人教版中考英语二轮语法专题复习学案：专题八 动词和动词短语

人教版中考英语二轮语法专题复习：专题八 动词和动词短语
考情总结
分析近10年真题可知,动词和动词短语是中考英语的必考考点。通常在单项选择、完形填空和词语运用这三类题目中考查。动词和动词短语的命题特点主要如下:
1.实义动词词义辨析主要在单项选择和完形填空中考查,情态动词的用法和动词短语的辨析主要在单项选择中考查。
2.动词短语的命题点主要有:①同一介词/副词型;②同一动词型;③混合型。
考点1 动词
?实义动词
实义动词也叫行为动词,有实在意义,能独立作谓语。按其句法功能可分为及物动词和不及物动词;按其延续性可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。
1.及物动词
及物动词本身意义不完整,需要接宾语才能使其意思表达完整。及物动词常用于以下几种结构中:
(1)主语+及物动词+宾语
We planted many trees around our school. 我们在学校周围种了很多树。
(2)主语+及物动词+宾语+(as/for)+宾语补足语
They consider him as the best writer. 他们认为他是最优秀的作家。
(3)主语+及物动词+宾语+不定式
Mr. Li encouraged me to study hard. 李老师鼓励我努力学习。
(4)主语+及物动词+疑问代词/疑问副词+不定式
I don't know where to go. 我不知道要去哪里。
(5)主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
She picked her mom some flowers. 她为母亲采了一些花。
得分巧记
常见的可以接双宾语的及物动词有:give, show, pass, tell, bring, teach, make等。带双宾语的及物动词,若把直接宾语置于间接宾语前,在变换时必须加to/for,构成"及物动词+直接宾语+to/for+间接宾语"结构。如:
Please pass me a glass of water.
=Please pass a glass of water to me.
请给我递一杯水。
2.不及物动词
不及物动词本身意思完整,无须接宾语,构成"主语+谓语"的句型,若要跟宾语,其后必须加上相应的介词,构成"主语+谓语(不及物动词)+介词+宾语"的句型。如:
We should listen to the teacher carefully. 我们应该认真听老师讲。
有些动词既可以作及物动词又可作不及物动词,如:begin, learn, read, improve, study等。
3.延续性动词和非延续性动词
(1)延续性动词也叫持续性动词,表示动作是可以持续的,可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如:work, live, keep, study, sleep, rain, lie, know, read等。
You can keep the dictionary for three weeks. 这本词典你可以借三周。
(2)非延续性动词也叫短暂性动词,表示瞬间动作,动作一旦发生立即结束,不能和表示一段时间的状语连用,如:come, go, begin, close, die, borrow, stop, receive等。若和表示一段时间的状语连用,需要用其他词代替。
?系动词
系动词本身有词义,但不能单独作谓语,其后必须接表语,构成系表结构,说明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份。具体分类如下:
类别
功能
例词
状态系动词
表示主语所处的状态
be
感官系动词
表示人体感官的系动词
taste, smell, sound, look, feel
表象系动词
表示看起来/似乎处于某种状态
appear, seem
变化系动词
表示主语由一种状态变换到另一种状态
go, get, turn, grow, become
持续系动词
表示主语持续或保持某种身份或状态
keep, stay, remain, stand, lie
?助动词
助动词本身没有意义或意义不完整,不可单独作谓语,只能和它后面的动词一起构成谓语,以表示时态、语态、人称和数,还可构成否定、疑问或强调的句型。具体用法如下:
助动词
功能
例句
be(am, is, are, was, were)


构成进行时态
My father is reading a newspaper.
我爸爸正在看报纸。
构成被动语态
The window was broken by Tom.
窗户是汤姆打碎的。
构成系表结构
The flowers are very beautiful. 这些花很漂亮。
do/does/did




构成疑问句和否定句
Do you like Beijing Opera? 你喜欢京剧吗?
I didn't catch the early bus this morning.
今天早上我没有赶上早班车。
代替主要动词
She dances as well as I do. 她跳舞和我一样好。
加强语气
Do come to my birthday party.
一定要来参加我的生日聚会。
构成否定祈使句
Don't eat in the classroom.
不要在教室里吃东西。
用于倒装句
Peter doesn't like swimming, neither does John.
彼得不喜欢游泳,约翰也不喜欢。
have/has/had
构成完成时
He has studied English for many years.
他学习英语已经许多年了。
shall/will/would
构成将来时
I shall be more careful next time.
下次我将会更细心些。
He said he would not come. 他说他不会来了。
?情态动词
情态动词本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情感和态度,不可单独作谓语,必须和其他动词连用构成谓语。情态动词有以下几个特征:(1)其后接动词原形;(2)无人称和数的变化(have to除外,主语为第三人称单数时用has to);(3)具有助动词的作用,可构成否定句、疑问句及用于简略答语。
情态动词
含义及用法
例句
can


表示能力,意为"能、会"
Mary can speak three languages.
玛丽能说三种语言。
表示请求、许可,意为"可以"
Can I take the book home?
我可以把这本书带回家吗?
表示推测,意为"可能",常用于否定句和疑问句中
This pair of shoes can't be Helen's. It's too small.
这双鞋不可能是海伦的。它太小了。
could


can的过去式,表示过去的能力,意为"能,会"
He could ride the horse at the age of six.
他六岁的时候就会骑马了。
用于疑问句中,表示委婉的请求,could语气比can更委婉
Could you lend me your dictionary?
你能把词典借给我吗?
表示不大的可能性
It could be his eraser, but I'm not sure.
这可能是他的橡皮,但是我不确定。
may


表示请求,许可,意为"可以"
You may leave now。你可以离开了。
表示可能性较小的推测,意为"可能,也许",常用于肯定句中
This watch may be Cindy’s. She likes pink best.这只手表可能是辛迪的。她最喜欢粉色。
用于祈使句,表示祝福和愿望
May you return soon!
愿你早日归来!
might


表示请求,许可,意为"可以",语气比may更委婉
Might I ask you a question?
我可以问你一个问题吗?
表示推测,意为"可能",可能性低于may
He is away from school. He might be sick. 他没有上学,他可能生病了。
may的过去式,意为"可能"
She was worried that we might get hurt. 她担心我们可能会受到伤害。
情态动词
含义及用法
例句
must

表示义务,意为"必须";否定形式为mustn't,意为"禁止,不准"
①We must do something to protect our environment. 我们必须做一些事情来保护我们的环境。
②Children mustn't play with fire.
小孩子不准玩火。
表示推测,意为"一定,肯定",用于肯定句中
You must be tired after such a long journey.
经过如此长途旅行后,你一定很累。
need

常用于疑问句中,意为"需要"
Need I leave now?我现在需要离开吗?
用于否定句,needn't意为"不必"
You needn't worry about Jim. He is not a child any more. 你不必担心吉姆。他不再是个孩子了。
shall
在疑问句中同I和we连用,表示征求对方意见或请求
Shall we go hiking tomorrow morning?明天早上我们去远足好吗?
should
意为"应该",表示责任和义务或劝告和建议
You should get up earlier.
你应该早点儿起床。
had better
意为"最好",表示建议
You'd better stay at home when it rains hard.
下大雨的时候你最好待在家里。
have to
意为"必须,不得不",用于强调客观需要
My mother is ill. I have to look after her at home. 我妈妈生病了,我不得不在家照顾她。
will/would

两者都可表示客气的请求或提议,would比will更委婉
Would you tell me the way to the bank? 你能告诉我去银行的路吗?
表示意愿、意志或打算,可用于多种人称
The man would not let her enter the hall. 那个人不让她进入大厅。
易失分点
need既可作情态动词,又可作实义动词。作情态动词时,主要用于否定句和疑问句中;作实义动词时,有人称和数的变化,后跟不定式或动名词作宾语。
(1)need作情态动词
You needn't come again, if you don't want to.如果你不愿意,就不用再来了。
(2)need作实义动词
She needed to go out for a walk. 她需要出去散散步。
得分巧记
1.由Must引出的一般疑问句,肯定回答用"Yes, ...must";否定回答用"No, ...needn't/don't have to"。
—Must I hand in the report at once? 我必须马上上交报告吗?
—Yes, you must.是的,你必须。/No, you needn't/don't have to. 不,你不必。
2.由May引出的一般疑问句,常与第一人称I连用,肯定回答用"Yes, you may";否定回答用"No, you can't/mustn't"。
—May I use your ruler? 我可以用你的尺子吗?
—Yes, you may. 是的,你可以。/No, you can't/mustn't. 不,你不能用。
?易混辨析
1.can/could与be able to的区别
词汇
用法
例句
can/could
只用于一般现在时(can)和一般过去时(could)
Roy couldn't swim last year, but now he can.
罗伊去年不会游泳,但现在他会了。
be able to
可用于多种时态
Will you be able to come? 你能来吗?
2.must与have/has to的区别
词汇
用法
例句
must
意为"必须",表示主观意愿
We must study hard.
我们必须努力学习。
have/has to
意为"必须,不得不",用于强调客观需要,有人称、时态和数的变化
Cindy has to study late into the night in order to pass the exam.
为了通过考试,辛迪不得不学习到深夜。
3.can't与mustn't的区别
词汇
用法
例句
can't
意为"不可能",表示否定推测
The girl in yellow can't be Jenny.
那个穿黄色衣服的女孩不可能是珍妮。
mustn't
意为"禁止,不准",不可用来表示推测
You mustn't play in the street.
禁止在街道上玩耍。
提分速记
(1)情态动词表示肯定推测的用法:
情态动词
用法
例句
might/could
表示推测,语气缓和,较委婉,意为"可能,也许"
It might rain tomorrow.
明天可能会下雨。
may
用于肯定句中,表示不太有把握的推测,意为"可能,也许",可能性比might大
The news may be true.
这个消息可能是真的。
must
表示非常有把握的推测,用于肯定句中,意为"一定,肯定"
Sam must be nearly 90 years old now. 萨姆现在肯定将近90岁了。
注:上述几个词按照推测的可能性由小到大为:might/could(2)情态动词表示否定推测的用法:
情态动词
用法
例句
can't
表示否定推测,语气强烈,意为"不可能"
This pen can't be mine. Mine is in the schoolbag. 这支钢笔不可能是我的。我的在书包里。
may not
表示否定推测,语气较弱,意为"可能不"
She may not be at home now.
她现在可能不在家。
考点2 动词短语
?常见的动词短语类型
动词+介词
dream of梦想; laugh at嘲笑; think about考虑; depend on依靠;
get to到达; listen to听; count on指望; arrive in/at到达; wait for等待; agree with赞成
动词+副词
grow up长大; turn off关闭; eat up吃光; look through浏览;
put off推迟; pick up捡起; pull together同心协力; stay up熬夜; set out 出发
动词+名词
make mistakes犯错误; take photos照相; lose heart灰心;
make sense有意义; take chances碰运气; make progress取得进步; take place发生
动词+副词+介词
catch up with赶上; come up with提出; look forward to期望;
get along with与……相处融洽; date back to追溯到;
run out of 用完; look down upon看不起
动词+名词+介词
make fun of取笑; take pride in以……为豪; pay attention to注意; take care of照顾; show interest in对……感兴趣; make use of利用; take control of 控制
动词+介词+名词
go to school去上学; go to bed去睡觉; keep in mind记住
?常见的动词短语
look短语
look at看; look for寻找; look up查阅; look around环顾;
look after照顾
turn短语
turn on打开; turn up调高,出现; turn out结果是;
turn down调低,拒绝
put短语
put up张贴,搭建; put away把……收起来; put on穿上;
put down记下,写下; put out熄灭
give短语
give up放弃; give away捐赠; give off发出(光、热等);
give out分发; give in屈服
take短语
take off脱掉,起飞; take out取出,拿出; take up占据,开始从事; take in吸收; take down记下,写下; take part in参加
get短语
get up起床; get over克服; get on上(车、船、飞机等);
get ready for为……作准备; get off下(车、船、飞机等)
make短语
make up组成,构成; make faces做鬼脸;
make a decision作出决定; make a promise作出承诺
go短语
go off(警报器等)突发巨响,熄灭;go on继续; go away离开; go over仔细检查; go up上升,增长
come短语
come out出版,开花; come along出现,跟随;
come on加油,快点儿
fall短语
fall over被……绊倒; fall off从……跌落; fall behind落后于; fall asleep入睡
keep短语
keep off使不接近,远离; keep in touch with和……保持联系; keep away from远离; keep up with赶上,与……保持联系
think短语
think of想起,记得; think up想出(主意或计划等);
think over仔细考虑
专题八　动词和动词短语　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1.[2018襄阳]—China has　　　great progress in the fight against poverty(贫困)in the past five years.?
—That's true. The government has helped more than 68 million people get out of poverty.
A. done B. made C. offered D. caught
2.[2018泰州]Many tourists prefer five-star hotels because they think expensive hotels always　　　 guests with better service.?
A. prevent B. protect C. present D. provide
3.[2018东营]—I've tried hard at my schoolwork but still 　　　.?
—Don't be upset. Sometimes losing is only a sign that you really tried.
A. failed B. worried C. improved D. succeeded
4.[2018长沙改编]—Is the man over there Adam?
—It　　　be him. He has gone to Hong Kong on vacation.?
A. must B. can't C. mustn't D. need
5.[2018哈尔滨改编]—　　　 I take photos here??
—No,you mustn't.Don't you see the sign"NO PHOTOS"?
A. Would B. May C. Must D. Need
6.[2018南充]—Do you think it is popular to 　　　red envelops(红包)on WeChat during festivals? ?
—Yes. But I prefer giving gifts to family members.
A. give out B. give away C. give back D. give up
7.[2018扬州]We should stop　　　fireworks to reduce pollution.?
A. getting off B. turning off C. taking off D. setting off
8.[2018郑州一测]Very little in the house 　　　 after the big fire was put out.?
A. missed B. appeared C. rose D. remained
9.[2018郑州一测]Although looking after kids 　　　 sound like a simple job, great care is still needed.?
A. may B. must C. shall D. should
10.[2018郑州外国语三模]—It's sunny today. How about going to the zoo?
—Sounds great! Can you 　　　 the opening time on the Internet first??
A. look for B. look up C. look through D. look at
11.[2018郑州八中三模]—I will always 　　　 our friendship and never hurt you.?
—Thanks. The same with me.
A. explain B. save C. praise D. value
12.[2018洛阳一模]—Look at the sign "No Photos". That means you 　　　 take photos here.?
—Oh, sorry. I won't do it.
A. wouldn't B. couldn't C. needn't D. mustn't
13.[2018开封一模]"One Belt,One Road"will help to 　　　 markets for China as well as other countries.?
A. put up B. look up C. take up D. open up
14.[2018安阳期末]Brian has tried to lose weight by eating less recently, but three kilos has been 　　　 instead.?
A. put on B. put down C. put off D. put up
15.It is necessary for schools to 　　　 the need of all the students' development.?
A. cut B. hide C. refuse D. satisfy
16.I didn't mean to trouble Curry yesterday. It was pouring with rain so I 　　　 his offer of a lift.?
A. refused B. received C. allowed D. accepted
17.[2019原创]You 　　　 set out alone, or you 　　　 get lost in the forest.?
A. needn't; may B. mustn't; might
C. can't; need D. mustn't; must
18.[2019原创]—　　　I park my car here for a while??
—No,you mustn't.Do you see the sign"NO PARKING"?
A. Would B. May C. Must D. Should
19.—Are we going to have a sports meeting on Friday, Li Ping?
—No, it'll be 　　　 till next week because of the bad weather.?
A. put out B. put on C. put away D. put off
20.In a soccer game,it's important for players to play together and 　　　 the best in each other.?
A. hand out B. leave out C. bring out D. take out
21.[2019原创]—I hear that Chinese swimmer Liu Xiang 　　　the world record in the women's 50 m backstroke (仰泳) at the Asian Games.?
—Yes. We are so proud of her.
A. broke B. accepted C. missed D. allowed
【参考答案】
1—5 BDABB　6—10 ADDAB　11—15 DDDAD　16—21 DBBDCA