高中句法复习语法知识
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句法复习
疑问句
分类 例句
一般疑问句 Are you OK? Yes,I’m fine.
特殊疑问句 What’s your name?My name is Gina.
选择疑问句 Which would you like better,tea or coffee?
反义疑问句 There is not a book,is there?/Something is wrong, isn’t it?
二、倒装句
分类 例句
so/neither倒装句 Tom is a boy, so am I./Tom is not a girl, neither am I.
There be句型 There are books.
副词here/there句型 Here is it!
感叹句
1、由what引导的感叹句
分类 例句
What+an/a+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！ What a beautiful girl she is!
What+形容词+可数名词复数+主语+谓语！ What beautiful girls they are!
What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语！ What sweet water it is!
由how引导的感叹句
分类 例句
How+形容词+an/a+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！ How useful a subject it is!
How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！ How interesting the dog is!
How+主语+谓语！ How time flies
3、一些特殊的词或者词组表达强烈情感的感叹句：Look out!
祈使句
分类 例句
Do型 Wash your hands!
Be型 Be careful!
Let型 Let’s go!
并列句
分类 连接词 例句
顺承、并列、递进 and/both…and…/as well as My father is very kind and we like him.
转折或对比关系 but/yet/while I like fruit but I don’t like apples.
选择关系 either…or…/neither…nor…/or Neither you nor I am right.
虚拟句子
在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(如：desire,?demand,?advice,?insist,?require,?suggest,?propose,?order,?recommend,?decide?…)后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。
在"It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that…"这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should十动词原形”结构，表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。
wish后的宾语从句。
It is high time that+虚拟语气
虚拟语气的句子时态
从句 主句
与现在事实相反的假设 主语+助动词的过式（were, did, had） 主语+ should/would/could/might+动词原形
与过去事实相反的假设 主语+had+过去分词 主语+should/would/could/might +have+过去分词
与将来事实相反的假设 主语+动词过去式 主语+were to+动词原形 主语+should+动词原形(注意不能是would) 主语+ should/would/could/might+动词原形
省略句
分类 例句
省略介词 I have studied English (for) 5 years.
省略连词 It is a pity (that) he’s leaving.
省略关系代词 I’ll give you all (that) I have.
省略主语 Take care!
省略宾语 Who next (comes)?
省略定语 He spend part of the money,and the rest (of money)he saved.
省略状语 He was not hurt.(How)Strange!
强调句：It is(was) +被强调部分+that/who……
状语从句
分类 引导词 例句
时间状语从句 when/while/before/after…… I go to bed before my father comes back.
条件状语从句 If/as long as/unless If it rains tomorrow,I’ll go fishing.
原因状语从句 because/since/as I like it because it is beautiful.
目的状语从句 So that/in order to I get up early in order to go to school on time.
结果状语从句 so that/so…that…/such…that It is so hot that nobody wants to go out.
让步状语从句 Though/even if/whatever Whatever you do,I will agree with you.
比较状语从句 than/as He is taller than you.
地点状语从句 where/wherever Sit wherever you like.
名词性从句
主语从句：在复合句中充当主语成分对句子，通常由连词that和whether、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词what引导。
引导词 例句
that/whether That we shall be late is certain.
连接代词 Whichever you want is yours.
连接副词 When we arrive dosen’t matter.
what What we need is money.
it作形式主语 It is a pity that he didn’t come.
宾语从句
引导词 引导词的作用 例句
that 无意义，可省略 He said (that) Kate was good at English.
what/which/who 在从句中充当一部分成分 I don’t know what to do.
When/where/why 在从句中作状语 I don’t know where to go.
If/whether 不作句子成分，但不能省略 I wonder if you are right.
同位语从句：表示与之同位的名词（短语）的实际内容，对前面的名词补充说明。
引导词 引导词的作用 例句
That 不可省略 The idea that you can do it well without thinking.
whether if不可以引导同位语从句 The question whether we should can in a teacher was answered by father.
what/who/whom I have no idea what size shoes she wears.
when/where/why We don’t decide where we are going.
表语从句:充当表语成分的句子。
引导词 引导词的作用 例句
that 不作成分 The trouble is that I lost my watch.
whether/as/as if The key is whether we can solve it.
who/whom/that My question is who left.
when/where/why That is why he comes here.
定语从句
关系词 先行词 例句
that/who/whom 人 I don’t know the girl who is tall.
that/which 物 I get a computer that my mother buy for me.
as 人、事、物 She is a famous writer, as we all know.
whose 人、物 The boy whose father is a doctor is very kind.
where/when/why 地点、时间、原因 This is the school where my mother works.
十二、直接引语和间接引语：引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号“ “标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语。
1、人称的转变
1）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如：
He said，“I am very sorry.” ——>He said that he was very sorry.
2）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如：
“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.——>
My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.
3）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如：
She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.” ——>
She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.
4）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如：
He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” ——>
He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.
2、时态的转换
直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下：
例如：
“I am very glad to visit your school”, she said. ——>
She said she was very glad to visit our school.
3、直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况
1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，如：
He always says, “I am tired out.” ——>He always says that he is tired out.
2）当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如：
He will say, “I’ll try my best to help you.” ——>He will say that he will try his best to help me.
3）当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如：
He said, “I went to college in 1994.” ——>He told us that he went to college in 1994.
4）当直接引语中有以when, while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时，如：
He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.” ——>
He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.
5）当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如：
Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.” ——>
Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.
6）当引语是谚语、格言时，如：
He said，“Practice makes perfect.” ——>He said that practice makes perfect.
7）当直接引语中有情态动词should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need时，如：
The doctor said, “You'd better drink plenty of water.” ——> The doctor said I'd better drink plenty of water.
疑问句
分类 例句
一般疑问句 Are you OK? Yes,I’m fine.
特殊疑问句 What’s your name?My name is Gina.
选择疑问句 Which would you like better,tea or coffee?
反义疑问句 There is not a book,is there?/Something is wrong, isn’t it?
二、倒装句
分类 例句
so/neither倒装句 Tom is a boy, so am I./Tom is not a girl, neither am I.
There be句型 There are books.
副词here/there句型 Here is it!
感叹句
1、由what引导的感叹句
分类 例句
What+an/a+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！ What a beautiful girl she is!
What+形容词+可数名词复数+主语+谓语！ What beautiful girls they are!
What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语！ What sweet water it is!
由how引导的感叹句
分类 例句
How+形容词+an/a+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！ How useful a subject it is!
How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！ How interesting the dog is!
How+主语+谓语！ How time flies
3、一些特殊的词或者词组表达强烈情感的感叹句：Look out!
祈使句
分类 例句
Do型 Wash your hands!
Be型 Be careful!
Let型 Let’s go!
并列句
分类 连接词 例句
顺承、并列、递进 and/both…and…/as well as My father is very kind and we like him.
转折或对比关系 but/yet/while I like fruit but I don’t like apples.
选择关系 either…or…/neither…nor…/or Neither you nor I am right.
虚拟句子
在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(如：desire,?demand,?advice,?insist,?require,?suggest,?propose,?order,?recommend,?decide?…)后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。
在"It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that…"这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should十动词原形”结构，表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。
wish后的宾语从句。
It is high time that+虚拟语气
虚拟语气的句子时态
从句 主句
与现在事实相反的假设 主语+助动词的过式（were, did, had） 主语+ should/would/could/might+动词原形
与过去事实相反的假设 主语+had+过去分词 主语+should/would/could/might +have+过去分词
与将来事实相反的假设 主语+动词过去式 主语+were to+动词原形 主语+should+动词原形(注意不能是would) 主语+ should/would/could/might+动词原形
省略句
分类 例句
省略介词 I have studied English (for) 5 years.
省略连词 It is a pity (that) he’s leaving.
省略关系代词 I’ll give you all (that) I have.
省略主语 Take care!
省略宾语 Who next (comes)?
省略定语 He spend part of the money,and the rest (of money)he saved.
省略状语 He was not hurt.(How)Strange!
强调句：It is(was) +被强调部分+that/who……
状语从句
分类 引导词 例句
时间状语从句 when/while/before/after…… I go to bed before my father comes back.
条件状语从句 If/as long as/unless If it rains tomorrow,I’ll go fishing.
原因状语从句 because/since/as I like it because it is beautiful.
目的状语从句 So that/in order to I get up early in order to go to school on time.
结果状语从句 so that/so…that…/such…that It is so hot that nobody wants to go out.
让步状语从句 Though/even if/whatever Whatever you do,I will agree with you.
比较状语从句 than/as He is taller than you.
地点状语从句 where/wherever Sit wherever you like.
名词性从句
主语从句：在复合句中充当主语成分对句子，通常由连词that和whether、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词what引导。
引导词 例句
that/whether That we shall be late is certain.
连接代词 Whichever you want is yours.
连接副词 When we arrive dosen’t matter.
what What we need is money.
it作形式主语 It is a pity that he didn’t come.
宾语从句
引导词 引导词的作用 例句
that 无意义，可省略 He said (that) Kate was good at English.
what/which/who 在从句中充当一部分成分 I don’t know what to do.
When/where/why 在从句中作状语 I don’t know where to go.
If/whether 不作句子成分，但不能省略 I wonder if you are right.
同位语从句：表示与之同位的名词（短语）的实际内容，对前面的名词补充说明。
引导词 引导词的作用 例句
That 不可省略 The idea that you can do it well without thinking.
whether if不可以引导同位语从句 The question whether we should can in a teacher was answered by father.
what/who/whom I have no idea what size shoes she wears.
when/where/why We don’t decide where we are going.
表语从句:充当表语成分的句子。
引导词 引导词的作用 例句
that 不作成分 The trouble is that I lost my watch.
whether/as/as if The key is whether we can solve it.
who/whom/that My question is who left.
when/where/why That is why he comes here.
定语从句
关系词 先行词 例句
that/who/whom 人 I don’t know the girl who is tall.
that/which 物 I get a computer that my mother buy for me.
as 人、事、物 She is a famous writer, as we all know.
whose 人、物 The boy whose father is a doctor is very kind.
where/when/why 地点、时间、原因 This is the school where my mother works.
十二、直接引语和间接引语：引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号“ “标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语。
1、人称的转变
1）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如：
He said，“I am very sorry.” ——>He said that he was very sorry.
2）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如：
“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.——>
My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.
3）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如：
She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.” ——>
She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.
4）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如：
He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” ——>
He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.
2、时态的转换
直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下：
例如：
“I am very glad to visit your school”, she said. ——>
She said she was very glad to visit our school.
3、直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况
1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，如：
He always says, “I am tired out.” ——>He always says that he is tired out.
2）当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如：
He will say, “I’ll try my best to help you.” ——>He will say that he will try his best to help me.
3）当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如：
He said, “I went to college in 1994.” ——>He told us that he went to college in 1994.
4）当直接引语中有以when, while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时，如：
He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.” ——>
He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.
5）当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如：
Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.” ——>
Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.
6）当引语是谚语、格言时，如：
He said，“Practice makes perfect.” ——>He said that practice makes perfect.
7）当直接引语中有情态动词should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need时，如：
The doctor said, “You'd better drink plenty of water.” ——> The doctor said I'd better drink plenty of water.
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