Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors 单元导学课件（181张）
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| 名称 | Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors 单元导学课件（181张） |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（新课程标准） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2019-04-07 10:54:43 | ||
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Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors
Period One Warming Up & Reading
Period Two Learning about Language & Using Language
Period Three Grammar
Period Four Writing
? 单元总结提升
周口店北京人遗址是中国最重要的世界遗产之一。然而，今日的周口店却面临着巨大的危险。
单元话题导入
The Zhoukoudian Beijing Man Site is one of the most important world heritage(遗产) sites in China. Since the discovery was made in the 1920s, Zhoukoudian has become an important place for archaeologists from all over the world. At the site in the south?west suburb of Beijing, there is, for example, the earliest evidence of the use of fire by humans. It has also been proved that people lived there continuously between 500，000 and 10，000 years ago.
单元话题导入
Today, however, Zhoukoudian is in serious danger. Parts of the caves have been badly affected by rain and exposure to the air. Some areas are almost completely covered in weeds, causing serious damage. Pollution from nearby cement(水泥) factories has also contributed to the problem.
The site is extremely expensive to maintain (维持) and it will cost between three and five million yuan to repair it. At the moment, visitors are not allowed to visit the caves.
单元话题导入
Zhoukoudian is on the World Cultural Heritage List, organized by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. The list is constantly checked. Any site which is seriously damaged or which is not properly protected is an endangered heritage, and UNESCO is very quick to do something about situations like this. They have recommended that the site be closed and repaired. If nothing is done to repair it，it could be removed from the list.
This is a very serious matter and the Chinese Academy of Sciences is trying to raise public awareness about it.
单元话题导入
Dr Zhu Ming of the Academy said, “We have requested that the government get involved, but we also need assistance from ordinary people. They can help by contributing to the cost of repairing the caves. They are a precious part of our cultural heritage—it is of great importance that we do something. If not, it will be a catastrophe.”
单元话题导入
Task: Answer the following questions.
1. When was the Zhoukoudian Beijing Man Site discovered?
________________________________________________________________________
2. How much will it cost to repair the Zhoukoudian Beijing Man Site?
________________________________________________________________________
3. What does Dr Zhu Ming think of those caves?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
单元话题导入
It was discovered in the 1920s.
It will cost between three and five million yuan to repair it.
They are a precious part of our cultural heritage and we should do something to protect them.
Knowledge and skills
1．Understand the use of the words, expressions and sentences：
(1)Key words and phrases：
alternative n. 可能的选择
adj. 供选择的；其他的
interrupt vt. &vi 打断……讲话；打岔，暂时中断或中止
acute adj. 有观察力的；敏锐的；严重的；深刻的
assume vt. 假定；设想
三维目标
regardless adj. 不管；不顾
sharpen vi. & vt.(使)锋利，尖锐，清晰
ample adj. 足够的；充足的；富裕的
messy adj. 凌乱的；脏的
primitive adj. 原始的；远古的；简陋的
ripen vt. & vi. 使……成熟；成熟
regardless of 不管；不顾
at most 至多；最多
cut up 切碎
三维目标
(2)Key sentence forms:
①I'm sorry to interrupt you but how could they live here?
②We have been excavating layers of ash almost six meters thick, which suggests that they might have kept the fire burning all winter.
③Yes, indeed, as the botanical analyses have shown us,
all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake.
三维目标
2．Develop students' basic reading skills.
3．Enable the students to tell the differences between modern people and Peking man and learn how Peking man lived their lives.
三维目标
Process and methods
1．Teach the new words and expressions by explaining and making sentences.
2．Practice oral English by talking about the pictures in the Warming Up section.
3．Help the students grasp the main idea of the text by skimming, task?based extensive reading and debate.
三维目标
Emotion，attitude and value
1．Get the students to know the general knowledge of archaeology and anthropology as well as history of mankind and inspire them to love human beings, history, archaeology and ancient civilizations.
2．Get the students to know the importance of protecting the world cultural heritages.
3．Get the students to love our country and its long history.
三维目标
【重点】
1．Help the students to use the key words and phrases freely.
2．Improve the students' reading skills through reading the text.
3．Talk about Peking man in Zhoukoudian Caves.
【难点】
1．Enable the students to talk about archaeological evidence and knowledge and learn to describe people and practice giving opinions.
2．How to express oneself clearly and correctly.
重点难点
1．Train the students' reading ability through discussing, reading and practicing.
2．Teach the new words and expressions in the context.
3．Improve the students' spoken English by talking about Peking man in Zhoukoudian Caves.
教学建议
【导入一】
Lead in by talking about the ancient civilizations.
T: Good morning, boys and girls! You must have learned History in the past years, haven't you?
S : Yes.
T: Have you ever heard “Four Great Ancient Civilizations”？
S: Yes, they are Ancient China, Ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt and Ancient India.
T: What do you know about them?
新课导入
S1: In Ancient China, we have “Four Great Inventions”. They are the compass, printing, gunpowder and papermaking, of which we are proud, and which, in the words of Roger Bacon, “changed the whole appearance and status of things in the world.”
S2: China is the first country in the world to make paper. Paper?made during the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC—16 AD)has been found in Gansu Province, Xi'an and Shaanxi Province as well as Xinjiang. A further development of paper was credited to Cai Lun of the Eastern Han (25—220). He used plant fiber such as tree bark, bits of rope,
新课导入
rags and worn?out fishing nets as raw materials. In 105, Cai presented the first batch of paper made under his supervision to the Han emperor, who was so delighted that he named the material “Marquis Cai's paper”．
S3: Before paper was invented, the ancient Chinese carved characters on pottery, animal bones and stones, cast them on bronzes, or wrote them on bamboo or wooden strips and silk fabric. These materials, however, were either too heavy or too expensive for widespread use. The invention and use of paper brought about a
新课导入
revolution in writing materials, paving the way for the invention of printing technology in the years to come.
S4: The invention of gunpowder was no doubt one of the most significant achievements of the Middle Ages in China. The correct prescription for making gunpowder with nitre, sulphur and carbon was probably discovered in the ninth century.
新课导入
S5: Bi's printing consisted of four processes: making the types, composing the text, printing and retrieving the movable types. According to Dream Stream Essays, Bi Sheng carved individual characters on squares of sticky clay, and then baked them to make clay type pieces. When composing a text, he put a large iron frame on a piece of iron board and arranged the words within the frame.
新课导入
While one plate was being printed, another plate could be composed. After printing, the movable types were taken away and stored for future use. Movable type printing had a very important position in the history of printing, for all later printing methods such as wooden type, copper type and lead type printing invariably developed on the basis of movable clay types. Bi Sheng created movable type printing more than four hundred years earlier than it was invented in Europe.
新课导入
S6: According to ancient records, natural magnets were employed in China as direction?finding devices. This led to the first compass, called a sinan (south?pointing ladle)during the Warring States Period. In the Han Dynasty compasses consisted of a bronze on which 24 directions were carved and a rod made from a natural magnet. Such devices were in use until the eighth century. In the Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo described the floating compass, suspended in water, a technique that minimized the effect of motion on the instrument. This enabled the compass to be used
新课导入
for sea navigation for the first time. The invention of the compass promoted maritime undertakings, and its use soon spread to the Arab world, and thence to Europe.
S7: China's four great ancient inventions made tremendous contributions to the world's economy and the culture of mankind. They were also important symbols of China's role as a great world civilization.
S8: Ancient Egypt is famous for pyramids and mummy.
S9: Olympic games grew out of Ancient Greece. Besides, Ancient Greece is well known for its art, architecture and myth.
新课导入
S10: Ancient India is known for its culture of Buddha.
T: Excellent! I‘m very happy that you’ve known so much about Four Great Ancient Civilizations. Today, we will talk about some other cultural heritages.
新课导入
【导入二】
Lead in the lesson by talking about the pictures on P37.
T: Now turn to page 37 and look at the pictures. What can you see in the pictures?
S: Some cultural relics from Ancient Greece, China and Egypt.
T: Good. Now try to identify these pictures. Discuss what they may have been made of and explain their use. Can you think of the alternatives we would use today?
The students are given three minutes to discuss. Three minutes later, let the students give their opinions.
新课导入
S1: The first picture is an oil lamp. I think it might have been made of bronze. It was used to get light. But now we get light by using electricity.
S2: It is called “Bianzhong”. I guess it was made of bronze, too. It was used to play music. Today we use other musical instruments, such as violin, piano and guitar.
S3: The third one is Stone Axe, which is certainly made of stone. It might have used to scrape and cut up things. Today we can use steel axe.
新课导入
S4: The last one is a burial mask of Pharaoh. It was made of gold and used to protect the face of Pharaoh; and the mask enabled the spirit to recognize the body. I think we never use masks when a person dies. But now we use masks to play or give performance.
…
T: Now I can give you some suggested answers. Look at the screen.
Show the following.
新课导入
新课导入
Its name What it was made of Its use Today's alternatives
1.Oil lamp Bronze Get light Electricity, wind
2.Bianzhong Bronze Play music Piano, violin and guitar
3.Stone axe Stone Scrape and cut up things Axe made of other materials,
for example, steel
4.Pharaoh
mask Gold Preserve the face or enable the
spirit to realize the body Nothing
Skim the passage to find the main idea of the passage.
The text is about a guided trip some ____________ students made to the Zhoukoudian caves where they learned a lot about the ____________ of the earliest people living there.
Fast Reading
课前自主预习
Task One
British
life
Read the text carefully and then choose the best answer according to the text.
1．The main idea of the text is about the ________ of the earliest people in the Zhoukoudian caves.
A．life and habits
B．food and clothing
C．homes and fishing
D．farming and hunting
课前自主预习
Careful Reading
Task Two
课前自主预习
【答案】
Ａ
2．Through the conversation, everything about the earliest people is mentioned EXCEPT ________．
A．homes B．tools
C．dress D．entertainment
课前自主预习
【答案】
Ｄ
3．The earliest people in the Zhoukoudian caves kept themselves warm by ________．
A．working B．fighting
C．making fires D．hunting
课前自主预习
【答案】
C
4．Evidence has shown that the earliest people in the caves used ________ to make clothes according to the conversation.
A．leaves B．tree skins
C．animal skins D．cotton
课前自主预习
【答案】
Ｃ
5．From the conversation we can infer that the earliest people in the caves were very ________．
A．busy and rich
B．idle and lazy
C．clever and hard?working D．stupid and cruel
课前自主预习
【答案】
Ｃ
Read the text carefully and fill in the following blanks.
A group of students from England has come to the Zhoukoudian caves for a visit.An archaeologist 1. _____________(show) them round.Archaeologists 2. _______________________ (excavate) there for many years.After 3. ________ (find) human and animal bones in those caves higher up the hill as well as tools and other objects，they think it is reasonable to assume the earliest people lived in those caves，
课前自主预习
is showing
Micro?writing
Task Three
have been excavating
finding
regardless 4. ________ the cold.They discovered fireplaces in the centre of the caves 5. ________ they made fires.Some evidence suggests that our ancestors did wear clothes 6. ________ (make) from animal skins.The archaeologist also shows the students a primitive necklace 7. ______________ (preserve) quite well.Indeed，as the botanical analyses have shown people，all the fields around there 8. ________ (use) to be part of a large shallow lake.Perhaps 9. ________ was trade between early peoples or they 10. ______________ (travel) to the seaside on their journeys.
课前自主预习
preserved
used
there
travelled
made
of
where
1 alternative n．可能的选择 adj.供选择的；其他的
(教材P37) Can you think of the alternatives we would use today?
你能想到我们今天可以利用的办法吗？
课堂互动探究
词汇点睛
have no alternative/choice but to do sth 别无选择只好做某事
there's no alternative… ……别无选择
an alternative to… ……的替代品
【归纳拓展】
表示“别无选择, 只得……”的表达方式还有:
have no choice but to do
have nothing to do but do sth
Can’t (help) but do
can do nothing but do
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)The material’s inventors say it has a number of possible uses and someday could provide a more environmentally friendly alternative to plastic.
这种材料的发明者说它可能有许多用途并且总有一天会成为塑料制品的更环保型替代品。
(2)We have no alternative but to sell our house to pay a debt. 我们没有别的办法只能卖掉房子来还债。
课堂互动探究
(3)We had to go on,because .?
我们只能继续下去,因为没有其他的选择。
(4)He had there alone. 他别无选择,只好一个人去那儿。?
课堂互动探究
there was no alternative
no alternative but to go
(5)一句多译
失败乃成功之母。有时候,为了成功,我们不得不勇敢地直面失败并从中吸取教训。
①Failure is the mother of success.Sometimes,in order to succeed, we
and learn from it.?
②Failure is the mother of success.Sometimes,in order to succeed, we
and learn from it.?
③Failure is the mother of success.Sometimes,in order to succeed, we
and learn from it.?
课堂互动探究
have no alternative but to face failure bravely
have no choice but to face failure bravely
can do nothing but face failure bravely
2 starvation n．挨饿；饿死
(教材P37)Did they suffer from cold，starvation or disease?
他们遭受过寒冷、饥饿或疾病吗？
课堂互动探究
课堂互动探究
(1)suffer from starvation 挨饿,遭受饥饿
die of starvation 死于饥饿,饿死
(2) starve vt.& vi. (使)饿死;渴望
starve…to death 使……饿死
starve to death 饿死
starve for sth 渴求/需要某物
starve to do sth 想要做某事
【活学活用】
(1)Over three hundred people have died of starvation since the beginning of the year.
从年初起，已有300多人饿死。
(2)There are still many people ____________________________ in the world at present.
现在，世界上仍然有许多人在挨饿。
(3)Unless these people get food in the next two weeks __________________ .
除非这些人在接下来的两周里得到食物，否则他们会饿死。
课堂互动探究
suffering from starvation
they will starve to death
(4)It is obvious that these children ____________________________________．
很显然，这些孩子渴望着关注和爱。
(5)The young man is always ________________________________________．
这个年轻人一直渴望得到出国的机会。
课堂互动探究
are starving for attention and love
starving to get a chance to go abroad
3 interrupt v. 打断……讲话；打岔；暂时中断或终止
(教材P38) I'm sorry to interrupt you but how could they live here?
对不起，打断了你(的讲话)，请问他们怎么能住在这种地方呢？
课堂互动探究
(1)interrupt sb/sth (with sth) (因某事)打断某人/某事；打岔；打扰
(2)interruption n. 中止；障碍物；阻碍；打扰，干扰
without interruption 不间断地
【易混辨析】
interrupt突然中断、打断他人的言语或行为,使其不能继续。
disturb指人心、睡眠、安静等被打扰,扰乱。
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)You shouldn’t have interrupted the meeting to tell me that;you could have come to tell me afterward.
你不该打断会议来告诉我那件事,你本可以会后告诉我。
(2)It’s bad manners to when they are talking. ?
当别人谈话时打断别人是不礼貌的。
(3)Let’s go somewhere where we can talk .?
我们去找个说话不受打扰的地方吧。
课堂互动探究
interrupt others
without interruption/without being interrupted
(4)One person should describe his or her side, and the other person should listen . ?
一个人解释的时候, 另一个人应该倾听而不能打断。
(5)用interrupt或disturb的正确形式填空
①Heavy traffic the neighbour.?
②I????m sorry to , but you are wanted on the phone.?
③TV Ears helps you listen to TV without others.?
课堂互动探究
without interruption
disturbed
interrupt
disturbing
4 assume vt. 假定；设想；承担
(教材P38) So we think it is reasonable to assume they lived in these caves，regardless of the cold.
因此我们有理由认为他们不顾严寒，就住在这些洞穴里。
课堂互动探究
课堂互动探究
(1)assume sb/sth to be… 假定/假设某人/某事为……
It is assumed that… ……被认为……
(2)assumption n. 假定；设想
make an assumption 认为，假定
on the assumption that… 假定……
(3)assuming that 假设/假定
[温馨提示] assuming that是一种悬垂分词，表示“如果，假定”，引导条件状语从句。有类似用法的词还有：supposing(＝supposed)，providing(＝provided)，given，considering等。如：
Assuming that the weather is favourable, the farmers will have a good harvest.
假如风调雨顺，农民将会有好收成。
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)We assume before hearing any evidence against him.
在听到任何对他不利的证词之前,我们假定他是无罪的。
(2) this afternoon, what shall we do??
如果今天下午下雨我们该怎么办呢?
(3)We assumed him the best writer of our time.?
我们认为他是我们这个时代最好的作家。
课堂互动探究
Assuming it rains
to be
(4)If you've a language degree, people ____________ that you can speak the language well.
如果你获得某种语言的学位，人们就会认为你能流利地说这种语言。
(5)Many people make the ________________ that hunger only exists in developing countries.
许多人认为饥荒只存在于发展中国家。
课堂互动探究
assume
assumption
5 primitive adj.原始的，早期的；简陋的
(教材P39)Why, it's a primitive necklace.
哎呀，这是一条原始的项链吧。
课堂互动探究
【易混辨析】
original与 primitive
(1)original adj.最初的，最早的；原版的，原物的
指按顺序是首位的，在此前不再有更为原始的同类的东西；也指原件的，原物的，非仿造的东西。
This is the original piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.
就是在这架钢琴上，这位作曲家创作出了一些伟大的作品。
(2)primitive adj.原始的，上古的，早期的
指处于人类生命或事物发展的早期阶段，也可以指自然的或简朴的。
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)Primitive tribes live in the Amazon River basin.
原始部落居住在亚马孙河盆地。
(2)Primitive man made himself _______________________________________ and animal bones.
原始人用尖石块和兽骨为自己制作原始的工具。
(3)Being poor, they had to build _______________________________ tree trunks.
由于贫穷，他们不得不用树干建造了一个简陋的棚子。
课堂互动探究
primitive tools from sharp stones
a primitive shelter out of
1 regardless of 不顾；不管怎样；无论如何
(教材P38) So we think it is reasonable to assume they lived in these caves，regardless of the cold.
因此我们有理由认为他们不顾严寒，就住在这些洞穴里。
课堂互动探究
短语储存
in spite of＝despite 不管，不顾；尽管
no matter what/when/who/whether/which…
不管(无论)什么/何时/谁/是否/哪一个……
[温馨提示] (1)regardless of… 强调“不认为……重要, 从而不加以重视或考虑”, 而despite和in spite of有“尽管……但是”之意。
(2)regardless of后可接whether, what引导的从句, 而in spite of和despite后不可接从句。
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)The law requires equal treatment for everyone, regardless of race, religion, or sex.
这一法律要求每一个人都要得到平等对待，无论种族、宗教信仰或性别。
(2)Despite/In spite of the high mountains and thick forests, the doctors and nurses rushed to the scene of the accident for the rescue. 尽管山高林密，医护人员还是迅速地赶到出事地点，实施救援。
课堂互动探究
(3)They continued to work _____________________ it was foggy.
虽然有雾，可他们仍继续工作。
(4)____________________ the weather，the sports meeting will be held on time.
不管天气如何，运动会都会如期举行。
(5)____________________ all the danger signs, they went swimming.
他们不理会危险标志，仍去游泳。
课堂互动探究
although/though
Regardless of
In spite of
2 at (the) most 不多于，最多，至多
(教材P38)It's at most three centimetres long.
它最多有3厘米长。
课堂互动探究
(1)at (the) least 至少，不低于；无论如何
at best 充其量，不超过
not in the least＝not at all 一点也不
(2)mostly adv. 主要地，大多
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)The repair to your car will cost $35 at most.
修理你的汽车充其量花35美元。
(2)She's completely homeless—___________________________ to fall back on.
她是真正无家可归，而我至少有父母可依靠。
(3)Don't expect too much of him; ________________________________．
不要对他期望过高； 他只不过是个学生。
(4)I sometimes stay at home on Sundays, _______________________________．
星期天我有时候待在家里，但多数情况下是去公园。
at least I have my parents
he is at best a student
but mostly I go to the park
3 cut up 切碎；使伤心；使难受
(教材P38) It seems that they used the sharpened stone tools to cut up animals and remove their skin.
他们好像是用磨尖的石器来切割野兽并剥皮。
课堂互动探究
cut across 抄近路；径直穿过
cut down 砍倒；减少；压缩(开支)
cut off 切断(水、电、气的供应)；阻断；使分离，使隔绝
cut in 插嘴；插入；超车
cut out 砍掉；删除
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)The deer is cut up, because so many trees in the forest have been cut down and the number of trees is cut down day by day. 这只鹿很伤心，因为森林里很多树都被砍倒了，树木的数量在一天天减少。
(2)________________ the carrots before you put them into the pot.
把胡萝卜切碎后再放进锅内。
(3)I wish Jane would stop ____________________ on our conversation.
我希望简不要打断我们的谈话。
(4)One of his fingers ________________ in the accident.
他的一根手指在事故中被切掉了。
Cut up
cutting in
was cut off
1 (教材P38)It is a great pleasure to meet you students from England，who are interested in archaeology.
很高兴见到你们这些来自英国且对考古学感兴趣的学生。
课堂互动探究
句型透视
【句型公式】
It＋be＋n./adj.＋(for sb) to do sth.
课堂互动探究
【句法分析】
it为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的to meet you students from England。
it作形式主语的句型有：
It＋be＋n./adj.＋v.?ing…
It＋be＋n./adj.＋for/of sb to do sth.
It＋be＋n./adj.＋that…
[温馨提示] 当形容词为表示赞扬或批评的词时，如wise，clever，stupid，foolish，kind，nice，good，rude，cruel等，介词of不能换成for。
课堂互动探究
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)It is very important for us to learn English well.
对我们来说，学好英语非常重要。
(2)____________________________________________ good things all his/her life.
一个人一辈子做好事是不容易的。
(3)____________________________________________ money on such clothes.
她真蠢，把钱浪费在这样的衣服上。
(4)____________________________________such a thing!
他做这样一件事是很愚蠢的！
It is not easy for a person to do
It is foolish of her to waste
It is foolish of him to do
2 (教材P39)Yes, indeed, as the botanical analyses have shown us, all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake.
是的，确实，正如植物学分析展示给我们的那样，附近所有的土地都曾是大型浅湖的一部分。
课堂互动探究
【句型公式】
as引导的非限制性定语从句
课堂互动探究
【句法分析】
as引导非限制性定语从句时，译作“正如……那样”，它的位置比较灵活，除了常置于句首外，还可以位于句中或句末。
【易混辨析】
as与which在引导非限制性定语从句时的区别
(1)相同点：既可指代某一先行词，也可指代整个主句的内容，译作“这一点”，有时可互换。如：
He is quite pleased，as/which can be seen from his face.
他非常高兴，这一点从他的表情可以看出来。
You always work hard，as/which everyone knows.
大家都知道，你一向努力学习。
课堂互动探究
(2)不同点：
①位置不同：as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在句首、句中和句尾，而which引导的非限制性定语从句不能放在句首。
②意义不同：as引导非限制性定语从句时，还可译为“正如……一样；就如……一样”，而which不能；as引导的非限制性定语从句表示说话的依据、态度、解释或评论等，常用于as we all know(＝as it is known to us all), as is said(reported, mentioned, etc.) above, as it is等，which引导的非限制性定语从句表示某事的状态或结果。
课堂互动探究
③逻辑关系不同：当主、从句在意义上构成因果关系时，常用which代替as。如：
Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.
海伦对她的小儿子比对她的其他孩子要好很多，这当然使其他孩子很嫉妒他。
课堂互动探究
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)He wasn't unconscious, as could be judged from his eyes. 他并未失去知觉，这可以从他的眼神判断出来。
(2)Mike，__________________________，attended the meeting.
像我们所期望的那样，迈克参加了会议。
(3)________________________________， “The enemy in disguise is just like the wolf in sheep's clothing.”
正如谚语所说的那样，“伪装的敌人就像是披着羊皮的狼。”
as we (had) expected
As the proverb goes
Knowledge and skills
1．Understand the usage of the words, expressions and sentences：
(1)Key words and phrases：
significance n. 意义；意思；重要性；重要意义
somehow adv. 以……方式；不知怎么地
systematic adj. 有系统的；有计划的；有条理的
spit vt. 吐出
delete vt. 删；删除
scratch n．(刮、抓、划的)痕迹；搔；挠
vt. 搔；抓；擦伤；刮坏
三维目标
wrinkle n. 皱纹
pulse vi. 强烈而有规律地跳动；搏动
n. 脉搏；节拍
applaud vi. & vt. 鼓掌欢迎；赞赏
accelerate vi. & vt. 加速；促进
arrest vt. 逮捕；吸引
n. 逮捕；拘留
dizzy adj. 眩晕的；昏乱的；使人发晕或困惑的
skilful adj. 有技巧的；熟练的
三维目标
fed up with 受够了；饱受；厌烦
look ahead 向前看；为将来打算
date back(to…) 追溯到……；始于
三维目标
(2)Key sentence forms：
①That's why they are called hunters and gatherers.
②Worried about the preparations for her feast, Lala quickly turned for home with her collection of nuts, melons and other fruit.
③If only she had looked ahead and planned better this year!
④…Lala accelerated her walk up the path to the caves fearing that there might be wild beasts lying in wait for her.
⑤He chose one large stone and began to use it like a hammer striking the edge of the scraper that needed sharpening.
三维目标
2．Learn the language points and some important sentence patterns.
3．Enable the students to talk about the archaeological evidence and knowledge and learn to describe people and practice giving opinions.
三维目标
Process and methods
1．Help the students understand the meanings of expressions in the context，and then give some explanations about them. At last offer some exercises to make students master their usages.
2．Ask the students to make up their own sentences by imitating the above patterns.
3．At the end of the class，make students do more exercises. In doing so，they can learn，grasp and use these important language points well.
三维目标
Emotion，attitude and value
1．Stimulate students' interest in learning English.
2．Develop students' sense of cooperation and teamwork.
三维目标
【重点】
1．Enable students to master key phrases and expressions.
2．Enable students to learn how to use these words and expressions.
【难点】
1．Help the students use these patterns freely.
2．How to express oneself clearly and correctly.
重点难点
1．About the words and expressions, the teacher can teach the students the usage of them and then do some exercises to practice or give the students some sentences to learn and summarize their usage.
2．Go over the important language points in the text.
教学建议
【导入一】
Lead in the lesson by talking about the ancient civilization.
1．Ask them the four Great Ancient Civilizations.
2．Ask them to give some account of each great civilization, for example, speaking of China, they can talk about China's brilliant civilization, like four great inventions (papermaking, printing, gunpowder, compass)．
新课导入
【导入二】
Lead in
T: In the previous period, we learned something about the life of Peking Man. Peking Man's life is part of our ancient ancestors. What about the general ancestors' life? Now turn to Page 43 and look at the pictures and guess what these early people are doing.
S1: Some are preparing food.
新课导入
S2: One is making tools by sharpening stone tools and scraper.
T: Good. From the pictures, we can learn something about early people's life. Now read the passage and find out what the life was like.
新课导入
【导入三】
Lead in the lesson by asking some students to act out the dialogue A Visit to the Zhoukoudian Caves and go over some important words.
新课导入
1 significance n. 意义；意思；重要性；重要意义
(教材P40) His university was aware of the significance of his work.
他所在的大学知道他的工作的重要性。
课堂互动探究
词汇点睛
(1)be of (great) significance=be very significant
有(重大)意义/(非常)重要
be of no significance 无意义/不重要
be of little significance 不太重要
(2)significant adj. 意味深长的;显著的
【活学活用】
(1)This matter is of no significance.
这件事无关紧要。
(2)The discovery of oil is of great significance to the development of this area's economy.
石油的发现对于这一地区的经济发展有着重要意义。
(3)Their change of plan is quite strange but I don't think ______________________．
他们对计划的改变十分奇怪，但我觉得没什么意义。
课堂互动探究
it's significant
(4)She ____________________________________， raising an eyebrow.
她抬起头，眉毛扬起，意味深长地看着我。
(5)His advice is ______________________________ the beginners.
他的建议对于初学者很有意义。
课堂互动探究
looked up at me significantly
of great significance to
(6)一句多译
The discovery of the new drug to people
suffering from heart problems.
这种新药的发现对治疗患心脏病的人有重大意义。
课堂互动探究
is of great significance
is very significant
has great significance
2 somehow adv. 不知为什么；以某种方式
(教材P40)Somehow he cycled thirty miles to Dr Black…
不管怎么样，他骑自行车骑了三十英里去见布莱克博士……
课堂互动探究
somewhat 稍微，有点
anyhow 无论如何
anyway 无论如何；不管怎样；用任何方式
【词义辨析】
anyhow无论如何, 相当于anyway, at any rate
somehow 以某种方式; 由于某种原因
somewhat有几分; 从某种意义上讲, 相当于in a way
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)He could have finished it on schedule, but somehow he fell behind.
他原本能按预定时间完成这件事的，但不知怎么他落后了。
(2)It may rain, but __________________________．
可能要下雨，不过我们照走不误。
(3)I'm sorry I didn't recognize you just now.You ____________________________．
很抱歉我刚才没认出你来。不知怎么地，你看上去不一样了。
课堂互动探究
we shall go anyway
look different somehow
3 applaud vi.& vt.鼓掌欢迎；赞赏
(教材P43) She had felt so proud as the group shouted loudly to applaud his choice.
当族人为他的选择欢呼鼓掌的时候，她(拉拉)觉得非常自豪。
课堂互动探究
(1)applaud sb/sth (for sth) (因某事)赞赏某人/某事
(2)applause n. 鼓掌；喝彩；夸奖；赞扬
【易混辨析】
applaud与clap
课堂互动探究
applaud “鼓掌欢迎，赞扬”，指因精湛表演或某种行为得到别人的赞许、大声叫好或热烈鼓掌
clap “拍打”，其用法是：clap one's hands
(＝applaud)；clap sb为某人鼓掌；clap sth拍打某物
【活学活用】
(1)When she finished her speech, the audience applauded.
演讲结束后，听众都为她鼓掌。
(2)Every person stood to ____________________________________ of courage.
所有人起立为他不可磨灭的英勇之举鼓掌。
(3)I kept hearing ________________________ in the background.
我在幕后不断听到鼓掌声。
课堂互动探究
applaud his unforgettable act
the sound of applause
4 accelerate vi.& vt.加速；促进
(教材P43)Having heard wolves howling in the forest，Lala accelerated her walk up the path to the caves fearing that there might be wild beasts lying in wait for her.
沿着回洞穴的路走着，听到森林里狼的嚎叫声，拉拉加快了步伐，她担心会有野兽隐蔽埋伏着，正等着她。
课堂互动探究
acceleration n． 加速；加快；加速度
【活学活用】
(1)Growth will accelerate to 2.9 per cent next year.
明年增长会达到2.9%。
(2)She __________________________ and passed the bus in front.
她加快车速超过了前面的公共汽车。
(3)The invention of the computer helps to ____________________________________________________ all over the world.
电脑的发明有助于加快全世界经济的发展。
课堂互动探究
accelerated her car
accelerate the development of the economy
5 arrest v. &n.逮捕，拘留；吸引(注意)
(教材P43)She had almost reached her destination when a delicious smell arrested her progress and she stopped.
快到达目的地的时候，一阵香气扑鼻，她停下来，不往前走了。
课堂互动探究
arrest sb for sth 因……而逮捕某人
be arrested for sth 因某事而被捕
under arrest 被捕;被拘留
arrest one’s eye/attention 引起某人的注意
【活学活用】
(1)The beautiful sunset arrested our attention,and we stopped to watch it.
美丽的晚霞吸引了我们的注意力,我们停下来观看。
(2)As he reached the hall after her, he saw .?
他跟随她到了大厅,看见了吸引她注意的东西。
(3)The police say seven people minor offences. ?
警方称有7人因轻罪被捕。
(4)The criminal is .?
罪犯已被捕。
课堂互动探究
what (had) arrested her attention
were arrested for
under arrest
1 be fed up with 受够了，饱受，厌烦
(教材P41)Well，I'm fed up with all the attention and…
噢，我厌烦了所有的关注……
课堂互动探究
短语储存
表示“对……厌倦”的短语有:
be tired of doing sth=be bored with sth
对做某事感到厌烦
Can’t put up with 无法忍受,对……感到厌烦
be sick of 对……厌恶(级别最高,讨厌的程度最厉害)
【活学活用】
(1)I was getting extremely tired and fed up, because I had too many late nights and early mornings with the children.
我疲惫不堪，厌烦至极，因为我和孩子们好几个晚上一起熬到深夜，白天还要早早起床。
(2)We _______________________ his laziness and carelessness.
我们都已无法忍受他的懒惰和粗心。
(3)I _____________________________ in such a long line.
我厌烦站在这么长的队伍中。
课堂互动探究
are all fed up with
am fed up with standing
2 look ahead 向前看；为将来打算
(教材P43)If only she had looked ahead and planned better this year!
她今年要是早有预见，计划得更好些就好了！
课堂互动探究
课堂互动探究
look down upon/on 看不起，歧视
look forward to 盼望，期望
look back 回顾；回想
look into 调查，研究
look through 温习，仔细检查，浏览
look up 查阅
look up to 尊敬，敬仰
【活学活用】
(1)Young people often look ahead to the future while the elderly look back on the past.
年轻人常思将来，老年人常念过往。
(2)__________________，I think the company needs to develop some new services.
为将来做打算，我认为公司需要发展一批新业务。
课堂互动探究
Looking ahead
(3)用look的相关短语完成句子
①A special investigator will ______________ the murder.
②She ____________________ her notes before the examination.
③____________________，we must expect radical changes to be made in our system of government.
④Mr Garcia ____________________ anyone who hasn't had a college education.
课堂互动探究
look into
looked through
Looking ahead
looks down on
3 date back to＝date from 追溯到……
(教材P44)All the objects are from the same excavation site in Sanxingdui and can be dated back to between 3，000 and 5，000 years ago.
所有的这些物品都来自相同的三星堆发掘现场，能够追溯到3000到5000年前。
课堂互动探究
out of date 过时的，过期的 up to date 最新
up?to?date adj. 最新式的(前置定语) to date 到目前为止，至今
set/fix a date for sth 约定某事的日期 have a date with sb 同某人约会
go on a date 去约会
【注意】
date back to和date from常用一般现在时，而且无被动语态。
课堂互动探究
【易混辨析】
date back to与date back
课堂互动探究
date back to “追溯到；始于”，其后接表示具体时间的名词
date back “上溯；追溯”，其后接表示一段时间的名词
【活学活用】
(1)My interest in stamp collecting dates back to/dates from my schooldays.
我从学生时代就开始爱好集邮。
他们的家族已有几百年的历史；他们住的房子始建于18世纪。
(2)This is an early church，____________________________ the ninth century，which was rebuilt under the direction of San Carlo Borromeo.
这座追溯到九世纪的早期教堂，在圣卡洛?博罗梅奥的指导下得以重建。
(3)All our information is kept right ________________ on the computer.
我们贮存在计算机里的所有信息都是最新的。
课堂互动探究
dating from/back to
up to date
(4)一句多译
①Every day a number of tourists take pictures in front of the tower,
as early as 800 years ago.(定语从句)?
②Every day a number of tourists take pictures in front of the tower
as early as 800 years ago.(分词作状语)?
每天都有许多游客在这座可追溯到800年前的塔前拍照。
课堂互动探究
which dates back to
dating from/back to
1 (教材P43) If only it could be just like last year!
要是能像去年那样就好了！
课堂互动探究
句型透视
【句型公式】
if only 要是……就好了；但愿……
【句法分析】
if only引导感叹句或状语从句，谓语动词用虚拟语气，表示愿望或未实现的条件。
(1)“if only…could/would＋do…”表示与将来事实相反的愿望。
(2)“if only…did…”表示与现在事实相反的愿望。
(3)“if only…had done…”表示与过去事实相反的愿望。
课堂互动探究
【易混辨析】
if only与only if
课堂互动探究
if only 用来表达愿望,意为“但愿……;要是……就好了”,句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气(与现在事实相反用一般过去时,与过去事实相反用过去完成时)
only if 表示“只有”, 引导条件状语从句, 不用虚拟语气。若其引导的从句置于句首, 且与主语间没有逗号隔开, 则主句用倒装语序
【活学活用】
(1)I am sorry I have failed in the exam.If only I had worked harder! 太遗憾了，我考试没及格。要是我更用功就好了！
(2)If only my mother __________________ now!
要是母亲现在和我一起在这儿就好了！
(3)用if only, only if 填空
①____________ we could afford to buy a car of our own.
②____________ you knew how hard I've tried to please you.
③____________ the boss has given permission is a worker allowed to leave the place.
课堂互动探究
were here with me
If only
If only
Only if
2 (教材P43)She had almost reached her destination when a delicious smell arrested her progress and she stopped. 快到达目的地的时候，一阵香气扑鼻，她停下来，不往前走了。
课堂互动探究
【句型公式】
had almost/just done…when…刚刚……突然……
【句法分析】
when作为并列连词，常常意为“在这时……”，强调动作的突发性。
We had just fallen asleep when the bell rang.
我们刚刚入睡，突然铃声响了起来。
课堂互动探究
be doing…when… 正在做……这时突然……
be about to do…when… 正要做……这时突然……
be just going to do…when… 正要做……这时……
be on the point of doing…when… 正要做……这时……
【活学活用】
(1)I was watching TV when someone knocked at the door.
我正在看电视，突然有人敲门。
(2)I ____________________________________________ Ted asked me to play football with him.
我正要做作业，这时特德要我和他踢足球。
(3)We ____________________________ when it began to rain.
我们刚到就开始下雨了。
课堂互动探究
was about to do my homework when
had just arrived
3 (教材P43)Abruptly she sat down, only to be scooped up by her laughing, shouting sister, Luna.
突然间她坐了下来，不料却被她那又笑又叫的妹妹露娜一把抱了起来。
课堂互动探究
【句型公式】
only to do/to be done… 不料，结果却……
【句法分析】
(1)不定式作结果状语, 往往含有一种出乎意料的意味, 常译为“不料; 反而; 结果却”。表示其动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后, 不定式前常加only。
(2)现在分词作结果状语时, 表示伴随谓语动词所表示的动作的发生而产生的自然结果(同时发生), 有时在前面加上thus, 谓语动词所表示的动作与现在分词所表示的动作是因果关系。
课堂互动探究
They reached the company out of breath only to be told they were fired.
他们上气不接下气地赶到公司, 不料却被告知他们被开除了。
There is mud and water everywhere, making it very difficult to travel from place to place.
到处都是泥和积水, 这使得到各地旅行很困难。
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)Tom took a taxi to the airport，only to find his plane high up in the sky.
汤姆乘出租车去机场，却发现他要乘坐的飞机高高地飞在空中。
(2)He made a long speech, ______________________his foolishness.
他讲了一大通，结果只是显露了他的愚蠢。
(3)The fire was too big and out of control，________________________ ．
火势太大且失去了控制，把整座楼都烧倒了。
(4)He hurried to the station, ____________________that the train had left.
他匆忙赶到车站，却被告知火车离开了。
课堂互动探究
only to show
burning the whole building down
only to be told
Knowledge and skills
1．Grammar: present perfect continuous tense.
2．Enable the students to use the present perfect continuous tense.
三维目标
Process and methods
1．Teach the present perfect continuous tense by explaining and giving some examples in context.
2．Practice the grammar rules by finishing the exercises 2，3，4 on P41.
三维目标
Emotion，attitude and value
1．Stimulate students' interest in learning English.
2．Develop students' sense of cooperation and teamwork.
三维目标
【重点】
Help the students learn how to use the present perfect continuous tense.
【难点】
How to use the present perfect continuous tense correctly.
重点难点
1．Go over the text and get the students to pick out the sentences that contain the present perfect continuous tense.
2．Teach the usage of the present perfect continuous tense by explaining the rules and analyzing the examples in life.
3．Get the students to master the present perfect continuous tense by doing exercises and making sentences.
教学建议
【导入一】
Lead in the lesson by asking the students to point out the sentences that contain the structure as “We have been excavating here for many years…” in the text.
Sample sentences：
1. Well, we have been finding the bones of tigers and bears in the caves, and we think these were their most dangerous enemies.
2. We have been excavating layers of ash almost six metres thick, which suggests that they might have kept the fire burning all winter.
新课导入
3. Yes, indeed, as the botanical analyses have shown us, all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake.
T: What is the same structure in these sentences?
S: Have/ Has been doing…
T: Yes, in this unit, we will learn “have/has been doing sth”. That is the present perfect continuous tense.
新课导入
【导入二】
Lead in the lesson by explaining the concept and the formation of the present perfect continuous tense and then giving some examples.
present perfect continuous
[has / have] ＋ [been] ＋ [v.?ing]
Examples：
1．I have been waiting here for two hours.
2．She has only been studying English for two years.
新课导入
Note: When you are using a verb tense with more than one part such as present perfect continuous (has been studying), adverbs often come between the first part and the second part (has only been studying)．
Part 1 Duration from the Past until Now
T: We use the present perfect continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. “for five minutes”， “for two weeks”， and “since Tuesday” are all durations which can be used with the present perfect continuous. Look at the following examples.
新课导入
Show the following：
1．They have been talking for the last hour.
2．She has been working at that company for three years.
3．James has been teaching at the University since June.
新课导入
Part 2 Recently, Lately
T：You can use the Present Perfect Continuous without a duration such as “for five minutes”，“for two weeks”，and “since Tuesday”．
Without the durations，the tense gives a more general meaning of “lately”．
We often use the words “lately”or “recently” in the sentence to strengthen this meaning. Now read these samples.
Show the following：
1．Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
2．She has been watching too much television lately.
新课导入
现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由“have/has＋been＋doing”构成，表示动作从过去某一时间一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间。该动作是否延续下去，则由上下文而定。
现在完成进行时多用持续性动词，如live, learn, lie, stay, wait, stand, rest, study等，常和all the time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等状语以及since和for引导的时间状语或从句连用。
语法归纳
What have you been doing recently?
你最近一直在忙什么？
He realizes that he hasn't been a very good friend，because he has always been thinking about himself.
他意识到自己不是个非常好的朋友，因为他总是想着自己。
1．现在完成进行时表示重复的动作。有时现在完成进行时所表示的动作并不是一直不停地进行，而是断断续续地重复。
She has been knocking. She doesn't think anybody's in.
她一直在敲门，她想没人在里面。
语法归纳
2．现在完成进行时表示刚才或近来发生的动作，一般不再继续。此时一般通过上下文的语境进行判断。
What have you been eating to get as fat as this?
你吃了什么变得这么胖？
3．现在完成进行时带有感彩。现在完成进行时有时表示强烈的表扬或厌恶等感情。
I have been wanting to meet you for a long time.
和你见面是我盼望已久的事了。
Too much has been happening today.
今天真是一个多事的日子。
语法归纳
【易混辨析】
现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
(1)现在完成时表示动作已经完成，而现在完成进行时表示动作还没有完成且还要延续下去。试比较：
They have built a house.(完成)
They have been building a house.(尚未完成)
语法归纳
(2)现在完成进行时是由“have/has been＋doing”构成的，可表示动作的重复，而现在完成时一般不表示动作的重复。
Have you been meeting him recently?
你最近常和他见面吗？
Have you met him recently?
你最近见过他吗？
语法归纳
(3)现在完成进行时有时含有感彩，而现在完成时一般是客观地讲述一个事实。
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
我一直等了你两个小时。(可能表示不满)
I have waited for you for two hours.
我等了你两个小时。(说明一个事实)
语法归纳
(4)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续性，而现在完成时强调结果。
Who has been eating these oranges?
谁一直在吃这些橘子？(可能还剩余一些)
Who has eaten these oranges?
谁把这些橘子吃了？(强调吃得一个不剩)
语法归纳
(5)如果强调某一动作刚刚结束，并已产生某种影响时，常用现在完成进行时。
—Why are you looking a bit tired?
—I have been cleaning the house.
“为什么你看起来有点儿累？”
“我一直在打扫房子。”
语法归纳
【活学活用】
用所给词的适当形式填空
1．Now that she is out of a job, Lucy ________________________(consider) going back to school, but she hasn't decided yet.
2．I won't tell the student the answer to the maths problem until he __________________________(work) on it for more than an hour.
3．Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she __________________________(study) English for a year.
语法归纳
has been considering
has been working
has been studying
4．—I have got a headache.
—No wonder. You _____________________ (work) in front of that computer too long.
5．—I'm sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.
—I think so. He________________________(prepare) for it for months.
语法归纳
have been working
has been preparing
高考高频话题写作之公益活动
参加公益活动，为社会服务，为他人服务，是每个公民义不容辞的责任。学生参与公益活动是学生接触社会的一项重要活动，可以说，每个学生在学校都参加过公益活动。义务植树、打扫卫生、去敬老院为老人服务、义务宣传公益主题等都是中学生经常参加的公益活动。因此，此话题贴近学生生活，是高考常考的话题之一。
基础写作知识
命题规律
a voluntary activity 志愿活动
organize 组织
advocate 倡导
hold a meeting 开会
plant trees 植树
pick up 捡起
duty 职责
基础写作知识
写作素材
protect the environment 保护环境
a low?carbon lifestyle 低碳生活方式
take effective measures to do sth 采取有效措施做某事
collect the rubbish 收集垃圾
make a contribution to 对……做贡献
get together 聚会
do some cleaning 大扫除
Though tired, we felt proud and happy.
虽然累，但我们感到自豪和快乐。
基础写作知识
【经典例题】
假设你是红星中学高三(1)班的学生李华，上周你班组织志愿活动，清理地铁内的小广告和垃圾。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，用英语写一篇周记，记述从讨论到活动实施的全过程。
基础写作知识
注意：1.文章的开头已为你写好；
2．词数100左右。
参考词汇：小广告 adlet
基础写作知识
Last week，our class organized a voluntary activity in subway trains.______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
基础写作知识
[构思点拨]
这是一篇看图写作，一共四幅图。做题时要注意：1. 认真读图，四幅图讲述的是上周你班组织志愿活动，清理地铁内小广告和垃圾的事情；2. 初步构思，考虑用词、短语、句型和时态；3. 连词成句，然后再连句成文，尽可能地充分利用所学的短语或句型来表述具体的内容；4. 反复检查，修改错误；5. 注意所给的汉语提示。
基础写作知识
一般说来，看图写作中的汉语提示往往给定了时间、地点、人物等相关信息，还有参考词汇等有用信息。在把握了文章的中心后，应在内心构思一个基本的框架，并考虑使用恰当的词语、短语和句型，以充分地表达图画的内容，这是体现自身能力的重要一环，然后再将各图的单个句子串联起来。串联时，要注意使用适当的连接词或过渡性语句，从而使上下文更为紧凑、自然。
基础写作知识
[参考范文]
Last_week,our_class_organized_a_voluntary_activity_in_subway_trains.
On Friday, we held a class meeting to discuss what we could do at the weekend. Some suggested telling passengers to keep the subway trains clean, while the others preferred to pick up adlets and litter. Finally，we decided to do the latter.
基础写作知识
At 9：00 on Sunday morning, plastic bags in our hands, we gathered at the school gate and headed for the subway station. Upon arrival, we started to work. It was not so easy as we had expected because some adlets were stuck to the floor and seats. Seeing what we were doing, many passengers smiled at us in approval. Soon the subway trains became clean again. Two hours later, our work was finished. When we piled the litter bags on the platform, a conductor praised us with her thumb up. Though tired, we felt proud and happy.
基础写作知识
【及时演练】
假设你是红星中学高三一班的学生李华。你班同学参加了学校的“地球日”系列活动。请按照以下四幅图的先后顺序,以“Actions for a greener earth”为题,给校刊“英语角”写一篇英文稿件,介绍活动的全过程。
注意:词数100左右。
提示词:地球日Earth Day
基础写作知识
One possible version：
Actions for a greener earth
A week before Earth Day, posters were put up around our school, calling upon us to join in the actions for a greener earth.
Our class came up with the idea to make better use of used materials. We brought worn-out clothes, pieces of cardboard and empty plastic bottles to our classroom, and turned those into dolls, handbags, tissue boxes and small vases. That weekend, we went to a nearby neighbourhood
基础写作知识
and gave them away to the people there. All were very happy with those unexpected gifts, especially little kids and elderly people. We did so well that we were invited to share our ideas and experience with all the students of our school.
We are very proud of ourselves and believe we can do more for a better world.
基础写作知识
描述考古发现(Description of archaeological finds)
【写作点拨】
本单元的写作话题是描述考古发现，属于说明文。
1．说明文是以解说事物或事理为内容，以授人知识为目的，以说明为主要表达方式的文章。说明文应具有知识性、科学性、应用性、解说性和条理性。
2．对于古迹的描述，一般要注意以下几方面：
(1)描述古迹的名称。每一个古迹都有名称，这样的名称很可能出现在报纸、杂志或电视上。
单元话题写作
(2)要对古迹的现状、历史年代和作用进行描述。
(3)描述考古挖掘的地点，具体地点要写清楚，越详细越好，以便让读者知道具体的位置。
(4)描述考古挖掘的时间，这样的时间一般记录在历史文件或教科书上。
(5)描述考古挖掘的起因和过程。考古挖掘的过程是最重要的部分，因为随着挖掘的深入，该考古遗址的形成过程会越来越明晰。
单元话题写作
【词句模板】
Thought to be the world's oldest…，it has been discovered…
It could be the first evidence of…
It dates back to at least…
It was constructed more than…
It was first discovered…
Large numbers of…have been discovered in…
The discovery of…was further evidence that…
单元话题写作
Further evidence that…came with the discovery of…
The first sign of civilization in…dates back to around…
It means that…
It is generally considered/thought…
The mystery of…remains unknown/uncertain…
It is well preserved…
单元话题写作
【活学活用】
假设你是李华,你有幸作为志愿者参加了河南安阳某一墓穴的挖掘工作,并对其中的一件玉器感兴趣。请你根据以下提示,写一篇英文短文,向你的外国朋友介绍一下该玉器。基本情况:
1. 翡翠珠,用翡翠制成;
2. 椭圆形;
3. 2厘米长;
4. 质地温润;
5. 在灯光的照射下惊艳无双;
单元话题写作
6. 为主人下葬时所含之物;
7. 专家估计价值上百万元;
8. 对研究三国时期的文化有很重要的价值。
注意:1. 词数100左右;
2. 注意行文逻辑,不必逐句翻译。
参考词汇:发掘excavation 翡翠珠a jade pearl
估计estimate 三国时期 the Three Kingdoms Period
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
单元话题写作
[构思点拨]
1．要确切把握说明对象。根据写作目的与要求，抓住说明对象的主要特征及其本质，写作时做到有的放矢。
2．语言要求简明、贴切。写说明文时，语言要通俗简洁、实事求是。
3．说明过程要讲究层次和条理。有层次的说明文有助于读者理解，写作时要根据说明对象的特征来合理安排写作顺序。
单元话题写作
One possible version：
It was good news that an ancient tomb was discovered in Anyang, Henan Province. I was fortunate enough to take part in the excavation working as a volunteer. Much to our delight, more than 250 valuable historical relics were discovered. Among them was a jade pearl, which is my favourite. The pearl, made of precious jade, is about two centimetres long. It's very warm and can give off glaring light under the light. It's said
单元话题写作
that it was put into the owner's mouth to prevent his body from rotting when it was buried. It's estimated that the jade pearl is worth over one million yuan. Of course, it is of great value to studying the culture of the Three Kingdoms Period.
单元话题写作
1．______________adj.供选择的
2．___________n. 挨饿；饿死→____________ v. 挨饿
3．____________n. 精确；准确→____________adj.准确的
4．___________vt. & vi.打断；打岔→______________n. 中断；打扰
5．________adj. 有观察力的；敏锐的；严重的；深刻的
6．________vt.假设；设想→_________________n. 假设；假定
单元知识回眸
重点单词
alternative
starvation
starve
accuracy
accurate
interrupt
interruption
acute
assume
assumption
7. n. 意义;意思;重要性?
8．___________vi. & vt.(使)锋利→____________n. 磨具→________adj.锋利的
9．________adj. 足够的，充足的；富裕的
10．____________adj. 原始的，远古的；简陋的
11．________n. 植物学→____________adj.植物学的
12．____________n．分析→____________ vt. 分析
13．________vt. & vi.使……成熟→________ adj.成熟的
14．________adj. 凌乱的；脏的
15．______________adj.有系统的；有计划的→____________n. 系统
单元知识回眸
sharp
ample
primitive
botany
botanical
analysis
sharpen
sharpener
analyse
ripen
ripe
messy
systematic
system
significance
16．________n. 划分→________vt.分开
17．____________vi. & vt.加速→____________________n. 加速
18．________vt. & n. 逮捕；吸引
19．________vi.& vt.鼓掌欢迎；赞赏→____________n. 鼓掌，欢迎
20．________vt. 吐出 vi.吐痰
21．________vt. 删，删除
22．________n. (刮、抓、划的)痕迹；搔；挠vt. 搔；抓；擦伤；刮坏
单元知识回眸
divide
division
accelerate
acceleration
arrest
applaud
applause
spit
delete
scratch
1．________________ 不管，不顾
2．________________ 切碎
3．________________ 向前看；为将来做打算
4．________________ 至多，最多
5．________________ 受够了，饱受；厌烦
6．________________ 追溯到……
单元知识回眸
重点短语
regardless of
cut up
look ahead
at most
fed up with
date back to…
1．____________________________________________ you students from England，who are interested in archaeology.
很高兴见到你们这些来自英国且对考古学感兴趣的学生。
2．Yes, indeed, ____________________________________________________， all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake.
是的，确实，正如植物学分析展示给我们的那样，附近所有的土地都曾是大型浅湖的一部分。
单元知识回眸
重点句式
It is a great pleasure to meet
as the botanical analyses have shown us
3. it could be just like last year!?
要是能像去年那样就好了!
4．She ________________________ her destination __________________ a delicious smell arrested her progress and she stopped.
快到达目的地的时候，一阵香气扑鼻，她停下来，不往前走了。
5．Abruptly she sat down，__________________ be scooped up by her laughing, shouting sister, Luna.
她突然坐了下来，不料被她那又笑又叫的妹妹露娜一把抱了起来。
单元知识回眸
had almost reached
when
only to
If only
现在完成进行时
单元知识回眸
单元语法
描述考古发现
单元知识回眸
单元写作
Archaeology
[导读] 考古学是什么呢？这门科学有哪些现实意义呢？
Archaeology is a source of history. Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts. Just as much as any other historian(历史学家), an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute(重构) the process that has created the human world in which we live—and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age and social environment.
延伸拓展阅读
Not all human behaviour fossilizes. ①The words I say and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world and may be of great historical significance. Yet they leave no sort of trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured by a Dictaphone (口述录音机) or written down by a clerk.
The movement of troops on the battlefield may “change the course of history”， but this is equally ephemeral(短暂的) from the archaeologist's standpoint. What is perhaps worse, most organic
延伸拓展阅读
materials are perishable(易腐烂的). Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair, and similar materials will vanish in dust in a few years or centuries, or save under very exceptional conditions. In a relatively brief period the archaeological record is reduced to mere scraps of stones, bones, glass, metal, and earthenware. ②Still modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and comparative methods, aided by a few lucky finds from peat bogs, deserts, and frozen soil, is able to fill up a good deal of the gap.
延伸拓展阅读
【典句赏析】
①The words I say and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world and may be of great historical significance.
句意：我所说的，你所听见的话是空气的振动，这当然是人类造成的物质世界的变化，而且可能有重大的历史意义。
赏析：I say and you hear…air为定语从句，修饰先行词the words，主句中使用了and 连接的两个并列谓语(分别由are和may be引出)。
延伸拓展阅读
②Still modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and comparative methods, aided by a few lucky finds from peat bogs, deserts, and frozen soil, is able to fill up a good deal of the gap.
句意：然而，通过运用适当的技术和比较的方法，并在从泥炭沼、沙漠和冻土中所获得的一些幸运发现的辅助下，现代考古学能够填充这个空缺的很大部分。
赏析：该句主谓结构为：Modern archaeology is able to fill up a good deal of the gap. by applying…methods和aided by…soil为状语结构。
延伸拓展阅读
Period One Warming Up & Reading
Period Two Learning about Language & Using Language
Period Three Grammar
Period Four Writing
? 单元总结提升
周口店北京人遗址是中国最重要的世界遗产之一。然而，今日的周口店却面临着巨大的危险。
单元话题导入
The Zhoukoudian Beijing Man Site is one of the most important world heritage(遗产) sites in China. Since the discovery was made in the 1920s, Zhoukoudian has become an important place for archaeologists from all over the world. At the site in the south?west suburb of Beijing, there is, for example, the earliest evidence of the use of fire by humans. It has also been proved that people lived there continuously between 500，000 and 10，000 years ago.
单元话题导入
Today, however, Zhoukoudian is in serious danger. Parts of the caves have been badly affected by rain and exposure to the air. Some areas are almost completely covered in weeds, causing serious damage. Pollution from nearby cement(水泥) factories has also contributed to the problem.
The site is extremely expensive to maintain (维持) and it will cost between three and five million yuan to repair it. At the moment, visitors are not allowed to visit the caves.
单元话题导入
Zhoukoudian is on the World Cultural Heritage List, organized by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. The list is constantly checked. Any site which is seriously damaged or which is not properly protected is an endangered heritage, and UNESCO is very quick to do something about situations like this. They have recommended that the site be closed and repaired. If nothing is done to repair it，it could be removed from the list.
This is a very serious matter and the Chinese Academy of Sciences is trying to raise public awareness about it.
单元话题导入
Dr Zhu Ming of the Academy said, “We have requested that the government get involved, but we also need assistance from ordinary people. They can help by contributing to the cost of repairing the caves. They are a precious part of our cultural heritage—it is of great importance that we do something. If not, it will be a catastrophe.”
单元话题导入
Task: Answer the following questions.
1. When was the Zhoukoudian Beijing Man Site discovered?
________________________________________________________________________
2. How much will it cost to repair the Zhoukoudian Beijing Man Site?
________________________________________________________________________
3. What does Dr Zhu Ming think of those caves?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
单元话题导入
It was discovered in the 1920s.
It will cost between three and five million yuan to repair it.
They are a precious part of our cultural heritage and we should do something to protect them.
Knowledge and skills
1．Understand the use of the words, expressions and sentences：
(1)Key words and phrases：
alternative n. 可能的选择
adj. 供选择的；其他的
interrupt vt. &vi 打断……讲话；打岔，暂时中断或中止
acute adj. 有观察力的；敏锐的；严重的；深刻的
assume vt. 假定；设想
三维目标
regardless adj. 不管；不顾
sharpen vi. & vt.(使)锋利，尖锐，清晰
ample adj. 足够的；充足的；富裕的
messy adj. 凌乱的；脏的
primitive adj. 原始的；远古的；简陋的
ripen vt. & vi. 使……成熟；成熟
regardless of 不管；不顾
at most 至多；最多
cut up 切碎
三维目标
(2)Key sentence forms:
①I'm sorry to interrupt you but how could they live here?
②We have been excavating layers of ash almost six meters thick, which suggests that they might have kept the fire burning all winter.
③Yes, indeed, as the botanical analyses have shown us,
all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake.
三维目标
2．Develop students' basic reading skills.
3．Enable the students to tell the differences between modern people and Peking man and learn how Peking man lived their lives.
三维目标
Process and methods
1．Teach the new words and expressions by explaining and making sentences.
2．Practice oral English by talking about the pictures in the Warming Up section.
3．Help the students grasp the main idea of the text by skimming, task?based extensive reading and debate.
三维目标
Emotion，attitude and value
1．Get the students to know the general knowledge of archaeology and anthropology as well as history of mankind and inspire them to love human beings, history, archaeology and ancient civilizations.
2．Get the students to know the importance of protecting the world cultural heritages.
3．Get the students to love our country and its long history.
三维目标
【重点】
1．Help the students to use the key words and phrases freely.
2．Improve the students' reading skills through reading the text.
3．Talk about Peking man in Zhoukoudian Caves.
【难点】
1．Enable the students to talk about archaeological evidence and knowledge and learn to describe people and practice giving opinions.
2．How to express oneself clearly and correctly.
重点难点
1．Train the students' reading ability through discussing, reading and practicing.
2．Teach the new words and expressions in the context.
3．Improve the students' spoken English by talking about Peking man in Zhoukoudian Caves.
教学建议
【导入一】
Lead in by talking about the ancient civilizations.
T: Good morning, boys and girls! You must have learned History in the past years, haven't you?
S : Yes.
T: Have you ever heard “Four Great Ancient Civilizations”？
S: Yes, they are Ancient China, Ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt and Ancient India.
T: What do you know about them?
新课导入
S1: In Ancient China, we have “Four Great Inventions”. They are the compass, printing, gunpowder and papermaking, of which we are proud, and which, in the words of Roger Bacon, “changed the whole appearance and status of things in the world.”
S2: China is the first country in the world to make paper. Paper?made during the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC—16 AD)has been found in Gansu Province, Xi'an and Shaanxi Province as well as Xinjiang. A further development of paper was credited to Cai Lun of the Eastern Han (25—220). He used plant fiber such as tree bark, bits of rope,
新课导入
rags and worn?out fishing nets as raw materials. In 105, Cai presented the first batch of paper made under his supervision to the Han emperor, who was so delighted that he named the material “Marquis Cai's paper”．
S3: Before paper was invented, the ancient Chinese carved characters on pottery, animal bones and stones, cast them on bronzes, or wrote them on bamboo or wooden strips and silk fabric. These materials, however, were either too heavy or too expensive for widespread use. The invention and use of paper brought about a
新课导入
revolution in writing materials, paving the way for the invention of printing technology in the years to come.
S4: The invention of gunpowder was no doubt one of the most significant achievements of the Middle Ages in China. The correct prescription for making gunpowder with nitre, sulphur and carbon was probably discovered in the ninth century.
新课导入
S5: Bi's printing consisted of four processes: making the types, composing the text, printing and retrieving the movable types. According to Dream Stream Essays, Bi Sheng carved individual characters on squares of sticky clay, and then baked them to make clay type pieces. When composing a text, he put a large iron frame on a piece of iron board and arranged the words within the frame.
新课导入
While one plate was being printed, another plate could be composed. After printing, the movable types were taken away and stored for future use. Movable type printing had a very important position in the history of printing, for all later printing methods such as wooden type, copper type and lead type printing invariably developed on the basis of movable clay types. Bi Sheng created movable type printing more than four hundred years earlier than it was invented in Europe.
新课导入
S6: According to ancient records, natural magnets were employed in China as direction?finding devices. This led to the first compass, called a sinan (south?pointing ladle)during the Warring States Period. In the Han Dynasty compasses consisted of a bronze on which 24 directions were carved and a rod made from a natural magnet. Such devices were in use until the eighth century. In the Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo described the floating compass, suspended in water, a technique that minimized the effect of motion on the instrument. This enabled the compass to be used
新课导入
for sea navigation for the first time. The invention of the compass promoted maritime undertakings, and its use soon spread to the Arab world, and thence to Europe.
S7: China's four great ancient inventions made tremendous contributions to the world's economy and the culture of mankind. They were also important symbols of China's role as a great world civilization.
S8: Ancient Egypt is famous for pyramids and mummy.
S9: Olympic games grew out of Ancient Greece. Besides, Ancient Greece is well known for its art, architecture and myth.
新课导入
S10: Ancient India is known for its culture of Buddha.
T: Excellent! I‘m very happy that you’ve known so much about Four Great Ancient Civilizations. Today, we will talk about some other cultural heritages.
新课导入
【导入二】
Lead in the lesson by talking about the pictures on P37.
T: Now turn to page 37 and look at the pictures. What can you see in the pictures?
S: Some cultural relics from Ancient Greece, China and Egypt.
T: Good. Now try to identify these pictures. Discuss what they may have been made of and explain their use. Can you think of the alternatives we would use today?
The students are given three minutes to discuss. Three minutes later, let the students give their opinions.
新课导入
S1: The first picture is an oil lamp. I think it might have been made of bronze. It was used to get light. But now we get light by using electricity.
S2: It is called “Bianzhong”. I guess it was made of bronze, too. It was used to play music. Today we use other musical instruments, such as violin, piano and guitar.
S3: The third one is Stone Axe, which is certainly made of stone. It might have used to scrape and cut up things. Today we can use steel axe.
新课导入
S4: The last one is a burial mask of Pharaoh. It was made of gold and used to protect the face of Pharaoh; and the mask enabled the spirit to recognize the body. I think we never use masks when a person dies. But now we use masks to play or give performance.
…
T: Now I can give you some suggested answers. Look at the screen.
Show the following.
新课导入
新课导入
Its name What it was made of Its use Today's alternatives
1.Oil lamp Bronze Get light Electricity, wind
2.Bianzhong Bronze Play music Piano, violin and guitar
3.Stone axe Stone Scrape and cut up things Axe made of other materials,
for example, steel
4.Pharaoh
mask Gold Preserve the face or enable the
spirit to realize the body Nothing
Skim the passage to find the main idea of the passage.
The text is about a guided trip some ____________ students made to the Zhoukoudian caves where they learned a lot about the ____________ of the earliest people living there.
Fast Reading
课前自主预习
Task One
British
life
Read the text carefully and then choose the best answer according to the text.
1．The main idea of the text is about the ________ of the earliest people in the Zhoukoudian caves.
A．life and habits
B．food and clothing
C．homes and fishing
D．farming and hunting
课前自主预习
Careful Reading
Task Two
课前自主预习
【答案】
Ａ
2．Through the conversation, everything about the earliest people is mentioned EXCEPT ________．
A．homes B．tools
C．dress D．entertainment
课前自主预习
【答案】
Ｄ
3．The earliest people in the Zhoukoudian caves kept themselves warm by ________．
A．working B．fighting
C．making fires D．hunting
课前自主预习
【答案】
C
4．Evidence has shown that the earliest people in the caves used ________ to make clothes according to the conversation.
A．leaves B．tree skins
C．animal skins D．cotton
课前自主预习
【答案】
Ｃ
5．From the conversation we can infer that the earliest people in the caves were very ________．
A．busy and rich
B．idle and lazy
C．clever and hard?working D．stupid and cruel
课前自主预习
【答案】
Ｃ
Read the text carefully and fill in the following blanks.
A group of students from England has come to the Zhoukoudian caves for a visit.An archaeologist 1. _____________(show) them round.Archaeologists 2. _______________________ (excavate) there for many years.After 3. ________ (find) human and animal bones in those caves higher up the hill as well as tools and other objects，they think it is reasonable to assume the earliest people lived in those caves，
课前自主预习
is showing
Micro?writing
Task Three
have been excavating
finding
regardless 4. ________ the cold.They discovered fireplaces in the centre of the caves 5. ________ they made fires.Some evidence suggests that our ancestors did wear clothes 6. ________ (make) from animal skins.The archaeologist also shows the students a primitive necklace 7. ______________ (preserve) quite well.Indeed，as the botanical analyses have shown people，all the fields around there 8. ________ (use) to be part of a large shallow lake.Perhaps 9. ________ was trade between early peoples or they 10. ______________ (travel) to the seaside on their journeys.
课前自主预习
preserved
used
there
travelled
made
of
where
1 alternative n．可能的选择 adj.供选择的；其他的
(教材P37) Can you think of the alternatives we would use today?
你能想到我们今天可以利用的办法吗？
课堂互动探究
词汇点睛
have no alternative/choice but to do sth 别无选择只好做某事
there's no alternative… ……别无选择
an alternative to… ……的替代品
【归纳拓展】
表示“别无选择, 只得……”的表达方式还有:
have no choice but to do
have nothing to do but do sth
Can’t (help) but do
can do nothing but do
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)The material’s inventors say it has a number of possible uses and someday could provide a more environmentally friendly alternative to plastic.
这种材料的发明者说它可能有许多用途并且总有一天会成为塑料制品的更环保型替代品。
(2)We have no alternative but to sell our house to pay a debt. 我们没有别的办法只能卖掉房子来还债。
课堂互动探究
(3)We had to go on,because .?
我们只能继续下去,因为没有其他的选择。
(4)He had there alone. 他别无选择,只好一个人去那儿。?
课堂互动探究
there was no alternative
no alternative but to go
(5)一句多译
失败乃成功之母。有时候,为了成功,我们不得不勇敢地直面失败并从中吸取教训。
①Failure is the mother of success.Sometimes,in order to succeed, we
and learn from it.?
②Failure is the mother of success.Sometimes,in order to succeed, we
and learn from it.?
③Failure is the mother of success.Sometimes,in order to succeed, we
and learn from it.?
课堂互动探究
have no alternative but to face failure bravely
have no choice but to face failure bravely
can do nothing but face failure bravely
2 starvation n．挨饿；饿死
(教材P37)Did they suffer from cold，starvation or disease?
他们遭受过寒冷、饥饿或疾病吗？
课堂互动探究
课堂互动探究
(1)suffer from starvation 挨饿,遭受饥饿
die of starvation 死于饥饿,饿死
(2) starve vt.& vi. (使)饿死;渴望
starve…to death 使……饿死
starve to death 饿死
starve for sth 渴求/需要某物
starve to do sth 想要做某事
【活学活用】
(1)Over three hundred people have died of starvation since the beginning of the year.
从年初起，已有300多人饿死。
(2)There are still many people ____________________________ in the world at present.
现在，世界上仍然有许多人在挨饿。
(3)Unless these people get food in the next two weeks __________________ .
除非这些人在接下来的两周里得到食物，否则他们会饿死。
课堂互动探究
suffering from starvation
they will starve to death
(4)It is obvious that these children ____________________________________．
很显然，这些孩子渴望着关注和爱。
(5)The young man is always ________________________________________．
这个年轻人一直渴望得到出国的机会。
课堂互动探究
are starving for attention and love
starving to get a chance to go abroad
3 interrupt v. 打断……讲话；打岔；暂时中断或终止
(教材P38) I'm sorry to interrupt you but how could they live here?
对不起，打断了你(的讲话)，请问他们怎么能住在这种地方呢？
课堂互动探究
(1)interrupt sb/sth (with sth) (因某事)打断某人/某事；打岔；打扰
(2)interruption n. 中止；障碍物；阻碍；打扰，干扰
without interruption 不间断地
【易混辨析】
interrupt突然中断、打断他人的言语或行为,使其不能继续。
disturb指人心、睡眠、安静等被打扰,扰乱。
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)You shouldn’t have interrupted the meeting to tell me that;you could have come to tell me afterward.
你不该打断会议来告诉我那件事,你本可以会后告诉我。
(2)It’s bad manners to when they are talking. ?
当别人谈话时打断别人是不礼貌的。
(3)Let’s go somewhere where we can talk .?
我们去找个说话不受打扰的地方吧。
课堂互动探究
interrupt others
without interruption/without being interrupted
(4)One person should describe his or her side, and the other person should listen . ?
一个人解释的时候, 另一个人应该倾听而不能打断。
(5)用interrupt或disturb的正确形式填空
①Heavy traffic the neighbour.?
②I????m sorry to , but you are wanted on the phone.?
③TV Ears helps you listen to TV without others.?
课堂互动探究
without interruption
disturbed
interrupt
disturbing
4 assume vt. 假定；设想；承担
(教材P38) So we think it is reasonable to assume they lived in these caves，regardless of the cold.
因此我们有理由认为他们不顾严寒，就住在这些洞穴里。
课堂互动探究
课堂互动探究
(1)assume sb/sth to be… 假定/假设某人/某事为……
It is assumed that… ……被认为……
(2)assumption n. 假定；设想
make an assumption 认为，假定
on the assumption that… 假定……
(3)assuming that 假设/假定
[温馨提示] assuming that是一种悬垂分词，表示“如果，假定”，引导条件状语从句。有类似用法的词还有：supposing(＝supposed)，providing(＝provided)，given，considering等。如：
Assuming that the weather is favourable, the farmers will have a good harvest.
假如风调雨顺，农民将会有好收成。
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)We assume before hearing any evidence against him.
在听到任何对他不利的证词之前,我们假定他是无罪的。
(2) this afternoon, what shall we do??
如果今天下午下雨我们该怎么办呢?
(3)We assumed him the best writer of our time.?
我们认为他是我们这个时代最好的作家。
课堂互动探究
Assuming it rains
to be
(4)If you've a language degree, people ____________ that you can speak the language well.
如果你获得某种语言的学位，人们就会认为你能流利地说这种语言。
(5)Many people make the ________________ that hunger only exists in developing countries.
许多人认为饥荒只存在于发展中国家。
课堂互动探究
assume
assumption
5 primitive adj.原始的，早期的；简陋的
(教材P39)Why, it's a primitive necklace.
哎呀，这是一条原始的项链吧。
课堂互动探究
【易混辨析】
original与 primitive
(1)original adj.最初的，最早的；原版的，原物的
指按顺序是首位的，在此前不再有更为原始的同类的东西；也指原件的，原物的，非仿造的东西。
This is the original piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.
就是在这架钢琴上，这位作曲家创作出了一些伟大的作品。
(2)primitive adj.原始的，上古的，早期的
指处于人类生命或事物发展的早期阶段，也可以指自然的或简朴的。
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)Primitive tribes live in the Amazon River basin.
原始部落居住在亚马孙河盆地。
(2)Primitive man made himself _______________________________________ and animal bones.
原始人用尖石块和兽骨为自己制作原始的工具。
(3)Being poor, they had to build _______________________________ tree trunks.
由于贫穷，他们不得不用树干建造了一个简陋的棚子。
课堂互动探究
primitive tools from sharp stones
a primitive shelter out of
1 regardless of 不顾；不管怎样；无论如何
(教材P38) So we think it is reasonable to assume they lived in these caves，regardless of the cold.
因此我们有理由认为他们不顾严寒，就住在这些洞穴里。
课堂互动探究
短语储存
in spite of＝despite 不管，不顾；尽管
no matter what/when/who/whether/which…
不管(无论)什么/何时/谁/是否/哪一个……
[温馨提示] (1)regardless of… 强调“不认为……重要, 从而不加以重视或考虑”, 而despite和in spite of有“尽管……但是”之意。
(2)regardless of后可接whether, what引导的从句, 而in spite of和despite后不可接从句。
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)The law requires equal treatment for everyone, regardless of race, religion, or sex.
这一法律要求每一个人都要得到平等对待，无论种族、宗教信仰或性别。
(2)Despite/In spite of the high mountains and thick forests, the doctors and nurses rushed to the scene of the accident for the rescue. 尽管山高林密，医护人员还是迅速地赶到出事地点，实施救援。
课堂互动探究
(3)They continued to work _____________________ it was foggy.
虽然有雾，可他们仍继续工作。
(4)____________________ the weather，the sports meeting will be held on time.
不管天气如何，运动会都会如期举行。
(5)____________________ all the danger signs, they went swimming.
他们不理会危险标志，仍去游泳。
课堂互动探究
although/though
Regardless of
In spite of
2 at (the) most 不多于，最多，至多
(教材P38)It's at most three centimetres long.
它最多有3厘米长。
课堂互动探究
(1)at (the) least 至少，不低于；无论如何
at best 充其量，不超过
not in the least＝not at all 一点也不
(2)mostly adv. 主要地，大多
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)The repair to your car will cost $35 at most.
修理你的汽车充其量花35美元。
(2)She's completely homeless—___________________________ to fall back on.
她是真正无家可归，而我至少有父母可依靠。
(3)Don't expect too much of him; ________________________________．
不要对他期望过高； 他只不过是个学生。
(4)I sometimes stay at home on Sundays, _______________________________．
星期天我有时候待在家里，但多数情况下是去公园。
at least I have my parents
he is at best a student
but mostly I go to the park
3 cut up 切碎；使伤心；使难受
(教材P38) It seems that they used the sharpened stone tools to cut up animals and remove their skin.
他们好像是用磨尖的石器来切割野兽并剥皮。
课堂互动探究
cut across 抄近路；径直穿过
cut down 砍倒；减少；压缩(开支)
cut off 切断(水、电、气的供应)；阻断；使分离，使隔绝
cut in 插嘴；插入；超车
cut out 砍掉；删除
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)The deer is cut up, because so many trees in the forest have been cut down and the number of trees is cut down day by day. 这只鹿很伤心，因为森林里很多树都被砍倒了，树木的数量在一天天减少。
(2)________________ the carrots before you put them into the pot.
把胡萝卜切碎后再放进锅内。
(3)I wish Jane would stop ____________________ on our conversation.
我希望简不要打断我们的谈话。
(4)One of his fingers ________________ in the accident.
他的一根手指在事故中被切掉了。
Cut up
cutting in
was cut off
1 (教材P38)It is a great pleasure to meet you students from England，who are interested in archaeology.
很高兴见到你们这些来自英国且对考古学感兴趣的学生。
课堂互动探究
句型透视
【句型公式】
It＋be＋n./adj.＋(for sb) to do sth.
课堂互动探究
【句法分析】
it为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的to meet you students from England。
it作形式主语的句型有：
It＋be＋n./adj.＋v.?ing…
It＋be＋n./adj.＋for/of sb to do sth.
It＋be＋n./adj.＋that…
[温馨提示] 当形容词为表示赞扬或批评的词时，如wise，clever，stupid，foolish，kind，nice，good，rude，cruel等，介词of不能换成for。
课堂互动探究
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)It is very important for us to learn English well.
对我们来说，学好英语非常重要。
(2)____________________________________________ good things all his/her life.
一个人一辈子做好事是不容易的。
(3)____________________________________________ money on such clothes.
她真蠢，把钱浪费在这样的衣服上。
(4)____________________________________such a thing!
他做这样一件事是很愚蠢的！
It is not easy for a person to do
It is foolish of her to waste
It is foolish of him to do
2 (教材P39)Yes, indeed, as the botanical analyses have shown us, all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake.
是的，确实，正如植物学分析展示给我们的那样，附近所有的土地都曾是大型浅湖的一部分。
课堂互动探究
【句型公式】
as引导的非限制性定语从句
课堂互动探究
【句法分析】
as引导非限制性定语从句时，译作“正如……那样”，它的位置比较灵活，除了常置于句首外，还可以位于句中或句末。
【易混辨析】
as与which在引导非限制性定语从句时的区别
(1)相同点：既可指代某一先行词，也可指代整个主句的内容，译作“这一点”，有时可互换。如：
He is quite pleased，as/which can be seen from his face.
他非常高兴，这一点从他的表情可以看出来。
You always work hard，as/which everyone knows.
大家都知道，你一向努力学习。
课堂互动探究
(2)不同点：
①位置不同：as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在句首、句中和句尾，而which引导的非限制性定语从句不能放在句首。
②意义不同：as引导非限制性定语从句时，还可译为“正如……一样；就如……一样”，而which不能；as引导的非限制性定语从句表示说话的依据、态度、解释或评论等，常用于as we all know(＝as it is known to us all), as is said(reported, mentioned, etc.) above, as it is等，which引导的非限制性定语从句表示某事的状态或结果。
课堂互动探究
③逻辑关系不同：当主、从句在意义上构成因果关系时，常用which代替as。如：
Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.
海伦对她的小儿子比对她的其他孩子要好很多，这当然使其他孩子很嫉妒他。
课堂互动探究
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)He wasn't unconscious, as could be judged from his eyes. 他并未失去知觉，这可以从他的眼神判断出来。
(2)Mike，__________________________，attended the meeting.
像我们所期望的那样，迈克参加了会议。
(3)________________________________， “The enemy in disguise is just like the wolf in sheep's clothing.”
正如谚语所说的那样，“伪装的敌人就像是披着羊皮的狼。”
as we (had) expected
As the proverb goes
Knowledge and skills
1．Understand the usage of the words, expressions and sentences：
(1)Key words and phrases：
significance n. 意义；意思；重要性；重要意义
somehow adv. 以……方式；不知怎么地
systematic adj. 有系统的；有计划的；有条理的
spit vt. 吐出
delete vt. 删；删除
scratch n．(刮、抓、划的)痕迹；搔；挠
vt. 搔；抓；擦伤；刮坏
三维目标
wrinkle n. 皱纹
pulse vi. 强烈而有规律地跳动；搏动
n. 脉搏；节拍
applaud vi. & vt. 鼓掌欢迎；赞赏
accelerate vi. & vt. 加速；促进
arrest vt. 逮捕；吸引
n. 逮捕；拘留
dizzy adj. 眩晕的；昏乱的；使人发晕或困惑的
skilful adj. 有技巧的；熟练的
三维目标
fed up with 受够了；饱受；厌烦
look ahead 向前看；为将来打算
date back(to…) 追溯到……；始于
三维目标
(2)Key sentence forms：
①That's why they are called hunters and gatherers.
②Worried about the preparations for her feast, Lala quickly turned for home with her collection of nuts, melons and other fruit.
③If only she had looked ahead and planned better this year!
④…Lala accelerated her walk up the path to the caves fearing that there might be wild beasts lying in wait for her.
⑤He chose one large stone and began to use it like a hammer striking the edge of the scraper that needed sharpening.
三维目标
2．Learn the language points and some important sentence patterns.
3．Enable the students to talk about the archaeological evidence and knowledge and learn to describe people and practice giving opinions.
三维目标
Process and methods
1．Help the students understand the meanings of expressions in the context，and then give some explanations about them. At last offer some exercises to make students master their usages.
2．Ask the students to make up their own sentences by imitating the above patterns.
3．At the end of the class，make students do more exercises. In doing so，they can learn，grasp and use these important language points well.
三维目标
Emotion，attitude and value
1．Stimulate students' interest in learning English.
2．Develop students' sense of cooperation and teamwork.
三维目标
【重点】
1．Enable students to master key phrases and expressions.
2．Enable students to learn how to use these words and expressions.
【难点】
1．Help the students use these patterns freely.
2．How to express oneself clearly and correctly.
重点难点
1．About the words and expressions, the teacher can teach the students the usage of them and then do some exercises to practice or give the students some sentences to learn and summarize their usage.
2．Go over the important language points in the text.
教学建议
【导入一】
Lead in the lesson by talking about the ancient civilization.
1．Ask them the four Great Ancient Civilizations.
2．Ask them to give some account of each great civilization, for example, speaking of China, they can talk about China's brilliant civilization, like four great inventions (papermaking, printing, gunpowder, compass)．
新课导入
【导入二】
Lead in
T: In the previous period, we learned something about the life of Peking Man. Peking Man's life is part of our ancient ancestors. What about the general ancestors' life? Now turn to Page 43 and look at the pictures and guess what these early people are doing.
S1: Some are preparing food.
新课导入
S2: One is making tools by sharpening stone tools and scraper.
T: Good. From the pictures, we can learn something about early people's life. Now read the passage and find out what the life was like.
新课导入
【导入三】
Lead in the lesson by asking some students to act out the dialogue A Visit to the Zhoukoudian Caves and go over some important words.
新课导入
1 significance n. 意义；意思；重要性；重要意义
(教材P40) His university was aware of the significance of his work.
他所在的大学知道他的工作的重要性。
课堂互动探究
词汇点睛
(1)be of (great) significance=be very significant
有(重大)意义/(非常)重要
be of no significance 无意义/不重要
be of little significance 不太重要
(2)significant adj. 意味深长的;显著的
【活学活用】
(1)This matter is of no significance.
这件事无关紧要。
(2)The discovery of oil is of great significance to the development of this area's economy.
石油的发现对于这一地区的经济发展有着重要意义。
(3)Their change of plan is quite strange but I don't think ______________________．
他们对计划的改变十分奇怪，但我觉得没什么意义。
课堂互动探究
it's significant
(4)She ____________________________________， raising an eyebrow.
她抬起头，眉毛扬起，意味深长地看着我。
(5)His advice is ______________________________ the beginners.
他的建议对于初学者很有意义。
课堂互动探究
looked up at me significantly
of great significance to
(6)一句多译
The discovery of the new drug to people
suffering from heart problems.
这种新药的发现对治疗患心脏病的人有重大意义。
课堂互动探究
is of great significance
is very significant
has great significance
2 somehow adv. 不知为什么；以某种方式
(教材P40)Somehow he cycled thirty miles to Dr Black…
不管怎么样，他骑自行车骑了三十英里去见布莱克博士……
课堂互动探究
somewhat 稍微，有点
anyhow 无论如何
anyway 无论如何；不管怎样；用任何方式
【词义辨析】
anyhow无论如何, 相当于anyway, at any rate
somehow 以某种方式; 由于某种原因
somewhat有几分; 从某种意义上讲, 相当于in a way
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)He could have finished it on schedule, but somehow he fell behind.
他原本能按预定时间完成这件事的，但不知怎么他落后了。
(2)It may rain, but __________________________．
可能要下雨，不过我们照走不误。
(3)I'm sorry I didn't recognize you just now.You ____________________________．
很抱歉我刚才没认出你来。不知怎么地，你看上去不一样了。
课堂互动探究
we shall go anyway
look different somehow
3 applaud vi.& vt.鼓掌欢迎；赞赏
(教材P43) She had felt so proud as the group shouted loudly to applaud his choice.
当族人为他的选择欢呼鼓掌的时候，她(拉拉)觉得非常自豪。
课堂互动探究
(1)applaud sb/sth (for sth) (因某事)赞赏某人/某事
(2)applause n. 鼓掌；喝彩；夸奖；赞扬
【易混辨析】
applaud与clap
课堂互动探究
applaud “鼓掌欢迎，赞扬”，指因精湛表演或某种行为得到别人的赞许、大声叫好或热烈鼓掌
clap “拍打”，其用法是：clap one's hands
(＝applaud)；clap sb为某人鼓掌；clap sth拍打某物
【活学活用】
(1)When she finished her speech, the audience applauded.
演讲结束后，听众都为她鼓掌。
(2)Every person stood to ____________________________________ of courage.
所有人起立为他不可磨灭的英勇之举鼓掌。
(3)I kept hearing ________________________ in the background.
我在幕后不断听到鼓掌声。
课堂互动探究
applaud his unforgettable act
the sound of applause
4 accelerate vi.& vt.加速；促进
(教材P43)Having heard wolves howling in the forest，Lala accelerated her walk up the path to the caves fearing that there might be wild beasts lying in wait for her.
沿着回洞穴的路走着，听到森林里狼的嚎叫声，拉拉加快了步伐，她担心会有野兽隐蔽埋伏着，正等着她。
课堂互动探究
acceleration n． 加速；加快；加速度
【活学活用】
(1)Growth will accelerate to 2.9 per cent next year.
明年增长会达到2.9%。
(2)She __________________________ and passed the bus in front.
她加快车速超过了前面的公共汽车。
(3)The invention of the computer helps to ____________________________________________________ all over the world.
电脑的发明有助于加快全世界经济的发展。
课堂互动探究
accelerated her car
accelerate the development of the economy
5 arrest v. &n.逮捕，拘留；吸引(注意)
(教材P43)She had almost reached her destination when a delicious smell arrested her progress and she stopped.
快到达目的地的时候，一阵香气扑鼻，她停下来，不往前走了。
课堂互动探究
arrest sb for sth 因……而逮捕某人
be arrested for sth 因某事而被捕
under arrest 被捕;被拘留
arrest one’s eye/attention 引起某人的注意
【活学活用】
(1)The beautiful sunset arrested our attention,and we stopped to watch it.
美丽的晚霞吸引了我们的注意力,我们停下来观看。
(2)As he reached the hall after her, he saw .?
他跟随她到了大厅,看见了吸引她注意的东西。
(3)The police say seven people minor offences. ?
警方称有7人因轻罪被捕。
(4)The criminal is .?
罪犯已被捕。
课堂互动探究
what (had) arrested her attention
were arrested for
under arrest
1 be fed up with 受够了，饱受，厌烦
(教材P41)Well，I'm fed up with all the attention and…
噢，我厌烦了所有的关注……
课堂互动探究
短语储存
表示“对……厌倦”的短语有:
be tired of doing sth=be bored with sth
对做某事感到厌烦
Can’t put up with 无法忍受,对……感到厌烦
be sick of 对……厌恶(级别最高,讨厌的程度最厉害)
【活学活用】
(1)I was getting extremely tired and fed up, because I had too many late nights and early mornings with the children.
我疲惫不堪，厌烦至极，因为我和孩子们好几个晚上一起熬到深夜，白天还要早早起床。
(2)We _______________________ his laziness and carelessness.
我们都已无法忍受他的懒惰和粗心。
(3)I _____________________________ in such a long line.
我厌烦站在这么长的队伍中。
课堂互动探究
are all fed up with
am fed up with standing
2 look ahead 向前看；为将来打算
(教材P43)If only she had looked ahead and planned better this year!
她今年要是早有预见，计划得更好些就好了！
课堂互动探究
课堂互动探究
look down upon/on 看不起，歧视
look forward to 盼望，期望
look back 回顾；回想
look into 调查，研究
look through 温习，仔细检查，浏览
look up 查阅
look up to 尊敬，敬仰
【活学活用】
(1)Young people often look ahead to the future while the elderly look back on the past.
年轻人常思将来，老年人常念过往。
(2)__________________，I think the company needs to develop some new services.
为将来做打算，我认为公司需要发展一批新业务。
课堂互动探究
Looking ahead
(3)用look的相关短语完成句子
①A special investigator will ______________ the murder.
②She ____________________ her notes before the examination.
③____________________，we must expect radical changes to be made in our system of government.
④Mr Garcia ____________________ anyone who hasn't had a college education.
课堂互动探究
look into
looked through
Looking ahead
looks down on
3 date back to＝date from 追溯到……
(教材P44)All the objects are from the same excavation site in Sanxingdui and can be dated back to between 3，000 and 5，000 years ago.
所有的这些物品都来自相同的三星堆发掘现场，能够追溯到3000到5000年前。
课堂互动探究
out of date 过时的，过期的 up to date 最新
up?to?date adj. 最新式的(前置定语) to date 到目前为止，至今
set/fix a date for sth 约定某事的日期 have a date with sb 同某人约会
go on a date 去约会
【注意】
date back to和date from常用一般现在时，而且无被动语态。
课堂互动探究
【易混辨析】
date back to与date back
课堂互动探究
date back to “追溯到；始于”，其后接表示具体时间的名词
date back “上溯；追溯”，其后接表示一段时间的名词
【活学活用】
(1)My interest in stamp collecting dates back to/dates from my schooldays.
我从学生时代就开始爱好集邮。
他们的家族已有几百年的历史；他们住的房子始建于18世纪。
(2)This is an early church，____________________________ the ninth century，which was rebuilt under the direction of San Carlo Borromeo.
这座追溯到九世纪的早期教堂，在圣卡洛?博罗梅奥的指导下得以重建。
(3)All our information is kept right ________________ on the computer.
我们贮存在计算机里的所有信息都是最新的。
课堂互动探究
dating from/back to
up to date
(4)一句多译
①Every day a number of tourists take pictures in front of the tower,
as early as 800 years ago.(定语从句)?
②Every day a number of tourists take pictures in front of the tower
as early as 800 years ago.(分词作状语)?
每天都有许多游客在这座可追溯到800年前的塔前拍照。
课堂互动探究
which dates back to
dating from/back to
1 (教材P43) If only it could be just like last year!
要是能像去年那样就好了！
课堂互动探究
句型透视
【句型公式】
if only 要是……就好了；但愿……
【句法分析】
if only引导感叹句或状语从句，谓语动词用虚拟语气，表示愿望或未实现的条件。
(1)“if only…could/would＋do…”表示与将来事实相反的愿望。
(2)“if only…did…”表示与现在事实相反的愿望。
(3)“if only…had done…”表示与过去事实相反的愿望。
课堂互动探究
【易混辨析】
if only与only if
课堂互动探究
if only 用来表达愿望,意为“但愿……;要是……就好了”,句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气(与现在事实相反用一般过去时,与过去事实相反用过去完成时)
only if 表示“只有”, 引导条件状语从句, 不用虚拟语气。若其引导的从句置于句首, 且与主语间没有逗号隔开, 则主句用倒装语序
【活学活用】
(1)I am sorry I have failed in the exam.If only I had worked harder! 太遗憾了，我考试没及格。要是我更用功就好了！
(2)If only my mother __________________ now!
要是母亲现在和我一起在这儿就好了！
(3)用if only, only if 填空
①____________ we could afford to buy a car of our own.
②____________ you knew how hard I've tried to please you.
③____________ the boss has given permission is a worker allowed to leave the place.
课堂互动探究
were here with me
If only
If only
Only if
2 (教材P43)She had almost reached her destination when a delicious smell arrested her progress and she stopped. 快到达目的地的时候，一阵香气扑鼻，她停下来，不往前走了。
课堂互动探究
【句型公式】
had almost/just done…when…刚刚……突然……
【句法分析】
when作为并列连词，常常意为“在这时……”，强调动作的突发性。
We had just fallen asleep when the bell rang.
我们刚刚入睡，突然铃声响了起来。
课堂互动探究
be doing…when… 正在做……这时突然……
be about to do…when… 正要做……这时突然……
be just going to do…when… 正要做……这时……
be on the point of doing…when… 正要做……这时……
【活学活用】
(1)I was watching TV when someone knocked at the door.
我正在看电视，突然有人敲门。
(2)I ____________________________________________ Ted asked me to play football with him.
我正要做作业，这时特德要我和他踢足球。
(3)We ____________________________ when it began to rain.
我们刚到就开始下雨了。
课堂互动探究
was about to do my homework when
had just arrived
3 (教材P43)Abruptly she sat down, only to be scooped up by her laughing, shouting sister, Luna.
突然间她坐了下来，不料却被她那又笑又叫的妹妹露娜一把抱了起来。
课堂互动探究
【句型公式】
only to do/to be done… 不料，结果却……
【句法分析】
(1)不定式作结果状语, 往往含有一种出乎意料的意味, 常译为“不料; 反而; 结果却”。表示其动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后, 不定式前常加only。
(2)现在分词作结果状语时, 表示伴随谓语动词所表示的动作的发生而产生的自然结果(同时发生), 有时在前面加上thus, 谓语动词所表示的动作与现在分词所表示的动作是因果关系。
课堂互动探究
They reached the company out of breath only to be told they were fired.
他们上气不接下气地赶到公司, 不料却被告知他们被开除了。
There is mud and water everywhere, making it very difficult to travel from place to place.
到处都是泥和积水, 这使得到各地旅行很困难。
课堂互动探究
【活学活用】
(1)Tom took a taxi to the airport，only to find his plane high up in the sky.
汤姆乘出租车去机场，却发现他要乘坐的飞机高高地飞在空中。
(2)He made a long speech, ______________________his foolishness.
他讲了一大通，结果只是显露了他的愚蠢。
(3)The fire was too big and out of control，________________________ ．
火势太大且失去了控制，把整座楼都烧倒了。
(4)He hurried to the station, ____________________that the train had left.
他匆忙赶到车站，却被告知火车离开了。
课堂互动探究
only to show
burning the whole building down
only to be told
Knowledge and skills
1．Grammar: present perfect continuous tense.
2．Enable the students to use the present perfect continuous tense.
三维目标
Process and methods
1．Teach the present perfect continuous tense by explaining and giving some examples in context.
2．Practice the grammar rules by finishing the exercises 2，3，4 on P41.
三维目标
Emotion，attitude and value
1．Stimulate students' interest in learning English.
2．Develop students' sense of cooperation and teamwork.
三维目标
【重点】
Help the students learn how to use the present perfect continuous tense.
【难点】
How to use the present perfect continuous tense correctly.
重点难点
1．Go over the text and get the students to pick out the sentences that contain the present perfect continuous tense.
2．Teach the usage of the present perfect continuous tense by explaining the rules and analyzing the examples in life.
3．Get the students to master the present perfect continuous tense by doing exercises and making sentences.
教学建议
【导入一】
Lead in the lesson by asking the students to point out the sentences that contain the structure as “We have been excavating here for many years…” in the text.
Sample sentences：
1. Well, we have been finding the bones of tigers and bears in the caves, and we think these were their most dangerous enemies.
2. We have been excavating layers of ash almost six metres thick, which suggests that they might have kept the fire burning all winter.
新课导入
3. Yes, indeed, as the botanical analyses have shown us, all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake.
T: What is the same structure in these sentences?
S: Have/ Has been doing…
T: Yes, in this unit, we will learn “have/has been doing sth”. That is the present perfect continuous tense.
新课导入
【导入二】
Lead in the lesson by explaining the concept and the formation of the present perfect continuous tense and then giving some examples.
present perfect continuous
[has / have] ＋ [been] ＋ [v.?ing]
Examples：
1．I have been waiting here for two hours.
2．She has only been studying English for two years.
新课导入
Note: When you are using a verb tense with more than one part such as present perfect continuous (has been studying), adverbs often come between the first part and the second part (has only been studying)．
Part 1 Duration from the Past until Now
T: We use the present perfect continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. “for five minutes”， “for two weeks”， and “since Tuesday” are all durations which can be used with the present perfect continuous. Look at the following examples.
新课导入
Show the following：
1．They have been talking for the last hour.
2．She has been working at that company for three years.
3．James has been teaching at the University since June.
新课导入
Part 2 Recently, Lately
T：You can use the Present Perfect Continuous without a duration such as “for five minutes”，“for two weeks”，and “since Tuesday”．
Without the durations，the tense gives a more general meaning of “lately”．
We often use the words “lately”or “recently” in the sentence to strengthen this meaning. Now read these samples.
Show the following：
1．Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
2．She has been watching too much television lately.
新课导入
现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由“have/has＋been＋doing”构成，表示动作从过去某一时间一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间。该动作是否延续下去，则由上下文而定。
现在完成进行时多用持续性动词，如live, learn, lie, stay, wait, stand, rest, study等，常和all the time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等状语以及since和for引导的时间状语或从句连用。
语法归纳
What have you been doing recently?
你最近一直在忙什么？
He realizes that he hasn't been a very good friend，because he has always been thinking about himself.
他意识到自己不是个非常好的朋友，因为他总是想着自己。
1．现在完成进行时表示重复的动作。有时现在完成进行时所表示的动作并不是一直不停地进行，而是断断续续地重复。
She has been knocking. She doesn't think anybody's in.
她一直在敲门，她想没人在里面。
语法归纳
2．现在完成进行时表示刚才或近来发生的动作，一般不再继续。此时一般通过上下文的语境进行判断。
What have you been eating to get as fat as this?
你吃了什么变得这么胖？
3．现在完成进行时带有感彩。现在完成进行时有时表示强烈的表扬或厌恶等感情。
I have been wanting to meet you for a long time.
和你见面是我盼望已久的事了。
Too much has been happening today.
今天真是一个多事的日子。
语法归纳
【易混辨析】
现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
(1)现在完成时表示动作已经完成，而现在完成进行时表示动作还没有完成且还要延续下去。试比较：
They have built a house.(完成)
They have been building a house.(尚未完成)
语法归纳
(2)现在完成进行时是由“have/has been＋doing”构成的，可表示动作的重复，而现在完成时一般不表示动作的重复。
Have you been meeting him recently?
你最近常和他见面吗？
Have you met him recently?
你最近见过他吗？
语法归纳
(3)现在完成进行时有时含有感彩，而现在完成时一般是客观地讲述一个事实。
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
我一直等了你两个小时。(可能表示不满)
I have waited for you for two hours.
我等了你两个小时。(说明一个事实)
语法归纳
(4)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续性，而现在完成时强调结果。
Who has been eating these oranges?
谁一直在吃这些橘子？(可能还剩余一些)
Who has eaten these oranges?
谁把这些橘子吃了？(强调吃得一个不剩)
语法归纳
(5)如果强调某一动作刚刚结束，并已产生某种影响时，常用现在完成进行时。
—Why are you looking a bit tired?
—I have been cleaning the house.
“为什么你看起来有点儿累？”
“我一直在打扫房子。”
语法归纳
【活学活用】
用所给词的适当形式填空
1．Now that she is out of a job, Lucy ________________________(consider) going back to school, but she hasn't decided yet.
2．I won't tell the student the answer to the maths problem until he __________________________(work) on it for more than an hour.
3．Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she __________________________(study) English for a year.
语法归纳
has been considering
has been working
has been studying
4．—I have got a headache.
—No wonder. You _____________________ (work) in front of that computer too long.
5．—I'm sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.
—I think so. He________________________(prepare) for it for months.
语法归纳
have been working
has been preparing
高考高频话题写作之公益活动
参加公益活动，为社会服务，为他人服务，是每个公民义不容辞的责任。学生参与公益活动是学生接触社会的一项重要活动，可以说，每个学生在学校都参加过公益活动。义务植树、打扫卫生、去敬老院为老人服务、义务宣传公益主题等都是中学生经常参加的公益活动。因此，此话题贴近学生生活，是高考常考的话题之一。
基础写作知识
命题规律
a voluntary activity 志愿活动
organize 组织
advocate 倡导
hold a meeting 开会
plant trees 植树
pick up 捡起
duty 职责
基础写作知识
写作素材
protect the environment 保护环境
a low?carbon lifestyle 低碳生活方式
take effective measures to do sth 采取有效措施做某事
collect the rubbish 收集垃圾
make a contribution to 对……做贡献
get together 聚会
do some cleaning 大扫除
Though tired, we felt proud and happy.
虽然累，但我们感到自豪和快乐。
基础写作知识
【经典例题】
假设你是红星中学高三(1)班的学生李华，上周你班组织志愿活动，清理地铁内的小广告和垃圾。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，用英语写一篇周记，记述从讨论到活动实施的全过程。
基础写作知识
注意：1.文章的开头已为你写好；
2．词数100左右。
参考词汇：小广告 adlet
基础写作知识
Last week，our class organized a voluntary activity in subway trains.______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
基础写作知识
[构思点拨]
这是一篇看图写作，一共四幅图。做题时要注意：1. 认真读图，四幅图讲述的是上周你班组织志愿活动，清理地铁内小广告和垃圾的事情；2. 初步构思，考虑用词、短语、句型和时态；3. 连词成句，然后再连句成文，尽可能地充分利用所学的短语或句型来表述具体的内容；4. 反复检查，修改错误；5. 注意所给的汉语提示。
基础写作知识
一般说来，看图写作中的汉语提示往往给定了时间、地点、人物等相关信息，还有参考词汇等有用信息。在把握了文章的中心后，应在内心构思一个基本的框架，并考虑使用恰当的词语、短语和句型，以充分地表达图画的内容，这是体现自身能力的重要一环，然后再将各图的单个句子串联起来。串联时，要注意使用适当的连接词或过渡性语句，从而使上下文更为紧凑、自然。
基础写作知识
[参考范文]
Last_week,our_class_organized_a_voluntary_activity_in_subway_trains.
On Friday, we held a class meeting to discuss what we could do at the weekend. Some suggested telling passengers to keep the subway trains clean, while the others preferred to pick up adlets and litter. Finally，we decided to do the latter.
基础写作知识
At 9：00 on Sunday morning, plastic bags in our hands, we gathered at the school gate and headed for the subway station. Upon arrival, we started to work. It was not so easy as we had expected because some adlets were stuck to the floor and seats. Seeing what we were doing, many passengers smiled at us in approval. Soon the subway trains became clean again. Two hours later, our work was finished. When we piled the litter bags on the platform, a conductor praised us with her thumb up. Though tired, we felt proud and happy.
基础写作知识
【及时演练】
假设你是红星中学高三一班的学生李华。你班同学参加了学校的“地球日”系列活动。请按照以下四幅图的先后顺序,以“Actions for a greener earth”为题,给校刊“英语角”写一篇英文稿件,介绍活动的全过程。
注意:词数100左右。
提示词:地球日Earth Day
基础写作知识
One possible version：
Actions for a greener earth
A week before Earth Day, posters were put up around our school, calling upon us to join in the actions for a greener earth.
Our class came up with the idea to make better use of used materials. We brought worn-out clothes, pieces of cardboard and empty plastic bottles to our classroom, and turned those into dolls, handbags, tissue boxes and small vases. That weekend, we went to a nearby neighbourhood
基础写作知识
and gave them away to the people there. All were very happy with those unexpected gifts, especially little kids and elderly people. We did so well that we were invited to share our ideas and experience with all the students of our school.
We are very proud of ourselves and believe we can do more for a better world.
基础写作知识
描述考古发现(Description of archaeological finds)
【写作点拨】
本单元的写作话题是描述考古发现，属于说明文。
1．说明文是以解说事物或事理为内容，以授人知识为目的，以说明为主要表达方式的文章。说明文应具有知识性、科学性、应用性、解说性和条理性。
2．对于古迹的描述，一般要注意以下几方面：
(1)描述古迹的名称。每一个古迹都有名称，这样的名称很可能出现在报纸、杂志或电视上。
单元话题写作
(2)要对古迹的现状、历史年代和作用进行描述。
(3)描述考古挖掘的地点，具体地点要写清楚，越详细越好，以便让读者知道具体的位置。
(4)描述考古挖掘的时间，这样的时间一般记录在历史文件或教科书上。
(5)描述考古挖掘的起因和过程。考古挖掘的过程是最重要的部分，因为随着挖掘的深入，该考古遗址的形成过程会越来越明晰。
单元话题写作
【词句模板】
Thought to be the world's oldest…，it has been discovered…
It could be the first evidence of…
It dates back to at least…
It was constructed more than…
It was first discovered…
Large numbers of…have been discovered in…
The discovery of…was further evidence that…
单元话题写作
Further evidence that…came with the discovery of…
The first sign of civilization in…dates back to around…
It means that…
It is generally considered/thought…
The mystery of…remains unknown/uncertain…
It is well preserved…
单元话题写作
【活学活用】
假设你是李华,你有幸作为志愿者参加了河南安阳某一墓穴的挖掘工作,并对其中的一件玉器感兴趣。请你根据以下提示,写一篇英文短文,向你的外国朋友介绍一下该玉器。基本情况:
1. 翡翠珠,用翡翠制成;
2. 椭圆形;
3. 2厘米长;
4. 质地温润;
5. 在灯光的照射下惊艳无双;
单元话题写作
6. 为主人下葬时所含之物;
7. 专家估计价值上百万元;
8. 对研究三国时期的文化有很重要的价值。
注意:1. 词数100左右;
2. 注意行文逻辑,不必逐句翻译。
参考词汇:发掘excavation 翡翠珠a jade pearl
估计estimate 三国时期 the Three Kingdoms Period
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
单元话题写作
[构思点拨]
1．要确切把握说明对象。根据写作目的与要求，抓住说明对象的主要特征及其本质，写作时做到有的放矢。
2．语言要求简明、贴切。写说明文时，语言要通俗简洁、实事求是。
3．说明过程要讲究层次和条理。有层次的说明文有助于读者理解，写作时要根据说明对象的特征来合理安排写作顺序。
单元话题写作
One possible version：
It was good news that an ancient tomb was discovered in Anyang, Henan Province. I was fortunate enough to take part in the excavation working as a volunteer. Much to our delight, more than 250 valuable historical relics were discovered. Among them was a jade pearl, which is my favourite. The pearl, made of precious jade, is about two centimetres long. It's very warm and can give off glaring light under the light. It's said
单元话题写作
that it was put into the owner's mouth to prevent his body from rotting when it was buried. It's estimated that the jade pearl is worth over one million yuan. Of course, it is of great value to studying the culture of the Three Kingdoms Period.
单元话题写作
1．______________adj.供选择的
2．___________n. 挨饿；饿死→____________ v. 挨饿
3．____________n. 精确；准确→____________adj.准确的
4．___________vt. & vi.打断；打岔→______________n. 中断；打扰
5．________adj. 有观察力的；敏锐的；严重的；深刻的
6．________vt.假设；设想→_________________n. 假设；假定
单元知识回眸
重点单词
alternative
starvation
starve
accuracy
accurate
interrupt
interruption
acute
assume
assumption
7. n. 意义;意思;重要性?
8．___________vi. & vt.(使)锋利→____________n. 磨具→________adj.锋利的
9．________adj. 足够的，充足的；富裕的
10．____________adj. 原始的，远古的；简陋的
11．________n. 植物学→____________adj.植物学的
12．____________n．分析→____________ vt. 分析
13．________vt. & vi.使……成熟→________ adj.成熟的
14．________adj. 凌乱的；脏的
15．______________adj.有系统的；有计划的→____________n. 系统
单元知识回眸
sharp
ample
primitive
botany
botanical
analysis
sharpen
sharpener
analyse
ripen
ripe
messy
systematic
system
significance
16．________n. 划分→________vt.分开
17．____________vi. & vt.加速→____________________n. 加速
18．________vt. & n. 逮捕；吸引
19．________vi.& vt.鼓掌欢迎；赞赏→____________n. 鼓掌，欢迎
20．________vt. 吐出 vi.吐痰
21．________vt. 删，删除
22．________n. (刮、抓、划的)痕迹；搔；挠vt. 搔；抓；擦伤；刮坏
单元知识回眸
divide
division
accelerate
acceleration
arrest
applaud
applause
spit
delete
scratch
1．________________ 不管，不顾
2．________________ 切碎
3．________________ 向前看；为将来做打算
4．________________ 至多，最多
5．________________ 受够了，饱受；厌烦
6．________________ 追溯到……
单元知识回眸
重点短语
regardless of
cut up
look ahead
at most
fed up with
date back to…
1．____________________________________________ you students from England，who are interested in archaeology.
很高兴见到你们这些来自英国且对考古学感兴趣的学生。
2．Yes, indeed, ____________________________________________________， all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake.
是的，确实，正如植物学分析展示给我们的那样，附近所有的土地都曾是大型浅湖的一部分。
单元知识回眸
重点句式
It is a great pleasure to meet
as the botanical analyses have shown us
3. it could be just like last year!?
要是能像去年那样就好了!
4．She ________________________ her destination __________________ a delicious smell arrested her progress and she stopped.
快到达目的地的时候，一阵香气扑鼻，她停下来，不往前走了。
5．Abruptly she sat down，__________________ be scooped up by her laughing, shouting sister, Luna.
她突然坐了下来，不料被她那又笑又叫的妹妹露娜一把抱了起来。
单元知识回眸
had almost reached
when
only to
If only
现在完成进行时
单元知识回眸
单元语法
描述考古发现
单元知识回眸
单元写作
Archaeology
[导读] 考古学是什么呢？这门科学有哪些现实意义呢？
Archaeology is a source of history. Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts. Just as much as any other historian(历史学家), an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute(重构) the process that has created the human world in which we live—and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age and social environment.
延伸拓展阅读
Not all human behaviour fossilizes. ①The words I say and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world and may be of great historical significance. Yet they leave no sort of trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured by a Dictaphone (口述录音机) or written down by a clerk.
The movement of troops on the battlefield may “change the course of history”， but this is equally ephemeral(短暂的) from the archaeologist's standpoint. What is perhaps worse, most organic
延伸拓展阅读
materials are perishable(易腐烂的). Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair, and similar materials will vanish in dust in a few years or centuries, or save under very exceptional conditions. In a relatively brief period the archaeological record is reduced to mere scraps of stones, bones, glass, metal, and earthenware. ②Still modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and comparative methods, aided by a few lucky finds from peat bogs, deserts, and frozen soil, is able to fill up a good deal of the gap.
延伸拓展阅读
【典句赏析】
①The words I say and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world and may be of great historical significance.
句意：我所说的，你所听见的话是空气的振动，这当然是人类造成的物质世界的变化，而且可能有重大的历史意义。
赏析：I say and you hear…air为定语从句，修饰先行词the words，主句中使用了and 连接的两个并列谓语(分别由are和may be引出)。
延伸拓展阅读
②Still modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and comparative methods, aided by a few lucky finds from peat bogs, deserts, and frozen soil, is able to fill up a good deal of the gap.
句意：然而，通过运用适当的技术和比较的方法，并在从泥炭沼、沙漠和冻土中所获得的一些幸运发现的辅助下，现代考古学能够填充这个空缺的很大部分。
赏析：该句主谓结构为：Modern archaeology is able to fill up a good deal of the gap. by applying…methods和aided by…soil为状语结构。
延伸拓展阅读