人教版高中英语必修三 unit 4 Astronomy the science of the stars单元课件（共211张PPT）

课件211张PPT。Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars人教新课标必修三Astronomy is the scientific study of the universe and the heaven bodies (such as the sun, the moon, and stars), gas, and dust within it. What is Astronomy?Warming up In our solar system eight planets circle around the sun. What are they? Can you match the names with the planets?
海王星
Neptune水星
Mercury 金星
Venus 地球
Earth 火星
Mars 木星
Jupiter 土星
Saturn天王星
Uranus What interests you in astronomy?
Do you know any questions that astronomers are interested in?How did life begin on Earth? How was the universe formed? Pre-reading1. The origin of life on earth is a question that interests astronomers. What do you know about it?
How old is the universe? (several billion years ago)
How old is the Earth? (between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago)
Which were the first creatures or plants on Earth?...2. Each religion and culture has its own ideas about how life began on earth. What do you know?
In China, we all know that Pangu separates the sky from the earth and Nuwa made humans.Chinese Legends (传说) Pangu separates the sky from the earth.
His whole body then turns into all kinds of things in the universe.Pangu separates the sky from the earth 中国神话传说中有盘古开天地的说法。巨人盘古用一把利斧劈开混沌,将天地分开。死后,他的气息化成风和云,声音变成轰轰的雷声,左眼化为太阳,右眼化为月亮,手足与四肢变成大地的四极与五方的名山,血液化成江河,筋脉铺成道路,肌肉形成田地,须发成为星星,牙齿和骨骼化为金属、珍珠、玉石,汗水成为滋润万物生长的甘霖和雨露。 Other legends about the beginning of universeIn Bible, God created the world. Then the God created the first man and the first woman Adam and Eva.(亚当和夏娃)Religious Beliefs God created the world in seven days.Nuwa made human beingsThe Biblical AccountAccording to Bible , God created the world in
seven days.
Day 1: God spoke and separated light from darkness creating Day and Night
Day 2: God spoke and separated the water creating sky and ocean
Day 3: God spoke and created dry land Day 4: God spoke and created the sun, moon and stars
Day 5: God spoke and created living creatures in the air and sea
Day 6: God spoke and created the land animals and man
Day 7: God rested and blessed this day calling it Holy
India
Brahma is the god first represented in the Hindu Triad. He is the creator of the universe and all living beings are said to have evolved from him.Prediction Look at the pictures. Do you know the topic of this unit?HOW LIFE BEGAN ON THE EARTHReading1. When did the “Big Bang” happen?
It happened several billion years ago.Scanning Read the passage quickly and answer the questions.2. What form was the earth after the “Big Bang”?
The earth was still just a cloud of dust.
3. What made up the earth’s atmosphere after the earth exploded?
Carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases. 4. How did water come into being on the earth?
As the earth cooled down after it exploded, water came into being.5. What’s the significance of the presence of water on the earth?
It allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.6. What was important to the development of fish?
oxygen.
7. What made possible the rise of
mammals on the earth?
The disappearance of dinosaurs made the possible the rise of mammals on the earth.8. Why are mammals different from all
life forms in the past?
They gave birth to young baby animals and produced milk to feed them.Careful reading Read the passage carefully and match the main idea with each paragraph. Para. 1 The formation (形成) of
the earth.
Para. 2 The importance of water for
life.
Para. 3 A widely accepted theory
about the formation of the
universe.
Para. 4 The arrival of humans and
their impact on the earth.
Para. 5 The development of plants
and animals on the earth. Fill in the blanks in the following form.AtomsCareful readingviolentatmospherepresenceacidsoxygenshellfishamphibiansReptilesexistedgave birth tocleverdioxide True (T) or False (F).
1. The earth appeared before the Big Bang happened.
2. The original atmosphere consisted of nitrogen and oxygen.
3. The main difference between the earth and other planets is that there is water on the earth.
4. Life began in water and then on land.FFTT5. Mammals appeared before the development of dinosaurs.
6. Dinosaurs could give birth to young baby animals and produced milk to feed them.
7. Human beings produce too much carbon dioxide which causes the global warming on the earth.
8. According to the text, human beings would disappear in the end. FFTFHow life began on the earth.“Big Bang”other bodies_______ starsEarth: a cloud of _____atomsdustSummary a solid _____the earth’s ___________other
_____Water: ___________ to the development of lifewater vapour nitrogen carbonextremely small _______ on the
surface of the waterglobegasesatmospherefundamentalplantsearly _________ and all sorts of fishgreen plants on landland animalsinsectsamphibians________huge animals
(dinosaurs)the rise of __________human beingsshellfishreptilesmammals 地球上生命的起源 没有人确切知道地球是怎样开始形成的，因为在很早很早以前它就形成了。然而，一种普通为人们所接受的理论是：宇宙起源于一次大爆炸，这次大爆炸将物质投射到四面八方。然后，原子开始形成并结合成恒星和其他天体。 大爆炸后好几十亿年过去了，但地球还只是一团尘埃。随后它会变成什么没人能知道，直到38-45亿年前，这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固体的球状物。地球（开始）变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。它（地球）猛烈的爆炸喷出了烈火与岩石。最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。更为重要的是，地球冷却了下来，地球的表面就开始出现了水。 在火星这些其他行星上都出现了水，但和地球不同的是，这些水后来都消失了。水会对生命的发展起关键作用，这一点在当时并不明显。很多科学家相信，由于地球表面上长期有水存在，它使得地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命就有可能开始发展了。 好几百万年以后，水的表面开始出现了极小的植物。它们繁殖起来就使得早期的海洋充满了氧气，这为早期的贝类及其他各种鱼类的发育进一步创造了条件。接着，绿色植物开始出现在陆地上。随后，陆地上出现了动物，其中有一些是昆虫，另外一些叫两栖动物，它们一般是通过孵蛋而繁衍后代的。再后来一些叫做恐龙的巨型动物出现了。它们也生蛋，在地球上生存了一亿四千多年。然而，六千五百万年前，恐龙时代结束了。它们为什么会突然灭绝至今仍是个谜。恐龙的灭绝使地球上哺乳动物的产生有了可能。哺乳动物不同于以往所有的生物形式，因为它们能从体内生产出幼仔并给幼仔哺乳。 最后，大约260万年前，一些小巧聪明、长着手脚的动物出现了，它们散布在地球的各个地方。于是，他们接着成为了这个行星上最重要的动物。然而，他们对地球却并不怎么在意。它们把过多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热不能释放到太空中去。因此很多科学家相信地球可能会因此变得太热而不适合生物的生存。所以，在未来的数百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能否得到解决。 ComprehendingI Read the passage carefully and write down the main idea for each paragraph. A widely accepted theory about the formation of the universe
The formation of the earth
The importance of water for life
The development of plants and animals on the earth
The arrival of humans and their impact on the earthPara.1Para.2Para.3Para.4Para.5（ ）1 Insects and amphibians appeared.
（ ）2 Dinosaurs appeared.
（ ）3 The earth became a solid ball.
（ ）4 Small plants grew on the water.
（ ）5 Reptiles appeared.
（ ）6 Plants began to grow on dry land.
（ ）7 The earth was a cloud of dust.
（ ）8 Water appeared on the earth.
（ ）9 Shellfish and other fish appeared.
（ ）10 The universe began with a “Big Bang”.
（ ）11 Clever animals with hands and feet appeared.
（ ）12 Mammals apeared.510629483712 Put the order of development of life into a time line. 12 11 3 Answer the following questions.1. Why was the earth different from other planets?
Because the water remained on the earth.
2. Why did the plants grow before the animals came?
Because plants provide oxygen for animals to breathe. 3. Why is it wrong to show films with dinosaurs and people together?
Because dinosaurs died out long before human beings developed on the earth.4. There used to be nine planets in the solar system. Recently scientists have decided that one of them can no longer be considered a planet. Do you know the name of that planet? Do you know why they removed it?
The name is Pluto. Scientists now think it is too small to be called a planet. 5. What problem is caused by human beings?
Human beings caused global warming. 4 Read the passage again and underline all the discourse markers and sentence connectors.Discourse markers:
however, after that, next, later, finally, thus, as a result of this
Sentence connectors or conjunctions:
and, but, becauseHow life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve. What other puzzles are hidden in the passage? Find them out and do some research.DiscussionThe other puzzles hidden in the passage are:How did the earth’s atmosphere develop?
Why did water stay on the earth but not on
the other planets?
How did life forms develop?Speaking What should we do for our earth?You can use the following words or phrases to help you:prevent … from … harmful
global warming carbon dioxide
in turn depend on as a result thus atmosphereWe have only one earth!!!1. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.
随后它会变成什么没人能知道，直到38-45亿年前，这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固体的球状物。Language points【分析】
a. 此复合句的主句为What it was to become was uncertain；从句为______引导的定语从句。
b. 主句中包含一个由what引导的主语从句What it was to become。
c. until是介词，与其前带否定前缀的形容词uncertain构成not ... until句式，表示“到……才，在……之前”，引导between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago作时间状语。 ?when? 他昨天直到七点才离开学校.He didn’t leave school until seven o’clock. Not…until…直到…才…It is/was not until… that… 强调句It was not until seven o’clock that he
left school.2. The earth became so violent that it
was not clear whether the shape would
last or not.a. 此复合句的主句为The earth became so violent；从句为 _____ 引导的结果状语从句。
b. so ... that ... 如此……以致……，其中that可以省略。thatc. 结果状语从句中包含一个由whether引导的主语从句，____ 是形式主语。
?????it? 【仿写】夜里冷得我一点也睡不着。
________________________________________________At night it was so cold (that) I couldn’t sleep at all. violence n. 暴力；猛烈；强烈；狂热。如：
He strongly opposes violence and war.
他强烈反对暴力和战争。
[链接]
violent adj. 暴力的；强暴的；强烈的；鲜艳夺目的。如：
Children should not be allowed to watch violent movies.
不应该允许儿童看暴力电影。
violently adv. 强烈地；激烈地；厉害地。
She was violently sick. 她病得厉害。 in time: sooner or later; eventually
e.g. I’ll see him in time.
in time (for sth. /to do sth.): not late
e.g. She will be back in time to prepare dinner.3. They were in time to produce carbon, ..., which were to make the earth’s atmosphere. 与 time 相关的短语:
in no time 立刻, 马上
at times 有时
at a time 每次; 依次
once upon a time 从前
on time 按时; 准时
at one time 从前
for the time being 暂时
from time to time 不时地 atmosphere意为“大气，气氛等”。【考例】
The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly _____. (湖北2008)
atmosphere???? ????? B. state????
C. situation???? ???? D. phenomenon 4. What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.
【分析】
a. 本句的结构是：主语从句（What is even more important） + 系动词（is） + 表语从句（that as the earth ... on its surface.）
b. 表语从句中含有一个由 ____ 引导的时间状语从句。as【考例1】 _____ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness. (北京2011)
Which B. What C. That D. Whom
【考例2】 I am afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, which is _____ he never finishes anything. (山东 2011)
that B. when
C. where D. why
BDcool
1) v. Please open the window to cool the room.
Don’t drink the tea before it cools a little.
2) adj. 凉爽的，冷静的，沉着的，冷漠的，冷淡的 be/get/seem/keep cool
His songs received a cool response from the public. cool downa.凉快起来，冷却b.指人的心境“平静下来，使…平静下来”I tried to cool her down but she was still very angry when she left.
Don’t cover the TV until it cools down.
5. This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.【考点】it作形式宾语，真正宾语常为不定式或从句。
【考例】We feel _____ our duty to make our country a better place. (天津2011)
A. it??? ??? B. this? ? C. that?? ????? D. one6.They multiplied and filled the oceans and
seas with oxygen, which ….multiply v. 乘,增加,繁殖蚊子在夏天繁殖得很快.Mosquitoes multiply rapidly in summer. 7. They produced young generally by laying eggs.
lay- laid – laid - laying
放, 把......放在......; 产卵
e.g. He laid his books on the desk.
注意:
lay (laid; laid; laying) 放置; 产卵
lie (lay; lain; lying) 躺; 位于
lie (lied; lied; lying) 说谎 The naughty boy ______ to me that the hen that ____ there just now had ____ two eggs the day before.
A. laid; laid; laid B. laid; lay; lain
C. lied; laid; lain D. lied; lay; laid及时练8. They laid eggs too and existed on the earth…
exist in 存在于…之中
exist on 靠…为生
exist by 靠…生存
It was impossible for them to ________such a small income.
The universe ________space. exist onexists inThe wild man __________hunting wild animal in the forest.existed by 9. …, because they gave birth to young baby animals ... 【寓词于境】仔细阅读下列句子，并试着总结give birth to的含义及用法。
1) Mrs. White gave birth to a fine healthy
baby in her late thirties.
2) Mary gave birth to a healthy baby girl.
3) It was this event that gave birth to the
peace movement. 【归纳】
give birth to后可直接跟名词，意为“_____” （句1和句2），也可意为“_____”（句3）。
【拓展】
at birth 出生时?? ????
since / from birth 自出生后? ??
date of birth 出生日期分娩产生【即学即练】
根据汉语提示，用含birth的短语的适当形式完成下列句子。
1. Jane’s mother has just ____________ ______ (生了双胞胎).
2. It was said that the baby ___________________________ (出 生时重七磅).given birth toweighed seven pounds at birthtwins?10. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space. 他们把太多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中, 这就使得热量不能从地球上散发到太空中去。 阅读下列句子, 注意prevent ... from的意 思和用法。
1) There was nothing to prevent her from doing so.
2) We must prevent the water from being polluted.
3) The emperor ordered his porters to prevent the speaker entering the building. [归纳] prevent ... from的意思是 ________
___________________。from后多跟动词-ing形式(句1、句2)；有时可省略from(句3)。
[拓展] 近义短语有: stop ... from 阻止……干某事; keep ... from 阻止……干某事。注意: prevent和stop后的from都可以省略, 而keep ... from中的from则不能省略，如果省略了, 其意义将发生改变。 制止、阻止、使……不做某事1) No one can prevent the plans ___ out.
A. to be carried B. from carrying
C. not to carry D. from being carried
2) They tried to prevent the plane from ___ on the runway.
A. land B. landing
C. to land D. being landed及时练11….millions of years to come will depend on
whether …
depend on sb. 依靠,相信某人
depend on sth. 取决于某物
我们都靠你来做决定了．
We’ll all _______________to make a decision.
明天是否能开校运会取决与天气．
Whether to hold the sports meeting or not will
_______________________.
depend on youdepend on the weatherI. 根据下列各句句意及所给单词的首字母或汉语提示，写出该单词的正确形式。
1. This ______ (理论) helps to explain how animals communicate with each other.
2. The final cost could be as much as one b_____ dollars.
3. 31 people have been injured in _______ (暴力的) incidents throughout the day.theorybillionviolent课堂练习4. Across the g_____, sea level varies by hundreds of feet.
5. A(n) _____ (原子) is so small that we can not see it.
6. Smoking is h_______ to health, but some people cannot get rid of it.
7. The best way to get that _____________ (二氧化碳) into the atmosphere is to warm the entire planet.globeatomharmful carbon dioxide8. The new owners have tried to give the restaurant a more family-friendly ____________ (气氛).
9. O_____ is a kind of gas that is necessary for most animals and plants to live.
10. I was surprised by the _________ (出席) of so many people at the meeting. atmosphereOxygenpresence II. 用括号中所给单词或短语的适当形式翻译下列句子。1. 沙尘暴导致了连锁反应，最后造成火车撞毁。(lead to; chain) 2. 移动电话使得我们不论在何处都能与他人交谈。(make it possible for sb. to do sth.) The sandstorm led to a chain reaction which ended in a serious train crash. Mobile phones make it possible for us to talk to anyone from anywhere. 4. 请你告诉我怎样防止这种事情发生好吗？(prevent ... from ... )3. 新鲜空气对于身体健康必不可少。(be fundamental to ...) Would you please tell me how to prevent this kind of thing from happening?Fresh air is fundamental to good health. Use the correct prefix or suffix for each word. Write out the new word and explain the difference between the two.Discovering useful words
and expressionsLearning about languageun-presence
violence
confidence
difference
patienceuncertain
unfair
unpaid
unlike
unkind-al-istcultural
global
universal
agricultural
mathematicalartist
physicist
chemist
biologist
scientistChoose the correct word to fill in each of these blanks. At the beginning, the earth had no ________.
dust B. atoms
C. water D. matter2. The development of a planet generally depends on _______ combining together.
atoms B. rocks
C. gases D. water
3. The ______ of mammals happened after the disappearance of the dinosaurs.
harmful B. system
C. spread D. method4. Mammals _____ when the animals that were harmful to them disappeared.
prevent B. multiplied
C. depended D. existedComplete the following passage with the words and phrases below in the correct form.astronomy atom fundamental
puzzle exist prevent … from
as a result give birth to Is the moon a planet? This question is ____________ if students are to show that they understand the nature of __________. Some scientists think that the earth ___________ the moon because the moon circles our planet. Others believe that the moon ______ before the earth was formed. fundamentalastronomygave birth toexistedThey think that earlier in time it travelled through space as a small planet which was caught by the earth’s gravity. __________, it goes around our planet. The evidence for this theory is that the _______ that make up the rocks on the moon seem to be different from those on earth. As a resultatomsWhat is clear is that the moon is smaller than the earth and this ________ it _____ escaping from the earth. Although its origin may still be a _______, the moon can never be anything more than a satellite of the earth.prevents frompuzzleIn pairs divide these adjectives into two groups: emotional words and calm words.violent patient gentle angry
rude relaxing kind shocked
excited easy-going calm crazypatient gentle
relaxing kind
easy-going calmviolent angry rude shocked excited crazyDiscovering useful structures What part does the underlined part serve as in each sentence?
A tree has fallen across the road.
You are a student.
To find your way can be a problem.
Smoking is bad for you. 主语从句（Noun Clauses as the Subject） 定义：
用作主语的从句叫主语从句，它是名词性从句之一。引导主语从句的连接词有：连词that, whether；连接代词who, what和which；连接副词when, where, how和why。【例句呈现】
观察下列例句，指出其中所包含的主语 从句及引导词:
1. What is needed for a long trip is careful preparation.
该句中主语从句是 __________________ _________，引导词为 _____。What is needed for a whatlong trip2. That Jay Zhou will come to my city excites everybody.
该句中主语从句是 _________________
______________，引导词为_____。
3. Whether we will travel abroad or not has not been decided.
该句中主语从句是 _________________
__________________，引导词为 _________。That Jay Zhou willWhether we willcome to my city thattravel abroad or notwhether4. Whoever knows the secret mustn’t tell others.
该句中主语从句是__________________
______，引导词为________。
5. It remains a puzzle why dinosaurs died out suddenly long time ago.
该句中主语从句是_________________
_______________________，引导词为 _____。Whoever knows the whoeverwhy dinosaurs diedwhysecretout suddenly long time ago 注意: 上述例句第5句中的主语从句似乎比较隐蔽,但有时为了使句子结构平衡, 避免 “头重脚轻”, 常用 it 作形式主语, 而把从句放在后面。 例如:
　　It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.
她犯了这样一个错误, 真是遗憾。现将常见的由it作形式主语的句型总结如下：
1. It is + n. + that从句
2. It is + adj. + that从句，常见此类形容词有：important, necessary, clear, certain, natural, strange, obvious, likely, impossible, possible等,主语从句应使用虚拟语气, 谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”的形式, should有时有感彩。
3. It+特殊动词+that 从句
It seems / appears ... that ...
似乎……
It happened (to sb.) that ...
（某人）碰巧……
4. It + be + 过去分词 + 主语从句
It is said / reported / believed / suggested / known / proved that ...It is a pity that you should have made such a careless mistake.
It is not clear how the accident happened.
It happened that I was out that day.
It is reported that more than thirty deaths were caused in the accident.【要点精讲】
1. what与that引导主语从句
观察下列例句，试着翻译例句并总结 其规律。
(1) What you lack is self-confidence.
译为：_________________________你所缺乏的是自信。(2) That more and more students are admitted into universities is true.
译为：___________________________
___________________________
(3) What is needed for the program is more wisdom.
译为：_____________________________这个项目所需要的是更多的智慧。越来越多的学生将被大学录取的消息是真实的。从上面例句可以看出，that引导主语从句时，在句中具有“两不”原则：
一、不作句子成分；
二、没有实际意义。
当它引导的主语从句置于句首时，that不能省略；如果用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时， that可以省略。而what引导的从句则恰恰相反，what在从句中的作用为：
一、作句子成分；
二、除了起到引导从句的作用外还
要承担具体的意义。2. whether与if引导主语从句
如果主语从句置于句首，不能用if引导，此时，需用whether。但如果用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用if引导。【巩固练习】
用whether或if填空。
(1) It doesn’t matter ___________ he will come or not.
(2) ________ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
(3) It was doubtful ___________ Tom really saw Sharon.
(4) ________ Tom really saw Sharon was doubtful.whether / ifWhetherwhether / ifWhether3. 其它引导词
连接代词who, which, whom, whose有各自的具体意义，起连接作用，同时在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等；whoever, whatever, whichever在意义上更为强调，常译为“无论……”；连接副词when, where, why, how等也有各自的意义，起连接作用，并在从句中作状语。【常见错误展示】
下列各句均有一处错误，请改正并分析错误的原因。
1. Light travels faster than sound is common knowledge.Thatthat虽无词义但引导主语从句位于句首时不能省略。if, whether都可表示“是否”, 但if不能引导位于主句之前的主语从句，它可以引导位于主句之后带有形式主语it的主语从句。2. If she’s coming or not doesn’t matter much.Whether3. That the professor said is of great importance.
4. Where will the trees be planted has
not been decided.Whatthat引导主语从句时无词义。What the professor said表示“教授所说的”。将will置于trees之后。主语从句要用陈述句语序。5. No matter who breaks the rule will be punished.
6. When and where the meeting will be held still remain a question.引导让步状语从句时二者可互换，但引导名词性从句时只能用whoever。Whoever 主语从句表示单一概念时，谓语要用单数形式。remains7. What were your problems a year ago has now become mine.
8. It was requested that everyone
made a speech at the meeting.has要改为have。主语从句表示复数概念时，谓语要用复数形式。have在“It is requested / ordered / suggested + that从句”中，从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语用“should + 动词原形”，should可省略。(should) make?1 Find all the sentences where noun clauses are used as the subject and underline them. Then translate them into Chinese. What it was to become was uncertain
until between 4. 5 and 3. 8 billion years
ago when the dust settled into a solid
globe.
地球会变成什么（样子）, 直到45亿至38
亿年前这个云团变成一个固体的球状物,
才确定下来。
2) The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.地球变得激烈动荡, 不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。
3) What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.更重要的是, 随着地球的冷却, 地球的表面就开始出现了水。4) It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life.水对于生命的发展会起关键作用, 这一点在当时并不明显。
5) What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.很多科学家相信, 由于地球上长期有水存在, 使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。
6) Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.为什么他们突然消失了, 至今还是个谜。
7) So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.所以, 在未来的数百万年中, 生命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能否得到解决。 2 Rewrite the following sentences with noun clauses as the subject.
1. His discovery has not yet been proved.
2. Do the other astronomers accept his
ideas? It remains a question.What has not yet been proved is his discovery.
Whether the other astronomers accept his ideas remains a question.3. The first appearance of life on earth is
still a mystery to scientists.
4. Why is the earth becoming warmer? It
is an important topic for research.How life first appeared on earth is still a mystery to scientists.
Why the earth is becoming warmer is an important topic for research.5. Stephen Hawking at 65 experienced zero gravity during a flight. It amazed everybody.
6. Pluto is no longer considered a planet in
our solar system. What a surprise!It amazed everybody that Stephen Hawking at 65 experienced zero gravity during a flight.
It is a surprise that Pluto is no longer considered a planet in our solar system.3 Read the following passage and complete it with the suitable clauses below. Tell which is a subject clause and which is an object clause . ____________________________ is not only a
question which interests biologists and
geologists. It is a favorite topic for discussion
for physicists and astronomers. They would
like to know ___________________________
because this may help them find ways to solve
the problem of global warming. How dinosaurs disappearedwhy dinosaurs became extinctSome scientists believe ___________________
_______________________________________
________.
_________________________is uncertain, but
water and food supply decreased and so the
dinosaurs gradually died out. However, the
mammals survived. Other scientists believe
_______________________________________
_________________________.became hot and dry dozens of millions of years agoHow the climate changedthat the earth slowlythat comet crashed into the earth long ago and caused the disappearanceAs a result of this event, a great dust cloud
formed in the sky blocking out the sunlight.
Without sunlight, most plants soon died and
so many dinosaur species became extinct.
Since the ice age, the climate of the earth has
not changed very much. However,
______________________________________
is a concern for everybody on earth.
whether the climate will change againAnswer key for Exercise 1 on page 64:★ what scientists believed→ scientists’ belief
★ that light coming from the stars was bent as it passed the sun
★ What he had suggested → His suggestion★ that only three people in the world could understand it at that time
★ how he could prove his ideas to other scientists
★ that many of the scientists did not accept his ideas
★ Einstein was the leading scientist of the 20th century.Suggested answers to Exercise 1 on page 64:1 What interests me most in this unit is astronomy.
2 When the party will be held hasn’t been decided yet.
3 Whether we visit the zoo this weekend depends on your behaviour.
4 How you plan your wedding is a personal decision.5 Why the gate was unlocked when we came home is a puzzle to us.
6 It is funny that you have to received your invitation to the party yet.
7 It worried us that many people who ride bicycles do not look where they are going.
8 It appears that the computer course does not start till next week.Isaac Newton
1642～1727
英国物理学家Listening and discussingUsing Language 经典物理学理论体系的建立者。
1665年创立微分; 1666年开始研究积分。
1666年, 开始想到研究重力(gravity)问题,
苹果落地的传说, 也是在此时发生的轶事。
其一生的重大科学思想是在这两年期间
(22至23岁) 形成的。 1669年, 把《自然哲学的数学原理》,
《宇宙体系》等手稿送到剑桥大学
图书馆收藏。晚年研究宗教。Albert Einstein (1879～1955) 质量(m)和能量(E)的相当性: E＝mc2
爱因斯坦在量子论、分子运动论、相对论
(Theory of Relativity)等物理学的三个不同
领域取得了历史性成就，特别是狭义相对
论的建立和光量子论的提出，推动了
物理学理论的革命, 他对社会进步事业
也有重要贡献。霍金 born in 1942 斯蒂芬·藿金是当今科学界的一位传奇性
人物。这不仅仅因为他是一位被誉为继
爱因斯坦后最著名的科学思想家和最杰出
的理论物理学家, 还在于他是在常人无法
想象的身体状况下进行研究和创造性
工作的。black hole 黑洞 黑洞并非只是吞噬物质。除了会在星系
形成的过程中扮演重要角色外, 在经过
一段相当漫长的时间后, 黑洞也会把一些
曾被它吸入的物质信息向外界释放出来。A The text is about how three scientists
wanted to find out about the beginning
of the universe.
B The text is about how the idea of
gravity has developed over a long
period of time.
C The text is about the importance of
three scientists and their work. Listen to the tape and choose the best
summary.B is correct because it gives a clear idea of what the listening passage is about.
A is not true. The three scientists wanted to explain how the universe worked and not how it began.
C is too general and does not give enough detail about what the listening passage is about.Large bodies have a force which pulls things towards them.In space large objects make space and time bend; the larger the object, the further space and time bend.Black holes have a very large mass and pull things towards them.Listen to the tape and fill in the chart.The bigger the object the stronger the gravity.Time goes slower in very strong gravity.If you go over the edge, you cannot get out; but if you do not, you may be able to escape.THEORIES OF GRAVITY Michael Jones of the New Space Magazine is talking with space traveller Li Yanping about changes in the theory of gravity.
LY = Dr Li Yanping MJ = Dr Michael Jones Listening textPart 1
MJ: Hello, Dr Li Yanping. It’s so good of you to talk to me. Some students ask us why things always fall back to earth if you throw them up in the air. Could you explain it?LY: Well, at first people thought it was because the earth was the centre of the universe. Of course that was wrong. One day lsaac Newton watched an apple fall to the ground. He said that something else must be pulling the apple back to earth. He called it “gravity”.MJ: I see. Did people accept his idea?
LY: They did. Later they worked out that bigger objects (like the sun ) have stronger gravity than smaller objects (like our planets). If you are travelling in deep space, you couldn’t fall back to the earth. You’re just too far away. Part 2 MJ: Does it mean there’s no gravity in space?
LY: No. In a spaceship you would feel the pull as it got closer to such an object. You would travel faster and faster towards it.
MJ: Until you hit it?LY: Not exactly. You may pass it very fast and then it would throw you out into space again. After that you would slow down to the usual speed.
MJ: How do you know this?
LY: In 1905 Einstein said that in space large objects make space-time bend; the larger the object, the further space-time bends. So time goes slower in very strong gravity.
MJ: What about black holes?
LY: That’s a place in space which has such a strong mass that nothing can escape from its gravity. There is a kind of edge around this mass. If you cross over this edge around this mass, it’s impossible for you to get back. However, if you don’t cross this edge, you can still escape. Stephen Hawking has done a lot of research into black holes. He has shown that they “spit ” things out as well as “eat” them.ReadingA VISIT TO THE MOONspacewalkChina’s first astronaut---Yang LiweiDo you want to go to the moon?
Imagine what you will feel when you are in space?The pull of the earth’s gravity will disappear when you are in space.
You will be weightless.The gravity of the moon is very light.
You will weigh less than on the earth.Fast reading:
True or FalseThe force of of gravity would change four times on their journey . ( )
2. When they were on the moon, they would not feel the gravity because there was no gravity on the moon. ( )
3. Since the gravity has changed, their walk didn’t need a lot of practice. ( )FFF1. The passage is mainly about ____?
A. introduction of the moon
B. the gravity that I felt on my
way to the moon
C. my visit to the moon
D. my friend Yanping, an
astronomerRead the text carefully and choose the best answer.C2. According to the text, we know that the
force of the gravity would change
_____ times.
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
3. When did the author feel strongest
of the gravity of the earth?
A. On the moon.
B. On the half way to the moon.
C. At the very beginning
D. On their leaving from the moonCB4. What causes the writer to feel that
he becomes weightless on the moon?
A. Spaceship
B. Gravity
C. His friend
D. His Good feelings of the moonB5. From the text we can know if a
man grows up on the moon, ___.
A. he will grow taller than on the
earth
B. he will grow shorter than on
the earth
C. he will become fatter
D. he will become weightlessARead the passage carefully and then describe
the three ways in which gravity changed for
Li Yanping and how his weight changed.The pull of gravity became very strong
as he left the earth’s atmosphere. His
weight is normal.
2. It disappeared when he was in space. He
is weightless.
3. It was very light when he was on the moon.
He weighs less than on earth.It became very light.The gravity became very
strong.The gravity disappeared. He became very heavy.He had no weight and could
float around like a feather. He was about one-sixth of
his weight on the earth.月球之旅
我的朋友李彦平是一位宇航员。上个月我有幸得到一个机会同他一起去太空旅行。我们乘宇宙飞船参观了月球。
在启程以前，李彦平向我解释说，在我们的航行中会有三次引力的改变，而第一次的改变将是最强的。随后我们就起航了。随着火箭徐徐升空，我们慢慢逃离地球的引力。但这种引力太强了，把我们重重地向后推在座位上，以至于我们彼此间都不能说话了。随后，这个力量慢慢减小，我才能够同他讲话。我问道：“为什么太空船不会向后朝地球的方向落下去呢？在地球上的时候，如果我从树上掉下来，总会朝地上落下去的。”李彦平解释说：“现在我们离地球太远了，感觉不到地球的拉力，所以我们好像一点儿也感觉不到地球引力了。当我们更接近月球时，就会感到月球的引力在拉我们。但是，月球的引力不像地球的引力那么大。”我立刻感到很高兴，由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去，我望着（身后的）地球越来越小，而（前方的）月球越来越大。我们到达月球时，我就想立即进行探测。“来吧，”我说，“要是你讲得对，我的重量就会比地球小，而我就能够更自由地活动了。如果我在月球上呆的时间足够长的话，我甚至可能长得更高，我的体重肯定也会变得更轻！”我笑着从飞船的阶梯上爬下来。而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟然是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。“天哪，”我大声说，“重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”过了一会儿，我才掌握了走路的诀窍，这才开始感到自如了。
摆脱月球引力不想摆脱地球引力那样痛苦。但是返回到地球的经历却是非常吓人的。我们惊奇地看着，随着地球引力的增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。当我们回到地面时，我们又感到被重重地推到在座位上。我说道：“真是精疲力竭了，但也很激动人心。关于引力，我现在就懂得更多了。你认为下次我们可以上星球上去参观吗？”“当然可以，”他笑着说，“你想到那颗星球上去呢？”Last month I visited the moon with my friend. Before we left, I was told the force of ______ would change three times on our journey. Then we took off. Gradually the weight _______. When I was in space, it __________. We _______ weightlessly in the cabin and I _____ ____. When I was on the moon, I was surprised to find out even walking needs lots of practice ____ _____ gravity changed. The returning of the earth was very __________. We were amazed to watch fire ____ ____ on the outside of the ship. gravitylesseneddisappearedfloatedcheerednow thatfrighteningbreak outSummaryupLanguage points1. Last month I was lucky enough to have
a chance to make a trip into space with
my friend Li Yanping, an astronomer.
enough:用作副词修饰形容词或副词表示
程度, enough一般放在形容词或副词的后边。
long enough, easy enough, fast enough,
quickly enough等, 但一般不说: enough long,
enough easy, enough fast, enough quickly.
The boy is old enough to go to school.
这孩子到上学的年龄了。2. Then we were off. 随后我们就启程了。
be off = set off 出发; 动身
I am off today. 我今天不用上班。
We are off today.
今天我们不上班/今天我们不开张。 shut off 关闭
get off 下车
take off 脱下
turn off 关闭
pay off 付清; 还清与off相关的短语:
see...off 送行
kick off 踢球
jump off 跳下
give off 散发
show off 炫耀 get close to 靠近, 接近, 指动态变化
be close to 距……近, 指状态
The school is close to the post office. 3. When we get closer to the moon, we shall
feel its gravity pulling us but it will not be
as strong a pull as the earth’s.
当我们更接近月球时, 就会感到月球的引力
在拉我们。但是, 月球的引力不像地球的
引力那么大。4. cheer up : 欢呼, 喝彩, 感到高兴, 使高兴
当看到球队的到来, 人群欢呼起来。
_____________________ when they
saw the team arrive.
他带她去听音乐会来使她高兴。
He took her _____________ to ____________.The crowd cheered upto the concertcheer her up5. But when I tried to step forward, I found
I was carried twice as far as on the earth
and fell over. 1) “A + be + 倍数 + as +形容词原级 + as + B”.
This tree is three times as tall as that one.
His father is twice as old as he.
2) “A + be + 倍数 +形容词比较级 + than + B ”
The Yangtze River is almost twice longer
than the Pearl River.
长江差不多比珠江长两倍。
3) “A + be + 倍数 + the +名词 (size, length,
amount) + of + B”
The newly broadened square is four times the
size of the previous one. 新扩建的广场是未扩建时的四倍大。
— Do you regret _______(pay) 100 dollars for
the painting?
— No, I would gladly have paid _____________
(两倍那么多了) for it.payingtwice as much 6. ... “walking does need a bit of practice now
that gravity has changed.”
now that同since相似, 语气较弱, 强调人们
已知的事实。
既然你忙, 就让我给你做吧。
Now that you are busy, let me do it for you.
既然人都齐了, 咱们开始干吧。
Now that everyone is here let’s start work．7. We watched, amazed as fire broke out on
the outside of the spaceship as the earth’s
gravity increased.
break out与happen, take place, come out等
词的用法一样, 是不及物动词, 不能带宾语,
不能用于被动语态。
战争爆发
The American Civil War broke out in 1861.
美国内战爆发于1861年。发生争吵 他们之间发生了争吵。
A quarrel broke out between them.
(火灾)发生 昨晚他家里失火了。
　A?fire?broke?out?in?his?house?last?night.?
break down 打破; 毁掉; 破除; 坍塌; 坏掉
break in 破门而入; 打断
break away from 脱离政党; 打破陈规
break through 突围; 突破; 冲垮; 克服
break up 打碎; 拆散; 分裂; 分解
break one’s word/promise 食言; 说话不算数选用方框内合适的词或短语，并用其适当形式填空。(其中有一个多余选项)

There was a _____ of people around the club entrance.
2. You ought to have a good rest ________ you’ve finished the work. massnow that课堂练习float now that mass pull
get the hang of watch out3. She spent the afternoon ________ on her back in the pool.
4. It seems difficult at first, but you’ll soon _______________ it.
5. You have to _________ because there are land-mines all over the place.watch outfloatingget the hang of float now that mass pull
get the hang of watch outII. 根据括号内的提示翻译下列句子。 1. 老师幽默的讲话让我们很振奋, 之后班 里的气氛也轻松起来。(atmosphere; cheer up)The atmosphere in the classroom relaxed after the teacher’s humorous talk cheered us up. 3. 让我们十分失望的是, 战争最终在那两 个国家之间爆发了。(to one’s disappointment; break out) Now that we have finished the design, the company will do the construction in its turn.2. 既然我们已经完成了设计, 就该由公司 来进行建设了。(now that; in one’s turn) To our great disappointment, a war broke out between the two countries at last. 6. 我感觉风从一扇敞开的窗子里正往我 脸上吹。(feel ... doing)5. 这个小女孩看见他偷了那本书, 这件事 是真的。(watch ... do)It’s true that the girl watched him steal that book. I felt the wind blowing on my face from an open window. Life is different on a spaceship. There is little gravity so that things float around. If you planned to travel to the moon, what matters would you meet with?Speaking and writingProblemsHow to cool youHow to breatheHow to eat and drinkHow to protect your skinHow to stop flying off the moon’s surfaceSpacesuitsSpace FoodSpace Buggy登月车Space CameraMake a list of your ideas and take part in a class discussion to find the best ones. Use these words and expressions to help you.Please pay attention to .... Please check that .... You need .... Don’t forget to ....
Make sure that .... Watch out for ....
You’d better .... You must/mustn’t ....
Please look at ....Sample:
S1: Let’s think about what we would need
to protect our skin if we visited the Moon.
S2: I’d take some skin cream. That works
very well when we go to the sea.
S3: Yes, but it’s going to be much too hot
to put cream on your skin on the Moon.S4: What’s more you get direct heat from the sun. There are no clouds on the Moon to protect you.
S3: Oh dear, and I also have to carry oxygen around with me everywhere because there’s no oxygen on the Moon.S2: Why don’t we carry the oxygen on our backs in a tank?
S1: Good idea, but won’t that hurt our skin?
S4: I think it will. Why don’t we wear a spacesuit which has the possibility of protecting your skin and helping you carry the oxygen very easily?S1: A very good idea. We also need some sunglasses as the sun will be as bad for our eyes as for our skin.
S3: That’s right. The helmet of the suit can have sunglasses you can use.
S2: How will the suit protect our skin?S4: It’s so hot there so I suggest we design suit that can supply cold water so the wearer feels cool and hot water to warm us if we feel cold.
S2: Great! So I won’t need sun cream after all. That’s good!Brainstorming for writing What will we meet
on the moon?when wherewhatwho problemssolve (how)Writing an outlineOutline
(main idea)The first paragraph(introduction)Body (your own ideas on the item)Conclusion (summing up)headingsumming upSample articlethe problempossible solutionsIf I visited the moon, here is a
problem I might have: how to
stop my food floating away.
I would have to take all my food
with me if I went to the moon.
In the spaceship there is no
gravity so the food would float
around if it was solid.So I would make sure that it is
specially made as liquid space
food.
It could be put in a tube and
then I would be able to eat it
more easily. Perhaps I would
use a straw to eat with. It
would solve the problem.how it
would solve
the problemSumming Up
Write?down?what?you?have?learned?about?the
development of the earth and making a space
trip.
After learning this unit, we have learned that for several billion years ago the earth was still just a cloud of dust and between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago the dust settled into a solid globe. With the evolution of life on the earth, the earth has gradually developed. Of course, everyone of us longs for making a space trip because we can get the hang of understanding of gravity.From?this?unit?you?have?also?learned
useful?verbs: dissolve, multiply, exist, puzzle, crash, pull, float ….
useful?nouns: astronomy, astronomer, system, religion, theory, atom, globe, billion, carbon, atmosphere, acid, oxygen, dioxide, puzzle, biology, biologist, gravity, satellite, physicist, climate, spaceship, comet, pull ….
useful?adjectives and adverbs: solar, global, violent, fundamental, harmful, thus, gentle, weightlessly ….
other expressions: solar system, in time, be fundamental to, a chain reaction, carbon dioxide, lay eggs, give birth to, in one’s turn, prevent…from, cheer up, now that, break out, watch out ….
new grammar items: noun clauses as the
subject Reading For Fun夜里我抱枕眠，?太阳不在我床边。?
它在绕着地球转，一天又一天。
阳光普照我家园，?我们嬉戏在花园。?
此时此刻在印度，?妈妈吻着宝宝到床沿。
大洋彼岸天刚晓，?我们喝完午茶起身了。?
此时此刻在西方，?孩子们起床梳妆打扮了。The Sun Travels(太阳在运转?)
罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森?Answer key for exercise 1 on page 63hang out give out break out watch out
sell out bock outPlease move that curtain as it is ___________ the light.
I was with my friend when a fight __________ between the fans of the two football teams.
I __________ the tickets for the concert to my friends because my brother was playing in it.blocking outbroke outgave out4. I waited in line to buy a copy of the new book but they had __________ when it was my turn.
5. “If you don’t __________, you will hurt yourself,” said my mother.
6. She took the wet clothes to __________ on the washing line.sold outwatch outhang outAnswer key for exercise 2 on page 63Buddhism is one of the world _________ and one of its most famous __________ buildings in China is the Potala Palace in Tibet. (religions; religious)
This girl looked very much ______ her mother. However, _______ the girls of her age, she dreamed of becoming a physicist. (like; unlike)religionsreligiouslikeunlike3. Some dinosaurs were very large but also very _______. Young dinosaurs were treated very _______ until they became adults. (gently; gentle)
4. If you want to give a ___________ about your work on dinosaurs, I suggest you ________ it at a public meeting. (present; presentation)gentlegentlypresentationpresentAnswer key for exercise 3 on page 631 既然我们已经完成了设计，就该由公司来进行建设了。（now that; in one’s turn）
2 火灾没有造成太大损失，因为消防人员及时赶到了。（in time）Now that we have finished the design, the company, in its turn, will do the construction.The fire did not cause too much damage, because the firefighters arrived in time.3 由于强大的引力，飞船被拖得离卫星很近。（gravity; pull; satellite; spaceship）
4 沙尘暴导致了连锁反应，最后造成火车撞毁。（chain; reaction; crash）The spaceship was pulled close to the satellite by its strong gravity.The sandstorm led to a chain reaction which ended in a serious train crash.5 老师幽默的谈话让我们很振奋，班里的气氛也放松了下来。（atmosphere; cheer up）
6 别打扰她。她昨晚刚生了一个男孩，现在还在睡觉。（give birth to）The atmosphere in the classroom relaxed after the teacher’s humorous talk cheered us up.Don’t disturb her. She gave birth to a boy last night and now she is asleep.7 大部分证据都被毁了。因此，不可能证明这种药物是有害的。（harmful; thus）
8 云就是漂浮在空中的大片的非常细小的水滴。（float; mass）Most of the evidence are destroyed. Thus, it’s impossible to prove that the drug is harmful.Clouds are masses of very small drops of water that float in the sky.Answer key for exercise 4 on page 63One hundred and forty million years before humans _______, dinosaurs ruled the earth. They _____ for so long on the earth that they _________ into many different species. They had few natural enemies besides each other, so each species had to _______ their young ______ being eaten by other dinosaurs. existedliveddevelopedprotectfromAs they lived in a warm and wet ________ , there was plenty of food so dinosaur species _________ quickly. Who knows what would have happened if the earth’s ________ had not changed? Sadly it became hot and dry and the dinosaurs were unable to ________ themselves _____ disappearing altogether. However, students and scientists love to study their bones and imagine their life.climatemultipliedweatherpreventfromThank you!