人教版中考英语二轮语法专题复习学案：专题五 介词

人教版中考英语二轮语法专题复习：专题五 介词
考情总结
　　介词是中考英语的必考考点,通常在单项选择、完形填空和词语运用这三类题目中考查。考查点主要集中在介词的基本用法辨析,也在个别完形填空、词语运用中考查了与介词有关的固定搭配和介词短语辨析。
考点1 介词的基本用法
根据考纲词汇表中介词出现的先后顺序(A~Z)整理
介词
含义及用法
示例
about
关于;对于
a movie about history
一部关于历史的电影
above
在……上方(不接触,不一定垂直)
I heard a strange noise coming from the room above.
我听见楼上房间传来奇怪的响声。
(海拔、温度、分数等)高于;超出
above zero零度以上
across
从一边到另一边;横过
walk across the street过马路
在……对面
There is a library across the road.
道路对面有个图书馆。
在……各处;遍及
across the world遍及世界
after


在……后(时间上)
after breakfast早餐后 after 3 o'clock三点之后
(位置、顺序、重要性等)在……后面
Winter comes after autumn.秋去冬来。
反复不断或一个接一个
day after day日复一日 year after year年复一年
against




紧靠;倚;碰;撞
against the door倚着门
The rain beat against the windows.雨打在窗户上。
与……相反;与……对抗
fight against the enemy与敌人对抗
反对;违反
against the law违法
以……为背景
The picture looks good against that white wall.
这幅画在那面白色墙壁的衬托下很好看。
以防……
I'll save some money against my old age.
我会攒些钱防老。
介词
含义及用法
示例
along
(指路线、地点)沿着;顺着
walk along the street沿着街道走
among
在……之间/中
among the teenagers在青少年之中
around
环绕;在……周围
look around环顾四周
as
作为;当作
as a student作为一名学生
像……一样;如同
as...as...像……一样……
at
(地点、时刻、年龄、顺序)在……
at school在学校 at three o'clock在两点钟
at the age of在……岁时 at first起初
朝;向
look at看
(速度、程度、价格)以……的水平
at the speed of...以……速度
(感情的对象)对……;(评价的对象)在……方面
She was so mad at me.她对我极其恼火。laugh at嘲笑 be good at...擅长……
before

(表示时间)在……之前
the day before yesterday前天
before 7:00 pm在晚上七点之前
在……面前/前面
She is standing before me.她正站在我面前。
He puts his work before everything.
他一切以工作为重。
behind


在……后面
behind the door在门后面
落后于
She is behind the other students in chemistry.
她的化学落后于其他学生。
支持
No matter what you decide to do, we will be behind you all the way.
无论你决定做什么,我们都会一直支持你。
介词
含义及用法
示例
below
在……下面
Please don't write below this line.
请不要在这条线下面书写。
低于
I won't sell below $20.
低于20美元我不会卖。
beside
在……旁边/附近
She lives beside the sea.她住在海边。
between
在……之间
between...and...在……和……之间
by


利用;通过……(方式);乘坐
learn by watching films通过看电影的方式学习 by bus/plane/subway乘公共汽车/飞机/地铁
靠近;在……旁边
a house by the river河边的一所房子
不迟于;在……之前
by the end of this month这个月底之前
被;由
written by a famous writer
由一位著名作家所著
经过
go/walk/pass by走过/经过
由于
They met by chance.他们不期而遇。
I did it by mistake.我误做了这件事。
down

从(高处)往下;向下
Tears ran down her face.
泪水顺着她的脸庞流下来。
沿着;顺着
Go down the road till you reach the traffic lights.
沿着这条路一直走到红绿灯处。
during
在……期间;在期间的某个时候
during the 1990s在20世纪90年代
He left during the night, without saying goodbye.
他在夜里不辞而别。
except
除……之外
Everybody except George came to the party.
除了乔治以外,大家都来参加聚会了。
介词
含义及用法
示例
for
给;对(表示对象、用途)
Someone left a message for Vicky.
有人给薇姬留言了。
为了;供(表示目的)
I've bought him a watch for his birthday.
我给他买了块手表作为生日礼物。
达;计(表示动作或情况持续的时间)
You can stay here for two days.
你可以在这里待两天。
因为;由于
be famous for因……而著名
支持;赞同
Are you for or against the new plan?
你对新计划是赞成还是反对呢?
往;向(表示去向)
the train for Beijing开往北京的列车
表示;意思是
Red is for danger.红色表示危险。
就……而言;对某人来说
The book is a little hard for her.
这本书对她而言有点难。
from


来自;源于
Where are you from?你来自哪里?
由……制成
The table is made from wood.
这张桌子是木制的。
与介词to构成固定搭配,意为"从……到……"
We are open from 8 a.m. to 7 p.m. every day.
我们每天从早八点到晚七点营业。
in






在……(范围或空间)内
in our class在我们班 in the park在公园内
在……上/中
in the newspaper在报纸上 in water在水中
在某段时间内/后
in winter在冬季 in two weeks在两周后
穿着;戴着
in a red skirt穿红色短裙
in a black hat戴着黑帽子
用(……语言)
in English用英语
处于……(状态)
in silence沉默 in danger处于危险中
in trouble处于麻烦中
关于;在……方面
be rich in富含 do well in擅长
介词
含义及用法
示例
including
包括;包含
I need to prepare food for seven people including me.
包括我在内,我需要准备七个人的食物。
inside
在……里面;少于(某时间)
inside a week一周以内
I travel a lot inside Japan.
我在日本去过很多地方。
into

到……里面;进入
put...into...把……放入……
Come into the house.进屋吧。
到(一段时间的某一点)
She carried on working late into the night.
她一直工作到了深夜。
like

相似;类似;像……一样
She is wearing a dress like mine.
她穿的连衣裙和我的相似。
Don't look at me like that.别那样看着我。
例如;比如
Asian countries like China, Japan, Thailand中国、日本、泰国等亚洲国家
near

在……附近;靠近
The girl stands near the door.
那个女孩站在门附近。
(时期)接近……;临近……
near Christmas临近圣诞节
off

从(某处)落下;离开
fall off the tree从树上掉下来
get off the train从火车上下来
休息;休假
have two days off 休息两天
on




在……上面(接触物体表面)
a picture on the wall墙上的一幅画
在(某一天)
on Monday在周一;on April Fool's Day在愚人节;on May 1st在五月一日
关于
a book on cooking一本关于烹饪的书
(表示方向)在;向;对
on the left/right在左边/右边
通过;使用;借助于
on the phone/radio/Internet
通过电话/收音机/互联网
介词
含义及用法
示例
opposite
与……相对;在……对面
The store is opposite the station.
商店在车站的对面。
Bob stood opposite her.鲍勃站在她对面。
out
从……向外
He walked out of the door.他走出门外。
在……外面
The toilet is out that door.洗手间在那扇门外。
over
在……上面/上方
She put her hand over her mouth.
她用手捂住了嘴。
a bridge over the river那条河上的一座桥
(越)过;从……一边到……另一边
He climbed over the wall.他翻过墙去。
超过(某一基准)
I just can't believe your grandmother is over 70.
真不敢相信你奶奶已经70多岁了。
在……期间
I will stay here over the Spring Festival.
我春节期间会一直待在这里。
通过;凭借
I have talked to her over the phone.
我在电话里和她聊过。
past


经过(……的旁边)
The boys ran past me.
那些男孩们从我身边跑过去。
(时间)过……;(年龄)超过
half past ten十点半She is past sixty.
她60多岁了。
超出(能力、范围、界限等);达不到
I'm past caring about it.我不再在乎它了。
since
自……以来,从……以后(常与完成时连用)
I've been living in this town since August.
我从八月开始一直住在这个镇上。
介词
含义及用法
示例
through
穿过;贯穿
go through the forest穿过森林
自始至终;从头到尾
It rained through the whole morning.
整个早晨一直在下雨。
直至;一直到
We'll be in New York Tuesday through Friday.
我们从星期二到星期五将一直待在纽约。
经由;凭借;因为;由于
You can only achieve success through hard work.
你得努力工作方能成功。
to
向;朝;往(某方向或某处)
I walked to the office.我朝办公室走去。
on the way to...在去……的路上
turn to the left向左拐
(变为)……的状态
change from bad to worse每况愈下
表示两个地理位置的相邻关系时,to表示在……之外,不接壤
to the north of...在……的北部
对;对于
Sleeping is important to health.睡眠对健康很重要。
He was kind to all his neighbors.他对他所有的邻居都很和善。
toward(s)
朝;向;走向
He turned toward(s) me.他转过身面向我。
(表示时间、状态)接近;大约
He should arrive toward(s) two o'clock.
他应该在两点钟左右到。
under
在……下;不足
under the tree在树下under 12不满12岁
在……中;在……过程中
under discussion在讨论中
under repair在维修中
under test在测试中
介词
含义及用法
示例
until(=till)
直到……时;到……为止
I was awake until 2 am last night.
我昨晚直到两点才睡着。
Don't give up until the last minute.
不到最后一刻不要放弃。
up
朝……上方
climb up the tree爬树
upon
(表示动作的结果)在……之上
She set the dishes upon the table.
她把盘子摆在桌子上。
with
和……一起
She walks in the park with her dog every morning.
她每天早上带着狗到公园里散步。
具有;带有
a pool with a shower带淋浴的游泳池
用;以(表示方式)
Fill it up with hot water.用热水将它注满。
I accept your offer with pleasure.
我很乐意接受你的提议。
without
没有;不
without reason没有理由 without difficulty毫不费力
without doubt毫无疑问
考点2 常见的含有介词的固定搭配
?动词+介词类
介词
搭配
about
think about考虑, worry about担心, talk about谈论,
care about关心, hear about听说,得知
at
look at看, knock at敲, laugh at嘲笑, point at指向,
arrive at到达, shout at冲……喊
for
look for寻找, ask for要求, pay for为……支付,
wait for等待, send for派人去请, leave for动身前往,
care for照顾,照料 prepare for为……做准备
from
come from来自, hear from收到某人的来信,
learn from向……学习,die from死于……
stop/keep/prevent...from doing...阻止……做……
of
dream of 梦想, think of 想起, hear of 听说, die of 死于……
on
get on上车,depend on取决于,put on穿上,turn on打开,
go on继续
off
go off (闹钟等)发出声响,get off 下车,take off 脱下,
turn off 关掉,put off推迟,shut off关闭,cut off切除
to
get to到达, listen to听, talk to和……交谈,
write to给……写信, stick to坚持
with
agree with同意, begin/start with以……开始, help (sb.) with...在……方面帮助(某人), deal with处理,
fill...with...用……填满……, play with玩……
cover...with...用……覆盖……
其他
look like看起来像, look after照看, knock into撞上
arrive in到达
?be+形容词+介词类
be+形容词+at
be good at擅长, be mad at对……生气, be disappointed at对……失望
be+形容词+for
be good/bad for对……有好/坏处, be late for迟到, be ready for为……做准备, be sorry for对……感到抱歉,be known for以……而闻名be responsible for对……有责任,be thirsty for渴望
be+形容词+with
be angry with sb.生某人的气,be busy with忙于……,
be strict with sb.对某人要求严格, be popular with受……的欢迎,
be pleased/satisfied with对……感到满意, be good with善于应付……
be+形容词+of
be afraid of 害怕, be tired of 对……感到厌倦, be full of 充满,
be proud of 为……感到骄傲
be+形容词+to
be harmful to对……有害,be thankful to对……心存感激,
be friendly/kind/nice to对……友好, be similar to和……相似
be+形容词+其他
be hard on sb.对某人苛刻,be different from不同于……, be interested in对……感兴趣, be strict about sth.对某事要求严格, be worried about担心, be weak in...在……方面弱
?介词+名词类
at last最后, at table在吃饭, at school在学校, at work在上班, at birth出生时,
at the moment此刻;in danger在危险中, in the end最后, in time及时,
in fact实际上,in a hurry匆忙,in English用英语,in the countryside在乡下,
in half分成两半,in one's opinion在……看来,in a row连续不断地,
in person亲自,in public公开地,in that case既然那样,in total总共,
in the way挡道;on foot步行, on time准时, on duty值日, on business出差,
on sale廉价出售, on show在展出, on (a) vacation度假,on weekends(在)周末with pleasure十分乐意; as a result结果;by accident偶然;by mistake错误地、for example例如
?其他含介词的搭配
instead of代替;at first首先;thanks to多亏;as for至于;at least至少because of由于;at once立刻;in common共同;in all总共;such as例如across from在……对面;ahead of在……前面;according to根据;
along with连同……一起;next to紧挨着;to be honest说实话;
first of all首先;to one's surprise让某人惊讶的是;pay attention to注意; look forward to期待; be/get used to习惯于;catch up with追上,赶上; fall in love with爱上……
考点3 常见易混介词（词组）辨析
?in,on,at表示时间时的辨析
介词
用法
示例
in
用在固定搭配中
in the morning/afternoon/evening
在早晨/下午/晚上
用在世纪、年份、月份和季节之前
in the 21st century在21世纪
in 2018在2018年in October在十月
on
用在具体某个日子(星期几、某年某月某日、节日)之前
on Sunday在周日 on December 3rd, 2018 在2018年12月3日
on Women's Day在妇女节
用在具体某天的上午、下午或晚上之前
on a snowy evening在一个下雪的夜晚 on Wednesday morning
在周三的早晨
at
用在具体的时刻之前
at six o'clock在六点 at 5:30在五点半
?in和after的辨析
用法
示例
in+时间段
表示"在一段时间之后",通常与将来时连用,用how soon提问
—How soon will the sports meeting be held? 运动会多久以后举办?
—In three days. 三天后。
My mother will come back in two weeks. 我妈妈两个星期之后回来。
after+时间段
"在一段时间之后",相当于"时间段+later",通常用于一般过去时,用when 提问
After three months/Three months later, each of us began to run in the morning.三个月后,我们每个人都开始早上跑步。
after+时间点
"在某个时间点之后",通常用于一般过去时和一般将来时
They finished the work after two months.
他们两个月后完成了那项工作。
I will ring you up after two o'clock.
我会在两点之后给你打电话。
专题五　介词　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1.[2018北京]Happy birthday, Peter! Here's a gift 　　　 you.?
A. for B. in C. with D. from
2.[2018天津]In the picture, he sits 　　　me, looking very happy.?
A. beside B. among C. up D. through
3.[2018安徽]Our class are much sure to win the basketball game 　　　Class Three.?
A. of B. in C. against D. from
4.[2018云南]Mother's Day comes　　　the second Sunday of May.?
A. in B. on C. at D. for
5.[2018苏州]Scared by the loud noise, the rabbits ran off 　　　all directions. ?
A. on B. at C. in D. by
6.[2018孝感]It's not necessary to find a friend who is the same　　　you. ?
A. in B. as C. to D. from
7.[2018宜昌]—The population of the poor is getting smaller and smaller.
—　　　　 the government, their living conditions have improved.?
A. As for B. Thanks to
C. As a result of D. Thanks for
8.[2018省实验三模]—Excuse me, where is the bookstore?
—Go 　　　 the bridge.You'll see it on your left.?
A. on B. between C. across D. through
9.[2018郑州外国语三模]　　　 confidence, hard work and determination, you can turn yourself into a better person.?
A. By B. Through C. From D. Without
10.[2018开封二模]Mrs. Smith came to China two years ago.She has got used to eating　　　chopsticks.?
A. for B. with C. by D. from
11.[2018洛阳三模]—Linda,I heard that you bought a house in Sanya.
—Yes.It's for my grandparents.More and more old people live there　　　the whole winter.?
A. during B. for C. with D. behind
12.[2018安阳期末]—Why are you so happy?
—　　　the teacher's help,I found the secret　　　language learning.?
A. Under; to B. With; to
C. Under; of D. With; of
13.[2018南阳市卧龙区一模]The modern society requires young people to be able to solve problems　　　 their own.?
A. of B. for C. to D. on
14.—What time do you expect me to finish the task?
—Say, 　　　 two hours.?
A. before B. at C. for D. in
15.[2019原创]The volunteers arrived at the mountain village　　　a rainy morning.?
A. in B. at C. on D. of
16.[2019原创]—Could you give me some advice on how to learn English well?
—Of course.You can improve English 　　　 reading more.?
A. in B. with C. by D. of
17.I couldn't work out the maths problem　　　your help.Thank you so much!?
A. without B. under C. for D. with
18.[2019原创]It's better not to stand　　　the young tree, for you may hurt it. ?
A. behind B. under C. against D. above
19.[2019原创]The twins look really alike. It's difficult for me to tell one 　　　　 the other.?
A. from B. between C. among D. as
20.[2019原创]It's very kind 　　　 you to give me a hand when I was in trouble.?
A. for B. of C. to D. With
【参考答案】
1—5 AACBC　6—10 BBCBB　11—15 ABDDC　16—20 CACAB