必修一 Unit1 friendship
Grammar
●从容说课
According to the contents based on the new course standard，senior students are required to understand the fun_ction of grammar and can use it freely. Gradually contact and understand complex language phenomena so that students may have the ability to summarize、analyze and explain. This is the third period of this unit. In this period，we mainly deal with the changes between Direct Speech and Indirect Speech. In order to make students grasp it well，I think it is necessary to give them more practice and encourage them to find out the problems of grammar by themselves.
●三维目标
1.Knowledge：
words/phrases：Germans，with so many clothes on
2.Ability：
Use learned knowledge to interchange direct speech and indirect speech correctly and freely.
3.Emotion：
Cultivate the spirit of cooperation，self-teaching，and self-exploring.
●教学重点
Master the interchanges of direct speech and indirect speech in the declarative sentences and interrogative sentences.
●教学难点
Master the changes of the pronouns，tenses，adverbials in the interchanges of direct speech and indirect speech.
●教具准备
a computer connected to the internet，a project，a blackboard
●教学过程
Step 1 Greetings
Greet the whole class as usual.
Step 2
T：Now I want you to translate two sentences into English. Listen carefully.“我喜欢交朋友”，the second one “妈妈， 你看见我的笔记本了吗？”Now how to translate the two sentences？Who wants to try？Yeah，Alice，you try，please. The first one.
S：I like making friends.
T：Good，sit down，please. Alice said，“I like making friends”（Bb：Alice said，“I like making friends.”）
The second one. Who wants to try？OK，David，you try，please.
S：Mum，have you seen my notebook？（Bb：David asked，“Mom，have you seen my notebook.”）
T：Now look at the blackboard. If we report what Alice and David said to someone else，how to do it？
T and Ss：Alice said that she liked making friends.
David asked his mum if she had seen his notebook.（Bb：Write them on the blackboard.）
T：Yes. Let’s come to our text. Read the sentences in exercise 1 of discovering structures. Later I’ll ask you to tell me what you’ve discovered. Now，who can tell me？
S1：We should pay attention to the changes of tenses. Look at the underlined words.
S2：We should pay more attention to the second sentence. In direct speech，it’s a general question. But in indirect speech，we should use if or whether to introduce object clause besides the change of verb.
S3：If it is a special question in direct speech，we should use the original interrogative in indirect speech.
T：Wonderful! Now I’ll give you brief explanation of “Direct Speech and Indirect Speech”（1）：Statements & Questions
☆You use Direct Speech when you want to show the exact words someone said or wrote. Use quotation marks to show that you report the exact words a person used and a reporting clause to include information about the speak and the situation.e.g.“I had a great time at the picnic，” she told her mum.（direct speech）（reporting clause）
☆The reporting clause may come before，within，or after the direct speech. When the reporting clause comes after the direct speech，the order of the subject and the verb may be changed，e.g. Jane said/said Jane. This typically happens when the reporting clause is within the reported speech and the subject is not a pronoun.e.g.Jane said，“I’ve got a new e-pal. He is from German.”
“I’ve got a new pal. He is from Germany，” Jane said/said Jane/she said.
Use a comma to connect the direct speech and the reporting clause.
When you change a sentence from Direct Speech to Indirect Speech，you sometimes need to change the verb tense. You may also need to change pronouns in order to keep the same meaning.
DIRECT SPEECH←→INDIRECT SPEECH
Present Past
Past past or past perfect
Present perfect past perfect
Past perfect past perfect
e.g.“Did you get e-mails from your friends？” she asked.→
She asked if I had got e-mails from my friends.
When you use Indirect Speech to report what someone said，you can sometimes change the exact words without changing what the speaker actually said.
e.g. Wilson said，“How long have we been in his place？”→
Wilson asked how long you had been here.
T：Next，let’s do some exercises. Look at Part 2.Change the following direct speech into indirect speech and indirect into direct. First do it by yourselves. Then discuss it in pairs. Finally I’ll show you the answers.（After students do it，teacher shows the following on the screen.）
Suggested answers：
1.Anne said that she was going to hide from the Germans.
2.Anne said that she didn’t know the address of her new home.
3.She said she couldn’t ask her father because it was not safe to know.
4.The girl said she had had to pick up her things very quickly.
5.Dad asked her why she had chosen her diary and old letters.
6.“Are you hot with so many clothes on” Mum asked.
7.“What else did you get？” Margot asked her.
8.“When will we go back home？” Anne asked.
9.“How can you see your friends？” Anne asked.
10.“Why did you go out last night？” Mother asked Anne.
T：You did a good job.In fact，we should pay attention to some special cases.In the interchanges of Direct Speech and Indirect Speech，it is not necessary for us to change “here，come，yesterday and so on” into “there，go，the day before” if we are at that given time and place.Of course，if the content in Direct Speech is objective truth，it is also not necessary to change tenses in Indirect Speech.For example：She said to the children，“The earth moves around the sun.”→She told the children that the earth moves round the sun.As to this，you should remember.Is that clear？
Ss：Yes.
Step 3
T：OK.Let’s deal with using structures on page 42.Retell the story to consolidate the grammar.After a while，I will ask some of you to report your story.Let’s see who can do the best.
Step 4
T：Thank you for your report!Now play the game on page 43.Make up a dialogue in groups of three.
S1：A：Who was waiting for them there？
B：What did he or she said？
C：He or she asked who was waiting for them there.
S2：
Step 5
T：You did a good job.I show you two letters to see how well you understand this grammar. Change them into Indirect speech.
Letter 1：
Dear Bassanio，
My friend，my ships are all lost at sea and now I have to pay Shylock with a pound of my flesh according to our agreement. Since paying him will cost me my life，I wish to see you before I die.If you love me not enough to lead you here，forget about the letter.
Yours，
Antonio
Letter 2：
Sir，
I am very ill. When your letter reached me，I had with me a learned young doctor from Rome. I told him about the quarrel between Shylock and Antonio. We studied many law books and he knows what I would say. I ask you to let him stand in my place and pass judgment. He is young，but I never knew so young a body with so wise a head.
Yours，
Doctor Bellario
T：Are you ready？Let’s check the answers with the whole class.
Answers：Letter 1：
Bassabio received a letter from Antonio. In the letter，Antonio said that his ships were all at sea and he had to pay Shylock with a pound of his flesh according to their agreement. Since paying Shylock would cost him his life，he wished to see Bassanio before he died. He said if Bassanio，s love for him was not enough to lead him there，Bassanio should forget about the letter.
Letter 2：
Dpoctor Bellario wrote in his letter that he was very ill and he had been with a learned young doctor from Rome when this letter reached him. He had told the young doctor about the quarrel between Shylock and Antonio. They had studied many law books and the young doctor knew what he would say. So Bellariop asked the Duck to let the young man stand in his place and give judgement.He also told the Duke in his letter he had never known so young a body with so wise a head.
T：Summary and homework
OK.In this class，we’ve learned Direct Speech and Indirect Speech. After class，review the content，and remember the rules of changes the interchanges of Direct Speech and Indirect Speech. Any question？
S1：I am not clear about the phrase “with so many clothes on”.
T：Note the following structure：
（1）She left the office with tears in her eyes.
（2）The murder was brought in，with his hands tied behind his back.
（3）With a lot of difficult problems to settle，the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
（4）Peter soon fell asleep with the light still burning.
Translation：
（1）____________（由那个男孩带路），we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
（2）Jessica was standing by the window，____________（手里拿着一封信）.
（3）____________（钥匙丢了），Anna had to wait until her husband came home.
（4）____________（因为有约翰帮助），we are sure to finish the work ahead of time.
（5）The old man lay in bed，unable to speak，____________（眼闭着嘴张着）.
Answers：
（1）with the boy leading the way
（2）with a letter in her hand
（3）With the key lost
（4）With John to help us
（5）with his eyes closed and mouth open
●板书设计
Unit 1 Friendship
The Third Period
with so many clothes on
（1）She left the office with tears in her eyes.
（2）The murder was brought in，with his hands tied behind his back.
（3）With a lot of difficult problems to settle，the newly-elected presidents having a hard time.
（4）Peter soon fell asleep with the light still burning.
●活动与探究
Let students summarize the rules of the grammar by themselves. The purpose is to cultivate their ability to make up a summary. Divide them into several groups.
After doing that，students form groups again to help each other.
●备课资料
1.
直接引语（变化前）
间接引语（变化后）
陈述句
Jane said，“I’m very fond of traveling.”
that引导的宾语从句
Jane said that she was very fond of traveling.
一般疑问句
“Is this your umbrella，Mary？”asked John.
whether/if引导的宾语从句
John asked Marry if that was her umbrella.
特殊疑问句
“Marry，when will you return me the book？”asked John.
wh-词引导的宾语从句
John asked Marry when she would return him the book.
祈使句
The officer said to him，“Don’t leave your post.”
不定式
The officer ordered him not to leave his post.
Let’s 开头的祈使句
I said to him，“Let’s start at once.”
that引导的宾语从句
I suggested to him that we（should）start at once.
感叹句
He said：“How happy I am!”
that/what/how引导的宾语从句
He said that he was very happy.
He said how happy he was.
直接引语
间接引语
this
these
now
ago
today
tomorrow
the day after tomorrow
yesterday
last night
the day before yesterday
go
bring
here
that/this
those/these
then
before
that day/today/yesterday
（the）next day
in two days’ time
the day before
the night before
two days before
come/go
bring/take
there/here
直接引语（变化前）
间接引语（变化后）
主句动词为一般现在时或现在完成时
She often says，“All men and women are equal under the law.”
“You did very well，” I have just told Tom.
从句动词时态不变
She often says the all men and women are equal under the law.
I have just told Tom that he did very well.
主句动词为一般过去
引语动词为：
从句动词时态相应变化
从句动词变为：
一般现在时“I know it，”he said.
一般过去时He said that he knew it.
现在进行时“I’m making coffee for you all，”she said.
过去进行时She said she was making coffee for us all.
现在完成时“I have seen her before，”said he.
过去完成时He said he had seen her before.
现在完成进行时He said，“I have been doing it for hours.”
过去完成进行时He said he had been doing it for hours.
一般过去时“I saw her last Monday，”he said.
过去完成时He said he had seen her the previous Monday.
过去进行时“I was waiting for Jim，”she said.
过去完成进行时She said she had been waiting for Jim.
过去完成时“Do you know Rick had been ill in bed for many days till he died？”Jack asked.
过去完成时Jack asked if I knew Rick had been ill in bed for many days till he died.
一般将来时He said：“We shall start tomorrow.”
过去将来时He said they would start the next day.
2.Change the following passage into dialogues.
Bassanio told Antonio that he was in love with Portia，a rich and beautiful lady，and that she also loved him. He also told Antonio that he could ask Portia to marry him because he had no many. He asked Antonia if he could lend him three thousand ducats. Antonio told him that all his ships were at sea and he had no money at present.
They went to Shylock to borrow the money. Shylock didn’t like Antonio，who had many times told others about his greed and cruelty. However，he agreed to lend Antonio the money on one condition. He would have the right to have a pound of Aantonio’s flesh to be cut off from any part of his body if he did not pay the money back at the end of three months. Antonio said that he would accept these terms. Bassanio tried to keep Antonio from accepting them，but Antonio treated them as a joke and said he would not refuse Shylock’s offer and would sign the agreement.
Dialogue：
B：Aantonio，my friend. I am in love with a rich and beautiful lady，whose name is Portia.
A：Does she love you？
B：Yes，she loves me. Or at least I think so.
A：Have you asked her to marry you？
B：I wanted to，but I can’t.
A：Why not？
B：Because I have no money.
A：If that is your only problem. I can help you. How much do you need？
B：I would be very grateful if you can lend me 3000 ducats.
A：I’d be happy to help you，but all my ships are at sea and I have no money at present. But don’t worry，I’ll find a way to solve this problem.
B：Oh，you are such a kind man. Thank you very much.
必修一 Unit1 Friendship
Grammar
A. Teaching content and analysis
Teaching content: learn to use the present Progressive tense to express future plans
Teaching analysis: grammar learning is an important part in language leaning, the present Progressive tense has multiple usage. In this unit we know it can show future actions.
B. Teaching aims
To enable students to use the present Progressive tense to express future plans
C. Teaching methods
1.3P (presentation practice production)model;
2. TBLT method (total situation action and task-based language teaching)
D. Teaching procedures
Dictation—Discovering useful structures—grammar—summary.
Step1 have a dictation
Designing purpose: to check whether students grasp the useful words
Step 2
To observe the following sentences and make conclusion about the usage of the direct speech and indirect speech.
1. She often says, “All men and women are equal under the law.”
She often says (that) all men and women are equal under the law
2.“I like reading stories,” said John.
John said that he liked reading stories.
3.“I don’t like cars,” Sarah said to him.
Sarah told him that she didn’t like cars.
直接引语转变为间接引语时, 从句由that引导, 可省略; 主句动词为一般将来时或现在时, 从句动词时态不变。
直接引语转变为间接引语时，人称要进行相应变化；且主句动词为一般过去时时，从句动词时态应为过去时的相应时态。
Designing purpose：by observing and them conclude by students themselves, which is efficient for them to understand grammar.
Step3. Elementary exercise
Using the proper form to fill in the blank.
1. She said, “I am hungry.”
2. Mum said to me, “You can do it yourself.”
3. Mr. Smith said, “He is a good worker.’’
4.Jack said to me, “You look worried today.”
5. We said to her, “They’re cleaning the room.”
Answers: 1.She said she was hungry.
2. Mum told me that I could do it myself.
3. Mr. Smith said that he was a good worker.
4. Jack told me that I looked worried that day.
5. We told her that they were cleaning the room.
Designing purpose：to practice the usage of the present progressive to show future actions and also to make a distinction between “will +do” structure
Step4 consolidation exercise (高考链接）
1. Don’t worry. The hard work that you do now ______ later in life.
Will be repaid B.was being repaid C.has been repaid D.was repaid
2. Mum, I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I ______ on Friday.
get paid B.got paid C.have paid D.had been paid
In the near future, more advances in the robot technology ______ by scientist.
Are making B.are made
C.will make D.will be made
4.All visitors to this village______ with kindness
treat B.are treated
C.are treating D.had been treated
5. After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team ______ four days late.
Rescued B. Was rescued C. has rescued D. had been rescued
Answers: AADBB
Designing purpose: consolidate grammar
Step 5. Enhancement exercise : Find faults and correct them.
Yesterday was my birthday. As before, I got a lot of gifts, and I wasn’t excited. Instead, I felt boring. At this time, Mom comes in. She sat beside me and said, “How about going out with me to choose gift for your sister’s birthday on next Saturday?” we got outside and spent almost two hour deciding on a toy for my sister. Back home, I felt very tired. “now you see how many time others spent choose gifts for you. So you should have a grateful heart in our life.
Designing purpose: to enhance knowledge
Teaching reflection
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必修一 Unit1 friendship
Grammar
从容说课
This is the fourth teaching period of this unit. To test whether the students have grasped the important and difficult language points they learned in the last period, the teacher should first offer them some revision exercises.
This teaching period is a grammar lesson. The students are expected to make clear the differences between Direct Speech and Indirect Speech and grasp the main usages of them in this period. Students often feel grammar very abstract and boring, so it is necessary to make the class lively and interesting. Example sentences and grammar summary should be carefully designed so as to make it easy for students to understand and accept.
In this lesson, we will first offer a supposed situation and make the students learn about the differences between Direct Speech and Indirect Speech. The situation makes students know that when talking in our daily life sometimes we have got to use Direct Speech and sometimes we also need to use Indirect Speech. This is to help them to have the sense to connect grammar form with real situations in our daily life. If we want to express ourselves clearly and correctly, we should use a proper form of language, otherwise others can’t understand us. That is why it is necessary for us to have some knowledge in grammar.
Later on, we’ll show and explain the rules of these grammar items, that is to say, to make the students know how to change Direct Speech into Indirect Speech and Indirect Speech into Direct Speech. Then ask them to do exercises in Discovering useful structures, Learning about language on Page 5. It will make the students further know about the differences and grasp the usages. This also can help the students connect grammar rules with proper language forms so as to make grammar rules less abstract.
Then we will ask the students to do Exercise 1 in Using structures on Page 42. If the students have difficulty, help them and check their mistakes with the help of the grammar rules.
Tell the students not just to learn some simple grammar rules but to learn and use them in practical situations.
For example, my friend says, “I will come here tomorrow. ” If using Indirect Speech, you can express it in many different ways.
1. If at the same time in the same place, you should say:My friend says she (he) will come here tomorrow.
2. If the time has changed and still in the same place, you should say:My friend said she (he)would come here the next day.
3. If the place has changed and the time is still today, you should say:My friend said she (he)would go there tomorrow.
4. If both the time and the place have changed, you should say:My friend said she (he)would go there the next day.
5. If both the time and the place have changed, the other should say:He (She) said he (she) would go there the next day.
If students learn the grammar this way, it is easier for them to grasp.
教学重点
Summarize the rules of Direct Speech and Indirect Speech.
教学难点
Get the students to learn about the special cases in which the tenses shouldn’t be changed.
教学方法
Discussing, summarizing and practicing
教具准备
A projector and other necessary teaching tools
三维目标
Knowledge aims:
Get the students to learn and grasp the rules of Direct Speech and Indirect Speech.
Ability aims:
Get the students to be able to use the rules to express their meanings and retail others’ correctly.
Emotional aims:
1. Get the students not to be afraid of grammar learning.
2. Get the students to develop their sense of group cooperation.
教学过程
→Step 1 Revision
1. Check the homework exercises.
2. Have a dictation to write some important words and expressions.
Suggested words and expressions:
upset ignore concern loose cheat reason share nature thunder entirely go through hide away calm down set down grow crazy about on purpose face to face according to
3. Translate some sentences using the patterns we have learned.
Suggested sentences:
1）为了上课不迟到，他七点钟就出发了。(in order to)
2）小明昨天没来上学确实是因为生病了。(It is. . . that. . . )
3）这小房间里太闹。(far too much)
4）那是我第一次到北京。(It is/was the first/second time/that. . . )
Suggested answers:
1）In order not to be late for class, he set off at seven o’clock. /He set off at seven o’clock in order not to be late for class.
2）It is because he was ill that Xiaoming didn’t come to school.
3）There is far too much noise in the small room.
4）It was the first time that I had been to Beijing.
→Step 2 Lead-in
Tell the class:In the last lesson, we learned Anne Frank’s story. She is telling her stories to two of her friends—you and Mary. Mary has something wrong with her ears, so you have to repeat Anne’s sentences, using Indirect speech. Sometimes you explain Mary’s sentences to Anne.
“I have to stay in the hiding place. ”said Anne.
→ Anne said she had to stay in the hiding place.
“Do you feel sad when you are not able to go outdoors? ” Mary asked Anne.
→ Mary asked Anne if/whether she felt sad when she was not able to go outdoors.
“I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary, ” said Anne.
→ Anne said that she didn’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary.
“What do you call your diary? ” Mary asked.
→ Mary asked what she called her diary.
. . .
Get the students to go on this topic by themselves.
→Step 3 Grammar
1. Tell the class:Now let’s look at these sentences again. If we want to change Direct Speech into Indirect Speech, what should be changed?
2. Get the students discuss by themselves.
Perhaps most students can find sentence structures, tenses, pronouns, adverbials of time and place and verbs should be changed.
3. Show the students the form on the screen. These are the rules.
当我们引用别人的话时，如果我们引用别人的原话，被引用的部分就叫直接引语，一般用“”引起来。如果我们用自己的话把意思转述出来，被转述的部分称为间接引语，间接引语在多数情况下都构成一个宾语从句。
直接引语变成间接引语时，要注意以下几点：人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
1）直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，由连词that 引导。
Mary said, “I am very happy to help you. ”
→Mary said that she was very happy to help you.
2）直接引语是一般疑问句或选择疑问句，变成间接引语时，由连词whether或if引导。
He asked me, “Do you like playing basketball? ”
→He asked me if/whether I liked playing basketball.
注意：大多数情况下，if和whether都可以用，但后面和or not连用时或在动词不定式前或放在介词后作连接词时，一般只用whether。
She asked me whether I could do it or not.
3）直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时，由原句的疑问词who, whom, whose, how, when, why, where 等引导。
My sister asked me, “What do you think of the film? ”
→My sister asked me what I thought of the film.
4）注意事项
（1)间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序，即主、谓、宾的顺序。
He asked Lucy, “Where have you been? ”
→He asked Lucy where she had been.
Mary said, “What do you want, Ann? ”
→Mary asked Ann what she wanted.
（2)直接引语是客观事实、真理、规律等，变成间接引语时，时态不变。
The teacher told his students, “The earth goes round the sun. ”
→The teacher told his students that the earth goes round the sun.
（3)直接引语变间接引语时，指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。
He said, “I haven’t seen my daughter today. ”
→He said that he hadn’t seen his daughter that day.
注意：如果转述时就在原来的地方，就在说话的当天，就没必要改变指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等。
时态变化规律表
直接引语
间接引语
一般现在时
一般过去时
现在进行时
过去进行时
一般将来时
过去将来时
一般过去时
过去完成时
现在完成时
过去完成时
过去完成时
过去完成时
现在完成进行时
过去完成进行时
一些常用词变化规律表
直接引语
间接引语
指示代词
this
that
these
those
时间状语
now
then
today
that day
tomorrow
the next (following)day
next week/month/. . .
the next (following)week/month. . .
yesterday
the day before
last week/month/. . .
the week/month/. . . before
three days/months/. . . ago
three days/month/. . .
this week/month/. . .
that week/month. . .
地点
here
there
动词
come
go
Option:如果学生基础较好，语法部分也可用英语讲解。
1. Direct Speech
In direct speech, the original speaker’s exact words are given and are indicated by quotation marks.
“I don’t know what to do, ” said Tom.
In some grammar books, “said Tom” is referred to as a reporting clause. “I don’t know what to do, ” is referred to as the reported clause.
2. Indirect Speech
In indirect speech, the exact meaning of the speaker’s words is given, but the exact words are not directly quoted.
Tom said that he didn’t know what to do.
To convert direct speech into indirect speech:
If the main verb is past tense, present tense verbs in “that clause” must also be changed to past tense.
Tom said that he didn’t know what to do.
First and second person pronouns must be changed to third person pronouns.
Tom said that he didn’t know what to do.
(The word “that” can often be left out:Tom said he didn’t know what to do. )
3. Indirect Questions
The same rules apply to indirect questions as to indirect statements. The difference is that a wh-clause is used instead of a that clause.
Direct question:“Did Dick’s horse win a prize? ” Owen asked.
Indirect questions:Owen asked whether/if Dick’s horse had won a prize.
Direct question:“Why won’t you marry me? ” asked Donald.
Indirect question:Donald asked her why she wouldn’t marry him.
﹡In telling a story or recounting events, a speaker using direct speech has all the resources of intonation to produce a lively account. Because indirect speech is always reported by someone else, the account is more reserved and restrained.
“What shall we do? ” asked Mary.
“Don’t worry, Mary, ” said Dick, “I’ve got a plan. ”
Mary asked Dick what they should do. He told her not to worry and that he had got a plan.
﹡The ability to change direct speech into indirect speech is a useful skill for those engaged in taking the minutes of a meeting or reporting on events.
Direct speech:“First of all, I would like to thank everybody who helped with the fair. The results were very good, and we will now be able to buy two more computers. ”
Indirect speech:The principal said that he would like to thank everybody who had helped with the fair. He announced that the results were very good and that the school would now be able to buy two more computers.
→Step 4 Practice (Discovering useful structures)
Get the students to turn to Page 5. Please change the following direct speech into indirect speech and indirect into direct.
1. “I’m going to hide from the Germans, ” Anne said.
2. “I don’t know the address of my new home, ” said Anne.
3. “I cannot ask my father because it is not safe to know, ” she said.
4. “I had to pack up my things very quickly, ” the girl said.
5. “Why did you choose your diary and old letters? ” Dad asked her.
6. Mum asked her if/whether she was very hot with so many clothes on.
7. Margot asked her what else she had got.
8. Anne asked her father when they would go back home.
9. Anne asked her sister how she could see her friends.
10. Mother asked Anne why she had gone to bed so late the night before.
→Step 5 Correcting mistakes
Analyze the common mistakes students have made during the practice. Let the students look at the screen and pay attention to these sentences. Then choose the right sentence and make it clear why the other one is wrong.
→Step 6 A game
Play a guessing game “who is my secret friend? ” One student comes to the front with his partner. The rest students ask him questions while his partner changes them into indirect speech. In the end, the person who has guessed the right answer can come to the front to take the place of the first student. So the game goes on.
Suggested sentences:
Can your friend speak?
What does he/she wear today?
Is he/she tall or short?
What do you and your friend do in your free time?
Do you quarrel with each other?
. . .
→Step 7 Workbook
Do Exercise 1 in Using Structures on Page 42. Here is another page of Anne’s diary. Read it through and then use indirect speech to retell the story.
If time doesn’t permit, declare it as homework.
Suggested answers:
Anne said that they went quickly upstairs and into the hiding place when they arrived at Prinsengracht. She said that they closed the door behind them and they were alone. She said (that)Margot had come faster on her bicycle and was already waiting for them. She said (that)all the rooms were full of boxes and they lay on the floor and the beds. She said (that)the little room was filled with bedclothes and they had to start clearing up at once, if they wished to sleep in comfortable beds that night. Anne said (that)her mother and Margot were not able to help. She said (that)they were tired and lay down on their beds, but her daddy and she, the two “Helpers” of the family, started at once.
Anne said (that)they unpacked the boxes, filled the cupboards and tidied the whole day, until they were extremely tired. She said they did sleep in clean beds that night. She said they hadn’t had any warm food to eat all day, but they didn’t care. Anne said (that)her mother and Margot were too tired and worried to eat, and her daddy and she were too busy.
→Step 8 Homework
1. Finish off the related Workbook exercises.
2. Review and grasp the rules of Direct Speech and Indirect Speech.
板书设计
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
1. Mary said, “I am very happy to help you. ”
Mary said that she was very happy to help you.
2. He asked me, “Do you like playing basketball? ”
He asked me if/whether I liked playing basketball.
3. My sister asked me, “What do you think of the film? ”
My sister asked me what I thought of the film.
4. The teacher told his students, “The earth goes round the sun. ”
The teacher told his students that the earth goes round the sun.
活动与探究
Get the students to work in groups of four out of class and design a questionnaire to find out what kind of friends your classmates are. The purpose of this activity is to encourage students to think independently and act in matters of immediate concern and interest. It also can develop students’ design ability and spirit of cooperation.
Sample questionnaire
Directions:
This questionnaire has four questions. Each question is followed by three possible answers. Please read the questions, and then consider which response fits you best.
Questions:
1. Why am I close friends with this person now?
A. Because he/she is someone I really enjoy sharing emotions and special events with.
B. Because my friend would be upset if I ended the relationship.
C. Because being friends with him/her helps me feel important.
2. Why do I spend time with my friend?
A. Because my friend would get mad at me if I didn’t.
B. Because it is fun spending time with him/her.
C. Because I think it is what friends are supposed to do.
3. Why do I listen to my friend’s problems, or to what my friend has to say?
A. Because my friend praises me and makes me feel good when I do.
B. Because it’s interesting and satisfying to be able to share like that.
C. Because I really value getting to know my friend better.
4. Why do I keep promises to my friend?
A. Because I believe it is an important personal quality to live up to my promises to a friend.
B. Because it would threaten our friendship if I were not trustworthy.
C. Because I would feel bad about myself if I didn’t.
Scoring Sheet:
1. A 3 B 2 C 1
2. A 1 B 2 C 3
3. A 1 B 2 C 3
4. A 3 B 2 C 1
Explanations:
4~6 points:You are not a good friend. You either neglect your friend’s needs or just do what he/she wants you to do. You should think more about what a good friend needs to do.
7~9 points:You are a good friend but you sometimes let your friendship become too important, or you fail to show enough concern for your friend’s needs and feelings. Try to strike a balance between your friend’s needs and your own responsibilities.
10+ points:You are an excellent friend who recognizes that to be a good friend you need to balance your needs and your friend’s. Well done.
必修一 Unit1 friendship
Grammar
(Direct Speech and Indirect Speech (Ⅰ)
整体设计
教学重点
Summarize the rules of Direct Speech and Indirect Speech.
教学难点
Get the students to learn about the special cases in which the tenses shouldn’t be changed.
教学方法
Discussing, summarizing and practicing
教具准备
A projector and other necessary teaching tools
三维目标
Knowledge aims:
Get the students to learn and grasp the rules of Direct Speech and Indirect Speech.
Ability aims:
Get the students to be able to use the rules to express their meanings and retail others’ correctly.
Emotional aims:
1. Get the students not to be afraid of grammar learning.
2. Get the students to develop their sense of group cooperation.
教学过程
→Step 1 Revision
1. Check the homework exercises.
2. Have a dictation to write some important words and expressions.
Suggested words and expressions:
upset ignore concern loose cheat reason share nature thunder entirely go through hide away calm down set down grow crazy about on purpose face to face according to
3. Translate some sentences using the patterns we have learned.
Suggested sentences:
1）为了上课不迟到，他七点钟就出发了。(in order to)
2）小明昨天没来上学确实是因为生病了。(It is. . . that. . . )
3）这小房间里太闹。(far too much)
4）那是我第一次到北京。(It is/was the first/second time/that. . . )
Suggested answers:
1）In order not to be late for class, he set off at seven o’clock. /He set off at seven o’clock in order not to be late for class.
2）It is because he was ill that Xiaoming didn’t come to school.
3）There is far too much noise in the small room.
4）It was the first time that I had been to Beijing.
→Step 2 Lead-in
Tell the class:In the last lesson, we learned Anne Frank’s story. She is telling her stories to two of her friends—you and Mary. Mary has something wrong with her ears, so you have to repeat Anne’s sentences, using Indirect speech. Sometimes you explain Mary’s sentences to Anne.
“I have to stay in the hiding place. ”said Anne.
→ Anne said she had to stay in the hiding place.
“Do you feel sad when you are not able to go outdoors? ” Mary asked Anne.
→ Mary asked Anne if/whether she felt sad when she was not able to go outdoors.
“I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary, ” said Anne.
→ Anne said that she didn’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary.
“What do you call your diary? ” Mary asked.
→ Mary asked what she called her diary.
. . .
Get the students to go on this topic by themselves.
→Step 3 Grammar
1. Tell the class:Now let’s look at these sentences again. If we want to change Direct Speech into Indirect Speech, what should be changed?
2. Get the students discuss by themselves.
Perhaps most students can find sentence structures, tenses, pronouns, adverbials of time and place and verbs should be changed.
3. Show the students the form on the screen. These are the rules.
当我们引用别人的话时，如果我们引用别人的原话，被引用的部分就叫直接引语，一般用“”引起来。如果我们用自己的话把意思转述出来，被转述的部分称为间接引语，间接引语在多数情况下都构成一个宾语从句。
直接引语变成间接引语时，要注意以下几点：人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
1）直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，由连词that 引导。
Mary said, “I am very happy to help you. ”
→Mary said that she was very happy to help you.
2）直接引语是一般疑问句或选择疑问句，变成间接引语时，由连词whether或if引导。
He asked me, “Do you like playing basketball? ”
→He asked me if/whether I liked playing basketball.
注意：大多数情况下，if和whether都可以用，但后面和or not连用时或在动词不定式前或放在介词后作连接词时，一般只用whether。
She asked me whether I could do it or not.
3）直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时，由原句的疑问词who, whom, whose, how, when, why, where 等引导。
My sister asked me, “What do you think of the film? ”
→My sister asked me what I thought of the film.
4）注意事项
（1)间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序，即主、谓、宾的顺序。
He asked Lucy, “Where have you been? ”
→He asked Lucy where she had been.
Mary said, “What do you want, Ann? ”
→Mary asked Ann what she wanted.
（2)直接引语是客观事实、真理、规律等，变成间接引语时，时态不变。
The teacher told his students, “The earth goes round the sun. ”
→The teacher told his students that the earth goes round the sun.
（3)直接引语变间接引语时，指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。
He said, “I haven’t seen my daughter today. ”
→He said that he hadn’t seen his daughter that day.
注意：如果转述时就在原来的地方，就在说话的当天，就没必要改变指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等。
时态变化规律表
直接引语
间接引语
一般现在时
一般过去时
现在进行时
过去进行时
一般将来时
过去将来时
一般过去时
过去完成时
现在完成时
过去完成时
过去完成时
过去完成时
现在完成进行时
过去完成进行时
一些常用词变化规律表
直接引语
间接引语
指示代词
this
that
these
those
时间状语
now
then
today
that day
tomorrow
the next (following)day
next week/month/. . .
the next (following)week/month. . .
yesterday
the day before
last week/month/. . .
the week/month/. . . before
three days/months/. . . ago
three days/month/. . .
this week/month/. . .
that week/month. . .
地点
here
there
动词
come
go
Option:如果学生基础较好，语法部分也可用英语讲解。
1. Direct Speech
In direct speech, the original speaker’s exact words are given and are indicated by quotation marks.
“I don’t know what to do, ” said Tom.
In some grammar books, “said Tom” is referred to as a reporting clause. “I don’t know what to do, ” is referred to as the reported clause.
2. Indirect Speech
In indirect speech, the exact meaning of the speaker’s words is given, but the exact words are not directly quoted.
Tom said that he didn’t know what to do.
To convert direct speech into indirect speech:
If the main verb is past tense, present tense verbs in “that clause” must also be changed to past tense.
Tom said that he didn’t know what to do.
First and second person pronouns must be changed to third person pronouns.
Tom said that he didn’t know what to do.
(The word “that” can often be left out:Tom said he didn’t know what to do. )
3. Indirect Questions
The same rules apply to indirect questions as to indirect statements. The difference is that a wh-clause is used instead of a that clause.
Direct question:“Did Dick’s horse win a prize? ” Owen asked.
Indirect questions:Owen asked whether/if Dick’s horse had won a prize.
Direct question:“Why won’t you marry me? ” asked Donald.
Indirect question:Donald asked her why she wouldn’t marry him.
﹡In telling a story or recounting events, a speaker using direct speech has all the resources of intonation to produce a lively account. Because indirect speech is always reported by someone else, the account is more reserved and restrained.
“What shall we do? ” asked Mary.
“Don’t worry, Mary, ” said Dick, “I’ve got a plan. ”
Mary asked Dick what they should do. He told her not to worry and that he had got a plan.
﹡The ability to change direct speech into indirect speech is a useful skill for those engaged in taking the minutes of a meeting or reporting on events.
Direct speech:“First of all, I would like to thank everybody who helped with the fair. The results were very good, and we will now be able to buy two more computers. ”
Indirect speech:The principal said that he would like to thank everybody who had helped with the fair. He announced that the results were very good and that the school would now be able to buy two more computers.
→Step 4 Practice (Discovering useful structures)
Get the students to turn to Page 5. Please change the following direct speech into indirect speech and indirect into direct.
1. “I’m going to hide from the Germans, ” Anne said.
2. “I don’t know the address of my new home, ” said Anne.
3. “I cannot ask my father because it is not safe to know, ” she said.
4. “I had to pack up my things very quickly, ” the girl said.
5. “Why did you choose your diary and old letters? ” Dad asked her.
6. Mum asked her if/whether she was very hot with so many clothes on.
7. Margot asked her what else she had got.
8. Anne asked her father when they would go back home.
9. Anne asked her sister how she could see her friends.
10. Mother asked Anne why she had gone to bed so late the night before.
→Step 5 Correcting mistakes
Analyze the common mistakes students have made during the practice. Let the students look at the screen and pay attention to these sentences. Then choose the right sentence and make it clear why the other one is wrong.
→Step 6 A game
Play a guessing game “who is my secret friend? ” One student comes to the front with his partner. The rest students ask him questions while his partner changes them into indirect speech. In the end, the person who has guessed the right answer can come to the front to take the place of the first student. So the game goes on.
Suggested sentences:
Can your friend speak?
What does he/she wear today?
Is he/she tall or short?
What do you and your friend do in your free time?
Do you quarrel with each other?
. . .
→Step 7 Workbook
Do Exercise 1 in Using Structures on Page 42. Here is another page of Anne’s diary. Read it through and then use indirect speech to retell the story.
If time doesn’t permit, declare it as homework.
Suggested answers:
Anne said that they went quickly upstairs and into the hiding place when they arrived at Prinsengracht. She said that they closed the door behind them and they were alone. She said (that)Margot had come faster on her bicycle and was already waiting for them. She said (that)all the rooms were full of boxes and they lay on the floor and the beds. She said (that)the little room was filled with bedclothes and they had to start clearing up at once, if they wished to sleep in comfortable beds that night. Anne said (that)her mother and Margot were not able to help. She said (that)they were tired and lay down on their beds, but her daddy and she, the two “Helpers” of the family, started at once.
Anne said (that)they unpacked the boxes, filled the cupboards and tidied the whole day, until they were extremely tired. She said they did sleep in clean beds that night. She said they hadn’t had any warm food to eat all day, but they didn’t care. Anne said (that)her mother and Margot were too tired and worried to eat, and her daddy and she were too busy.
→Step 8 Homework
1. Finish off the related Workbook exercises.
2. Review and grasp the rules of Direct Speech and Indirect Speech.
板书设计
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
1. Mary said, “I am very happy to help you. ”
Mary said that she was very happy to help you.
2. He asked me, “Do you like playing basketball? ”
He asked me if/whether I liked playing basketball.
3. My sister asked me, “What do you think of the film? ”
My sister asked me what I thought of the film.
4. The teacher told his students, “The earth goes round the sun. ”
The teacher told his students that the earth goes round the sun.
活动与探究
Get the students to work in groups of four out of class and design a questionnaire to find out what kind of friends your classmates are. The purpose of this activity is to encourage students to think independently and act in matters of immediate concern and interest. It also can develop students’ design ability and spirit of cooperation.
Sample questionnaire
Directions:
This questionnaire has four questions. Each question is followed by three possible answers. Please read the questions, and then consider which response fits you best.
Questions:
1. Why am I close friends with this person now?
A. Because he/she is someone I really enjoy sharing emotions and special events with.
B. Because my friend would be upset if I ended the relationship.
C. Because being friends with him/her helps me feel important.
2. Why do I spend time with my friend?
A. Because my friend would get mad at me if I didn’t.
B. Because it is fun spending time with him/her.
C. Because I think it is what friends are supposed to do.
3. Why do I listen to my friend’s problems, or to what my friend has to say?
A. Because my friend praises me and makes me feel good when I do.
B. Because it’s interesting and satisfying to be able to share like that.
C. Because I really value getting to know my friend better.
4. Why do I keep promises to my friend?
A. Because I believe it is an important personal quality to live up to my promises to a friend.
B. Because it would threaten our friendship if I were not trustworthy.
C. Because I would feel bad about myself if I didn’t.
Scoring Sheet:
1. A 3 B 2 C 1
2. A 1 B 2 C 3
3. A 1 B 2 C 3
4. A 3 B 2 C 1
Explanations:
4~6 points:You are not a good friend. You either neglect your friend’s needs or just do what he/she wants you to do. You should think more about what a good friend needs to do.
7~9 points:You are a good friend but you sometimes let your friendship become too important, or you fail to show enough concern for your friend’s needs and feelings. Try to strike a balance between your friend’s needs and your own responsibilities.
10+ points:You are an excellent friend who recognizes that to be a good friend you need to balance your needs and your friend’s. Well done.
必修一 Unit1 friendship
Grammar
(Direct & Indirect Speech(Ⅰ) statements & questions)
Aims
To discover useful words and expressions
To discover useful structures
Procedures
I. Warming up
Warming up by discovering useful words and expressions
Turn to page 4 and do Exercises 1, 2, 3 and 4 first. Then check your answers with your class partner.
II. Learning about grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech
1.Direct Speech
In direct speech, the original speaker's exact words are given and are indicated by quotation marks.
★ “I don’t know what to do,” said Dean.
In some grammar books, ‘said Dean’ is referred to as a reporting clause. “I don't know what to do,” is referred to as the reported clause.
2. Indirect Speech
In indirect speech, the exact meaning of the speaker’s words is given, but the exact words are not directly quoted.
★ Dean said that he didn’t know what to do.
To convert direct speech into indirect speech:
If the main verb is past tense, present tense verbs in ‘that clause’ must also be changed to past tense.
Dean said that he didn’t know what to do.
First and second person pronouns must be changed to third person pronouns.
Dean said that he didn’t know what to do.
(The word ‘that’ can often be left out: Dean said he didn’t know what to do.)
3. Indirect Questions
Direct question: “Did Marama’s horse win a prize?” Owen asked.
Indirect questions: Owen asked whether (or if) Marama’s horse had won a prize.
The same rules apply to indirect questions as to indirect statements. The difference is that a wh- clause is used instead of a that clause.
Direct question: “Why won’t you marry me?” asked Donald.
Indirect question: Donald asked her why she wouldn’t marry him.
In telling a story or recounting events, a speaker using direct speech has all the resources of intonation to produce a lively account. Because indirect speech is always speech reported by someone else, the account is more reserved and restrained.
“What shall we do?” asked Bev.
“Don’t worry, Bev,” said Duncan, “I’ve got a plan.”
Bev asked Duncan what they should do. He told her not to worry and that he had got a plan.
The ability to change direct speech into indirect speech is a useful skill for those engaged in taking the minutes of a meeting or reporting on events.
Direct speech: “First of all, I would like to thank everybody who helped with the fair. The results were very good, and we will now be able to buy two more computers.”
Indirect speech: The principal said that he would like to thank everybody who had helped with the fair. He announced that the results were very good and that the school would now be able to buy two more computers.
III. Discovering words and expressions
Do exercises 1, 2, 3 and 4 on page 4 and 5. Check your work with your partner’s.
IV. Discovering structures
Do exercise 1 and 2. Check your work with your partner’s.
