分类。
classify books by subjects按学科将图书分类
be -classified as分成［为］...类
Eg.: The books have been classified according to subjects.
classification n. 分类, 分级 类别, 种类, 门类
classified adj. 分类的，机密的
classified information [material, documents]秘密情报［材料， 文件］
trackage classified by speed按速度分级的（铁路）线路
classifiable adj. 可分类的
classifier n. 分类者; 分类器
■magic adj. 有奇妙作用的;魔法的, 法术的Can you do magic tricks?你会变魔术吗?
很好的, 奇异的Their latest record is really magic.他们的最新唱片真是棒极了。
n.魔法, 法术; 巫术
They claimed that he had inflicted bad fortune on them through evil magic.
他们声称他运用了恶毒的魔法使他们遭受不幸。
魔术, 戏法The conjuror's magic delighted the children.魔术师的戏法逗乐了孩子们。
魔力, 魅力
You could feel the magic of Shakespeare's poetry.你可以感觉到莎士比亚诗歌的魅力。
conjuror [‘k?nd??r?]n.魔术师; 变戏法的人;行咒法者
■sample n. 样品, 标本, 样本results of the sample抽样检查的结果
The salesman brought some samples of his firm's products.
推销员带来了一些他公司的产品货样。
collection of samples for museum display收集样品以供在博物馆展出
a sample room样品(陈列)室take a sample for examination and test取样捡验
The salesman showed samples.推销员出示货样。
vt.抽样调查sample the wines抽验各种酒sample the cake尝尝饼的样品
sample the literature of social science浏览社会科学文献
They sampled the population to find out the state of public opinion.
他们从人口中抽样以了解民意状况。
品尝; 尝试She made us sample her cooking.她让我们品尝她做的饭菜。
体验; 尝试
They can learn English and sample the British way of life.
他们可学习英语并体验英国人的生活方式。
参考词汇
sample , specimen , example 这三个名词都有“样子”，“样品”的含义。
sample 所表示的“样品”指的是其它的都与这个“样品”在质量、性质和设计上相同。例如推销员持本厂的产品的“样品”去推销，或出版社要求你把自己的书稿寄去一个章节作“样品”去评审是否有出版价值等。
In an intelligence test we take a sample of an individual's ability to solve puzzles and problems of various kinds….
在智力测验中，我们取样于个人解决各种难题和各种问题的能力。
specimen 为“试样”或“样品”的意思。例如医生抽血化验，这抽出的血液即为“试样”。
He gives the bank specimens of his signature,…
他把自己的签名字样交给银行，……
He collected specimens of all kinds of rocks and minerals.他采集了各种岩石和矿物的样品。
example 有不少别的含义，在这里所对比的是作为有典型的、能说明问题的、有代表性的例子
Even if one didn't know from the concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games,for instance)that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred,one could deduce it from general principles.
即使人们没有从具体的事例(例如1936 年奥林匹克运动会)得知国际体育比赛会导致深仇大恨，也能从常理中推断出这一点来。
■devise v. 设计，想出; 计划; 设计; 发明
He has devised a scheme for making money.他想出一个赚钱的办法。
devise a new plan设计新计划devise how to do sth.计划如何做某事
■capture v. 吸引，赢得capture the attention of the listeners 引起听众的注意
The event captured the headlines of all newspapers. 这件事各报都用大标题登出。
His wonderful performance captured my attention.
捕获，俘获
We captured the criminal.我们捕获了那个犯人。
They captured this place two days ago他们两天前占领了这个地方。
captured river被截断的河流capture the fortress from within从内部攻陷堡垒
The police captured the two thieves.
■manufacturer n. 生产厂家，制造商, 制造厂
The manufacturers in some countries dumped their surplus commodities abroad.
一些国家的制造商向国外倾销过剩产品。
■wheelbarrow n. 独轮小车；手推车 wheelchair n.轮椅
I got a brush from the wheelbarrow.我被一辆手推车给擦了一下。
barrow n. (独轮或双轮)手推车 A young man was bending low to push a heavily loaded barrow up a slope. 一个年轻人正弓着背把一辆重载的小车推上斜坡
barrow boy(水果、蔬菜等的)叫卖小贩=barrowman barrow pit采石坑；手车运输的露天矿
■boot n. （汽车尾部的）后备箱, 行李箱
Put the luggage in the boot.把行李放在汽车行李箱里。
长统靴, 高统鞋He laced up his boots.他系紧靴子的鞋带。
踢What he needs is a good boot up the backside!他需要的是在他屁股上狠狠踢一脚。
vt.踢He booted the ball across the field.他把球踢到场地的另一头。
■ingredient n. (混合物的)组成部分; 配料
Imagination and hard work are the ingredients of success.想像力和勤劳是成功的要素。
The ingredients of ice cream冰淇淋的各种成分
the ingredients of a man's character形成一个人的人格的各种因素
■crane n. 起重机, 吊车=derrick (n.人字起重机；（船上起重用的摇臂吊杆）)hoist cargo with a crane用吊车吊起货物
We used a crane to lift the piano into the theatre.我们使用起重机将钢琴搬进剧场。
鹤Crane is a kind of bird with very long legs and neck.鹤是一种腿和脖子都很长的鸟。
a sacred crane丹顶鹤
vt. & vi.伸长（颈）, 探头crane one’s neck to have a look 伸长脖子张望
The child at the back craned forward to see what was happening.
后面的孩子探出头看看出了什么事。
The audience craned forward as their conjuror came to the crucial part of his trick.
当魔术师的魔术变到关键时刻, 观众们都向前伸着脖子看。
Jane craned her neck to look for her husband in the crowd.
珍妮伸长脖子在人群中寻找她的丈夫。
■anticipate v. 预期，预料；先于…行动=take preemptive actions =take (或have) the drop on sb. = lifemanship n.先发制人,虚张声势= wipe sb.'s eye v.先发制人,使某人看到自己的狂妄
They have anticipated us and seized the bridge.他们抢在我们之前占领了那座桥。
A relatively firm material can be anticipated. 可以提前准备一种较为坚实的材料。
A man who always anticipates his income can never save or become rich.
总是预支工资, 寅吃卯粮的人, 永远不能储蓄或成为富人。
He tried to anticipate all my needs.他设法将我需要的东西预先准备好。
预感, 期望
The directors anticipated a fall in demand.董事们预感需求会降低。
I anticipate deriving much instruction from the lecture. 我期望从这演讲中获得很多教益。ardently anticipate殷切地期望
confidently anticipate满怀信心地期望
anticipate sb.'s arrival with much pleasure万分高兴地期待某人的到来。
except: 期待，希望某事发生（不能表示“预料到”这一含义）；期待，指望，anticipate ==except
Eg.: I am not expecting any trouble.
We are anticipating ( excepting ) a large crowd of people at tonight’s meeting.
He is the man who is always anticipating trouble
预料; 预期She expects to fail the exam.她预料无法通过考试。
认为(某事)会发生; 认为(某人)会来; 预计I expect a storm.我预计会有一场暴风雨。
理应得到; 期望, 期待; 期盼We expect writers to produce more and better works.
我们期望作家们写出更多更好的作品。
猜想; 认为某事是真实的I expect (that) you are tired from the trip.我想你旅途劳顿了吧。.
anticipate:注重强调的内容以高兴和恐惧的心情，期待所想之事或预料之事的发生
Eg.: The students are anticipating a wonderful vocation.
【课文讲解】
biscuit（英） tin=cookie(曲奇饼干，小甜饼) jar
cracker
tin n.锡 Is that box made of tin or steel? 这个盒子是锡做的还是铁做的?罐头盒 I never eat anything out of a tin.我从来不吃罐头食品。（盛涂料、胶水等的）马口铁罐，白铁桶；白铁罐所装之物 金属食品盒烘焙用的金属器皿；烤盘；烤模
jar n.罐子, 广口瓶
The jar contained assorted hard candies. 这罐子里装有什锦糖。(啤酒)杯 He's going down to the bar for a few jars tomorrow. 他打算明天去酒吧喝几杯啤酒。猛然震动；撞击缸；坛子vi.发出刺耳的声音 The chalk jarred against the blackboard. 粉笔在黑板上发出吱吱声。不和谐; 不一致 Try to avoid colours that jar when choosing curtains and rugs.
选择窗帘和地毯时, 尽量避免颜色不调和。（对…）产生不快的影响；使烦躁vt. 使震动 The fall jarred every bone in my body. 那一跤摔得我浑身骨头酸痛。
Advertisements always exert influence on everybody.
No one,avoid, 双重否定
No students can avoid being influenced by their teachers.
本课重点句型：Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.
让步状语从句，though, although
as引导让步状语从句，句子要采用倒装形式（ adj. / adv. / n. / v.用在as之前）虽然，尽管
1．adj. + as + 主语+ 谓语
Tortuous as the road of struggle is, the prospects for the revolutionary people are bright.
尽管斗争道路是曲折的，革命人民的前途是光明的。
While the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
Rich as he is, he is not happy.
Tired as I was, I try to help them.
2．adv. (much ) + as + 从句
Much as I like it, I will not buy it. 虽然我很喜欢这东西，但不想买它。
Much as I like you, I will not marry you.
Much as I hate do it, I must stay home and study English.虽然我不愿意这么做，但我今晚必须呆在家里学习英语。
3．v. + as + 主语 + 助动词
Try as they may, they will never succeed.即使他们很努力，但他们不会成功。
Object as my parents may, I decide to do it.不管我父母怎样反对，我都决定要这样做。
采用不同的句子结构形式，不同的词汇表达同一个语义。
exert a subtle influence on sb. /sth.
潜移默化influence character by environment; be unconsciously influenced; exert a subtle influence on sb.'s character [thinking, etc.]; a silent transforming influence of teachers are daily and hourly exercising an invisible, formative influence on the pupils' character.教师们每日每时都在对学生的性格起着潜移默化的作用。
谚语：The sparrow near a school sings the primer . 潜移默化
n.底漆;打底剂,底层涂料 primer paint底漆 火帽;雷管 <旧>初级读本;入门书;识字课本;启蒙读本 a Latin primer 拉丁文入门
effort
1. n. (U) 努力，竭尽全力 （需要花费脑力和体力的事情）
Eg.: It took a lot of effort to lift the box.
A great deal of effort has gone into this exhibition.
2. n. (C) 努力，竭尽全力 make every effort
Eg.: We are making every effort to study English.
in one’s effort to do:为了干好某事，在干好某事的努力过程当中
Eg.: The company is selling off some of its buildings in their efforts to save money.
In their efforts to learn English well, they spend a lot of time.
努力的结果, 成就That's a good effort.那事干得不错。
make a close (careful ) study of / probe into:对什么做了仔细的研究
Advertisers make every effort in order to sell their products.
classify =itemize;sort out
itemize vt.列出清单 itemize the tasks of the new stage把新阶段的任务分别来讲
sort out分类, 整理 Sort out things you want to keep and throw everything else away.
把你要保存的东西挑选出来, 其余的扔掉。We must sort out the good apples from the bad ones. 我们必须把好的苹果与坏的分开。整顿, 解决 Let me get my hands on them! I'll sort them out. 让我来捉住他们, 我要狠狠地教训他们一顿。That school was sorted out in a matter of two months.那所学校仅用了两个月时间就整顿好了。Have you sorted out how to get there yet? 你解决了怎么到达那里的问题了吗?
Advertisers discovered years ago that all of us love to get something for nothing.
了解到, 认识到, 发觉 We'll discover who did it. 我们会查出是谁做的。
make sure把事情弄清楚, 核实或查明某事物 Go and make sure of the place and time. 去把时间和地点弄清楚。Make sure to turn off the light before you leave. 临走前一定要熄灯。He made sure that the rope were tight. 他确信绳子拉紧了。
ascertain 弄清, 确定, 查明 I ascertained that she was dead. 我断定她已经死了。
figure out计算出; 解决;想出 The purchase price figures out at about two million dollars.交易的价格计算在200万美元左右。Could you help me figure out this problem?你能帮我解决这问题吗?Just figure it out yourself. 你自己想办法吧。I have figured out how much during the week I spent. 我算出了这个星期花了多少钱。弄明白，理解 I just can't figure him out. 我简直摸不透他。I can't figure out what he was hinting at. 我想不出他在暗示什么。I didn't figure out how to do it. 我不知道该怎么办。
get something for nothing ( free / free of charge )=get something free: 免费得到……
免费 We bought these six chairs, and they gave us the other one for nothing.我们买了六把椅子, 他们又免费送了我们一把。无酬劳, 无结果 I've been working on this book for six years, and all for nothing.
我已经花了六年时间写这部书, 却毫无收获。
The Big Ben rarely goes wrong.
begin with以…开始, 从…开始 =start withWe will now hear the students read their poems, beginning with Tom.现在我们来听听学生们朗诵他们的诗作, 从汤姆开始吧。Begin with this one and do the others afterwards.先做这个, 然后再做其他的事。The teacher began his class with a question. 老师以一个问题开始他的讲课。
these days: 目前，现在
not only…but…as well……不仅……而且……
devise: 设计
Eg.: They have devised the best way to have the party.
enable sb. to do: 使某人能够做某事
Hard work will enable you to pass the examinaiton, otherwise, no way.
Radio and television have made it possible for advertisers to capture the attention of millions of people in this way.
make it possible for sb to do sth 使……可能
His few material possessions make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease.
The money he won made it possible for him to make a tour around the world.
capture(catch, receive, arrest, draw) the attention of sb 吸引某人注意力
熟记：The response to this competition was tremendous.
responce = reaction: 反应；反响
补充：repercussion后果, 反响
The reforms had unexpected repercussions. 改革带来了意想不到的后果。
before long = soon, shortly
biscuits of all shapes (sizes ), shoes of all sizes
occupy = take up, 占据 使忙碌; 使从事 把注意力集中于...住在...; 使用(房间、场地等)
占领, 占据 充任
The workers were occupied in building new houses.工人们正在忙碌着盖新房子。
He occupies an important position in the Ministry of Education.他在教育部充任要职。
It seemed certain that...
注意：用it 做形式主语表示肯定时，要用certain,而不能用sure.
We （人称代词后能加sure/certain）are sure / certain...
It is certain...
lorry n.运货汽车, 卡车
truck n.货车, 卡车, 载重汽车 He drives a truck.他开卡车。heavy-duty truck 重型运货车;重型载货汽车
(铁路的)无盖货车; (行李)搬运车
A railway truck carries about 10 tons. 一节货车大约能载十吨货物。
1 pound 磅=16 ounces 盎司=7000 grains 谷 =0.4536 kilogram 千克
closed = ended
remove (拿走；撤走；除去)=unload, discharge （卸货；卸下）
n.薄脆饼干 I'm not really hungry—I'll just have some crackers.
我不太饿——吃几块薄脆饼干就行了。爆竹; 鞭炮 =firecracker There was a cracker beside every place at the table. 桌上每个位置旁都有彩包爆竹。
n.(表示数量)….左右;….上下 a matter of ten kilometers(ten years)大约十公里（十年）左右
a matter of hours, minutes,days,etc; a matter of pounds, feet, ounces,etc 不多于；至多
I’ll be back in a matter of hours. 用不了几小时我就回来。
It’s a matter of a few more miles, that’s all. 最多再有几英里，也不过如此。
不少于；至少：
It may be a matter of months before it’s ready. 要准备好可能得数月时间。
You realize it’ll be a matter of days before we get news?
你明白吗，我们至少得两三天才能得到消息？
PAGE
11
§ Lesson 27 Nothing to sell and nothing to buy 不卖也不买
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
■philosopher n. 哲学家
A few years after his graduation from a university the man acquired the reputation of being a philosopher.这个人从大学毕业后不久就获得了哲学家的名声。
豁达的人
If you've had as much trouble as I've had in my life, you need to be a bit of a philosopher.
如果你像我在生活中吃过同样多的苦头, 那么你就得做个豁达的人。
a moral philosopher伦理学家a natural philosopher自然哲学家; 物理学家
philosopher's stone(空想中的)点金石take things like a philosopher达观处事
You are a philosopher.你真想得开。
philosophy n. 哲学
He believed in the philosophy of Russell.他信奉罗素的哲学。
人生哲学, 人生观
I can't sum up his whole philosophy in one sentence.我无法用一句话来概括他的全部人生观。
达观
The philosophy of them during their worst sufferings impressed even their captors.
他们在最困苦时仍处之泰然, 连捉住他们的人都深有感触。
philosophical adj. 哲学上的
The teacher couldn’t answer the philosophical problem.老师不能解答这个哲学问题。
冷静的;明达的
She is very philosophical about her bad luck.她对自己的不幸看得很开。
达观的；处乱不惊的
■wisdom n. 明智, 智慧, 正确的判断 知识, 学问
He is a man of wisdom.= He is a wise man.
wisdom tooth智齿:cut sb's wisdom teeth生智齿; [喻]开始懂事,开始成熟起来
great wisdom很大的智慧the wisdom of the ancients古人的学识
the wit and wisdom of the place当地的贤才哲士
conventional wisdom为多数人所接受的意见; 群众意见
●priest n. (基督教和罗马天主教的)神父, 牧师
He confessed his sin to the priest.
他向神父坦陈了自己的罪孽。
■spiritual adj. 精神上的; 心灵的
His spiritual nature is good.他心灵本质上是善良的。
教会的, 宗教的
The Pope is the spiritual leader of many Christians.教皇是众多基督徒的宗教领袖。
spiritual life精神生活spiritual songs圣歌, 赞美歌spiritual gifts神的恩赐
spiritual mind崇高精神a spiritual corporation宗教团体
the lords spiritual英国上院有神职的议员[主教]
spiritual bouquet【宗】精神花束(做特定的善事, 参加弥撒为别人[死者]祈祷)
mental：adj.精神的, 头脑的, 心理的, 智力的
His mental abilities are very good.他的智力非常好。
精神病的
A mental hospital(或home,asylum) has just been set up here.这里刚刚建成一座精神病医院。
mental disorder (=derangement)精神错乱a mental test智力测验
mental deficiency【心理】智力不足a mental specialist精神病医生
mental telepathy心电感应mental anguish内心的痛苦
go mental发疯a mental medium灵媒[巫师]mental patient精神病患者
He got the answer by mental arithmetic.他用心算得出了答案。
physical: adj.身体的, 肉体的
Her spiritual beauty outshone her physical beauty.她的心灵美胜于外表美。
物质的No one knows how large the physical universe is.没有人知道这物质世界有多大。
自然规律的, 按自然法则的 自然(界)的 物理学的
This change of the state is a physical change.这种状态的变化是物理变化。
n.身体检查, 体格检查
The company insisted that he had a complete physical.该公司坚持要他做全面的体格检查。
spirited:生机勃勃的，精神饱满的，猛烈的; 精力充沛的
Vincent is a spirited fellow.文森特是个精力充沛的小伙子。
[用以构成复合词]精神...的, 情绪...的
a spirited attack猛烈的攻击public-spirited热心公益的
high-spirited兴奋的low-spirited沮丧的
Eg.:She is a spirited girl.
This is a spirited discussion.
spirituous adj. 含酒精的 spirituous beverages含酒精的饮料spirituous liquor 烈性酒
■grudge v. 不愿给，舍不得给; 勉强给(或允许), 不情愿做 嫉妒;吝惜
I grudge paying so much for such inferior goods.我不愿花这么多钱买次品。
I do not grudge him his success.我不嫉妒他的成功。
He grudged the food his horse ate.他吝惜马料。
n.不满, 怨恨, 妒忌
He has been harbouring a grudge against me.他一直对我心怀嫉妒。
习惯用语
bear a grudge against sb. 怀恨某人, 同某人过不去
have a grudge against sb. 怀恨某人, 同某人过不去
nurse a grudge against sb. 怀恨某人, 同某人过不去
bear sb. a grudge 对某人怀恨在心 owe sb. a grudge 对某人怀恨在心
■surgeon n. 外科大夫
physician n.医生, 内科医生He is a prominent physician.他是位著名的(内科)医生。
surgery n.外科手术,；外科学 plastic surgery 整形手术 Your condition is serious and requires surgery.你的情况很严重, 需要动外科手术。外科诊所
He saw the poster in the doctor's surgery.他在那位医生的外科诊所里看到了这张海报。门诊时间 What time does surgery finish? 门诊什么时间结束?
adj.外科的；外科手术的 The hospital has a medical ward and a surgical ward. 这家医院有内科病房和外科病房。He performs the surgical operations at the Red Cross Hospital.
他在红十字会医院做外科手术。All surgical instruments must be sterilized before use.
所有的外科手术器械在使用之前,必须消毒。Acupuncture anesthesia is rapidly gaining ground in surgical operations.针刺麻醉在外科手术上正在得到广泛应用。
■passer-by (复数passers-by ) n. 过路人, , 经过者
The purse was picked up by a passer-by.钱包被一个路过的人捡到了。
stander-by n.(pl.standers-by)旁观者; 在场者
■dignity n. 庄严, 端庄, 尊严with great dignity
the dignity of labor劳工神圣; 劳动的真正价值
The dignity of the occasion was spoilt when she fell down the steps.
她跌倒在台阶上, 破坏了该场合的庄严气氛。
高尚, 尊贵, 高贵
The real dignity of a man lies in what he is, not in what he has.
一个人真正的高贵之处在于他是什么样的人, 而不在于他拥有什么。
A man's dignity depends not upon his wealth or rank but upon his character.
人的真正价值不在财富或地位, 而在他的品格。
stand / keep on one’s dignity保持自已的尊严, 拒绝做有失身分的事情
pocket one’s dignity (口)放下架子
lose one’s dignity 有失体面; 丢面子
dignify v. 使显得威严, 使高贵, 使显赫 夸大
Don't try to dignify those few hairs on your face by calling them a beard!
别想把你脸上那几根毛说成是胡子来美化它！
The cottage was dignified by the great trees around it.四周的大树使茅舍增辉。
dignified adj. 有尊严的, 高贵的, 显得高尚的, 庄严的
He always strikes such a dignified pose before his girlfriend.
他总是在女友面前摆出这种庄严的姿态。
■deliberately adv. 故意地
on purpose: 故意，强调目的性=purposely
deliberately (强调深思熟虑后)故意的
deliberate adj.故意的, 蓄意的
a deliberate murder蓄意谋杀He told us a deliberate lie.他故意跟我们撒谎。
慎重的, 深思熟虑的a deliberate decision慎重的决定
He did it in a deliberate manner.他以慎重的态度来做这件事。
不慌不忙的, 从容不迫的The old man stood up in a very deliberate way and left the room.
这位老人不慌不忙地站了起来, 然后离开了房间。
vt. & vi.仔细考虑He deliberated the question before he made an answer.
答复以前, 他仔细地考虑了这个问题。
Don't be deliberating again.别再考虑了。
研讨, 商讨They were still deliberating.他们仍在商讨。
思考(on, over); 与某人协商(with); 讨论某事(over, upon, on)
I deliberated with the director on the future plans of production
我和厂长商讨了下一步的生产计划。
■consequence n. 后果，结果consider the consequences考虑后果
Nobody can tell what the consequences may be.没有人能说出可能的后果。
重要(性), 重大
This matter is of great consequence to all of us.对于我们来说这件事非常重要。
a person of consequence举足轻重的人
as a consequence 因而， 结果 take the consequences 自食其果， 承担责任
in consequence 因此， 结果 in consequence of... 的结果， 因为...的缘故， 由于
result: 按常规产生的结果,一种特殊的运行、运动或过程的结果
The result was quite opposite to what we had expected.结果和我们所期望的完全相反。
effect 结果, 效果, 影响
outcome（比赛）最后结局；结果;成果; 后果;结局[喻]出路
The outcome of their discussion is still unknown.他们讨论的结果仍然不清楚。
This book was the outcome of a tremendous amount of scientific work.
这本书是大量科学研究工作的成果。
参考词汇
effect , consequence , result 这三词作为名词在一起比较的一般含义是由某种原因所产生的结果。
effect 和原因的关系是立刻性的，即马上可以看到的
Jasper has put up “No Parking”signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect.
贾斯珀“把禁止停车”的牌子挂在大门外，但这没产生什么效果。
The idea to have the capital moved so far inland will have a great effect on the future of Brazil.把首都远迁内地的这一主张对巴西的未来将产生巨大的影响。
The drug has had an immediate effect on the patient.此药对病人立刻产生了效果。
consequence 和原因的关系没有那么紧密，并非马上可以可见。
You should be responsible for all the copnsequences.你应当为这一切后果承担责任。
Do you know what the consequences of your action will be?
你知道你的行为将会产生什么后果吗？
The consequence was that he caught a bad cold.结果是他得了重感冒。
result 虽然和原因关系密切，却不是立即可见，而是最后才能显示出的。比方某人头部受到沉重的一击，马上产生的脑震荡(此为effect)。脑震荡后他的身体渐渐垮了(即consequence)，最后不能从事正常工作了(即result)
When the first radio messages have been received, the results of the trip will be announced immediately.当收到第一批无线电信息时，这次太空之行的结果将立即公布出去。
His limp is result of a car accident last year.他的跛足是去年一次车祸所致的结果。
注：consequence 和result 都可以用复数形式，而effect 一般常用单数，有时也用复数形式表示“结果”，但其复数形式常用来表示“所有物、财物”的意思。
n. 个人财产, 财物
He lost all his personal effects in the fire.
在那次火灾中, 他失去了全部个人财产。
■afflict v. 使苦恼，折磨Famine and war still afflict mankind.饥饿和战争仍使人类遭受痛苦。
常用于被动语态vt.使苦恼, 痛苦, 折磨
Be afflicted with gout害痛风病 be afflicted with a conscience受良心的指责
affliction n. 苦恼, 折磨 苦恼的原因 bear up under affliction忍受苦难, 不屈不挠
afflictive adj. 苦恼的，悲伤的 带给人痛苦的,苦恼的,难受的
■ease n. 容易 with ease 轻而易举
They are expected to win the election with ease.预计他们在竞选中能够轻易获胜。
舒适, 安逸, 悠闲, 安心, 不拘束
a life of ease舒适的生活ease of body and mind身心舒畅
The hostess greeted her guests with ease.女主人大方地迎接她的客人。
He writes with ease.他笔墨流畅。
vt. & vi.(使)减轻, 舒缓The pain began to ease.疼痛开始减轻=alleviate了。
vt.使安心, 使宽慰ease sb.'s anxiety减轻某人的忧虑
ease sb. of his pain [trouble]减轻某人的痛苦[烦恼]
ease (down) the speed of a boat减低船速ease a belt松动(绑紧的)(皮)带子
Can I ease you of your burden?我能减轻你的负担吗?
They eased the piano through the narrow door.他们小心地把钢琴搬过窄门。
The news that her child was safe eased her mind.孩子平安的消息使她放心了。
缓和, 改善They did this to ease their economic crisis.他们这样做是为了缓和经济危机。
at ease, 舒服，宽松
He stayed home at ease.
ill at ease 不自在
put sb. at his ease 不拘束
take one's ease 安下心来
I took my ease to study English here.
习惯用语
at (one's) ease 舒适, 快活; 自由自在, 无拘无束;【军】稍息(口令)
be ill at ease 局促不安, 心神不宁feel ill at ease 局促不安, 心神不宁
put sb. at his ease 使某人宽心; 使某人感到无拘无束
set sb.'s heart at ease 使安心, 安慰某人set sb.'s mind at ease 使安心, 安慰某人
social ease 毫不拘束, 态度自然stand at ease 【军】(口令)稍息
take one's ease 休息, 悠闲 安心, 放心with ease 熟练地, 轻而易举地
■nature n. 大自然 Man and Nature 人与自然
■contempt n. 蔑视；轻视, 轻蔑
Her contempt for foreigners was obvious.她对外国人的蔑视显而易见。
a touch of contempt有点蔑视feel contempt for a liar对说谎者有轻蔑之感
Traitors have always been treated with contempt.叛徒永被人们唾弃。
She lives in contempt.她在屈辱中生活。
He refused to answer in contempt of the rules of the court.他藐视法院规章， 拒绝回答。
in contempt of 轻视; 不顾， 不把...放在眼里； 藐视
have / hold sb. in contempt = look down upon sb. 鄙视某人
contemptible adj. 可轻视的，不耻的，卑鄙的 可鄙的， 下贱的， 不齿的， 可轻视的
a contemptible number区区之数
That was a contemptible trick to play on a friend.那是对朋友玩弄的一出可鄙的把戏。
■■■contemptuous adj. 轻视的，傲慢的，轻蔑的 目空一切的， 傲慢的， 贬义的
be contemptuous of瞧不起contemptuous air傲慢态度
She's contemptuous of my humble home and poor surroundings.
她瞧不起我出身卑贱， 家境贫困。
despite n.[古]轻视; 怨[憎]恨; 恶意 轻蔑; 侮辱
scorn n.鄙视; 轻蔑 受某人鄙视的人或事物
dismiss a suggestion with scorn轻蔑地驳回一个建议
Franklin shared the family's scorn for his wife's new friends.
富兰克林和他的家人一样蔑视他妻子的新朋友。
vt.轻视, 蔑视 不屑做
She scorned the view that inflation was already beaten.
她嘲笑那种认为通货膨胀已被消除的观点。
scorn lying [ telling lies, to tell a lie]不屑说谎
You've no right to scorn a poor girl.你没有任何理由看不起一个贫穷的姑娘。
He scorned my help.他不屑接受我的帮助。
scornful adj.鄙视的; 轻蔑的
a scornful smile轻蔑的笑scornful words挖苦话be scornful of藐视
scornful of material things藐视物质方面的享受
■envious adj. 嫉妒的; 羡慕的
be envious of sb.for his success[good fortune]=be envious of sb.'s success[good fortune]
忌妒[羡慕]某人的成功[好运]
envious looks忌妒的神情, 羡慕的眼光
jealous adj.妒忌的, 猜疑的be jealous of sb.'s fame妒忌某人的名声
Othello was a jealous husband.奥赛罗是位妒忌心重的丈夫。
妒羡的; 羡慕的I am jealous of you.我真羡慕你。
I'm very jealous of your new job.我很羡慕你的这个新工作。
精心守护的, 珍惜的He is jealous of his wife's love.他珍惜他太太的爱。
with jealous care小心翼翼地
An honorable Chinese citizen should be jealous of his own rights.
一名光荣的中国公民应当珍惜自己的公民权利。
【课文讲解】
tramp n.流浪汉；流浪乞丐 不定期货船A tramp came to the door and asked for food. 一个流浪汉来到门前讨饭吃。
hobo n. 流动的失业工人; 无业游民 流浪者; 漂泊者
nomad n. 游牧部落的一员,游牧民 a wandering nomad 游牧的人Nomads have inhabited this region for thousands of years. 游牧民族在这地区居住已有数千年了。流浪者
straggler n.落伍士兵,蔓生的枝叶,游荡者,流浪者,落后者
stroller n.散步者; 闲逛者
vagrant n.流浪者,漂泊者 A vagrant is everywhere at home. 流浪者四海为家。<律>无业游民;乞丐;无赖adj. .流浪的,漂泊不定的 (思想)游移不定的;(风等)无定向的;(植物)蔓生的
wanderer n.游荡、漫游的人;各处走动的动物 The wanderer has to sleep rough. 这个流浪汉到处为家。The prisoner described himself as a homeless wanderer. 那个囚犯自称是一个无家可归的流浪汉。
break even收支平衡，盈亏平衡 Taylor's business just managed to break even last month. 上月泰勒的生意不赔不赚。
You have nothing to lose and everything to gain.你不会一无所有，反而会得到很多。
It has been said that = it is said; they say; allegedly据说They say [It is said that] he's a miser. 据说他是一个小气鬼。The traffic accident was allegedly due to negligence.这次车祸据说是由于疏忽造成的。This is allegedly the case. 据说情况如此。It is said she is quite sure of success. 据说她很有成功的把握。
live by: to make enough money to feed oneself：依靠某种职业为生
live on 依靠某种食物维持生命，或靠某人生活
Sheep and cows live on grass.
in the light of= according to, taking into account 根据，考虑到
In the light of these changes, we must revise our plan.
鉴于这些变化, 我们必须重新修订我们的计划。
in accordance with: 依据(法律) （更加正式）
act in accordance with the rules根据条例行事
in terms of: 用…的话；用…的措辞
He referred to your work in terms of high praise.他对你的工作大加赞扬。
按照，就……而言，关于
consider problems in terms of the people’s interests 从人民的利益出发来考虑问题
think in terms of materialist dialectics 按照唯物辩证法进行思考
在…方面；从方面（说来）
in terms of manpower 在人力方面 in terms of theory在理论上
in respect of（或to）关于，就……而言；涉及
In respect of (或to) the content this essay is admirable, but it is unsatisfactory in other respects. 就内容而言，这篇文章很好，但其他方面还不够令人满意。
with repsect to that question 关于那个问题
in / with regard to, as regards,as to关于…
In regard to your request for information, I regret to inform you that I am unable to help you.
关于你需要情报的事, 我遗憾地告诉你我没法帮助你。
as regards关于, 至于
As regards John, I will write to him at once.至于约翰, 我会立即给他去信。
as to 至于, 关于I have no doubts as to your ability.关于你的能力我毫不怀疑。
按着，根据We sorted the eggs as to size and colour.我们按着大小和颜色挑选鸡蛋。
there are times when 有时
would 表示一种心理的愿望，并不是表示过去。
grudge后面要和名词或动名词搭配
I grudge wasting time on this.
He grudge paying so much money for such bad food.
The conditions of society are such=Such are the condition of society
require th. from
general rule 通例；常规；普通规则
In seeking independence
in + 动名词搭配，表示“在……的过程中”
In speeking to him, I found he stammers.
Eg.: in seeking independence
on + 动名词搭配，表示“一……就……”, 必须注意主语的一致性。
Eg.: On seeing the plane coming towards me, I ……
In crossing the hall, I ...
On entering the hall, I...
fully: completely
be free from 不受……的影响 as free as the wind自由自在
He’s leading a life free from care and anxieties.
The old lady is never free from paining.这位老太太始终病痛缠身。
free from error 没有错误
free from anxieties. 没有烦恼
make it possible for sb. to do sth.
in the open adv.在野外；在露天=in the open air在户外
Take exercise in the open air.在户外做运动。
keep oneself alive 为了生存
with 和名词搭配，表示“具有，带有”
Eg.: How many of us can honestly say that we would like to learn Englsh well?
【Multiple choice questions】
Comprehension
1 It is very difficult to estimate the true value of the services people perform for us vecause _____ .
a. people’s needs vary so much according to their circumstances.
b. we refuse to admit that surgeons perform a very necessary service
c. we seldom should give everything we possess for such services
d. such services are paid for in the same way as material goods
2 in choosing to lead the life he leads, the tramp has decided _____ .
a. he will never need to ask people for anything
b. to sleep in the open in order to be closer to the world of nature
c. he would rather lead the life of a criminal than do any work
d. his freedom more than compensates for the inconveniences of such a life
流浪汉的自由足以弥补他生活中的不便。
compensate vt. & vi.补偿, 报酬
Nothing can compensate for losing my husband.我失去丈夫的损失是无法弥补的。
参考词汇
compensate , balance , counterbalance 这三个动词的一般含义是“均衡”、“平衡”或“弥补”。
compensate 表示弥补所受的损失或所遭遇的疾苦，其实也是一种“均衡”
To compensate for his unpleasant experiences in hospital, the man drank a little more than was good for him.为了补偿他住院期间的不愉快的经历，这个人喝多了一点酒。
Nothing can compensate for the loss of one's health.一个人失去了键康是不可弥补的。
It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly, those whose work and pleasure are one. Of course the former are the majority. They have their compensations.
也可以说，勤劳而有理性的、对社会有益的人共分为两类：第一类人的工作是工作，娱乐是娱乐；第二类人的工作就是娱乐。当然，第一类人是绝大多数，他们劳逸均衡。
balance 指两种或两种以上的事物之间的相互平衡，既可以指数量、大小、重要性或数目上的均衡，也可以指影响方面的均衡。
This side balances the other side.这一方面与那一方面势均力敌。
Can you balance yourself on skates? 你穿着冰鞋能保持身体平衡吗？
counterbalance 比 balance 多一层“抵消”的意思，即为了和对方保持平衡而抵消对方占优势的部分或弥补自己的不足。
Mine hoists are usually operated by the counterbalance of an ascending and a descending car.矿井升降机通常用一个升车一个落车互相平衡的方法进行操作。
The boy's earnest effort counterbalance his slowness at learning.
这孩子孜孜不倦的努力抵消了他学习的迟钝。
3 In moments of truth we feel envious of a tramp’s way of life because _____ .
a. we feel that our way of life is undignifiged compared to a tramp’s
b. his life is not burdened with the anxieties we are often troubled by
c. of the freedom he has from the struggle to keep alive
d. we realize that it is better than having to beg for a livelihood
in memones of truth = truly
背熟此结构
“ A tramp is free from the thousands of axieties which afflict other people.”
Structure
4 Yet we might grudge _____ a surgeon for offering...(l.8)
a. a high fee we had paid b. the high fee we would pay
c. the high fee paying d. to pay a high fee
the high fee we would pay a surgeon for offering
5 They _____ require anything from others.(ll.12-13)
a. do not have to sell anything or b. have nothing to sell nor do they
c. have to sell nothing nor they d. have not sold anything and do not
对于二者的否定
Neither...nor...
nothign... nor...
nor...位于句首，倒装
a. They do not have to sell anything: 他们不必出售什么
6 With so few material possessions, he _____ to move from... (ll.16-=17)
a. may be able b. is able c. can d. is possible
7 We often speak contemptuously _____ tramps and ... (ll.19-20)
a. for b. on c. to d. of
speak of: 谈及谈到, 讲到
They spoke of the old days on the campus.他们谈起昔日的校园生活。
显示出…
Everything at the party spoke of careful planning.
这次聚会上的一切都显示出了他们作了周密的安排。
speak for: 代表…讲话; 为…辩护
Have you got anyone to speak for you?你找到人代表你们发言了吗?
预定〔要求〕得到…
The teacher was giving away some books and students spoke for the same one.
老师要淘汰一批书, 几个学生都争要同一本。
不言而喻
There is no need for me to praise it; it speaks for itself.无需我来称赞, 那是显而易见的。
speak on: 就…发言; 论及
speak to: 与…谈话;对…讲
Speak to him in English.用英语和他说话。
围绕…谈
He does not speak to the subject.他没有说到主题。
责备; 提醒; 请求
He was late again today; it's time you spoke to that boy.
那个男孩今天又迟到了, 你该说说他了。
8 But _____ of us can honestly say... (l.20)
a. who b. which ones c. how many d. what one
Vocabluary
9 A surgeon is a man who _____ .(l.8)
a. saves people’s lives b. gives people financial advice
c. performs operations d. insures people’s lives against sickness or death
10 ---- make it possible for him to move _____ with ease. (ll.16-17)
a. here nad there b. one way or another c. from square to square d. in every sense
from place to place:四处，到处（= here and there）
one way or another:表示某种方法或途径
in every sense:名副其实，在各种意义上来说
He is a thief in every sense.他是一个不折不扣的骗子。
11 He may hunt, beg or steal occasionally to _____ ... (l.18)
a. make a living b. survive c. be living d. be alive
to survive = keep himself alive
make a living 谋生
12 We often _____ tramps and put them down as beggars. (ll.20-21)
a. convict b. blame c. look down on d. condemn
look down on = look down upon: 瞧不起
convict 宣判某人有罪(常与of 连用)
blame 责备（常与for连用）
condemn to vt. 判刑
【Key to Multiple choice questions】
1. A 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. A 11. B 12. C
前进, 有进展, 越来越为人们所接受 The movement rapidly gained ground. 运动进展很快。Under strict management, his business gained ground. 在严格的管理下, 他的生意有了起色。逼近 The police car was gaining ground on the robbers. 警车正在逼近抢劫犯。
PAGE
1
§ Lesson 28 Five pounds too dear 五镑太贵
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
■wares n. 货物，商品They sold their wares at half-price.他们的货品是半价出售的。
wares: n. 货物, 商品【经】 商品, 货物货郎随身携带的货物
复合词、表示“器皿、器具”
glassware, software,hardware五金电器，电脑的硬件,
silverware银器ironware铁器chinaware陶器a popular ware热门货small wares小百货
a ware with mottle glaze有斑点釉面的陶器
The peddler sold his wares cheap.小贩廉价出售货物。
goods: 商店里出售的商品, 货物
There're a large variety of goods in the shops.商店里有各式各样的商品。
个人财物He bequeathed her all his worldly goods.他把所有的财物遗赠给她。
goods of first [second] order直接 [间接] 必需品printed goods印花布goods train货物列车
goods and chattels【律】私人财物, 全部动产
There's a large variety of goods in the shops.商店内有品种繁多的货物。
That boy has the goods.那个孩子具有美德。
bequeath [bi’kwi:?]vt.将…遗赠给
His father bequeathed him a big fortune.他父亲给他留下了一大笔遗产。
She bequeathed everything to her son.她把一切财产都遗赠给她的儿子。
将(知识等)传给(后人)
One age bequeaths its civilization to the next.前一代将其文明传给后一代。
bequeathable adj.
bequeathal [b?’kwi:??l] n.遗赠; 遗产, 遗物
bequeather n.遗赠者
bequeathment n.遗赠; 遗产[物]
bequest [bi’kwest] n.【律】(动产)遗赠 遗产[物]; 让与(物)
He left bequests of money to all his friends.他留下一些钱遗赠给他所有的朋友。
commodity: （正式，总称）商品, 货物
The prices of the commodities are quite stable this year.今年各种物价相当稳定。
commodity price / economy / market / exchange
有用的东西Tact is a valuable commodity.圆滑老练是很有用处的。
worldly adj.世上的,尘世的,物质世界的
a worldly outlook世俗的看法
Are spiritual or worldly values more important?精神上的价值重要, 还是物质的价值重要呢?
She forsook her worldly possessions to devote herself to the church.
她抛弃世上的财物而献身教会。
<贬>世俗头脑的;老于世故的
■anchor v. 停航下锚;抛锚
They anchored their ship in the river in a foggy morning.
在一个迷雾的早晨他们把船停泊在河上。
担任(电视节目等的)主持人She anchors the top-rated news show.她主持要闻节目。
vt. & vi.(把…)系住, (使)固定 扣住接力中最后一棒
anchor one's hope in [on]把希望寄托在...上
He anchor ed the winning team.他担任胜队的最后一棒。
We anchored the hammock to the tree.我们把吊床牢牢地系在树上。
n.锚They lay at anchor outside the harbour.他们在港外抛锚停泊。
The ship cast anchor for the night.这船抛锚过夜。
给人安全感的物(或人)
Letters from home were an anchor to him when he worked abroad.
他在国外工作时, 家书是他的精神支柱。
■deck n. a floor built across a ship over all or part of its length 甲板, 层面
the upper [lower] deck上[下]甲板the top deck of double-deck bus [train]双层汽[火]车的上层
deck cargo船面货
vt.装饰某人或某物 装饰, 修饰, 打扮 [美俚]击倒
The room was decked with flowers.屋里装饰着许多花。
The city's main streets were decked with multi-coloured banners.
市区的主要街道装饰着各种颜色的彩旗。
■silverware n.银器,镀银器皿(尤指餐具) (体育比赛中的)银杯
■tempt v. 吸引，引诱; 引诱或怂恿(某人)干不正当的事
His friend tempted him to steal.他的朋友怂恿他去偷东西。
never to be tempted off the straight path决不被引入歧途
tempt sb. to steal诱人偷窃tempt the storm冒着暴风雨的危险
tempt fate [fortune]蔑视命运; 冒险tempt providence冒大险
I am tempted to question this.我很想问问这件事。
Can't I tempt you to have another helping?再吃一点好吗?
vt. tempt sb. to do sth. 吸引某人做某事
temptation n. 诱惑, 引诱the temptation to do sth.
He was surrounded by temptations.他受到各种诱惑。
诱惑物
The purse on the table was a strong temptation to the poor child.
桌上的钱包对那个穷孩子是一个强烈的诱惑。
tempting adj. 有吸引力的; 吸引人的, 诱人的
a tempting offer吸引人的提议a tempting smell诱人的气味
■bargain vt. & vi.讨价还价; 商谈
In some shops you have to bargain.在一些商店中买东西要讲价。
bargain on doing sth.商定做某件事bargain over the price讨价还价
bargain with sb. about the price与某人讨价还价
vt.提出条件; 要求得到
We bargained a new wage increase.我们达成了增加工资的新协议。
n.协议, 交易
特价商品make（或strike）a bargain with sb.与某人达成协议[成交]
a good （bad）bargain 赚钱（蚀本）生意
drive a hard bargain with sb over sth为某事和某人费力的讨价还价
It’s a real bargain. (口)真便宜！ buy at a bargain price 廉价买进 a bargain sale 廉价出售
a bargain hunter 到处找便宜货买的人
At that low price the house is a bargain.按那样低的价钱出售, 这房子是便宜的。
bargain with sb for sth 和某人就……讨价还价
bargain away : 讨价出售，论价出售
■disembark vt. & vi.(使)登陆[上岸] =debark v.使登陆,卸载,使下船;登陆下船上岸
The viscount disembarked its passagers at the airport.子爵号飞机在机场下客。
embark vi.乘船 搭载(飞机), 上船(on)
Passengers with cargo must embark first.带货物的乘客先上船。
embark for Tianjin乘船去天津
vt.装载This ship embarked cargoes.这艘船装载货物。
embark passengers and cargo载客和装货
开始, 从事, 着手搞; 投资(in, on, upon)
embark upon a new business undertaking着手一项新的商业
embark money in将资金投放于...
■assail v. 纠缠 猛击, 痛打
The police were assailed with rocks.警察遭到石块的猛烈攻击。
vt. 毅然应付(难局、工作等); 困扰
be assailed with doubts为疑惑所困扰He was assailed with worries.
afflict: vt.使受痛苦, 折磨 困扰
Famine and war still afflict mankind.饥饿和战争仍使人类遭受痛苦。
beafflicted with gout害痛风病be afflicted with a conscience受良心的指责
■marble n. 小玻璃球;(用玻璃、泥等制成的)弹子
大理石These steps are made of marble.这些台阶是大理石的。
弹子游戏Let's have a game of marbles.咱们玩弹球游戏吧。
a.大理石的；a marble statue 大理石雕像 a marble breast 铁石心肠=marble-hearted a.铁石心肠的；冷酷的
marbly a.大理石（般）的：
a marby building 大理石建筑物 the marbly calm of the lake 平静如镜的湖面
■inscribe v. 刻写，雕
The names of the dead were inscribed on the wall.死者的名字被刻在墙上。
inscribe a name on a monument把名字刻在纪念碑上
This book I inscribe(d) to ...谨将此书献给...
inscribe sth. on the memory把某事铭记在心里an inscribed circle内接[切]圆
■favour n.好感,宠爱,关切,欢心,好意,喜爱vt.支持,赞成,照顾,促成,喜欢,证实,赐予
in favour of 赞成〔支持〕(某人或某事物)
All in favor of this proposition will please say“Aye”.请所有赞成这项提议的人讲一声“赞成”。
以…取代
Price control would gradually disappear in favor of a free market.
价格控制逐渐被自由市场所代替。
(支票)以某人〔某部门〕为受款人
This check is made out in favor of a food corporation.这张支票的受款人为一家食品公司。
in one's favour 受某人欢迎，得到欢心
out of favour 不利，失宠;得不到某人的尊重、赞同等
She is out of favor with her employer.她失去了雇主的欢心。
The situation both at home and aborad is in our favour.无论是国内外的形势均对我们有利。
by favour of: 烦请面交;敬烦…便交,请面交(信封上用语)
do sb. a favour:给某人以恩惠
Eg.: Can you do me a favour to dance with me？ 能赏光跳支舞吗？
favourite: n.特别喜欢的人(或物),喜欢的事物,亲信,心腹,幸运儿
adj.喜爱的,宠爱的,中意的
favourable: adj. 赞成的,有利的,赞许的,良好的,讨人喜欢的,起促进作用的
■gesticulate v. （讲话时）打手势; 做手势示意或强调
■outrageous adj.骇人的; 残暴的; 无耻的; 不道德的
Her outrageous behaviour at the party offended everyone.
她在聚会上的无礼行为触怒了每一个人。
He played outrageous joke.
令人震惊的; 令人愤慨的an outrageous price令人气愤的价格
outrage n. 暴行 义愤, 愤慨
When he heard the news he reacted with a sense of outrage.他得悉此事时义愤填膺。
暴行
The use of H-bombs would be an outrage against humanity.使用氢弹是违反人道的暴行。
outrages committed by the aggressor troops侵略军犯下的暴行
an outrage against [on. upon]justice对正义的严重损害
骇人听闻的事件
vt.引起…的义愤, 激怒
This is an act that outrages public opinion.这是违反民意的做法。
He was outraged by their behavior.他们的行为使他感到愤慨。
rage vi.大发脾气, 动怒
She raged when her jewels were stolen while under police protection.
在有警察保护的情况下她的珠宝被偷, 她十分生气。
猛烈地继续下去
The dispute raged on for a year.这场辩论激烈地进行了一年。
n.狂怒, 盛怒盛怒，发怒the rage of the wind风的狂暴the rage of hunger非常饿
be (all) the rage 流行, 风糜一时
fly into a rage 勃然大怒
■thrust v. 硬塞给;猛推, 猛塞 刺, 戳
The tree thrusts its branches high.这棵树的枝条伸得高高的。
thrust sth. into 塞进
thrust aside 推开
thrust oneself forward 向前挤
thrust oneself in 探听，干涉==thrust one’s nose into
Don’t thrust yourself in privacy.
thrust sth. upon sb. 强加于人
Don’t thrust your idea upon me.
thrust sb. out 解雇
一般茶几底下床头床边那个小地毯就能叫rug。
carpet是铺满整个房间的地毯
mat是垫子，塑料的什么的都行，一般不会是地毯这样的。比如说垫在地上给小孩子爬的垫子叫play mat welome mat 〈美〉门口的擦鞋垫
cushion就是我们沙发上的靠枕，或者是坐着的垫子，基本上跟坐着有关好的
【课文讲解】
five pounds too dear
dear ==expensive, costly 价格昂贵的; 昂贵的
Fruit is dear at this time of year.一年中这个时候水果是很贵的。
Small boats sped to the great liner----主干
loaded with----过去分词作定语，“装载，运载” （= filled with ）
load with使装满; 使受重压They load him with favors.他们使他备受恩宠。
speed : vt. & vi.急行; 加速
He sped his car through the street.他开车飞速地穿过街道。
vi.超速行驶
Was I really speeding, officer?警官, 我真的超速行驶了吗?迅速驶向
speed down hill 向山下疾驶
speed up 向山上疾驶;(使)加速
We'll never get there if he doesn't speed up.如果他不快些走, 我们一定到不了那里。
speed by 迅速驶过; 飞驰而过; 掠过
The days speed by.日子过得很快。Our holiday speed by.
enter the harbor
=call (车、船等)停靠（at）: This train calls at every station. 这次列车每站都停靠。
访问，拜访（on,at）:He called on (at your office) yesterday. 昨天他曾（到你办公室）来看过你。
The teacher has called to know if we have any difficulties. 教师来过，问我们有没有困难。
anchor:停航下锚
the men from the boats 小船上的人们
be covered with 堆满了
重点句型：It was difficult not to tempted.(双重否定)
It was difficult not to be tempted by the beautiful shoes.
bargain with 与......讨价还价
on board----介词短语，修饰the tourists
not ... until
Eg.: I decided not to do anything until I had got home.
They didn’t reach the school until they had already passed to by two villages.
背熟：I had no sooner got off the ship than I was assailed by a man who wanted to sell me a diamond ring.
had no sooner ... than句型 （ no sooner 位于句首，要倒装）
表示“一…就…”的句型有：as soon as, the moment that, on doing, had no sooner than, had hardly when
have no intention of doing sth 不打算做某事
Eg.: I have no intention of changing my mind.
He said that he had no intension of looking for another job.
the fact that----同位语从句，不能更改为which
I can not conceal the fact that... 我不能隐藏这一事实
impress: 给......极深的印象;给…以深刻印象, 使铭记
He impressed me favourably.他给我的印象不错。
印, 压印
The design was impressed on the cloth.这个图案印在布上了。
impress a mark on [upon] a surface=impress a surface with a mark在表面上打记号
be impressed by [at, with]被深深打动[感动]
impress sth. in [on] one's memory使...铭记在心
be favourably [unfavourably] impressed得到好[不好]的印象
impress a motion upon a wheel把动力传递到轮子上
My father impressed on me the value of hard work.我父亲让我铭记艰苦劳动的价值。
be most impressed by 某人被留下了极深的印象
What impressed me most was 给我印象最深的是
Eg.: What impressed me most was beauty here.
create / give a bad impression on sb. 给......以不良印象
Eg.:If the shop is untidy, it creates a bad impression on potential of customers.
If you don’t work hard, it will create a bad impression on your boss
make a quite impression on sb. 给某人留下极深的印象
Eg.: Your speech made a quite impression on me.
impression n. 印痕
Eg.: He made a deep impression in glass.
记住：but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds.
as...as 象......一样
go to great(considerable, any) lengths 竭尽全力，不惜一切代价;不遗余力, 竭尽全力
不遗余力, 竭尽全力 =take great trouble to do sth 不辞辛劳做某事
He'll go to great lengths to get his child back from his former wife.
不管花多大力气, 他都要把孩子从前妻那里要回来。
She'll go to great lengths to get promotion.为了得到提升, 她什么都干得出来
real: 真的，不是捏造出来的，非人工制造的（= genuine）
This is a real pearl, not an imitation.这是真的珍珠, 不是仿制品。
真实的; 现实的This is a real experience, not a dream.这是一次真实的经历, 并不是做梦。
true: 与事实或现实符合 ( ≠false )
genuine: 不是伪造的，非人工制造的（常用来修饰金银、字画、古董 ≠fake）
real reason, real fears, real / genuine money, real / genuine diamond
参考词汇
real , actual , ture , genuine 这组形容词的一般含义是“真的”或“真实的”。除genuine外，其它3个词一般都可以互换使用，但是它们有细微的差异。
real（名词为 reality）可以表示相对于“假的”的“真的”，即某物外表与其实质之间的一致性。此外，real 所表示的“真实的”正好与“现象的”相对。 something real（实在的东西）是可以摸得到的，但something phenomenal （现象的东西）是摸不到的，而只能感知。因此，real 所表示的“真实的”实际上指的是“客观存在”，同根名词 reality 为“现实”的意思
This was worse than "a terrible secret";this was a real skeleton!
这比“骇人听闻的秘密”还要糟；这是一具真骷髅！
To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real.一个人要享有真正的幸福和真正的稳妥，他至少应有二、三种爱好，而这些爱好都必须是实际的。
actual 在一般英汉词典里都有“真实的”这一释义，如果用词确切，这个词总包含着动作的进行。当然这与其词根act 无不关系，如：the actual affairs there （那里的真实情况）。此处的 affairs 作“事情”解，内涵是process
We sometimes refer to electricity, gas or petrol as if they were the actual sources of power,…有时我们谈起电、煤气或汽油，似乎这三者是实际能源，……
Surely because progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us.
无疑是因为我们周围确实正在发生着某种特殊种类的进步，……
true（名词为truth）有两层基本的含义：“真的”，此意义指符合一定标准的、符合一定模式的。如：a ture revolutionary （真正的革命者）；鲸鱼不是“真正的鱼”(not a ture fish)，而是哺乳动物。另一层的含义是“真实的”，此意义主要是指符合真实情况。如：a ture story（真实故事）；He's your father, It's true.（他是你父亲。这是真的）上句话说的是从童年便与父亲分离的人，看着生身父亲站在面前不敢相信，另一位知情者告诉他那是真的
True eccentrics never deliberately set out to draw attention to themselves.
真正古怪的人从不故意引人瞩目。
This is not always true-as with the manufacture of pig iron and steel from low-grade iron ores-but it did lead to the concentration of industrial developments on the coal fields.
并非一概如此—例如从低级铁矿石中生产生铁和钢材的情况一但是这导致了工业发展集中在煤田上。
genuine 只是前3个词的近似词，它所表示的“真的”指的是非伪造、非冒牌。如：his genuine signature（他的真实的签字）；有时指没有搀杂而属纯粹的东西。如：a genuine breed（纯种）
It certainly looked genuine.这只笔看上去确实象真货。
His genuine passions are for literture and the philosophy of science and he would gladly spend all his time in studying them.
他的真正的热忱在于文学和科学的哲理，他会欣然把自己的全部时间都花在研究这些学问上。
walking past ==walking by 走过
It take sb. sometime some time / some money to do sth. 花费某人时间/金钱做某事
get rid of 摆脱，除去；治好=cure
除掉, 去掉It is difficult to get rid of insects.除掉虫子可不容易。
He can never get rid of his debts. （~ debt ==pay off:还清）
stain ==wash off洗净
The next man to approach me:第二个向我兜售的人，靠近我的人
neatly adv.整洁地,优美的,巧妙的,(酒类)纯的
at the base of 在……的底部
as a special favour 作为一种特殊的优惠
for 出价钱 I bought this shoulder pole for 1.50 yuan. 我花了一元五角买了这根扁担。
hold up five fingers indicating that...
indicating:分词作状语，“意思是说......”
Eg.: I held up ten fingers indicating that I was willing to pay $10.
hold up 举起（或拿起）…展示；举出展示：
hold sb. up to share ridicule 举出某人当众加以尖刻的嘲笑
She is always holding up her children as models of behaviour. 她总是标榜自己的子女是良好品行的榜样。
继续下去；支持下去；仍然有效：
hold up under fierce enemy attack 在敌人的猛攻面前岿然不动
阻挡；使停顿；停止下来： Our flight was held up by fog. 我们的班机因有雾而停航。
My application was held up by the postal strike. 我的申请书由于邮政部门的罢工而延误了。
Road-works on the motorway are holding up traffic. 高速公路上的道路施工影响了交通。
hold up the traffic 使交通停顿 It held up at midnight. 午夜时雨止了。
以武力或暴力威胁拦截；抢劫 hold up a bank, post office 抢劫银行、邮局
Masked man held up an armored bank security van in South London yesterday.
蒙面歹徒昨天在伦敦南部抢劫了一辆防弹运钞车。
（口）向…索高价
hold-up n. 停顿；阻碍 a hold-up on the motorway 高速公路上的交通堵塞
We should arrive in half an hour, barring hold-ups. 若无交通堵塞，我们半小时可到达。
拦截；持械抢劫 After the hold-up, the gang made their getaway in a stolen car. 匪徒们打劫后，乘一辆盗来的汽车逃走了。
（口）索高价
gesticulating: 现在分词作伴随情况状语
act as if (行为、举止)好像
as if ==as though
outrageous: 感到出乎意料的，令人不能容忍的
eventually ==at last
shrugging----现在分词作伴随状况状语
shrug vt. & vi. (shrugged; shrugging)耸(肩)(表示冷漠、无奈、 不耐烦、怀疑、厌恶等)
shrug one's shoulder耸耸肩膀
run after 追赶
The policemen are running after a prisoner who escaped last night.
警察在追捕一名昨夜逃跑的犯人。
追求
He runs after every beautiful girl in the village.他追求村上每个漂亮的女子。
伺候
Don't expect me to run after you all your life.别指望我伺候你一辈子。
readily ==willingly 心甘情愿地
throw up
把…向上抛〔推, 举〕
All the crowd cheered and threw their hats up in the air.
整个人群都欢呼起来, 把帽子抛向空中。
呕吐
Just the thought of eating snakes makes me want to throw up.
只要一想到吃蛇, 我就想呕吐。
放弃
She began studying medicine, but threw it up after seeing the first operation.
她开始学医, 但见习了第一次手术后, 便放弃了学医。
匆匆建造(某物)
They threw up a new cabin in a couple of hours.在几小时之内他们就建起了一座新的小屋。
产生(人才); 提出(主意)
Our country has thrown up a number of great writers.我们国家出了许多大作家。
浪费, 荒废
You shouldn't throw up a chance like that!像那样的机会你真不该错过!
be pleased with= be satisfied with 对……感到满意
no matter how ==however
fill with
to this day==up till now, until now, so far 到目前为止
课文虽然简单，但务必要牢记几种句子结构在心中。
【Multiple choice questions】 P136
Comprehension
1 At what point did the tradensmen start trying to sell their merchandise?
a. Once it had ben brought to them by the small boats.
b. While they were laying it out on the decks.
c. As soon as the liner had anchored in the harbour.
d. Once the tourists had arrived on board.
merchandise: 商品
lay out 摆设;陈设; 展开
She laid out all her new clothes on the bed.她把她所有的新衣服都摊开在床上。
设计The architect laid out the interior of the building.建筑师完成了这幢建筑的内部设计。
〈非正〉花钱, 花力气
He has laid out all his strength and is weary.他使出了全部气力, 非常疲倦。
〈非正〉击倒, 打倒With one blow he laid his attacker out.他一拳将攻击者打倒。
2 What happened once the writer got on shore?
a. A man who had followed him off the ship tried to sell him a diamond.
b. He was made to look at some diamonds against his will.
c. A man started pestering him to buy a diamond.
d. On his way to a shop, he met a man who was selling diamonds.
pester: 纠缠（=assail）
afflict: 折磨
3 What made the writer finally buy the pen?
a. He had been unable to make the man understand he did not want it.
b. The man eventually agreed to his original offer.
c. He decided it was the only way to get rid of the man.
d. He was afraid the man might otherwise become violent.
Structure
4 But I decided to disembark _____ anything. (ll.7-8)
a. before I would buy b. until I was buying c. until I had bought d. before buying
not ...until
before
5 I was assailed by a man who wanted _____ a diamond ring.(l.9)
a. that I bought b. for me to buy c. me to buy d. my buying
6 ---- of buying one, but the man _____ that I was impressed … (l.10)
a. must have noticed b. had to notice c. must notice d. could notice
7 The man said that although the pen was worth ￡50, as a special favour, _____ for ￡30. (ll.16-17)
a. he would let it to me b. he could have let me have it
c. it would have been mine d. he might give me
a改为he would let me have it
Vocabulary
8 It was difficult to _____ temptation. (ll.5-6)
a. avoid b. fight c. resist d. stand
resist temptation 抗拒
9 _____ I was approached by a man who was selling… (l.14)
a. The later b. On the next time c. Afterwards d. After
after 多用于具体的时间名词之后 two days after
afterwards常常单独使用 soon afterwards shortly afterwards
the later 表示后者
10 ---- and held up five fingers indicating I _____ to pay five pounds. (l.17)
a. wished b. was ready to c. intended d. expected
intend to do 有意图、有打算，但不表示心甘情愿
11 The man acted as if he found my offer _____ … (l.18)
a. irritating b. preposterous c. hilarious d. unspeakable
irritating: 令人烦恼的; 气人的, 使人不愉快的
preposterous: 反常的, 荒谬的 荒谬可笑的
It is preposterous!岂有此理!
It would be preposterous to shovel coal with a teaspoon.用茶匙铲煤是荒谬的。
hilarious: adj.十分有趣的, 非常滑稽的 充满欢声笑语的;欢闹的
The party got quite hilarious after they brought more wine.
在他们又拿来更多的酒之后, 派对变得更加热闹起来。
a hilarious joke轻松的笑话
unspeakable ==terrible不能用语言表达的, 无法形容的; 坏不堪言的
不能说的, 一说就讨厌[恐惧]的; [美]难以说出口的
His manners are unspeakable.他的举止态度坏不堪言。
12 _____ hard I tried, it was impossible to fill the pen. (ll.21-22)
a. However b. Whatever c. Whichever d. So ever
原文：no matter how
【Key to Multiple choice questions】
1. B 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. B 11. B 12. A
PAGE
1
§ Lesson 30 The death of a ghost 幽灵之死
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
●labourer n. 劳动者
●overnight adv. 一夜之间
●hay n. 干草
●corn n. 谷物
●moonlight n. 月光
●conscientious adj. 认真的
●suspect v. 怀疑
●desert v. （军队中）开小差
●regiment n. （军队）团
●action n. 战斗
●recluse n. 隐士
■labourer n. 劳动者，(尤指体力劳动者),壮工
labourer 特别强调使用体力，而不是技能；户外工作
workman 指具有某种工艺技能的半熟练工人 技术工人, 工匠
A bad workman quarrels with his tools.拙匠抱怨工具差。
worker 泛指，暗示具有更高的技术水平，通常指脑力劳动者
farmhand 农场雇工，农业工人; farm labourer
■overnight adv. adv.在晚上, 在夜里She stayed overnight in the hotel.她在旅馆过了一夜。
突然, 很快Our success is not won overnight.我们的成功不是一夜之间得来的。
adj.一整夜的, 晚上的She took the overnight train to New York.她乘夜车去纽约。
突然的; 很快的
The show was an overnight success on Broadway.在百老汇的演出一炮打响。
■hay n. 干草
hit the hay / sack / bed 睡觉=go to bed
It's been a long day, and now it's time to hit the hay/sack. 又是漫长的一天，终于可以睡觉了。
look for a needle in a bottle (或bundle) of hay / haystack 大海捞针=fish / search for a needle in the ocean
make hay while the sun shines (谚)晒草要趁太阳好；抓紧时机
■corn n. 谷物〈英〉谷物; 谷粒
Man can't live without corn.没有五谷杂粮人类就不能生存。
(美国、加拿大叫 corn)〈美〉玉蜀黍, 玉米=maize [英]【植】玉蜀黍, 玉米
the maize country[美]穷乡僻壤
popcorn n.爆米花
I like to eat popcorn when I am watching TV play at home.
当我在家观看电视剧时, 喜欢吃爆米花。
■moonlight n. 月光
vi.兼职
在月光下从事活动; 参加夜袭
非法酿[贩]酒
These workers moonlight to live on a higher plane.这些工人靠兼差来提高生活水平。
moonlighting n.夜袭; 兼职
moonlighter n.非法酿[卖]酒的人; 同时兼两个职业的人; 参与夜袭的人; [美]月光团员
■conscientious adj. 认真的, 勤奋的
He is a conscientious student.他是个勤奋的学生。a conscientious teacher
be far from conscientious很不认真conscientious work本着良心做的工作
a conscientious worker勤勤恳恳的工作者
conscious adj. 意识到的，清楚的; 神志清醒的
She spoke to us in her conscious moments.她神志清醒时跟我们说过话。
知道的; 注意到的
I was not conscious of having made a mistake.我没意识到犯了错误。
自觉的; 蓄意的
I had to make a conscious effort not to be rude to her.我得刻意约束自己不要对她粗鲁。
consciousness n. 知觉
When will she regain consciousness?她什么时候会恢复知觉?
意识, 观念, 觉悟
The experience helped to change her social consciousness.
这种经验有助于改变她的社会意识。
■suspect vt. to believe to be true or likely猜疑(是), 怀疑(是), 觉得(是)
They suspected an ambush.他们疑心有埋伏。
怀疑; 不信任We all suspect the truth of the report.我们对报告的真实性感到怀疑。
怀疑…有罪The police suspect him of having taken the money.警察怀疑钱是他偷的。
suspect him to be ill猜想他病了suspect sb. of giving false information怀疑某人提供假情报
suspect sb. of a crime怀疑某人犯罪I suspected her motives.我怀疑她的动机
We suspect they'll be a little late.我们揣想他们会晚来一会儿。
n.嫌疑犯
Two suspects are now being interrogated in connection with the killing.
与杀人案有关的两名嫌疑犯正在接受审讯。
adj.可疑的His reason for being absent is suspect.他缺席的理由不足为信。
I suspected him of stealing the car.
suspected that…
He suspected that his girlfriend tried to hide her true feelings.
suspect sb. to be
I suspect him to be a spy.
doubt 怀疑, 表示否定的语意
I doubt whether he is a liar. / I suspect that he is a liar.
I doubt the truth of his statement.
suspicious adj. 猜疑的, 疑心的The rabbit is timid and suspicious.兔子胆小而多疑。
可疑的He is a suspicious character.他是个可疑人物。suspicious actions可疑的行为
The ignorant are suspicious.无知者多疑。
表示怀疑的(of, about); Cats are suspicious of human beings.
The police are suspicious of his alibi because he already has a record.
警方对他不在场的辩解表示怀疑, 因为他已有前科。
suspicion n. 怀疑, 嫌疑
Since they discovered the truth about his background, his colleagues have regarded him with suspicion.他的同事虽然摸清了他的背景, 但对他还是疑神疑鬼的。
疑心, 猜疑I have a suspicion that he's right.我隐约觉得他是对的。L
ay oneself open to suspicion使自已遭到嫌疑
l have a suspicion that she is not telling the truth.我有点疑心她讲的不是真话。
[a suspicion]一些, 稍微;一点儿, 少量
There was just a suspicion of light in the east.东方刚刚泛白。
without a suspicion of humour毫无幽默
l noticed a suspicion of anger in his reply.我注意到在他的答复中有点愤怒的情绪。
■desert v. （军队中）开小差;开小差, 逃亡
Many soldiers deserted during the battle.在那次战斗中许多士兵开小差了。
desert vt. run away without permission
The soldier deserted his army.
We sheltered from the storm in a deserted hut.
desertion n.丢掉,遗弃,逃亡,开小差
abandon vt.离弃, 丢弃Jackson has abandoned his old car.杰克逊把他那辆旧车扔了。
遗弃, 抛弃I'm sorry I abandoned you like that.很抱歉我那样突然抛下你走了。
放弃We will never abandon our principles.我们应该坚持原则。
n.放任; 纵情People were shouting and cheering with abandon.人们兴高采烈，纵情欢呼。
abandon 被迫放弃所感兴趣或所负责任的东西。
He had to abandon his favorite research because of the war.
desert 违背法律、道义、责任、信仰
desert the army, desert school, desert his duty, desert his family
forsake vt. (-sook [-?suk]; -saken [-?seik?n])
舍弃, 放弃; 背弃革除(旧风习等); 抛弃(坏习惯)
He has forsaken his wife and children.他遗弃了他的妻子和孩子。
You must forsake your bad habits.
你必须革除你的坏习惯。放弃，抛弃，与……脱离关系; 放弃, 弃绝, 遗弃
He was forsaken by his friends.他被朋友们背弃了。
Eg.: He forsook his family.
discard v. 放弃，丢弃： give up as useless
Eg.: everyday we discard a large amount of rubbish.
■regiment n. （军队）团 大量的人或物
regiment commander团长whole regiments of starlings(八哥, 欧椋鸟) 成群的燕八哥
■action n. 战斗, 战事; 射击, 开火
Action front [rear]!准备向前[后]方开炮!action of the first impression[律]新诉
amicable action【律】合意诉讼rude action粗鲁的行为
Actions are more importont than words.行动比语言更重要。
Actions speak louder than words.[谚]行动比语言更有效。
行动, 活动The time has come for action.行动的时候到了。
所做之事, 行为He was sorry for his actions.他为自己的行为感到懊悔。
情节The action is set in France.事情发生在法国。
作用, 功能
Photographs are produced by the action of light on film.光对底片发生作用从而产生照片。
fall in action 阵亡=be killed in action 阵亡(K.I.A)
■recluse n. 隐居者, 遁世者, 隐士adj.隐居的, 遁世的; 孤寂的
【Text】
§ Lesson 30 The death of a ghost 幽灵之死
Listen to the tape then answer the question below.
Why did the two brothers keep the secret?
For years villagers believed that Endley farm was haunted. The farm was owned by two brothers, Joe and Bob Cox. They employed a few farm hands, but no one was willing to work there long. Every time a worker gave up his job, he told the sam story. Farm labourers said that they always woke up to find the work had been done overnight. Hay had been cut and cow sheds had been cleaned. A farm worker,who stayed up all night, claimed to have seen a figure cutting corn in the moonlight. In time, it became an accepted fact that the Cox brothers employed a conscientious ghost that did most of their work for them.
No one suspected that there might be someone else on the farm who had never been seen. This was indeed the case. A short time ago, villagers were astonished to learn that the ghost of Endley had died. Everyone went to the funeral, for the 'ghost' was none other than Eric Cox, a third brother who was supposed to have died as a young man. After the funeral, Joe and Bob revealed a secret which they had kept for over forty years.
Eric had been the eldest son of the family, very much older than his two brothers. He had been obliged to join the army during the Second World War. As he hated army life he decided to desert his regiment. When he learnt that he would be sent abroad, he returned to the farm and his farther hid him until the end of the war. Fearing the authorities, Eric remained in hiding after the war as well. His father told everybody that Eric had been killed in action. The only other people who knew the secret were Joe and Bob. They did not even tell their wives. When their father died, they thought it their duty to keep Eric in hiding. All these years, Eric had lived as a recluse.He used to sleep during the day and work at night, quite unaware of the fact that he had become the ghost of Endley. When he died, however, his brothers found it impossible to keep the secret any longer.
参考译文
多年来，村民们一直认为恩得利农场在闹鬼。恩得利农场属于乔.考科斯和鲍勃.考科斯兄弟俩所有。他们雇了几个农工，但谁也不愿意在那儿长期工作下去。每次雇工辞职后都叙述着同样的故事。雇工们说，常常一早起来发现有人在夜里把活干了，干草已切好，牛棚也打扫干净了。有一个彻夜未眠的雇工还声称他看见一个人影在月光下收割庄稼。随着时间的流逝，考科斯兄弟雇了一个尽心尽责的鬼，他们家的活大部分都让鬼给干了，这件事成了公认的事实。
谁也没想到农场竟会有一个从未露面的人。但事实上确有此人。不久之前，村民们惊悉恩得利农场的鬼死了。大家都去参加了葬礼，因为那“鬼”不是别人，正是农场主的兄弟埃里克.考科斯。人们以为埃里克年轻时就死了。葬礼之后，乔和鲍勃透露了他们保守了长达50多年的秘密。
埃里克是这家长子。年龄比他两个弟弟大很多，第二次世界大战期间被迫参军。他讨厌军旅生活，决定逃离所在部队。当他了解自己将被派遣出国时，他逃回农场，父亲把他藏了起来，直到战争结束。由于害怕当局，埃里克战后继续深藏不露。他的父亲告诉大家，埃里克在战争中被打死了。除此之外，只有乔与鲍知道这个秘密。但他俩连自己的妻子都没告诉。父亲死后，他们兄弟俩认为有责任继续把埃里克藏起来。这些年来，埃里克过着隐士生活，白天睡觉，夜里出来干活，一点不知道自己已成了恩得利家场的活鬼。他死后，他的弟弟们才觉得无法再保守这个秘密了。
【课文讲解】
believe，believe in
这一对词语都表示“相信不疑”的意思，但词意有细微的区别。
Believe表示“相信”、“信以为真”（to accept as true）之意，它是及物动词，其后直接跟宾语。例：
Do you believe his reports？你相信他的报告吗？
I could hardly believe my eyes．我几乎不能相信自己的眼睛。
In ancient times it was believed that the earth was flat．古时候，人们认为地球是扁平的。
Believe in则表示“信仰”、“信任”（to have faith in somebody or something）之意。其后的常用搭配语为：有关宗教、理论、原则、概念及可信任之人，如：a religion、ghosts、 fairies、 a theory、 a friend等词；例中的believe为不及物动词。如：
We do not believe in ghosts．我们不信鬼神。
He believes in getting plenty of exercise．他相信多锻炼身体就会有好处。
In the days of the French Revolution，people believed in liberty，equality and fraternity．
法国大革命时代的人们信奉自由、平等及博爱。
现在试比较下列两语的不同涵义：
I believe him．（=I believe what he says）我相信他（的话）。
I believe in him．（=I trust him ）我相信他是一个可以信得过的人。（即：我信任他）
在英美人的谈话中，经常可以听到这么一句口头禅——Believe me：这是一个用以表示希望对方相信自己谈话的口头语，它相当于I bet或 Take my word for it。例：
Believe me，you will get well very soon．你一定会很快就恢复健康的。
Believe me 可以根据不同的场合，译作“真的”、“我不骗你”、“一定会”或“请相信”。
参考资料：http://zhuowenhong.cnpkm.com/ArticleDetail.aspx?DetailID=183394 (?http:?/??/?zhuowenhong.cnpkm.com?/?ArticleDetail.aspx?DetailID=183394" \t "_blank?)
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回答者： d (?http:?/??/?passport.baidu.com?/??business&aid=6&un=della0571" \l "2" \t "_blank?)
It is said the public house was haunted.
haunt: vt. visit somewhere very often经常出没于He haunted this cinema.
He haunted textile mills, and learned all he could.他常到纺织厂去, 尽可能多学点东西。
缠绕, 萦绕
Memories of her childhood haunted her.童年时代的记忆经常在她脑中萦绕。
n.某人常去的地方The area was a haunt of criminals.这个地区是罪犯经常出没的地方。
own == possess
the farm was possessed by two brothers.
farmhand n.农业工人,农场工人;雇农=farm labourer n.农场劳动者
farmer n. 经营农业者, 农场主; 农夫; 佃农; 农民; 畜牧人 (租税等的)包收人
a landed [tenant] farmer自耕[佃]农Farmer's Association农会
be willing to ==be ready to do
give up job 辞职=resign；quit office；hand in one's resignation; abdicate; demission; resignation; send in one's jacket 辞职, send in one's papers
cowshed n.牛棚,牛舍 a milking shed 牛奶棚 a livestock shed牲畜棚
an aeroplane shed 飞机棚
watershed n.分水岭; 分水线 转折点
Our marriage was at a watershed.我们的婚姻到了一个转折关头。
every time ==whenever引导时间状语从句
Every time I listen to his advice, I get into trouble.
Whenever I listen to his advice, I get into trouble.
wake up to find that 醒过来的时候，结果却发现……
to 不定式做结果状语
He woke up to find that he was surrounded by a large crowd of people.
He hurried to the post office only to find that it was shut.
and 平行句式结构
hay 干草
A farm worker, who…, claimed to …
句子主干：A farm worker claimed to …
claim to have done
claim to have done 声称做过某事
Eg: He claimed to have seen the puma.
Seamen claimed to have seen monsters.
see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在做某事
who 引导非限制性定语从句，补充说明 a farm worker
These young people, who love the peace of the moutains, always receive a warm welcome at Salnt Bernard Monastery.
stay up 悬在原位上
These sticks are not strong enough to stay up.这些棍子不够结实, 撑不住屋顶。
不睡觉, 熬夜not to go to bed
I want to stay up tonight and watch the late show.今晚我不想睡觉, 等着看深夜电视节目。
I stayed up last night The boy sat up to see the film.
不掉
He has to wear a belt to make his trousers stay up.他不得不系上腰带才能使裤子不掉下来。
wait up for/sit up for等候着不睡; 熬夜等候;为了等待某人回来而不睡觉
Don’t wait up for me, I’ll be home very late.
sit up (使)端坐She sat up in bed, listening.她端坐在床上听着。
晚睡, 熬夜We don't allow the children to sit up late.我们不允许孩子们熬夜。
〈口〉引起注意, 用心听, 关注
At first the boy had not seemed much interested in what the teacher was saying, but when the teacher called him, he began to sit up.
起初那男孩子似乎对老师说的话不太感兴趣, 但是当老师叫他的时候, 他才开始用心听讲了。
burn the midnight oil (学习或工作)开夜车
Exam time was near, and more and more pupils were burning the midnight oil.
考试日期将近, 越来越多的学生都在开夜车。
Eg: I have to burn the midnight oil tonight to complete work.
in time 最后，终于;迟早, 最后
In time you'll forget him.你迟早会忘了他的。
及时, 不迟
He is believed to arrive in time.相信他会按时到达。
经过一段时间
It became an accepted fact that…
变成一个大家都接受的事实
that 引导同位语从句，补充说明fact
同位语补充说明先行词的内涵
An idea came to her that she might do the experiment in another way.
Everybody had already accepted the fact that the puma is still at large.
It becomes an accepted fact that the puma is still at large.
that引导定语从句
No one suspected that…=it never occurred to sb. that …..某人没想到的是…
someone else who had never been seen
This was indeed the case. 但事实上确有此人。=但事实上确有其事 / 的确如此。
实情, 情况Actually, it is not the case.实际上, 情况不是这样的。
A:Is that the case? 甲：事实是那样吗？
B: No, that’s not the case. 乙：不，事实并非如此。
be astonished = be surprised
astonish, surprise, amaze, astound
be astonished to do sth.
I’m not surprised to see he is still as fat as before.
for == as 是对全句的补述
none other than == no other than 强调结构，表示不是别人而正是……(用以加强语气)不是别的, 正是…It was none other than Comarde Wang. 不是别人正是王同志。
The new arrival was none other than the President.刚到的不是别人, 正是总统。
Eg: The man who had sent the flowers was none other than the man she had spoken to the night before.
It was no other than my old friend Johnson.
The man who spoke to her was none other than her husband.
nothing else than 仅仅，和…一模一样；完全是
That’s nothing less than a miracle. 那完全是个奇迹。
Eg: His failiure was due to nothing else than his own carelessness.
a third brother 又一位兄弟
who was supposed = who was thought
He was supposed to have died 20 years before.
be supposed to v.认为应该,被期望
keep secret 保密
reveal a mystery [secret] 揭露秘密，披露秘密reveal one's identity揭示身分
泄露; 透露He never revealed his identity.他从未暴露过自己的身份。
The press revealed the scandal.
He kept secret for a long time.
he kept it to himself for a long time.
very much : much 用来加强语气
be obliged to do = be forced to do 被迫做某事
army life 军队生活=life in the army
He had been in hiding...
Fearing the authorities...现在分词引导原因状语
in hiding = remain in concealment
he remained in hiding at home...
the only other people who knew the secret 仅知道的人
the only other people who finished the work 仅完成这项工作的人
they thought it their duty to...
it 形式宾语
I thought it very difficult to pass this examination.
We all think it our duty to support our parents.
形式宾语it和宾语补足语直接搭配连用，宾语补足语可以是名词或形容词
形容词短语做状语，进一步补充说明全句
quite unaware of the fact that...
that 引导同位语从句
We amass requisites quite unaware of the fact.
amass 收藏，积聚 积累, 积聚
They have amassed a fortune in just a few years.他们在几年的时间里就聚集了一笔财富。
his brothers found it impossible to do...
it形式宾语
It is quite impossible to finish the hard work in 2 hours.
I found it quite impossible to finish the hard work in 2 hours.
【Multiple choice questions】
Comprehension
1 While farmhands stayed at Endley Farm _____ .
a. they woke up during the night to find their work had been done for them
b. they often saw a figure working in the fields at night
c. they did not have any work to do
d. it never occurred to them that there was someone in hiding on the farm
it never occur to them that...
it 在这儿是形式主语
2 Eric remained in hiding after the war because
a. he feared the penalty he might receive for his desertion
b. his father had told everyone he had died
c. he was afraid of being sent abroad by the authorities
d. he was fond of the life of a recluse
penalty ==punishment 惩罚
3 When did the identity of the ‘ghost’ become known?
a. When the villagers attended the funeral.
b. Fifty years after the outbreak of the Second World War.
c. when the father or me three Cox brothers died.
d. When Joe and Bob felt they would have to have their brother buried.
Structure
4 Farm labourers said that on waking up _____ work had been done.(ll.4-5)
a. to find b. they would find c. and finding d. they had found
5 ---- employed a conscientious ghost, _____ most of their work for them. (ll.8-9)
a. doing b. to have done c. which did d. so as to do
6 As he hated _____ , he decided to desert … (l.16)
a. the life of army b. life in the army c. life of the army d. the army for life
军队生活： army life; life in the army
学校生活： school life; life in the school
7 ---- Eric had been killed _____ fighting with his regiment. (ll.18-19)
a. while b. during c. as if d. because
8 Joe and Bob were the only other people who knew the secret _____ their wives. (ll.19-20)
a. and did not even tell b. which they did not even tell
c. who did not tell d. yet did not tell it to
Vocabulary
9 _____ , it became an accepted fact. … (1.8)
a. At the time b. On time c. With time d. At times
at the time 在那个时候；那时
at times == occasionally 有时
on time 准时
and with time... 而且随着时间流逝……
10 He was _____ during the Second World War. (ll.15-16)
a. recruited b. conscripted c. armed d. regimented
recruit vt.招聘; 吸引(新成员) 招募军队 可指非法招募 吸收某人为新成员
vt. & vi.招募, 征募(新兵)Were men for the Navy recruited from men on merchant ships?
海军的人员是从商船的水手中征募的吗?
恢复健康, 恢复体力
Eg: Can't you recruit more members to the music society?
n.新兵 (机构中的)新成员
New recruits to our table tennis club are always welcome.
我们的乒乓球俱乐部随时欢迎新成员的参加。
conscript v. 根据法律或宪法征兵，与介词into 连用，在美语中用draft
My sons were conscripted in the last war.我的儿子在上次战争中被征召入伍。
He was conscripted into the army.
n.应征入伍者
conscribe [k?n’skraib] vt.征招［募］， 强行征招； 征用
regiment n. 军团； vt. 使受训练; 严格地管制; 严密地编组
arm vt. 武装; (把…)武装起来
Their former enemy is arming again.他们从前的敌人正在重整军备。
11 All these years, Eric had lived _____ . (ll.20-21)
a. out of this world b. a secret life 秘密生活 c. without a companion d. the life of a hermit
hermit [‘h?:mit] n.(尤指早期基督教的)隐居修道士; 隐士; 遁世者
The cave was inhabited by a hermit.以前曾有一个隐士居住在这个洞穴里。
go hermit[美]过孤独的生活hermit crab【动】寄居蟹
12 He used to work at night, _____ that he had become the ghost of Endley. (ll.21-22)
a. never realizing b. quite misunderstanding c. quite ignoring d. never accounting for
realize == become aware of
never realizing = quite unaware of
【Key to Multiple choice questions】
1. D 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. B 11. D 12. A
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