考点归纳
介词在英语中比较活跃,然而在高考中直接考查介词的题不是很多,但是介词却是考生最容易犯错误的语法项目之一。
预计2019年高考对介词的考查将不再局限于单个介词,将会更加注重对介词固定搭配中的介词的考查,精细化考查介词短语的辨析。在学习介词时,应重点掌握介词的基本用法,同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。
介词的分类
分类 特点 例词
简单介词 即一个介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on等等。
合成介词 由两个介词构成合成词 into, onto, throughout, upon, within
短语介词 由短语构成 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to等等。
双重介词 由两个介词搭配而成 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between等等。
分词介词 由现在分词转化而来 considering(就……而论), including,regarding,concerning等。
兼类介词 由形容词直接转化而来 like, unlike, near, next, opposite等等。
考向① 介词短语的功能
介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。
介词短语的功能 例 句
作定语 They didn’t find the solution to the problem.
作状语 We have breakfast at seven.(表时间) They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因) What do you mean by doing such a thing?(表方法) Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(表条件)
作表语 When I paid a visit to you yesterday, you were not at home.
作宾语补足语 I found the old building in a bad condition.
考向② 常考介词的辨析
介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一,使用频率相当高,其用法跟冠词一样复杂。但根据近年来高考命题的情况来看,考生需要掌握以下内容。
③of作"关于"讲,表示提及、涉及某人(事)时,只表示事情存在或发生,并不涉及详情;有时与about意义相近,但有时意义很不同,常与动词know、hear、learn(听说)、speak、talk、think、tell等连用。
2. except,except for,except that,but,besides,beside
①except"除……之外",指不包括……,后面常接名词、代词(人称代词常用宾格),还可接介词短语、副词和动词不定式,此时相当于but,但不定式常不带to。
②except for"除了,只有",意思和except一样,主要指说明基本情况后,而在细节上加以修正,后面常接名词性短语。
③except that"除了,只是",意思和except、except for一样。但在用法上,其后常接名词性从句,也可接when、where等词引导的其他从句。
④but所含"除……外"的意思不如except明确。but多用在代词(主要是不定代词、否定代词和疑问代词)之后。
⑤besides表示"除……外还有",所排除的事物常包括在所述范围之内。另外,besides可用作副词,相当于also,有"而且,加之,何况"之意。
⑥beside也是介词,表示"在附近",只不过形似besides,容易相互混淆。
如果在区别前后有同类的词语时,就用except,否则就用except for。
3. including,included
①including是一个介词,意为"包括",它一般放在包括对象的前面。
②included是一个过去分词,意为"包括"。它一般用于被动语态中,也可放在包括对象的后面。
4. in,later,during 都与时段名词搭配
①in作介词,同时段名词搭配,即"in + 时段名词",一般用于将来时。
②later表示"……以后",常同时段名词搭配,即"时段名词 + later",常与过去时连用。
③during作介词时,同时段名词搭配,即"during + 时段名词",常与现在时或将来时等连用。
5. in,with,by 用
①with通常指"用"具体的或有形的工具、器官等,有时也表示"用"某种手段、音调等。
②by作介词表示"用"时,一般指"用"方式、手段等。后面常接动名词或名词,后面接名词时,该名词前面一般不加修饰语。
③in指"用"语言、字体、墨水、体裁、风格、方式、现金、顺序等。
二、介词的省略
1. 当表示时间的词前有this,that,next,last,every,each,some,any,all等时,介词常省略。
Come any day you like. 你想哪天来就哪天来。
2. 表示时间的名词前有不定冠词,且不定冠词作"每一……"解时,前面不用介词。
An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 每天吃一个苹果,医生不找我。
3. 习惯搭配中介词的省略
一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常省略,常见的此类搭配有:spend money/time (in) doing sth,waste money/time (in) doing sth,have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth,be busy doing sth,stop/prevent sb (from) doing sth等。
三、介词不可遗漏的情况
1. 含有不及物动词的不定式在形容词easy,hard,difficult,comfortable等后作状语,且构成不定式的动词与句子的主语存在动宾关系或主语是不定式动作发生的地点时,介词不能遗漏。
The chair is comfortable to sit on/in. 这把椅子坐着舒服。
The man is difficult to work with. 这个人很难共事。
2. 当非谓语动词表示被动意义时,相关介词也不可省略。
The problem is well worth paying attention to. 这个问题很值得关注。
3. 在被动语态中,动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。
Your pronunciation should be paid attention to. 你应该注意你的发音。
4. 在定语从句中,当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系从句谓语为不及物动词时,必须加上介词。
The library which we often go to is not far away from our school. 我们经常去的那个图书馆离我们的学校不远。
5. 在too...to...,enough... to...,so... as to...等结构中,含有不及物动词的不定式作结果状语,构成不定式的动词为不及物动词,且该动词与主语构成动宾关系或主语为不定式动作发生的地点时,介词不能遗漏。
The ice is too thin to skate on. 冰太薄了,不能在上面滑。
名校模拟
I.单项填空
1.(2018届江苏省兴化市楚水实验学校、黄桥中学、口岸中学三校高三模考)All men are created equal and every child has the equal right to receive education _______ their financial background.
A.in terms of B. on behalf of
C. regardless of D.in view of
2. (2017-2018学年北京市高三上学期期末考试)He didn’t enter university because of lack????????money.
A.in B. out C. of D. on
3. (2017届天津市南开区高考三三模)—Why not talk with your parents about your willingness to attend 2017 Peking University Summer Camp?
—I tried___________ to get them to listen to me.
A.in time B.in vain C.in need D.in case
4. (2017届北京市海淀区高三5月期末练习)With the development of economy, our income has increased_______ 10% in less than a year.
A. for B.by C. on D.at
5. (2017届江苏省南通、扬州、泰州、高三模拟)What made them miss the deadline was not their lack of funding, but ______ their lack of planning.
A. even B. still C. rather D. ever
II.语法填空
阅读下面材料,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
(2018届河北省五个一联盟高三第二次模拟考试)As you know, science plays? 1 very important role in our education. Do you want to keep up? 2 the latest research and discoveries in science? There are many good websites? 3 you can check out the latest in the science world.
One great site is Science News for Kids. This site reports science news? 4 (cover) a wide range of subjects. The articles are intended for younger readers, but adults will find this site? 5 (suit) for them as well. Another wonderful site, one that I check out every day,? 6 (call) Science Daily. The site is? 7 (constant) updated with news, often about exciting? 8 (finding) that change how we view the world.
These sites post the latest stories and also keep all the past articles they? 9 (post) earlier. That way you can find articles just about anything that? 10 (be) related to the science fields you are interested in.
考点归纳
介词在英语中比较活跃,然而在高考中直接考查介词的题不是很多,但是介词却是考生最容易犯错误的语法项目之一。
预计2019年高考对介词的考查将不再局限于单个介词,将会更加注重对介词固定搭配中的介词的考查,精细化考查介词短语的辨析。在学习介词时,应重点掌握介词的基本用法,同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。
介词的分类
分类 特点 例词
简单介词 即一个介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on等等。
合成介词 由两个介词构成合成词 into, onto, throughout, upon, within
短语介词 由短语构成 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to等等。
双重介词 由两个介词搭配而成 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between等等。
分词介词 由现在分词转化而来 considering(就……而论), including,regarding,concerning等。
兼类介词 由形容词直接转化而来 like, unlike, near, next, opposite等等。
考向① 介词短语的功能
介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。
介词短语的功能 例 句
作定语 They didn’t find the solution to the problem.
作状语 We have breakfast at seven.(表时间) They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因) What do you mean by doing such a thing?(表方法) Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(表条件)
作表语 When I paid a visit to you yesterday, you were not at home.
作宾语补足语 I found the old building in a bad condition.
考向② 常考介词的辨析
介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一,使用频率相当高,其用法跟冠词一样复杂。但根据近年来高考命题的情况来看,考生需要掌握以下内容。
③of作"关于"讲,表示提及、涉及某人(事)时,只表示事情存在或发生,并不涉及详情;有时与about意义相近,但有时意义很不同,常与动词know、hear、learn(听说)、speak、talk、think、tell等连用。
2. except,except for,except that,but,besides,beside
①except"除……之外",指不包括……,后面常接名词、代词(人称代词常用宾格),还可接介词短语、副词和动词不定式,此时相当于but,但不定式常不带to。
②except for"除了,只有",意思和except一样,主要指说明基本情况后,而在细节上加以修正,后面常接名词性短语。
③except that"除了,只是",意思和except、except for一样。但在用法上,其后常接名词性从句,也可接when、where等词引导的其他从句。
④but所含"除……外"的意思不如except明确。but多用在代词(主要是不定代词、否定代词和疑问代词)之后。
⑤besides表示"除……外还有",所排除的事物常包括在所述范围之内。另外,besides可用作副词,相当于also,有"而且,加之,何况"之意。
⑥beside也是介词,表示"在附近",只不过形似besides,容易相互混淆。
如果在区别前后有同类的词语时,就用except,否则就用except for。
3. including,included
①including是一个介词,意为"包括",它一般放在包括对象的前面。
②included是一个过去分词,意为"包括"。它一般用于被动语态中,也可放在包括对象的后面。
4. in,later,during 都与时段名词搭配
①in作介词,同时段名词搭配,即"in + 时段名词",一般用于将来时。
②later表示"……以后",常同时段名词搭配,即"时段名词 + later",常与过去时连用。
③during作介词时,同时段名词搭配,即"during + 时段名词",常与现在时或将来时等连用。
5. in,with,by 用
①with通常指"用"具体的或有形的工具、器官等,有时也表示"用"某种手段、音调等。
②by作介词表示"用"时,一般指"用"方式、手段等。后面常接动名词或名词,后面接名词时,该名词前面一般不加修饰语。
③in指"用"语言、字体、墨水、体裁、风格、方式、现金、顺序等。
二、介词的省略
1. 当表示时间的词前有this,that,next,last,every,each,some,any,all等时,介词常省略。
Come any day you like. 你想哪天来就哪天来。
2. 表示时间的名词前有不定冠词,且不定冠词作"每一……"解时,前面不用介词。
An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 每天吃一个苹果,医生不找我。
3. 习惯搭配中介词的省略
一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常省略,常见的此类搭配有:spend money/time (in) doing sth,waste money/time (in) doing sth,have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth,be busy doing sth,stop/prevent sb (from) doing sth等。
三、介词不可遗漏的情况
1. 含有不及物动词的不定式在形容词easy,hard,difficult,comfortable等后作状语,且构成不定式的动词与句子的主语存在动宾关系或主语是不定式动作发生的地点时,介词不能遗漏。
The chair is comfortable to sit on/in. 这把椅子坐着舒服。
The man is difficult to work with. 这个人很难共事。
2. 当非谓语动词表示被动意义时,相关介词也不可省略。
The problem is well worth paying attention to. 这个问题很值得关注。
3. 在被动语态中,动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。
Your pronunciation should be paid attention to. 你应该注意你的发音。
4. 在定语从句中,当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系从句谓语为不及物动词时,必须加上介词。
The library which we often go to is not far away from our school. 我们经常去的那个图书馆离我们的学校不远。
5. 在too...to...,enough... to...,so... as to...等结构中,含有不及物动词的不定式作结果状语,构成不定式的动词为不及物动词,且该动词与主语构成动宾关系或主语为不定式动作发生的地点时,介词不能遗漏。
The ice is too thin to skate on. 冰太薄了,不能在上面滑。
名校模拟
I.单项填空
1.(2018届江苏省兴化市楚水实验学校、黄桥中学、口岸中学三校高三模考)All men are created equal and every child has the equal right to receive education _______ their financial background.
A.in terms of B. on behalf of
C. regardless of D.in view of
【答案】C
【解析】考查介词短语。句意:所有的人都是平等的,每个孩子都有平等的接受教育的权利,不管(regardless of)他们的财政背景如何。
2. (2017-2018学年北京市高三上学期期末考试)He didn’t enter university because of lack????????money.
A.in B. out C. of D. on
【答案】C
【解析】考查介词辨析。句意:因为缺钱他没有上大学。lack of“缺乏”是固定短语。故选C。
3. (2017届天津市南开区高考三三模)—Why not talk with your parents about your willingness to attend 2017 Peking University Summer Camp?
—I tried___________ to get them to listen to me.
A.in time B.in vain C.in need D.in case
【答案】B
4. (2017届北京市海淀区高三5月期末练习)With the development of economy, our income has increased_______ 10% in less than a year.
A. for B.by C. on D.at
【答案】B
【解析】考查介词。句意:随着经济的发展,我们的收入在一年内已经增加了百分之十。介词by用来表示增长或减少的幅度。故选B。
5. (2017届江苏省南通、扬州、泰州、高三模拟)What made them miss the deadline was not their lack of funding, but ______ their lack of planning.
A. even B. still C. rather D. ever
【答案】C
【解析】考查固定短语。“not…, but rather…”是一特殊结构。not…, but…是“不是……,而是……”的意思,在but后添加副词 rather 起加强语气作用,更强烈地表示与前分句的对比意味。故选C。
II.语法填空
阅读下面材料,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
(2018届河北省五个一联盟高三第二次模拟考试)As you know, science plays? 1 very important role in our education. Do you want to keep up? 2 the latest research and discoveries in science? There are many good websites? 3 you can check out the latest in the science world.
One great site is Science News for Kids. This site reports science news? 4 (cover) a wide range of subjects. The articles are intended for younger readers, but adults will find this site? 5 (suit) for them as well. Another wonderful site, one that I check out every day,? 6 (call) Science Daily. The site is? 7 (constant) updated with news, often about exciting? 8 (finding) that change how we view the world.
These sites post the latest stories and also keep all the past articles they? 9 (post) earlier. That way you can find articles just about anything that? 10 (be) related to the science fields you are interested in.
【文章大意】本文主要介绍了适合 站。
4.covering
考查非谓语动词。News与cover之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,表示主动,用现在分词作定语。
5.suitable
考查形容词。此处缺少形容词作表语,故填suitable。
6.is called
考查时态语态。主语Another wonderful site与call之间是被动关系,且为一般情况,所以用一般现在时的被动语态。
7.constantly
考查副词。修饰动词updated用副词。
8.findings
考查名词。由change判断用可数名词复数。
9.posted
考查时态。由earlier判断动作发生在过去,应该用一般过去时。
10.is
考查主谓一致。先行词为anything,be动词用单数,且为一般现在时态。