课件72张PPT。Module 7Module 7
English
for
you and meUnit 3
Language in use1. To learn adverbial clause and
infinitives
2. To practise new words and
expressionsHave you ever been to an English corner?Have you ever given a talk in English?Have you ever sung an English song for your classmates?Have you ever talked with a foreigner in English?Have you ever been a member of a drama club?Adverbial clause It’s also the subject that I’m best at, although my spoken English is not that good.
I can speak English with you whenever we meet.
As China continues to grow, many people think that Chinese will become as common as English by the middle of the twenty-first century.Have A Look4. Even though we speak different types of
English, we are all part of an international
club.
5. But if you keep trying, you can make progress
quickly and find a lot of fun in learning it.
6. In China and many other countries, English is
the most important foreign language that
children learn at school, because when they
grow, it will be quite possible for them to meet
people from other countries. It’s also the subject that I’m best at, _______
my spoken English is not that good.
2. I can speak English with you _______ we meet.
3. ____ China continues to grow, many people
think that Chinese will become as common as
English by the middle of the twenty-first
century.
4. ___________ we speak different types of
English, we are all part of an international club.althoughwheneverAsgoEven though5. But _____ you keep trying, you can make
progress quickly and find a lot of fun in
learning it.
6. In China and many other countries,
English is the most important foreign
language that children learn at school,
________ when they grow, it will be quite
possible for them to meet people from
other countries.ifbecause状语从句
有两点要注意：一是状语从句中连词的选用，二是条件状语从句中的时态。
1. 状语从句中连词的选用。
状语从句中连词的选用是由句子所表达的逻
辑意义决定的。只要知道各种连词的意思和
功能就能正确使用。常用的有：
(1) 时间状语从句连词：when, while, as, before, after, until, as soon as 等。
例如：
My father took the photos when we lived in Hong Kong.
You’re not going out until you’ve finished this.(2) 地点状语从句连词：where
例如：
We must camp where we can get water.
(3) 条件状语从句连词：if
例如：
If he leaves the vegetables with the goat, the goat will eat them.(4) 比较状语从句连词：than, as
例如：
The cost of the repairs was a lot of cheaper than I thought.
(5) 目的状语从句连词：so that, in order that
例如： I’ve brought some photos so that you can see what Britain looks like.(6) 原因状语从句连词：because, since, as
例如：
Mark could not come because he had to work.
(7) 结果状语从句连词：so … that …
例如：
He got up so late that he missed the first train.(8) 让步状语从句连词：although, though
例如：
Although the car is old, it still runs well.2. 条件状语从句中的时态
在条件状语从句中，如果主句的时态是一般将来时，从句一般用一般现在时。
例如：
If it rains tomorrow, we will play inside.Infinitive1. I hope I can continue to make progress next year.
2. The British, the Indians and the Chinese all help (to) make it a rich language.
3. It is also important to know that English has borrowed many words from other countries.
4. Some people think English is too difficult and it requires too much effort to learn it well.Have A Look5. You mean those clubs where people go to
practise their English?
6. I’m always happy to speak to you in English.
7. In China and many other countries, English
is the most important foreign language that
children learn at school, because when they
grow, it will be quite possible for them to
meet people from other countries.to know1. I hope I can continue ________ progress next year.
2. The British, the Indians and the Chinese all help ________ it a rich language.
3. It is also important _________ that English has borrowed many words from other countries.
4. Some people think English is too difficult and it requires too much effort ________ it well.to make(to) makegoto learn5. You mean those clubs where people go
_____________ their English?
6. I’m always happy _________ to you in
English.
7. In China and many other countries, English
is the most important foreign language that
children learn at school, because when they
grow, it will be quite possible for them
_________ people from other countries.to practiseto speakto meet动词不定式可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。
它没有人称和数的变化，其结构为“to + 动词原形”，否定形式为“not to +动词原形”。主要考查动词不定式在句中作宾语、宾语补足语和目的状语。动词不定式
My father agreed to fly a kite with me.
The doctor told people to wash their hands often and to stay home if they feel ill.
I will go to the bookstore to buy a dictionary.动词不定式作宾语
动词不定式作宾语补足语
动词不定式作目的状语动词不定式作宾语plan, want, hope, decide等动词，一般只能用动词不定式作宾语，表示：
“计划、想要、决定、打算做某事”。
He wants to buy some vegetables.
他想要买些蔬菜。We often use to-infinitives after these verbs. agree choose decide hope
learn plan prepare want
like start begin fail
wish try remember forget动词不定式作宾语补足语My mum asks me to play the piano
two hours every day.
我妈妈让我每天弹两个小时的钢琴。动词不定式可以用来说明宾语的情况，作宾语补足语。不定式作宾语补足语是指v.+名词/代词+(to) do sth.结构中的不定式。变否定时只需在不定式前加not，其中的to在某些动词后面需省略。The teacher told me to clean the blackboard.
I want you to give me some help.常带不定式作宾补的动词：warn, tell, allow, ask, order, get,
invite, wish, want, encourage等 + sb. to do sth. notice listen to hear watch 五看 see look at observe三使 let make have 二听一感觉: feel+ sb. do sth.
（不带to）动词help后面的动词不定式可带to，也可不带to。
She often helps me (to) do the housework.
她常常帮我做家务。
We helped him (to) fix his bike.
我们帮他修自行车。动词不定式作目的状语不定式还可以作目的状语。不定式作目的
状语时，可以放在句末和句首。I had to work hard to earn money.
我不得不努力工作赚钱。
He stayed at home to finish his homework.
他留在家完成作业。不定式前面加in order构成in order to do …可加强语气或使目的意义更加清楚。
She is running quickly in order to catch the train.
为了赶火车，她正飞快地跑着。They started early in order to get there in time. = In order to get there in time, they started early.
为了及时赶到那里，他们很早就出发了。由in order to引导的目的状语，既可以置于句尾，也可以置于句首。 Many Confucius Institutes have been
set up around the world ________
more and more people want to learn
Chinese. after although because before if
so that so … that when whilebecause Complete the sentences with the words or expressions in the box. There may be more than one answer.12. French was more popular _________
English became important in the
nineteenth century.
3. I will make great progress _______ you
help me learn English.
4. Tony finds writing Chinese really
difficult, _________ he can understand
and speak Chinese pretty well.before if although after although because before if
so that so … that when while5. English spread more quickly all over the world _______ television was invented.
6. I advise you to go to an English corner
________ you can improve your listening and speaking.after so that after although because before if
so that so … that when while7. English has become _______ important
in international communication
________ schools in China and many
other countries teach the language.sothat after although because before if
so that so … that when while8. In order to improve his English, my
uncle took every chance to talk to
people in Australia ___________ he was
working there.
9. I started learning English _______ I was
seven years old, right on my birthday.when when/ while after although because before if
so that so … that when while Many people want _________ (study)
English so they can get a good job.
2. I asked my teacher _________ (give) me
some extra English homework.
3. You need __________ (practise) speaking every day if you want to improve your spoken English.to studyto giveto practiseComplete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.24. Jenny learnt _____________ (speak)
English well while she was in Canada.
5. English is easy __________ (learn) if
you practise and revise every day.to speakto learn Meg has achieved a very high level of
English this year. She is a bright and hard-
working student, and we are very proud of
her at this school.1. Who has done very well at school?
Meg has done very well.Read the remarks and discuss the questions.3 Ned needs to make an effort to
improve his handwriting. All he needs is a
few minutes on it every day. If he
practises it, his handwriting will certainly
improve.2. What does Ned need to do in order to
get better at handwriting?
He needs to practise for a few minutes every day. Toby seems not to be as interested in
schoolwork as he is in sport. He will
make good progress in all his subjects if
he works harder.3. What does Toby enjoy? Does he like
schoolwork as much as this, or less
than this?
He enjoys sport.
He likes schoolwork less than sport.Teacher: Before we start the lesson,
everyone, is there anything
you’re worried about or need
help with?
Student A: Yes, I’m worried about my
handwriting, because it isn’t good.Complete the conversation with the correct form of the words in brackets.4Teacher: Good handwriting (1)
___________ (require) a lot of
practice. You need (2) _________
(practise) writing the letters and
joining them together. If you
work hard, you can (3) ________
(improve) it. Is there anyone else
with a problem?requiresto practiseimproveStudent B: I want (4) __________ (achieve)
higher marks in spelling. It’s so
difficult.
Teacher: Yes, English spelling is difficult.
You need to have a good
knowledge of the way that words
are (5) ____________ (write). For
example, remember that the
word “letter” has double “t” in it.to achievewrittenStudent C: I have a question. Can the Internet
help us improve our English?
Teacher: Yes, of course. The Internet has
helped (6) ______________ (spread)
English around the world. There are
a lot of good websites that you can
learn from. Some of them can even
help you practise your (7) _________
(speak) English. Now, instead of
worrying, let’s go on with the lesson.(to) spreadspoken In the past, people living in ____ spoke
English.
a) all of Britain
b) a part of Britain
c) all of France
d) most of the worldb)Listen and read the passage then choose the correct answer.52. English is a world language because ____.
a) five billion people speak it
b) many people are learning it
c) people stopped speaking Latin
d) speakers of many different languages
use itd)3. People find it difficult to imagine that
__.
a) French was more important than English
b) English will always be important
c) English might be less important in future
d) Latin was used as a common language for many centuriesc)4. Many people today are learning __.
a) Chinese, Spanish or French
b) Chinese, Latin or English
c) Chinese, English or Latin
d) Chinese, Spanish or Arabicd) An English learning website.
An English magazine.
An English language teacher.Listen and decide what the passage is about.6What can most students easily find to
practise their English?
2. What has been developed to help students get the practice they need?Listen again and answer the questions.They can easily find books, CDs and on line courses to practise their English.A website called Now talk! has been developed.73. Why can students get a lot of speaking
practice?
4. Do students need to use an Internet
program, if they want to join the course?They get a lot of speaking practice because there are only 4 students for 1 teacher.Yes, they need to use Skype if they want to join the course.Around the worldAn invented language
Since the twelfth century, people have been inventing languages, in the hope that a world language would
ease human communication.
Only one of these invented
languages has enjoyed
any success, though. It is called Esperanto. It was invented by a Polish man named Zamenhof. His language is based on Latin, German and Greek vocabulary. Each letter always makes the same sound, and the grammar rules are simple.
Although Esperanto is spoken by about two million people and a thousand of them have learnt it as a first language, it is unlikely to become a world language. listening speaking
reading writing
vocabulary grammar
cultural knowledgeTalk about what problems you have in learning English.8Give tips for solving the problems.9Make a list of the tips and put them on a poster for others to read.10Ⅰ. 从各题后所给的四个选项中选择可以填入
空白处的最佳答案。1. —It’s too late. I have to go now.
—Oh, it’s raining outside. Don’t leave
________ it stops.?
A. since ? ? B. until? ?C. because ?? D. although? B2. It is easy to find a good hotel in our city
________ we have many hotels here.
A. when ? ? B. if ??? C. though ? ? D. because
3. You’d better take the map with you ________
you won’t get lost.
A. as long as?? ???? ?????? B. as soon as???
C. even though ? ? ? ? ? D. so thatDD4. It’s a good habit to wash your hands
________ you have meals.
A. since ? B. before C. while???? D. when
5. ________ she feels very tired, she keeps
working in the office.
A. Because??? B. If C. After ? ? ? D. Although
6. May Day is coming. We plan ________ the
Great Wall.
A. visit ? ? ? B. visiting C. to visit ? D. visitedBDC7. The teacher asks us ________ in the water.
It’s too dangerous.
A. not swim ? ? ? ? ? ? B. not to swim??
C. to not swim ? ? ? ? ? D. not swimming
8. Ping-pong is my favorite sport and I often
play it ________ healthy.
A. to keep ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. keeps?
C. keeping?? ?????????????? D. keptBAⅡ. 根据短文内容从方框中选择恰当的单词填
空，使短文完整、通顺，有的需要变换形
式。job, three, become, other, try, popular, student, teachYou work hard to learn English. Do you know American kids are (1)________ to learn Chinese? About 60,000 American (2)________ are now studying Chinese.tryingstudents?job, three, become, other, try, popular, student, teach “Because of China’s fast growth, Chinese is more useful than (3)________ languages,” said Scott McGinnis, a Washington language expert (专家).
In 1999, for example, only (4)________ Chicago schools had Chinese classes. This year more than thirty schools have Chinese classes.other?threeIn many American cities, students take Chinese lessons after school or at weekends. But Chicago schools (5)________ Chinese during the regular day. Last year China gave them 3,000 textbooks because they had done a good (6)________. Although Chinese classes are becoming (7)________, it’s one of the most difficult languages to learn. teachjobpopularAn English speaker takes about 1,320 hours
to (8)________ good at Chinese. He needs
only 480 hours for French, Spanish or Italian.become给Tom写一封信，介绍一下你班的英语角的情况。并邀请他下周来参加英语角的活动。80词左右。Module 7 English for you and me
【教材分析】
Module 7的主要内容为通过对英语的学习情况的讨论和对英语语言发展的介绍来复习状语从句和动词不定式。从全书来看，本模块是对以前状语从句和动词不定式知识的归纳，具体结合学生的学习情况来展开，贴近实际情况，学生易于理解。
Unit 3 Language in use
【教学目标】
Knowledge objective
Get the students to be able to use the key vocabulary and new words they learn in this unit.
Ability objective
To summarize and consolidate the adverbial clauses and infinitives.
Moral objective
To be glad to listen to others’ English learning experiences and help others in trouble.
To be proud of our language used by the largest number of people in the world.
【教学重点】
To be able to write with the adverbial clauses and infinitives.
【教学难点】
Through listening, speaking and writing, let students practise the adverbial clauses
and infinitives.
【教学方法】
PWP method, task-based method
【教学手段】
A tape recorder, multimedia and some pictures
【教学过程】
Teaching Procedures:
Step 1 Revision and lead-in
Let Ss look at the pictures and answer the questions to review what they have learnt.
Have you ever been to an English corner?
Have you ever given a talk in English?
Have you ever sung an English song for your classmates?
Have you ever talked with a foreigner in English?
Have you ever been a member of a drama club?
Step 2 Language practice
To practise the use of adverbial clauses and infinitives by filling the blanks.
It’s also the subject that I’m best at, although my spoken English is not that good.
I can speak English with you whenever we meet.
As China continues to grow, many people think that Chinese will become as common as English by the middle of the twenty-first century.
I hope I can continue to make progress next year.
The British, the Indians and the Chinese all help (to make) it a rich language.
Step 3 Grammar
状语从句
使用状语从句有两点要注意：一是状语从句中连词的选用，二是条件状语从句中的时态。
1.状语从句中连词的选用。
状语从句中连词的选用是由句子所表达的逻辑意义决定的。只要知道各种连词的意思和功能就能正确使用。
常用的有：
(1) 时间状语从句连词：when, while, as, before, after, until, as soon as 等。
例如：My father took the photos when we lived in Hong Kong. You’re not going out until you’ve finished this.
(2)地点状语从句连词：where
例如：We must camp where we can get water.
(3)条件状语从句连词：if
例如：If he leaves the vegetables with the goat, the goat will eat them.
(4)比较状语从句连词：than, as
例如：The cost of the repairs was a lot of cheaper than I thought.
(5)目的状语从句连词：so that, in order that
例如：I’ve brought some photos so that you can see what Britain looks like.
(6)原因状语从句连词：because, since, as
例如：Mark could not come because he had to work.
(7)结果状语从句连词：so … that …
例如：He got up so late that he missed the first train.
(8)让步状语从句连词：although, though
例如：Although the car is old, it still runs well.
2.条件状语从句中的时态
在条件状语从句中，如果主句的时态是一般将来时，从句一般用一般现在时。
例如：If it rains tomorrow, we will play inside.
不定式
1. 作动词宾语
放在谓语动词之后的不定式作谓语动词的宾语。
如: want to do sth., agree to do sth., decide to do sth. 等结构。
例如：
I decided to join some student clubs and take part in as many activities as I could.
Norman Bethume wanted to help the Chinese people, so he came to China.
2. 作宾语补足语
不定式作宾语补足语是指v.+名词/代词+(to) do sth.结构中的不定式。变否定时只需在不定式前加not，其中的to在某些动词后面需省略。
例如：I told them to stop, but they wouldn’t.
They asked me to leave.
Miss Smith made the boys stay in after school.
Let’s not argue about it.
3. 作目的状语
不定式还可以作目的状语。不定式作目的状语时，可以放在句末和句首。
例如：He got up at five o’clock to catch the early bus.
To watch baseball, you need to go to the Yankee Stadium.
Step 4 Complete the sentences with the words or expressions in the box
1. The teacher gives an example first.
2. Let Ss read and complete the sentences with the words or expressions.
after although because before if
so that so … that when while
1) Many Confucius Institutes have been set up around the world ________ more and more people want to learn Chinese.
2) French was more popular _________ English became important in the nineteenth century.
3) I will make great progress _______ you help me learn English.
4) Tony finds writing Chinese really difficult, _________ he can understand and speak Chinese pretty well.
5) English spread more quickly all over the world _______ television was invented.
6) I advise you to go to an English corner ________ you can improve your listening and speaking.
7) English has become _______ important in international communication ________ schools in China and many other countries teach the language.
8) In order to improve his English, my uncle took every chance to talk to people in Australia
______ he was working there.
9) I started learning English _______ I was seven years old, right on my birthday.
3. Now work in pairs to check the answers.
Keys: because before if although after so that so that
when/ while when
Step 5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets
1. Read the sentences carefully.
1) Many people want _________(study) English so they can get a good job.
2) I asked my teacher _________ (give) me some extra English homework.
3) You need __________ (practise) speaking every day if you want to improve your spoken
English.
4) Jenny learnt _____________(speak) English well while she was in Canada.
5) English is easy __________(learn) if you practise and revise every day.
2. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in brackets.
Keys: to study to give to practise to speak to learn
Step 6 Discussing
Read the remarks and discuss the questions in pairs.
Meg has achieved a very high level of English this year. She is a bright and hard-working student, and we are very proud of her at this school.
1. Who has done very well at school?
Keys: Meg has done very well.
Ned needs to make an effort to improve his handwriting. All he needs is a few minutes on it every day. If he practises it, his handwriting will certainly improve.
2. What does Ned need to do in order to get better at handwriting?
Key: He needs to practise for a few minutes every day.
Toby seems not to be as interested in schoolwork as he is in sport. He will make good progress in all his subjects if he works harder.
3. What does Toby enjoy? Does he like schoolwork as much as this, or less than this?
Keys: He enjoys sport. He likes schoolwork less than sport.
Step 7 Complete the conversation with the correct form of the words in brackets
1. Read the conversation carefully.
Teacher: Before we start the lesson, everyone, is there anything you’re worried about or need help with?
Student A: Yes, I’m worried about my handwriting, because it isn’t good.
Teacher: Good handwriting (1) ___________ (require) a lot of practice. You need (2)_________
(practise) writing the letters and joining them together. If you work hard, you can
(3)___________(improve) it. Is there anyone else with a problem?
Student B: I want (4) __________ (achieve) higher marks in spelling. It’s so difficult.
Teacher: Yes, English spelling is difficult.You need to have a good knowledge of the way that words
are (5) ____________ (write). For example, remember that the word “letter” has double “t”
in it.
Student C: I have a question. Can the Internet help us improve our English?
Teacher: Yes, of course. The Internet has helped (6)______________ (spread) English around the world. There are a lot of good websites that you can learn from. Some of them can even help you practise your (7)_______ (speak) English. Now, instead of worrying, let’s go on with the lesson.
2. Now complete the conversation with the words in the brackets.
Keys: requires to practise improve to achieve written (to) spread
spoken
Step 8 Reading
Read the passage and choose the right answer.
1. In the past, people living in ____ spoke English.
a) all of Britain b) a part of Britain
c) all of France d) most of the world
2. English is a world language because ____.
a) five billion people speak it
b) many people are learning it
c) people stopped speaking Latin
d) speakers of many different languages use it
3. People find it difficult to imagine that __.
a) French was more important than English
b) English will always be important
c) English might be less important in future
d) Latin was used as a common language for many centuries
4. Many people today are learning __.
a) Chinese, Spanish or French
b) Chinese, Latin or English
c) Chinese, English or Latin
d) Chinese, Spanish or Arabic
Keys: b) d) c) d)
Step 9 Listening
1. Listen and decide what the passage is about.
An English learning website.
An English magazine.
An English language teacher.
Keys: a)
2. Listen again and answer the questions.
1) What can most students easily find to practise their English?
2) What has been developed to help students get the practice they need?
3) Why can students get a lot of speaking practice?
4) Do students need to use an Internet program, if they want to join the course?
Keys: Books, CDs and on line courses.
A website called Now talk! has been developed.
Because there are only 4 students for 1 teacher.
Yes, they need to use Skype if they want to join the course.
Step 10 Around the world
Learn about an invented language.
An invented language
Since the twelfth century, people have been inventing languages, in the hope that a world language would ease human communication. Only one of these invented languages has enjoyed any success, though. It is called Esperanto. It was invented by a Polish man named Zamenhof. His language is based on Latin, German and Greek vocabulary. Each letter always makes the same sound, and the grammar rules are simple.
Although Esperanto is spoken by about two million people and a thousand of them have learnt it as a first language, it is unlikely to become a world language.
Step 11 Writing
1. Talk about what problems you have in learning English in group.
listening speaking reading writing
vocabulary grammar cultural knowledge
2. Give tips for solving the problems.
3. Make a list of the tips and put them on a poster for others to read.
Step 12 Exercises
Do some exercises and draw the answers from the Ss.
1. Our teacher often tells us _____ in the river. It’s dangerous.
A. don’t swim B. not swim C. not to swim
2. Paul made a nice cage ____ the little sick bird till it could fly.
A. keep B. kept
C. keeping D. to keep
3. It was time for class. Mr. King asked all the children ___________ down quietly.
A. sit B. sat
C. to sit D. sitting
4. If it ______ rain tomorrow, we’ll go hiking.
A. won’t B. doesn’t
C. don’t D. didn’t
5. If I make a lot of money I ___ give some to medical research or charities.
A. am going to B. can
C. will D. should
6. Eating and drinking on Beijing subway is not allowed. If you ______ the rule, you’ll face a fine (罚款) of up to 500 yuan.
A. broke B. break
C. will break D. have broken
Keys: CDCBCB
Step 13 Homework
给Tom写一封信，介绍一下你班的英语角的情况。并邀请他下周来参加英语角的活动。60词左右。
Unit 3
Ⅰ. 从各题后所给的三个选项中选择可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
(??? )1. —What did the policeman say to you just now?
—He told us not ________ football in the street.
A. play??? ??? B. to play?? ? C. playing????
(??? )2. Don't forget ________ your dictionary here when you come tomorrow.?
A. to bring? ? B. bring??? ? C. brought??????
(??? )3. My grandparents live in a village nearby. I usually go ________ them once a week.
A. seeing ????? B. saw??? ??????????? C. to see
(??? )4. Linda studies really hard because she expects ________ good exam results.
A. to get ?????? B. getting? ??? C. get?????????
(??? )5. Mary never arrives late ________ she lives far from school.
A. because ??? B. if??????? ??????? C. although????
(??? )6. There is no need to take a taxi ________ it's only five minutes' walk from there.
A. until???? B. if?????? ???????? C. because
(??? )7. I looked through my test paper again and again ________ I wouldn't make any mistakes.
A. so that?? ? B. after??? ????????? C. since?????
(??? )8. Peter, please turn off the TV ________ no one is watching it.
A. so that ????? B. though? ??? C. when
Ⅱ. 根据短文内容从方框中选择恰当的单词填空，使短文完整、通顺，有的需要变换形式，每词限用一次。
difficulty, speak, raise, number, anywhere, they, foreign, easy
?????? We all know that English is the most popular language in the world. It is (1)________ as their first language by about 400 million people and as a(n) (2)________ language by about 750 million people. It is learned by about one billion people now. These (3)________ alone make English important to learn. If you are not good at English, it may be necessary for you to know the advantages of learning the language.
?????? If you visit a country, you can (4)________ find someone who can speak at least a little English. So if you know English, you will have a chance to communicate almost (5)________.
?????? It's not easy for parents who don't understand English to (6)________ children in an English-speaking country. For example, if the children's teacher doesn't speak their mother tongue (母语), parents will have (7)________ communicating with the teacher. And if the children have homework they do not understand, parents can't help (8)________. In a word, it's necessary for everyone to learn English.
答案
Unit 3
Ⅰ. 1-4 BACA ? ? ? ?5-8 CCAC
Ⅱ. 1. spoken? ????? 2. foreign? ??? 3. numbers? ? 4. easily?
5. anywhere ? ? ? ? ?6. raise ? ? ? ? 7. difficulty? 8. them
