2019年中考英语语法复习方案1-名词

2019年中考英语语法复习方案1《名词》
【趋势解读】
名词表示人载事物的名称，可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语或与介词构成介词短语等它遍布在单项选择、完形填空、词汇等考项中，因而掌握名词的用法是很重要的。
历年中考及自招试题都有对名词的考查，主要考查名词的数及名词的词义，从名词词义的理解和名词与动词的搭配方面设题，同时，题干也会从呼应、对比等方面提供足够的信息，考查考生根据语境理解和判断词义的能力。
为此，考生应着重掌握以下知识点:在一定语境中名词的词义辨析;名词与介词构成的介词短语;名词所有格的构成及用法;名词作定语的形式;名词作主语时与谓语动词的主谓一致性。
【思维引导】
精彩笔记 1 名词复数形式规则变化
名词有可数名词和不可数名词之分。而可数名词又有单数和复数之分。
(1)一般情况下，在词尾直接加-s，如:books，caps，trees。
(2)以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词，在词尾加-es，如:glasses，boxes，watches，brushes。
(3)以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，把y改为i，再加-es。如:stories, countries。
(4)以-o结尾的名词变为复数时，常在词尾加-s，但中学英语中下列名词要加-es，它们是黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿，即Negroes，heroes，echoes，potatoes，tomatoes。
但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es，也可以加-s，它们是:zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos ( mosquitoes)蚊子，volcanos ( volcanoes)火山。
(5)以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时，一般直接加-s，但下列以-f或-fe结尾的名词需把f或fe去掉，加-ves，它们是:为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，loaves，leaves，shelves，wolves，halves。
但下列以-f结尾的名词既可以变f为v后加-es，也可以直接在f后加-s，它们是:handkerchiefs(handkerchieves)手帕，scarfs(scarves)围巾。
(6)合成名词变复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。如:sons-in-law女婿;passers-by过路人;storytellers讲故事的人;housewives家庭主妇。
(7)“man /woman+n.”变复数时，作定语的man /woman和中心词都要变复数。如:men teachers男老师，women engineers女工程师。
核心题根 Will you please give us on how to do our ? B
A. an advice; homework B. some advice; homework
C. a piece of advise; homework D. any advices; homeworks
思路点拨:①句意:请你给我们一些关于如何做作业的建议好吗?
②本题考查有关可数名词与不可数名词的知识。advice“建议，忠告”，是不可数名词，不可以说an advice, any advices,所以A,D项是错的。应该说:a (good) piece of advice一条(好的)建议;two pieces of advice两条建议;some advice一些建议。
③advice构成的词组有:give some advice on sth在某方面提出建议;take (follow) the advice采纳(接受)建议;ask for (some) advice征求别人的建议。
④advise是动词，所以C项也是错误的。homework也是不可数名词，不可以说homeworks 。
同类变式 Yesterday he told me news. D
A. a good B. such a good
C. so good a D. a good piece of
方法技巧
(1)要分清名词是否可数。
(2)注意名词与限定词及与动词的搭配。
核心题根 Mickey Mouse is one of the most famous in American . C
A. symbol; culture B. symbol; cultures
C. symbols; culture D. symbols; cultures
思路点拨:①“one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数”意为“最……的……之一”，故第一空要用symbol的复数形式。
② American culture意为“美国文化”，此时culture是不可数名词。
同类变式Health is important for us teenagers, so we should eat more vegetables such as to keep healthy. A
A. tomatoes and potatoes
B. tomatos and potatos
C. tomatos and potatoes
方法技巧
如何分辨名词是可数还是不可数?
(1)凡是可以分割的东西，这个东西对应的名词便是不可数名词。如milk, water分割成若干份后，还叫milk, water。
(2)凡是不可以分割的，其对应的名词便是可数名词。如desk，desk分割成若干份后，不是desk而是wood(木头)了。
精彩笔记2 不规则复数形式
(1)变内部元音:foot-feet脚 man-men男人 woman-women女人 tooth-teeth牙 mouse-mice老鼠 goose-geese鹅 gentleman-gentlemen绅士
(2)单复数同形的名词:sheep绵羊 deer鹿 spacecraft太空船 aircraft飞行器Chinese中国人 Japanese日本人 Swiss瑞士人 means方法 crossroads十字路口 headquarters总部 series系列 species种类 works工厂 head头(量词)
(3)外来名词的复数形式:criterion-criteria标准 phenomenon-phenomena现象
analysis-analyses 分析basis-bases 基础crisis-crises 危机thesis-theses论文
核心题根2 用所给词的适当形式填空。
The three (spaceman) of Shenzhou Ⅶ spaceship were warmly welcomed in Hong Kong. spacemen
思路点拨:①句意:神舟七号的宇航员在香港受到了热烈的欢迎。
②本题考查名词复数。以man结尾的名词变man为men。
Englishman-Englishmen英国人
Frenchman-Frenchmen法国人
fisherman-fishermen渔民
policeman-policemen警察
但是German(德国人)的复数形式是Germans。
另外:Russian-Russians俄国人 American-Americans美国人
同类变式 一I'm told your class has 3 newcomers.
一Yes. One is a ，and the other two are . C
A. Japan; Germany
B. Japanese; German
C. Japanese; Germans
D. Japanese; Germen
易错警示
(1)表示“某个国家的人”的名词的单、复数形式因习惯不同而各异。如:a Chinese(一个中国人)，two Chinese(两个中国人);an American(一个美国人)，two Americans(两个美国人)。
(2) English, French等集合名词，不可以说an English, two English等，而只能说an Englishman(一个英国人)，two Englishmen(两个英国人)等。
精彩笔记3 名词单、复数的一些习惯用法
(1)有些名词一般只用复数形式。常见的有trousers(裤子)，glasses(眼镜)，clothes(衣服)，stairs(楼梯)，chopsticks(筷子)等。
She always made clothes for family and friends.
(2)有些以-s结尾的名词，它们不是名词的复数。常见的有maths(数学)，physics(物理)，politics(政治)，works(作品)，means(方法)，news(新闻)。
Maths is one of the most popular subjects in our class.在我们班数学是最受欢迎的学科之一。
(3)有些名词(如:people， police等)指多数人，应看作复数。
You may feel comfortable with some people.你与一些人在一起也许会感觉舒服。
The police are looking for the missing child.等察正在寻找那个丢失的孩子。
(4)集体名词既可以作单数，也可以作复数。集体名词看作整体时，应为单数;若看作整体中的各个成员时，应为复数。

My family is a big one.我们家是个大家庭。(指整体)
When he came in, my family were watching TV.当他进来时，我们家人在看电视。
The football team is very good.这个足球队很好。
The team are bathing.队员们在洗澡。
(5)有些名词通常用作单数，表示总体，如hair头发，fruit水果，vegetable蔬菜等，但如果表示若干根头发，若干种水果、蔬菜时，则需用它们的复数形式。
My mother's hair is gray.我妈妈的头发花白了。
She has a few white hairs.她有一些白头发。
The fruit is ripening. 果子在成熟。
Her daughter likes pears, peaches and other juicy fruits.她女儿喜欢吃梨、桃和其他多汁水果。
(6)同一名词，既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词，但意思不同，如:

(7)有些可数名词，单复数意思也不相同，如:

核心题根 一What did you have for dinner yesterday?
一I ate and Kate drank a glass of juice. D
A. an orange; an orange B. orange; orange
C. orange; an orange D. an orange; orange
思路点拨:orange意为“橙子;橘子”时，是可数名词;orange意为“橘子汁;橙色”时，是不可数名词。
同类变式一Can I help you?
一I'd like a book on . A
A. radio B. a radio
C. radios D. radioes
易错警示
同一个名词在不同的语境中有不同的意思和用法，有时候用作可数名词，有时候用作不可数名词。如:
fish表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes，而表示同一种鱼时，其单复数形式相同。
penny表示便士的“价值”时复数为pence，常与数词搭配起来表示钱数:five pence五便士，tenpence十便士;表示便士的“个数”时复数为pennies。
精彩笔记4 不可数名词的数
不可数名词前不能直接加基数词来计量，其计量方法有两种:
(1)可以在不可数名词前加little , a little, much , a lot of , lots of , some , any, plenty of , a good /great deal of , a bit of , most等修饰词或短语来计量。
(2)也可以在不可数名词前加单位词来计量，其结构为“基数词+单位词+of+不可数名词”。当数量超过一时，单位词也要用复数。
核心题根 I paid ￥10 for this morning. B
A. 4 bottle milks B. 4 bottles of milk
C. 4 bottles of milks D. 4 milk
思路点拨:①本题考查不可数名词“量”的表示法。4 bottles of milk表示四杯牛奶。
②常用来对不可数名词计责的由单位词构成的短语有:
a piece of bread/meat一块面包/肉 two pieces of paper两张纸
three bottles of orange三瓶橘汁 four glasses of milk四杯牛奶
five drops of water五滴水 six bags of rice六袋大米
ten cups of tea十杯茶 a sheet of paper一张纸
a loaf of bread一片面包 a grain of rice一粒米
a cake of soap一块肥皂 an ear of wheat一穗小麦
two bottles of ink两瓶墨水 a piece of advice一条建议(忠告)
a slice of meat一片肉 a lump of sugar一块糖
a bar of chocolate一块巧克力 a block of coal一块煤
a sum of money一笔钱 a set of books一套书
a row of houses一排房子 a copy of On Practice一本《实践论》
a group of monkeys一群猴子 a team of players一队运动员
a line of students一行学生 a suit of clothes一套衣服
a bunch of flowers一束花 a pocket of cigarettes一包烟
baskets of apples几篮子苹果
同类变式 I'm so hungry. Please give me . B
A. three breads B. three pieces of bread
C. three pieces of breads D. three piece of bread
知识归纳
英语中大部分名词没有性的区别，少数表示男性或雄性动物的名词属阳性，表示女性或雌性动物的名词属阴性。如:boy-girl cock-hen gentleman先生一lady女士 bull公牛一cow母牛 god神一goddess女神 prince王子一princess公主 actor男演员一actress女演员 host男主人一hostess女主人
精彩笔记5 名词所有格
(1)基本概念
名词的格是指名词所具有的形式及其变化，表示名词在句中与其他词的关系。
普通格一名词本身 主格:在句中作主语、表语和独立成分等的形式。
名词的格 宾格:在句中作宾语的形式。
of所有格
所有格 's所有格 一般表示名词与名词之间的“所有”关系时的形式，
双重所有格 一般在句中作定语。
例如:The desk is mine. 这张桌子是我的。(主格一主语)
The man is my teacher.那个人是我的老师。(主格一表语)
Come in, Tom.进来，汤姆。(主格一独立成分)
This is a map of China.这是一张中国地图。( of所有格一定语)
June 1st is Children's Day.六月一日是儿童节。('s所有格一定语)
They are my father's friends. 他们是我父亲的朋友。('s所有格一定语)
I met a friend of my father's.我遇见我爸爸的一位老朋友。(双重所有格一定语)
(2)名词的's所有格
主要用在有生命的名词后，但有时也可用在表示时间、自然现象、度量衡、价值、国家、城市等无生命的名词后面。

核心题根 I live near the station. It's only about five walk. C
A. minute's B. minute
C. minutes' D. minutes
思路点拨:①句意:我住在车站的附近。只有大概步行五分钟的路程。②根据句意可知此处应用名词的所有格，在以-s结尾的名词复数后只加'，不必加's。
同类变式 Day is coming. I will buy some for Miss Wu. B
A. Teacher's; flower B. Teachers'; flowers C. Teachers'; flower
易错警示
英语中如何表共有?
(1)表示几个人共同拥有，只在最后一个名词后加“'s”。Tom and Jim's room: Tom和Jim的房间(共有)。
(2)表示每个人各自拥有，在每个名词后加“'s”。 Kate's and Mary's books: Kate和Mary的书(不共有)。
精彩笔记6 名词的of所有格

核心题根 一Look at that photo，what a happy family!
一Yes，it's a photo my family. C
A. at B. for C. of D. in
思路点拨：①a photo of my family“我的一张全家福”，介词of在这里构成所有格。②表示地名、交通工具的名词以及与人的活动有关的无生命的名词的所有格可用of，也可用's。如:the future of China/China's future中国的未来;the girl's name/he name of the girl这个女孩的名字。
同类变式 一Would you please show me the way the park? D
一Yes，go straight ahead. It's opposite a school.
A. in B. for C. with D. to
易错警示
表示所有格时哪些名词前不用of?
(1)钥匙答案桥和路，出入口的所有格用to:
the key to the door门的钥匙
the answer to the question问题的答案
the bridge to knowledge通向知识的桥梁
the way to the school去学校的路
the exit to the building大楼的出口
the entrance to the hall大厅的入口
(2)还有些名词前用for表示所有格:
books for children儿童读本
bags for sports运动包
精彩笔记7 名词的双重所有格

核心题根 一Who told you such thing?
一 .
一If he says that, he is not . A
A. A friend of my brother's; a friend of your brother
B. A friend of my brother; a friend of your brother's
C. My brother's friend; a friend of your brother
D. My brother's one friend; a friend of your brother
思路点拨:①句意:一谁告诉你这样的事情?一我哥哥的一个朋友。一如果他这么说，他就不是你哥哥的朋友。
②注意比较双重所有格与of所有格的不同。双重所有格表示部分概念。
如:Mr White is a friend of my father's.=My father has many friends, and Mr White is one of them.
比较:Mr White is a friend of my father. =Mr White is my father's friend.(只说明朋友关系，没有My father has many friends这层意思。)
同类变式 一With whom did you watch the 2010 World Cup Opening Ceremony?
一 . A
A. A friend of mine B. A friend of
C. A friend of my sister D. A friend of you
知识归纳
(1)名词所有格后面跟表示住宅、学校、店铺等的名词时，名词习惯上可省略。如:at the barber's(shop)在理发店;at the doctor's(office)在医院;at the booksellers(store)在书店;at the Whites'( home)在怀特夫妇的家里。
(2)常见的名词后缀;
①-er/-r(如:traveller旅行者;hunter猎人)
②-or(如: director指导者，导演;inventor发明者，发明家)
③-ese(如:Chinese中国人;Japanese日本人)
④-ist(如:artist艺术家;pianist钢琴家;socialist社会主义者)
⑤-ment(如:movement移动，运动;judgement判断，判决;agreement同意，协议)
⑥-ion/-sion/-tion(如:operation运转，手术;decision决定，决心;invitation邀请，请帖)
⑦-hood(如:boyhood少年时代;girlhood少女时期)
⑧-ness(如:kindness亲切，善良;illness疾病)
⑨-th(如:truth真理;youth年轻人，青春)

跟踪练习
1. I'm pretty busy minding my own ，so I don't care whether Tom
is chewing gum in class.
A. action B. business C. duty D. thing
2. While we are busy making other plans，our children are busy growing
up，the people we love are moving away and dying，our bodies are getting out of ，
and our dreams are dying gradually.
A. date B. shape C. order D. touch
3. For the first few months after Daniel died, I was in a of being
very sad.
A. state B. method C. condition D. mind
4.一What is the size of your class?
一It has a of more than 60 students.
A. staff B. population C. pile D. crowd
5. Last week US first lady Michell paid a visit to China, which will make a
to culture exchange between the two countries.
A. difference B. change
C. importance D. permission
6. CCTV's Dictation Assembly of Chinese Character(汉字听写大赛)has become
popular because of its on developing our native language.
A. decision B. style
C. chance D. influence
7. The lady has long black , and it looks beautiful. But recently she found a
few white .
A. hair; hairs B. hairs; hair
C. hair; hair D. hairs; hairs
8. The of the examination show that you have all made great .
A. result; progress B. results; progress
C. result; progresses D. results; progresses
9. There will be a basketball match tomorrow between the and the .
A. men teacher; boy students
B. men doctors; boys student
C. men teacher; boy's students
D. men doctors; boy students
10. I stayed at when I was in Beijing.
A. Xiao Wang's B. Wang's home
C. the Wangs D. home of Wang
11.)It's widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts
lead to .
A. rewards B. prizes C. awards D. results
12. One of the advantages of living on the top floor of a high-rise is that you can get a good
.
A. sight B. scene C. view D. look
13. For the sake of her daughter's health, she decided to move to a warm .
A. weather B. temperature C. season D. climate
14. It is said that dogs will keep you for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely.
A. safety B. company C. house D. friend
15. This is not a match. We're playing chess just for .
A. habit B. hobby C. fun D. game
16. No matter what you do，you should put your into it.
A. mind B. heart C. brain D. thought
17.一If you like I can do some shopping for you.
一That's a very kind .
A. offer B. service C. point D. suggestion
18. The two boys had a short talk during the between the two classes.
A. time B. moment C. rest D. break
19.一The meals in this little inn are just fine.
一Yes，it's really a good .
A. find B. invention C. discovery D. look
20. Mr Smith and his wife soon moved back to the because they could hardly get used to
city life.
A. country B. nation C. state D. province
21. What a lot of I have to finish today!
A. works B. work C. job D. working
22. Will you please make for the man outside?
A. space B. place C. room D. seats

参考答案
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