第11讲 动词语态的表达与运用
整体分析解读：
1. 判断主语是动作的执行者还是承受者
在解答被动语态题时首先要判 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)断主语和动作的关系,如果主语是动作的执行者,则该句为主动句;如果主语是动作的承受者,则该句为被动句。依据句子意思做出正确选择。
2. 正确判断时态
被动语态离不开时态。考生要牢记各种时态,掌握被动句的构成,不能混淆。依据句子中的时间状语或上下文暗示,分析判断句子时态。
一、动词的被动语态
英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态（The Active Voice）和被动语态（The Passive Voice）。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，例如：
Many people speak English . (主动语态)
English is spoken by many people. (被动语态)
1、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be +及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be 有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。被动语态的肯定式、否定式及疑问式列表如下：
肯 定 句： 主语+ be+ 过去分词 +（by…） eg. He is often asked to do this work (by his boss).
否 定 句：主语+ be not +过去分词 +（by…） eg. I am not invited to the party (by him).
一般疑问句：Be + 主语+过去分词+ （by…）？ eg. Are your clothes washed by yourself?
特殊疑问句：疑问词+ be+主语 +过去分词+ （by…）？ eg. What is this sweater made of?
现以动词give为例，其被动语态的各种时态如下：
式 时 一 般 进 行 完 成
现在 Am / is /are + given Am/is/are +being + given Have / has +been +given
过去 Was / were + given Was / were + being + given Had +been + given
将来 Shall/ will + given Shall / will +be + given Should /would + be + given
含情态词的 Can / may /must +be +given
3、被动语态的用法：
1）当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时，或者只需强调动作的承受者时，要用被动语态。 例如：
This jacket is made of cotton.
English is spoken in many countries in the world.
1） 强调动作的承受者时。如：The boy was saved at last.这个男孩最后得救了。
2） 主动语态变被动语态的步骤:
主动句: The boy broke the window yesterday.
被动句: The window was broken by the boy yesterday.
步骤一：原句中的宾语the window变成主语。
步骤二：谓语动词broke改为被动形式：was broken
步骤三：原句中的主语The boy放在介词by的后面。
步骤四：其他成分如：yesterday不变。
5) 有两个宾语的句子的被动语态：
A. 可有两种被动语态的常用动词有：buy，give，leave，lend，offer，pay，teach，tell，show，等。
1. He gave me the book just now.
The book was given to me( by him) just now. = I was given the book (by him) just now.
2. They show the guard their passports at the entrance to the building.
The passports were shown to the guard by them at the entrance to the building.
= The guard was shown the passports by them at the entrance to the building.
B. 通常用直接宾语作被动语态主语的一些动词有: bring，do，make，pass，sell，send，sing，write，等。
1. He wrote her a letter.
A letter was written to her.
My mother made me a skirt.
A skirt was made (for me) by my mother.
二、易错清单
1. 主动结构表被动
(1)open,lock,w (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)rite,read,sell,wash,cut,burn,drive等词作不及物动词时,它们的主语为物,可以用主动语态表被动意义。如:
Mo Yan's novels sell well. 莫言的小说很好卖(销路好)。
(2)表示感觉的连系动词如feel,loo (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)k,smell,sound,taste等后跟表语时,总是用其主动结构表达被动意义,它们不能用于被动语态。如:
The table feels smooth.
这张桌子摸起来很光滑。
(3)在be worth doing中,doing表被动意义。
The book is well worth reading.
这本书很值得一读。
(4)want/need/require+doing相当于want/need/ require +to be done。如:
The library needs cleaning.
=The library needs to be cleaned. 图书馆需要打扫了。
2. 不用被动语态的情况
(1)当谓语是表示状态或特征的及物 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)动词时,不用被动语态。这样的及物动词有have,become,cost,reach,sell,arrive,fit,hold,own,suit等。如:
We have a good teacher.
我们有一位好老师。
The classroom holds 80 students.
这间教室容纳80个学生。
(2)及物动词的宾语为反身代词、相互代词、非谓语动词、同源宾语时,都没有被动语态。如:
The boy taught himself English. 这男孩自学英语。
We help each other. 我们互相帮助。
(3)当主动句的宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态。如:
She likes to swim. 她喜欢游泳。
3. 被动语态与系表结构的区别
动词“be+过去分词”这一结构既可以是被 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)动语态,也可以是系表结构。这两种结构主要的区别是:被动语态强调动作,系表结构强调状态。我们还可以通过以下方法来判断:
(1)从形式上来看,被动语态往往 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)接by施动者,而系表结构往往有固定的搭配,如be separated from,be covered with,be interested in,be surprised at,be satisfied with等。如:
We were surprised at the unexpected news.
听到这个意外消息,我们感到惊讶。(系表结构)
注意:句中有“by+人”时,多用被动语态;而“by+物”时,多属系表结构。如:
The house was surrounded by the police.
这房子被警察包围了。(被动语态)
The house was surrounded by trees.
这房子四周都是树。(系表结构,表示静止的状态)
(2)从时态上来看,被动语态的be时态要与动作发生的时间一致;而系表结构的be只有一般时或完成时,表示目前或过去的性质或状态。如:
This window was broken by Kate yesterday.
这窗户是凯特昨天打破的。(被动语态)
This glass is broken. 这块玻璃是破的。(系表结构,指目前的状态)
(3)从句中的状语来看,过去分词前有w (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ell,very,quite等副词修饰的是系表结构;若句中有时间、方式或目的状语时,一般为被动语态。如:
The play is well written.
这剧本写得很好。(系表结构)
The play was written with great care. 这剧本是非常用心地写出来的。(被动语态,有方式状语)
(4)被动语态中的过去分词必须是及物动词,而系表结构中的过去分词可以是gone,fallen,risen等不及物动词。如:
My pen is gone. 我的钢笔不见了。(系表结构)
The sun is risen. 太阳升起来了。(系表结构)
【精题巧练】
1.【2018年江西中考】Kids have to take many after school classes. They _______ hard to study for good grades.
A. push
B. are pushed
C. are pushing
D. have pushed
2.【2018年四川成都市】 The opening of the 2018 World Cup in Russia this evening. So after our English exam, let’s go and watch it to relax ourselves!
A. Would be held B. is held C. will be held
3.【2018年四川省乐山市】–Look, what an old bridge! It looks so special!
–Yeah, it ______ nearly 500 years ago.
A. was building
B. was built
C. has built
4.【2018年天津市】Dr Bethune ________ still________ in both China and Canada today
A. is; remembered B. is; remembering
C. will; remember D. has; remembered
5.【2018年江苏省徐州市】The latest mobile phone in China.
A. will make B. has made C. is making D. is made
6.【2018内蒙古通】Students?______?to?the?library?after?school.????
A.?allow?to?go??????????B.?are?allowed?going????
C.?will?allow?go????????D.?are?allowed?to?go?
7.【2018安徽】The?weatherman?says?a?rain?shower?______?this?afternoon?in?the?south.?
A.?expects???B.?expected???C.?is?expected???D.?was?expected?
8.【2018北京】?A?new?international?airport_____?in?the?city?next?year.?
A.?completed?????B.?is?completed????C.?will?completeD.?will?be?completed?
9.【2018福建】Paper-making by?the?Chinese?in?the?Western?Han?dynasty(朝代).?
A.?is?invented??????B.?inventedC.?was?invented
10.【2018益阳】The?sport?meeting?________?next?month
?A．will?hold?B．is?going?to?hold?C．will?be?held?
11.【2018安徽】Thanks?to?the?Inter，different?kinds?of?information?________?in?a?short?time
A．can?be?learned?B．has?been?learned?C．can?learn?D．has?learned??
12.【2018茂名】The?children?were?hungry?and?the?salad?was?quickly?________
?A．eating?up?B．ate?up?C．eaten?up?
13.【2018营口】Don’t?worryYour?package?________?here?until?you?e?back，please?enjoy?shopping?here
?A．will?keep?B．keeps?C．can?be?kept?D．kept?
14.【2018三亚】Many?ic?books?________?into?cartoons?in?the?past?40?years
A．make?B．are?made? C．have?made?D．have?been?made?
15.【2018龙岩】Textbooks?for?junior?students?________?for?free?in?most?areas?of?China
?A．provide?B．provided?C．are?provided
1
第11讲 动词语态的表达与运用
整体分析解读：
1. 判断主语是动作的执行者还是承受者
在解答被动语态题时首先要判 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)断主语和动作的关系,如果主语是动作的执行者,则该句为主动句;如果主语是动作的承受者,则该句为被动句。依据句子意思做出正确选择。
2. 正确判断时态
被动语态离不开时态。考生要牢记各种时态,掌握被动句的构成,不能混淆。依据句子中的时间状语或上下文暗示,分析判断句子时态。
一、动词的被动语态
英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态（The Active Voice）和被动语态（The Passive Voice）。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，例如：
Many people speak English . (主动语态)
English is spoken by many people. (被动语态)
1、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be +及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be 有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。被动语态的肯定式、否定式及疑问式列表如下：
肯 定 句： 主语+ be+ 过去分词 +（by…） eg. He is often asked to do this work (by his boss).
否 定 句：主语+ be not +过去分词 +（by…） eg. I am not invited to the party (by him).
一般疑问句：Be + 主语+过去分词+ （by…）？ eg. Are your clothes washed by yourself?
特殊疑问句：疑问词+ be+主语 +过去分词+ （by…）？ eg. What is this sweater made of?
现以动词give为例，其被动语态的各种时态如下：
式 时 一 般 进 行 完 成
现在 Am / is /are + given Am/is/are +being + given Have / has +been +given
过去 Was / were + given Was / were + being + given Had +been + given
将来 Shall/ will + given Shall / will +be + given Should /would + be + given
含情态词的 Can / may /must +be +given
3、被动语态的用法：
1）当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时，或者只需强调动作的承受者时，要用被动语态。 例如：
This jacket is made of cotton.
English is spoken in many countries in the world.
1） 强调动作的承受者时。如：The boy was saved at last.这个男孩最后得救了。
2） 主动语态变被动语态的步骤:
主动句: The boy broke the window yesterday.
被动句: The window was broken by the boy yesterday.
步骤一：原句中的宾语the window变成主语。
步骤二：谓语动词broke改为被动形式：was broken
步骤三：原句中的主语The boy放在介词by的后面。
步骤四：其他成分如：yesterday不变。
5) 有两个宾语的句子的被动语态：
A. 可有两种被动语态的常用动词有：buy，give，leave，lend，offer，pay，teach，tell，show，等。
1. He gave me the book just now.
The book was given to me( by him) just now. = I was given the book (by him) just now.
2. They show the guard their passports at the entrance to the building.
The passports were shown to the guard by them at the entrance to the building.
= The guard was shown the passports by them at the entrance to the building.
B. 通常用直接宾语作被动语态主语的一些动词有: bring，do，make，pass，sell，send，sing，write，等。
1. He wrote her a letter.
A letter was written to her.
My mother made me a skirt.
A skirt was made (for me) by my mother.
二、易错清单
1. 主动结构表被动
(1)open,lock,w (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)rite,read,sell,wash,cut,burn,drive等词作不及物动词时,它们的主语为物,可以用主动语态表被动意义。如:
Mo Yan's novels sell well. 莫言的小说很好卖(销路好)。
(2)表示感觉的连系动词如feel,loo (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)k,smell,sound,taste等后跟表语时,总是用其主动结构表达被动意义,它们不能用于被动语态。如:
The table feels smooth.
这张桌子摸起来很光滑。
(3)在be worth doing中,doing表被动意义。
The book is well worth reading.
这本书很值得一读。
(4)want/need/require+doing相当于want/need/ require +to be done。如:
The library needs cleaning.
=The library needs to be cleaned. 图书馆需要打扫了。
2. 不用被动语态的情况
(1)当谓语是表示状态或特征的及物 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)动词时,不用被动语态。这样的及物动词有have,become,cost,reach,sell,arrive,fit,hold,own,suit等。如:
We have a good teacher.
我们有一位好老师。
The classroom holds 80 students.
这间教室容纳80个学生。
(2)及物动词的宾语为反身代词、相互代词、非谓语动词、同源宾语时,都没有被动语态。如:
The boy taught himself English. 这男孩自学英语。
We help each other. 我们互相帮助。
(3)当主动句的宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态。如:
She likes to swim. 她喜欢游泳。
3. 被动语态与系表结构的区别
动词“be+过去分词”这一结构既可以是被 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)动语态,也可以是系表结构。这两种结构主要的区别是:被动语态强调动作,系表结构强调状态。我们还可以通过以下方法来判断:
(1)从形式上来看,被动语态往往 (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)接by施动者,而系表结构往往有固定的搭配,如be separated from,be covered with,be interested in,be surprised at,be satisfied with等。如:
We were surprised at the unexpected news.
听到这个意外消息,我们感到惊讶。(系表结构)
注意:句中有“by+人”时,多用被动语态;而“by+物”时,多属系表结构。如:
The house was surrounded by the police.
这房子被警察包围了。(被动语态)
The house was surrounded by trees.
这房子四周都是树。(系表结构,表示静止的状态)
(2)从时态上来看,被动语态的be时态要与动作发生的时间一致;而系表结构的be只有一般时或完成时,表示目前或过去的性质或状态。如:
This window was broken by Kate yesterday.
这窗户是凯特昨天打破的。(被动语态)
This glass is broken. 这块玻璃是破的。(系表结构,指目前的状态)
(3)从句中的状语来看,过去分词前有w (?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ell,very,quite等副词修饰的是系表结构;若句中有时间、方式或目的状语时,一般为被动语态。如:
The play is well written.
这剧本写得很好。(系表结构)
The play was written with great care. 这剧本是非常用心地写出来的。(被动语态,有方式状语)
(4)被动语态中的过去分词必须是及物动词,而系表结构中的过去分词可以是gone,fallen,risen等不及物动词。如:
My pen is gone. 我的钢笔不见了。(系表结构)
The sun is risen. 太阳升起来了。(系表结构)
【精题巧练】
1.【2018年江西中考】Kids have to take many after school classes. They _______ hard to study for good grades.
A. push
B. are pushed
C. are pushing
D. have pushed
【答案】B
【解析】句意：孩子们不得不上很多课外班。他们刻苦学习以求好成绩。考查被动语态。句中的they指上文的kids，是动词push的受动者，需用被动语态；根据句意结构，可知选B。
2.【2018年四川成都市】 The opening of the 2018 World Cup in Russia this evening. So after our English exam, let’s go and watch it to relax ourselves!
A. Would be held B. is held C. will be held
【答案】C
【解析】句意：20118世界杯开幕式将在俄国举行。因此我们在英语考试之后，让我们来观看它来放松我们自己。根据语境可知是将来时被动语态，结构是“will be done”。故选C。
3.【2018年四川省乐山市】–Look, what an old bridge! It looks so special!
–Yeah, it ______ nearly 500 years ago.
A. was building
B. was built
C. has built
【答案】B
【解析】句意：——看，多么古老的桥啊！看起来很特别！——是啊，它是近500年前建造的。考查动词语态辨析题。it指的是上一句的bridge，是动词build的受动者，需用被动语态。500 years ago五百年前，用于一般过去时。根据句意结构和语境，可知选B。
4.【2018年天津市】Dr Bethune ________ still________ in both China and Canada today
A. is; remembered B. is; remembering
C. will; remember D. has; remembered
【答案】A
【解析】句意：如今白求恩医生仍然被中国和加拿大的人民纪念。 Dr Bethune是动作的承受者，故使用被动语态，又因句中有时间状语 today（今天），故使用一般现在时被动语态，故选A。
5.【2018年江苏省徐州市】The latest mobile phone in China.
A. will make B. has made C. is making D. is made
【答案】D
【解析】句意：最新的手机是在中国制造的。will make将会制造，一般将来时态；has made现在完成时态；is making现在进行时态；is made一般现在时的被动语态。根据句意可知，这句话的主语The latest mobile phone与谓语动词make之间构成被动关系，应用被动语态，选项中只有D是被动形式，故选D。
6.【2018内蒙古通】Students?______?to?the?library?after?school.????
A.?allow?to?go??????????B.?are?allowed?going????
C.?will?allow?go????????D.?are?allowed?to?go?
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查allow的用法及被动语态。结合题意语境，学生在放学后被允许去图书馆。Allow sb to do是允许做某事。此处的students和allow之间是被动关系。用被动语态，故选D。
7.【2018安徽】The?weatherman?says?a?rain?shower?______?this?afternoon?in?the?south.?
A.?expects???B.?expected???C.?is?expected???D.?was?expected?
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查动词的语态和时态。从句中因为"a?rain?shower"做主语,可知应用被动语态,又因为"阵雨被预料”这件事发生在现在,所以用一般现在时。? [翻译]天气预报员说阵雨预计会在今天下午的南部降落，本题难度适中。?
8.【2018北京】?A?new?international?airport_____?in?the?city?next?year.?
A.?completed?????B.?is?completed????C.?will?completeD.?will?be?completed?
【答案】D
【解析】根据句意，新的国际机场在这个城市明年将被建设完工。由于是被动语态，排除A、C项。由于本句是一般现在时，并且剧院现在并没有完工，所以应该用将来时，排除B项。 故正确答案为D。
9.【2018福建】Paper-making by?the?Chinese?in?the?Western?Han?dynasty(朝代).?
A.?is?invented??????B.?invented C.?was?invented
【答案】C
【解析】句意：剪纸在西汉时就已经被中国人发明了。考查的是一般过去时的被动语态。故选C。
10.【2018益阳】The?sport?meeting?________?next?month
?A．will?hold?B．is?going?to?hold?C．will?be?held?
【答案】C
【解析】下个月将会举办一场运动会。本题主要考查一般将来时被动语态。 结合文中?next?month?可知，表达的是将来的时间，因此应用一般将来时，本题中?will?和?be?going?to?都可表示将来。主语?The?sports?meeting?与谓语动词?hold?是被动关系，因此应用?will?be?held。 故正确答案为C。
11.【2018安徽】Thanks?to?the?Inter，different?kinds?of?information?________?in?a?short?time
A．can?be?learned?B．has?been?learned?C．can?learn?D．has?learned??
【答案】A
【解析】句意：多亏了互联网，不同的信息可以在短期内被学习。?本题主要考查情态动词和一般现在时被动语态。 结合句意可知，多亏了互联网，不同的信息可以在短期内被学习。信息是“被学习”，所以要用被动语态?be?done?的结构，故排除C、D项。结合句意，这里是说“不同的信息可以在短期内被学习”，而不是“不同的信息在短期内已经被学习了”。情态动词?can?意为“能够，可以”，其后用动词原形，因此?can?be?learned?符合题意。? 故正确答案为A。
12.【2018茂名】The?children?were?hungry?and?the?salad?was?quickly?________
?A．eating?up?B．ate?up?C．eaten?up?
【答案】C
【解析】孩子们都饿了而沙拉很快就被吃完了。本题主要考查一般过去时被动语态。 结合句意可知，沙拉很快就被饿了的孩子们吃掉了，应该使用被动语态。被动语态的结构是 be?done，eat?的过去分词为?eaten，所以只有C项符合题意。 故正确答案为C。
13.【2018营口】Don’t?worryYour?package?________?here?until?you?e?back，please?enjoy?shopping?here
?A．will?keep?B．keeps?C．can?be?kept?D．kept?
【答案】C
【解析】别担心，你的包裹会允许被留在这直到你回来，请在这里尽情购物吧。本题主要考查含情态动词的被动语态。 结合句意可知，包裹是被留下的，用被动语态?be?done?的结构，因此排除A、B、D项。情态动词?can?可表示“推测，允许，能力”，此题中表示包裹能允许被留下，作“允许”的意思，因此?can?be?kept?符合题意。 故正确答案为C。
14.【2018三亚】Many?comic?books?________?into?cartoons?in?the?past?40?years
A．make?B．are?made? C．have?made?D．have?been?made?
【答案】D
【解析】考查现在完成时态的被动语态的用法,句意：在最近的40年里，许多的漫画被制成了动画。漫画和拍制之间是被动的关系，故用被动语态，in the past 40years,是现在完成时的标志词，故选D。
15.【2018龙岩】Textbooks?for?junior?students?________?for?free?in?most?areas?of?China
?A．provide?B．provided?C．are?provided
【答案】C
【解析】句意：在中国的大多数地区，为初中生准备的教科书被免费提供。本题主要考查一般现在时被动语态。 结合句意可知，为初中生准备的教科书被免费提供。教科书是“被提供”，所以要用被动语态 be done 的结构，故排除A、B项。? 故正确答案为C。
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