第二讲推理判断题——据文推理慎甄选
推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。
推理判断能力的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：(1)根据所提供的事实和证据得出结论。(2)对语段的深层含义进行推理判断。(3)对语段的言外之意进行推理判断。(4)对文段的背景进行推理判断。
一、题型特点要知晓
(一)推理判断题题干常用词
一般来说，推理判断题题干中主要包括下面的词语：know about, learn from, infer, imply, suggest, conclude, purpose, attitude, probably, most likely等。
(二)推理判断题正确选项特征
推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正确选项一般具有以下特征：
1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。
2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。
(三)推理判断题干扰选项特征
1．曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。
2．张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。
3．偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。
4．无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。
5．鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。
6．扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。
二、方法技巧要用好
根据所提供的事实和证据得出结论
1．判定信息源的要素——题干特征
这类题型的常见提问方式是：
By mentioning ..., the author indicates that ________.
The story/example in the second paragraph is meant to ________.
What can we learn from the ... study?
What is most likely to ...?
What can we infer about ...?
The first two paragraphs suggest that ________.
Which of the following statements does the passage support?
What does the author think of ...?
How would the author feel about ...?
What is special about ...?
2．信息源在不同文体中的查找比对方法
这类题型类似于细节理解题，需要考生根据题干的关键词定位到文中相关的事实或者作者提供的证据，理解其含义并得出结论。这类题型的提问方式并不固定，在不同的文体中会有不同的体现，但是通常题干中会提到相关的事例、情节等，解题时应根据题干的提示确定答题方向。
议论文 关注所举事例的段落的主题句，因为作者举例是为了证明观点，所以寻找主题句就是解题关键。
说明文 关注文中关于说明对象的关键信息，有时候信息不一定在某一段出现，可能出现在不同的段落，需要细心查找，再进行组合，综合考虑得出结论。
科技说明文 通常是考查对文中某个调查、实验、例子或数据的理解，根据题干中的信息定位到文中相关信息，读懂调查或实验的目的和结果非常关键。
记叙文 大多会涉及事情的结局、某种情况的原因等，解题的关键是读懂故事情节，理清事情发展态势，关注细节。
做这类题目时，容易用自己的理解和观点替代文章的真正含义和作者的观点，或者由文中其他事实和证据得出结论，并非由题干相关的证据所得，因此，解题时一定要认真分析题干信息，着眼文章，准确定位。
[例] (2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读D节选)
We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well after they go out of style. That's bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
…
32．What does the author think of new devices?
A．They are environment?friendly.
B．They are no better than the old.
C．They cost more to use at home.
D．They go out of style quickly.
[解题示范]
题干信息 What does the author think of：作者态度
new devices：新设备
文体特点 科技说明文：一项研究新旧设备耗能的报告。
原文查找 That's bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
信息整合 ①做同样的事情旧设备耗能高(consume much more energy)
②旧设备不利于环境保护(bad news for the environment)
③旧设备更浪费钱财(our wallets)
信息推断 上面旧设备的缺点是在和新设备相比较(than the newer ones)得出的结论，故新设备可以克服以上缺点。
选项分析 A．新设备是环保的(They are environment?friendly)；属于正确信息推断。
B．新设备并不比旧设备好(They are no better than the old)；属于“无中生有”型错误。
C．新设备在家中使用的费用更高(They cost more to use at home)；属于“无中生有”型错误。
D．新设备很快就过时了(They go out of style quickly)；属于“曲解文意”型错误。
得出结论 由以上信息分析可知，A项正确。
对语段的深层含义进行推理判断
1．据题干特点初步断定推理类型
对语段的深层含义推断能力的考查常常结合文中的细节进行设问，提问方式主要有：
It can be inferred from the text that ________.
According to ..., we can infer that ________.
From the text we can learn/conclude that ________.
What can we learn from the last paragraph?
这类题干常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude, learn等关键词，干扰项的设置通常是文中直接用于说明细节的信息，无关紧要或片面推出的结论，与文章内容完全相反的结论，或是不合常理、不合逻辑的结论等。考生在做此类题目时，很容易误选说明直接信息的选项或片面结论项，一般是因为未能做出正确推断或未能把握文章深层含义所致。
2．深层推断5注意
(1)严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推断，切忌掺杂自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。
(2)有些选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，而非推断出来的结论。
(3)注意文中的虚拟语气和情态动词，这些往往能流露出作者的弦外之音。
(4)有时作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做评论，考生阅读时如果主观地进行推断就容易出错。如文中提到一样东西贵，并不意味着就买不起。
(5)某些细节看似在原文中出现过，但与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置等。
[例] (2018·全国卷Ⅱ阅读D节选)
We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
…
32．What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A．Addiction to smartphones.
B．Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C．Absence of communication between strangers.
D．Impatience with slow service.
[解题示范]
细研题干定题型 由题干可知本题是对文章局部(第一段)进行深层理解的考查。
细读语段明大意 地点 公共场合：①电梯中；②在银行排队中；③飞机上
人物 ①专注地盯着自己的手机；②苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默中
甄别选项定答案 细研干扰项 A项为原文中的事实，不是推断出的内容。
B项，文中提及的这些行为是否“合适”原文中没有提及，属于“无中生有”型错误。
D项在原文中没有提及，属于“无中生有”型错误。
断定答案 该段提到在公共场合中，周围都是人的情况下，人们只是专注地盯着自己的手机，或者苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默中，从中可以推断出文章首段描述了陌生人之间缺少交流的现象。故选择C项。
,
对语段的言外之意进行推理判断
1．“言外之意”题的三种提问方式
有时作者使用某些字、词、句，不是要表达字面意思，而是有深层意义，即通常所说的“言外之意”。阅读理解常涉及这一类题型，提问方式有：
When the writer talks about ..., what he/she really means is ________.
By “...”， the writer suggests that ________.
What does the underlined sentence “...” in Paragraph ... indicate?
“言外之意”常用来表达作者对事情的看法和态度，作者的措辞表达的并不是字面上的意思，想要表达的可能是另外一层、甚至相反的意思。这类题目常用于考查对夹叙夹议类文章的理解。
2．“言外之意”题的两种题型
第一种题型类似于词义猜测题，题干会明确指出文中的某句话或某段文字，问作者通过这些语句想表达什么。这种题型一定要关注这部分的上下文，根据上下文理解其含义。
第二种题型常常是考查作者对某个事件的态度和想法，这种题型一定要关注作者叙述时的口吻。①有时作者描述自己某种并不愉快但又搞笑的经历来娱乐读者，是一种自嘲；②有时作者以貌似调侃的口吻描述对某种社会现象进行抨击；③有时作者描述某个或几个事件表达自己的情感，可能是不满、讽刺或感激等。
这两种题型，解题的关键都是要把握文章主旨，正确选项一定是与文章主旨紧密相关的。
[例] [1] I began reading words when I was eight months old. By the time I was two, I had read Charlotte's Web. My parents thought it was odd, but because I didn't have any siblings for them to compare me with, they didn't realize just how odd.
[2] At pre?school in Northport, New York, I quickly overtook everyone. At seven, I was going into high school for my classes but still doing all my social activities with kids my age. But when I was nine, the public school administration said that I had to go to high school full?time with 16?year?olds. I didn't want to, because some kids there were always teasing me. It was pretty horrible when they called me a know?it?all and tried to grab my homework.
[3] My parents tried to find me another school but, in the end, because I was so advanced, the only place that was on the same level as me was State University of New York at Stony Brook.
[4] The admissions people said that if I thought I could manage I could have a place, as long as my mother accompanied me to classes.
[5] So, aged 10, I started an undergraduate degree in applied mathematics. I was frightened on my first day, but I was also excited that I was going to attend my first real physics class. Most of the teachers were nice but one or two didn't like me. One professor said that just because I did as well as the other male students, it didn't mean I was as good as them. But the students were supportive and my parents always made sure that I had a group of friends of my own age; they didn't want me to be a social misfit.
[6] I graduated summa cum laude (with the highest honor) when I was 14 — the youngest student ever to do so in the US.
[7] I was a perfectionist; I don't think I would have settled for less than that. I went on to Drexel University and, at 17, I was awarded a Master's and continued to study for a PhD.
[8] But_that_was_when_I_grew_disillusioned_with_the_science_world. I saw bad conduct and realised that some professors weren't motivated by a love of science. I fell out with the adviser who was supervising my PhD. I charged Drexel University in a civil lawsuit and the case has now gone into private, binding arbitration (仲裁)．
[9] I believe my adviser applied for grants and patents using my ideas, and took credit for them. He denies this and has accused me of stealing his work. Even though the university has cleared me of plagiarism (剽窃) it has still refused to award me my PhD.
[10] At the time I was fully expecting to receive my PhD, I applied for a post teaching advanced technology fusion at Konkuk University in Seoul. When I was appointed, I was just under 19, so I made it into Guinness World Records.
[11] In South Korea, I was treated as a minor celebrity. People stared at me wherever I went on campus, and I was asked to give inspirational talks to teenagers. But I didn't renew my contract: I'd had a great year, but I wanted to come home.
[12] I still don't have my PhD and I am angry and disappointed about that. I worked so hard all my life and my research ended up going nowhere.
[13] There's always hope, but the experience at Drexel has derailed me. If a university gave me a place to complete my studies, I would take it. But I am someone who is suing her former university, so a lot of colleges are afraid to touch me.
[14] For now, I'm enrolled in law school and training to be a lawyer. I want to combine legal and science knowledge so that I can protect people's research rights.
[15] It's strange being back at school: I'm 21 years old and for the first time in my life, I'm the same age as the other students.
1．The underlined sentence “But that was when I grew disillusioned with the science world.” suggests that the author ________.
A．felt disappointed with what some scientists do
B．grew old enough to be a scientist
C．was treated as a real scientist
D．became motivated by a love of science
[解题示范]
细研题干定题型 由题干可知，该题属于第一种题型，类似词义猜测题。
通读全文定基调
细读出处推答案 读画线部分的上下文，尤其是下文中“I saw bad conduct ...binding arbitration (仲裁)．”提到她发现学校里不好的做法，意识到有些教授不是出于对科学的热爱，所以感到失望，故选A项。
2．How does the writer feel when she was writing this passage?
A．Proud and frustrated.
B．Excited and angry.
C．Calm and satisfied.
D．Excited and disappointed.
[解题示范]
细研题干定题型 由题干可知，该题属于第二种题型，需要通过作者的描述和措词来推断作者态度。
关注细节 1.关注几个年龄段2.关注第六段“highest”和“youngest”→再次凸显自豪之情 3.关注第八段中作者的挫折→开始失望 4.关注第十二段中作者因未拿到博士学位而“angry”和“disappointed”→遭遇不顺利 5.关注第十五段用词，“21岁”又和“同龄人”一起学法律→无奈→挫败感
确定答案 由以上可看出作者在字里行间对自己天赋的一种肯定和自豪，同时也有着一连串的挫折和无奈，故选A项。
对文段的背景进行推理判断
1．三种提问方式
文章的写作背景是指所描述的事件发生的背景等，如文章的出处、事件发生的特定环境或原因等。这类题目要求能根据文中关键细节和细节之间的逻辑关系对相关背景进行推理判断，常见的三种提问方式有：
In which section of the newspaper would you most probably find this passage?
The ... above is probably provided by ...
From which is the text probably taken?
2．解题关键
这类题目常以文章出处为命题方式，要求通过阅读文章内容来推断文章的写作背景。理解文章的写作目的、作者的措辞、语气和文章所涉及的具体内容等是这类题的解题关键。以环保类文章为例：
(1)如果作者的目的是呼吁人们保护环境，措词比较主观，而语气以激励吸引为主，这样的文章往往会出现在报纸上，也许会是某个环保活动的广告；
(2)如果是为了说明某个方面存在的问题，措辞比较严谨客观，语调较严肃，那么文章很可能出现在比较正式的媒体上，很可能出现在关于社会问题的版块上；
(3)如果是为了告诉读者有关新发现，在文中提到了调查研究及其结果，则文章很可能出现在报纸或杂志的科学发现版块上。
[注意] 一定要关注文章的措词、语气和写作目的，仅关注文章大意是不够的。
[例] (2018·全国卷Ⅱ阅读B)
[1]Many of us love July because it's the month when nature's berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia's fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.
[2]Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.
[3]When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.
[4]If you have a_juicer,_you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft?serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children's party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
27．From which is the text probably taken?
A．A biology textbook. B．A health magazine.
C．A research paper. D．A travel brochure.
[解题示范]
细研题干定题型 文章出处题。
文章内容 本文介绍了丰收的七月给我们带来的多种浆果和核果，并告诉我们这些果实富含的营养成分和可以制作成各种美食。
文章语气 第一段介绍了七月是水果丰富的季节；第二段介绍了各种莓类所含的营养成分；第三、四段介绍各种水果搭配的食用方法。在这一过程中作者使用了客观的语气，通俗易懂的方法，形象地说明了水果搭配的技巧。
确定答案 本文是向大众介绍饮食方法，跟健康有关，应该出自健康杂志。所以B项正确。
三、系统归纳谨记牢
推理判断题除因题型不同，解题方法稍有不同外，其推理判断的原则是一致的，那就是依据原文，合理推断、适度推断，而不是妄加推断、过度推断。无论何种类型推断题，其推断的出发点是一致的，均应该掌握以下技巧和防范以下错误。
[推断6技巧]
技巧1 理解通篇大意，把握写作意图
做推理判断题时，考生应对整篇文章有完整、准确的理解，从总体上把握文章的主题，善于抓住文中的关键词或关键句子。对文章的引申含义进行分析，整合与题目相关的信息，综合起来去把握写作意图，确定最佳结论。
技巧2 关注特定措辞，推断作者态度
作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨、反对、批评、怀疑、悲观、客观、中立。作者的这种思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感彩的形容词。
技巧3 利用语境褒贬，进行逻辑推断
几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了故事人物的特定心理、情绪状态及作者的写作意图。因此，考生阅读文章时一定要找出反映语境褒贬性的标志性词汇或句子，掌握文章主旨大意，了解人物的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断。
技巧4 抓住有效信息，逆向或正向推理
逆向推理的推理方式和正向推理相反，它是由结论出发，去验证结论的正确性并寻找论据。做此类命题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理和判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
技巧5 结合已知常识，进行逻辑推理
阅读理解命题通常源于材料，略高于材料，但一般不会离开所给材料。但有时，命题者会巧妙地把人们所知的常识融入命题。如果考生忽略了常识或不知道这一常识，这样的命题就很难处理。
技巧6 根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处
判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容来着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章，如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式；药品有服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖、时效性强。
[谨防4失误]
解答推理判断题一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，即立足已知，推断未知，不能主观臆想，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。推理判断题难度大，主要在于它的干扰项极具迷惑性，极易转移考生视线，使他们掉入陷阱。考生常出现的典型错误有：
张冠李戴 命题人把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，粗心的考生往往会不知不觉地中了圈套。
以偏概全 考生做题往往忽略了文章的主体，把注意力过度集中在某一点，最终得出“以偏概全”的结论。
浮于表面 每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是娱乐读者，或是阐述某个观点。这些信息通常以叙述的形式展现出来，作者并不发表自己的观点，因此主题往往比较含蓄。但是许多考生会分不清现象与本质，把现象等同于作者的意图。
推己及人 很多时候作者的态度倾向一般不会明确表明，往往隐含其中。考生易脱离原文而进行主观臆断，用自己的观点代替作者的观点。
[课堂应用体验]
A
According to a recent study published in Journal of Consumer Research, many people believe that healthy food must be more expensive than unhealthy food. In fact, the study's researchers found that a high price tag will even convince consumers that a certain food is healthful.
According to Rebecca Reczek, co?author of the study, the purpose of the study was to examine a_popular_belief. Sometimes the belief can be true: Organic produce and wild?caught seafood typically cost more money. But other times, the nutritional value of food ranks all the same.
In one experiment, Reczek's team gave a group of participants a new food product called “granola bites”. Some participants were told the product was very healthy. Other participants were told the bites had little nutritional value. Participants who were told the granola bites were good for them rated the snack as more expensive than the participants who thought the bites were unhealthy.
In another experiment, participants were given a health food bar labeled as “the healthiest protein bar on the planet”. Some participants were told the bar cost just ＄0.99, others were told the bar was ＄4. And here's what happened: The people who were given the “cheaper” bar needed to read a lot more reviews about the product when it was priced at a lower price point in order to trust that it was healthy.
The idea that we all believe healthy food needs to be more expensive works against us. All food companies need to do is push up the price to convince us.
But Reczek said, “When we shop, we don't have to be led astray. We can compare nutrition labels and we can do research before we go to the grocery store. We can use facts rather than our intuition (直觉)．”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，人们认为越贵的食物营养价值就越高，这种想法很容易被商家利用。
1．What does “a popular belief” underlined in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．That people should eat healthy food.
B．That organic produce is really healthy for us.
C．That the nutritional value of food isn't the same.
D．That eating healthy food means spending more money.
解析：选D 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“many people believe that healthy food must be more expensive than unhealthy food”以及第二段中的“Sometimes the belief can be true: Organic produce and wild?caught seafood typically cost more money.”可知，这个很普遍的观点就是：越贵的食物营养价值就越高。
2．Why did some participants regard the granola bites as more expensive?
A．They knew they had high nutritional value.
B．They had been told about the price of them.
C．They knew they were a new food product.
D．They considered them organic food.
解析：选A 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Participants who were told the granola bites were good for them rated the snack as more expensive than the participants who thought the bites were unhealthy.”可知，他们认为这种食物价格更高是因为他们被告知这种食物对他们健康有益，即营养价值高。
3．How did some participants react when hearing the bar cost ＄0.99?
A．They considered it healthy.
B．They were doubtful about it.
C．They really wanted to buy it.
D．They were very happy about it.
解析：选B 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The people who were given the ‘cheaper’ bar ...trust that it was healthy.”可知，他们对低的价格持怀疑态度。
4．According to Reczek, what should we do when we go shopping?
A．Buy food that is more expensive.
B．Consult other people for advice.
C．Pay attention to nutrition labels.
D．Avoid buying unknown food.
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“We can compare nutrition labels and we can do research before we go to the grocery store.”可知，选C项。
B
Every year, thousands of teenagers participate in programs at their local art museums. But do any of them remember their time at museum events later in life? A new report suggests that the answer is yes — and finds that alumni (毕业生) of arts?based museum programs credit them with changing the course of their lives, even years after the fact.
The Whitney Museum of American Art, the Walker Art Center and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles recently asked researchers to conduct a study to find out how effective their long?standing teen art programs really are. They involved over 300 former participants of four programs for teens that have been in existence since the 1990s. Alumni, whose current ages range from 18 to 36, were invited to find out how they viewed their participation years after the fact.
Among the alumni surveyed, 75 percent of alumni rated the teen program experience as the most favorable impact on their own lives, beating family, school and their neighborhoods. Nearly 55 percent thought that it was one of the most important experiences they'd ever had, regardless of age. And two?thirds said that they were often in situations where their experience in museums affected their actions or thoughts.
It turns out that participating in art programs also helps keep teens enthusiastic about culture even after they reach adulthood: Ninety?six percent of participants had visited an art museum within the last two years, and 68 percent had visited an art museum five or more times within the last two years. Thirty?two percent of program alumni work in the arts as adults.
Though the study is the first of its kind to explore the impact of teen?specific art programs in museums, it reflects other research on the important benefits of engaging with the arts. A decade of surveys by the National Endowment for the Arts found that childhood experience with the arts is significantly associated with their income and educational attainment (成就) as adults. Other studies have linked arts education to everything from lower drop?out rates to improvement in critical thinking skills.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，博物馆艺术计划会对青少年的未来生活产生重要的积极影响。
5．How did the researchers get their findings?
A．By comparing scientific theories.
B．By analyzing previous studies.
C．By interviewing participants.
D．By carrying out experiments.
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Alumni, whose current ages range from 18 to 36, were invited ... their participation years after the fact.”可知，研究者通过采访得到了研究结论。
6．What do the figures in Paragraph 3 show?
A．Students are more influenced by family and school.
B．Teens' art programs in museums are highly beneficial.
C．Many teens fail to realize the great value of art programs.
D．Most experiences in museums are boring for today's teens.
解析：选B 推理判断题。根据第三段数据可知，青少年博物馆艺术计划是非常有益的。
7．What does Paragraph 4 tell us about art programs?
A．They create culturally?aware adults.
B．They are intended to attract more adults.
C．They are designed to support art museums.
D．They provide many job opportunities for adults.
解析：选A 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“It turns out that participating in art programs also helps keep teens enthusiastic about culture even after they reach adulthood.”可知，这些艺术计划有助于培养具有文化意识的成年人。
8．What do the studies mentioned in the last paragraph have in common?
A．All suggest the need to improve museum programs.
B．All show the growing popularity of art programs.
C．All focus on the link between art and education.
D．All prove the good effects of art education.
解析：选D 推理判断题。比较最后一段提到的多种研究可知，它们都证明了艺术教育给学生带来的积极影响。
PAGE
1
议论文
大多会涉及事情的结局、某种情况的原因等，解题的关键是读懂故事情节，理清事情发展态势，关注细节。
记叙文
通常是考查对文中某个调查、实验、例子或数据的理解，根据题干中的信息定位到文中相关信息，读懂调查或实验的目的和结果非常关键。
科技说明文
关注文中关于说明对象的关键信息，有时候信息不一定在某一段出现，可能出现在不同的段落，需要细心查找，再进行组合，综合考虑得出结论。
说明文
关注所举事例的段落的主题句，因为作者举例是为了证明观点，所以寻找主题句就是解题关键。
③旧设备更浪费钱财(our wallets)
②旧设备不利于环境保护(bad news for the environment)
①做同样的事情旧设备耗能高(consume much more energy)
信息整合
That's bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
原文查找
科技说明文：一项研究新旧设备耗能的报告。
文体特点
new devices：新设备
What does the author think of：作者态度
信息推断
由以上信息分析可知，A项正确。
得出结论
D．新设备很快就过时了(They go out of style quickly)；属于“曲解文意”型错误。
C．新设备在家中使用的费用更高(They cost more to use at home)；属于“无中生有”型错误。
B．新设备并不比旧设备好(They are no better than the old)；属于“无中生有”型错误。
A．新设备是环保的(They are environment?friendly)；属于正确信息推断。
选项分析
上面旧设备的缺点是在和新设备相比较(than the newer ones)得出的结论，故新设备可以克服以上缺点。
细研题干定题型
该段提到在公共场合中，周围都是人的情况下，人们只是专注地盯着自己的手机，或者苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默中，从中可以推断出文章首段描述了陌生人之间缺少交流的现象。故选择C项。
断定
答案
D项在原文中没有提及，属于“无中生有”型错误。
B项，文中提及的这些行为是否“合适”原文中没有提及，属于“无中生有”型错误。
A项为原文中的事实，不是推断出的内容。
细研干扰项
甄别选项定答案
①专注地盯着自己的手机；②苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默中
人物
公共场合：①电梯中；②在银行排队中；③飞机上
地点
细读语段明大意
由题干可知本题是对文章局部(第一段)进行深层理解的考查。
细研题干定题型
读画线部分的上下文，尤其是下文中“I saw bad conduct ...binding arbitration (仲裁)．”提到她发现学校里不好的做法，意识到有些教授不是出于对科学的热爱，所以感到失望，故选A项。
细读出处推答案
通读全文定基调
由题干可知，该题属于第一种题型，类似词义猜测题。
细研题干定题型
由以上可看出作者在字里行间对自己天赋的一种肯定和自豪，同时也有着一连串的挫折和无奈，故选A项。
确定答案
关注细节
由题干可知，该题属于第二种题型，需要通过作者的描述和措词来推断作者态度。
2.关注第六段“highest”和“youngest”→再次凸显自豪
之情
3.关注第八段中作者的挫折→开始失望
4.关注第十二段中作者因未拿到博士学位而“angry” 和
“disappointed”→遭遇不顺利
5.关注第十五段用词，“21岁”又和“同龄人”一起学法律
→无奈→挫败感
细研题干定题型
本文是向大众介绍饮食方法，跟健康有关，应该出自健康杂志。所以B项正确。
确定答案
第一段介绍了七月是水果丰富的季节；第二段介绍了各种莓类所含的营养成分；第三、四段介绍各种水果搭配的食用方法。在这一过程中作者使用了客观的语气，通俗易懂的方法，形象地说明了水果搭配的技巧。
文章语气
本文介绍了丰收的七月给我们带来的多种浆果和核果，并告诉我们这些果实富含的营养成分和可以制作成各种美食。
文章内容
文章出处题。
很多时候作者的态度倾向一般不会明确表明，往往隐含其中。考生易脱离原文而进行主观臆断，用自己的观点代替作者的观点。
推己及人
每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是娱乐读者，或是阐述某个观点。这些信息通常以叙述的形式展现出来，作者并不发表自己的观点，因此主题往往比较含蓄。但是许多考生会分不清现象与本质，把现象等同于作者的意图。
浮于表面
考生做题往往忽略了文章的主体，把注意力过度集中在某一点，最终得出“以偏概全”的结论。
以偏概全
命题人把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，粗心的考生往往会不知不觉地中了圈套。
张冠李戴
第三讲主旨大意题——抽取主干细加工
主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。
正确选项特征 干扰选项特征
1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。 3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。 1.过于笼统，不知所云 所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。
2.以偏概全，主次不分 所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
3.移花接木，偷换概念 所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。
4.无中生有，生搬硬套 所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。
类型一 标题归纳题
一、常见设问方式
·The best title of the passage is ________.
·Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
·What would be the best title for the passage?
·The most appropriate title of the passage is ______.
二、解题必备知能
(一)理解标题的3大特点
一个好的标题应具备三大特点：
1．概括性——准确而又简短；
2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；
3．醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
(二)巧用3大方法确定文章标题
1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；
3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。
[例] (2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读B)
Good Morning Britain's Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she's been able to put a lot of what she's learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11.
“We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant，” she explains. “I pay ￡5 for a portion (一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we're not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”
The eight?part series (系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV's Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight's Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family's long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
27．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Keeping Fit by Eating Smart
B．Balancing Our Daily Diet
C．Making Yourself a Perfect Chef
D．Cooking Well for Less
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括文意
本文是一篇新闻报道。《早安英国》的节目主持人苏珊娜·瑞德新推出了一档节目——Save Money: Good Food，向观众展示如何用较少的预算做出美味营养的饭菜。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 通过明智的吃来保持健康文中虽提到有关饮食和健康方面的内容，但这不是文章主要内容。 以偏概全，主次不分
B 平衡我们的日常饮食 文中没有提到平衡日常饮食。 无中生有，生搬硬套
C 让你自己成为一个完美的厨师 文中只是提到用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜，没有说做一个完美的厨师。 以偏概全，主次不分
D 用的少，烹饪好 文章围绕用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜展开的。 涵盖性强，覆盖全文
[答案] D
类型二 文章大意题
一、常见设问方式
·What's the main idea/point of the passage?
·The passage is mainly about ________.
·The passage is mainly concerned about ________.
·Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?
·Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage?
·In this passage the author discusses primarily ________.
·The subject discussed in this text is ________.
·The general/main idea of the passage is about ________.
二、解题必备知能
掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意
文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。
用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：
1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。
[例] (2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C)
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter?gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation?state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question?mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
31．What is the main idea of the text?
A．New languages will be created.
B．People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C．Human development results in fewer languages.
D．Geography determines language evolution.
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括文意
文章介绍了世界上语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 新语言将会被创造。 文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。 移花接木，偷换概念
B 人们的生活方式会反映到语言上。 文中没有这种说法。 无中生有，生搬硬套
C 人类的发展导致语言越来越少。 文章介绍了世界上语言多样性的发展变化以及现在很多语言面临消亡的威胁这一现象。 涵盖性强，覆盖全文
D 地理决定语言的发展。文中没有这种说法。 无中生有，生搬硬套
[答案] C
类型三 段落大意题
一、常见设问方式
·What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...?
·The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________.
·The first paragraph is mainly about ________.
·Which of the following can best summarize Para.1?
·What is the first paragraph mainly about?
二、解题必备知能
归纳段落大意的2种方法
方法1：概括段落大意
要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。
(1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；
(2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；
(3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；
(4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了；
(5)如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系；
(6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。
方法2：揣摩段落大意
有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。
[例] (2017·全国卷Ⅱ阅读C节选)
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transition — has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23?gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
…
28．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．The basic data of the Transition.
B．The advantages of flying cars.
C．The potential market for flying cars.
D．The designers of the Transition.
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括段意
该段没有主题句，但是从以下几个方面说明了飞车the Transition的相关情况：
①制造商：Terrafugia Inc.
②首飞成功：completed its first flight
③上市时间：within the next year
④飞车名字：the Transition
⑤飞车构成：two seats, four wheels and wings
⑥飞行时速：around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air
⑦耗油：5 gallons per hour in the air; On the ground, 35 miles per gallon
由以上信息可以看出该段主要描述了飞车the Transition的一些基本数据。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 飞车the Transition的基本数据。 A项是对本段内容的精炼概括和总结。 涵盖性强，覆盖全段
B 飞车的一些优点。 该选项错误在于以下两点： ①该段介绍了名字为the Transition的飞车；而不是全部飞车(flying cars)。 ②该段列举的是基本数据而不是优点。 无中生有，生搬硬套
C 飞车的潜在市场。 原文没有提及。 无中生有，生搬硬套
D 飞车the Transition的设计商。 该选项仅仅是文章中的一个方面。 以偏概全，主次不分
[答案] A
[课堂应用体验]
A
Jens Danielsen kneeled on his dogsled as it slid along the rough edge of a frozen sea. The 15 dogs in his team moved carefully. Despite the bitter cold of late March, the ice had broken up, making travel dangerous. “The sea ice used to be three feet thick here，” Jens says. “Now it's only four inches thick.”
Jens is a 45?year?old hunter from Qaanaaq, a village of about 650 people. He was heading toward the ice edge to find walruses (海象), as Inuit hunters have always done. With 57 dogs to feed, as well as his extended family, he'll need to kill several walruses on this trip.
Normally the ice comes to northwestern Greenland in September and stays until June. But during the past few years the ice has been thick and the hunting good for only three or four weeks. The ice shelf gives hunters access to the walruses, seals, and whales they hunt. Without it, hunting becomes nearly impossible. In one recent winter, Qaanaaq's hunters found themselves without sufficient food to feed their starving dogs. The hunters asked for help, and the government responded with money while fishing corporations assisted by sending fish by airplane.
Today, fewer than 500 ice hunters are able to live by hunting alone. They travel by dogsled, wear skins, and hunt with harpoons. At the same time, they also use guns, cellphones, and watch TV. “This changing weather is bad for us，” Jens says. “Some of our people have to find other ways to make a living.” The government now funds job training programs to help ice hunters find other employment.
Warmer weather does provide some opportunities. Quantities of valuable fish that prefer warmer water are increasing, and melting ice has uncovered some of Greenland's valuable natural resources — minerals and metals. But the last ice hunters may not be able to get used to working as fishermen, in mines, or in power plants. As Jens says, “Without ice, we can't live. Without ice, we're nothing at all.”
1．What has made hunting with dogsleds difficult for the ice hunters?
A．The ice is too thin.
B．Their dogs are too fat.
C．The weather is too cold.
D．There are not enough animals.
解析：选A 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Despite the bitter cold of late March, the ice had broken up ... ‘Now it's only four inches thick.’”可知，如今冰变薄了，所以他们在冰上捕猎很困难。
2．What's the main idea of Paragraph 4?
A．Most ice hunters have improved their lives recently.
B．The ice hunters have improved their hunting methods.
C．The traditional ice hunters' way of life is disappearing.
D．Only the best ice hunters have been able to continue hunting.
解析：选C 段落大意题。第四段讲述了如今冰上捕猎者并不能单纯依靠捕猎生活，他们需要另谋生路，传统的捕猎生活方式正在消亡。
3．Why might the ice hunters find it difficult to do other work?
A．There is no training available.
B．The government is unhelpful.
C．They prefer their own traditions.
D．There are fewer other jobs available.
解析：选C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“But the last ice hunters may not be able to get used to working as fishermen, in mines, or in power plants.”可推知，冰上捕猎者可能无法适应别的工作，他们更喜欢传统的捕猎生活。
4．What's the text mainly about?
A．How to hunt sea animals in Greenland.
B．How modern hunting methods are beneficial.
C．How the government is helping failed hunters.
D．How warmer weather is affecting ice hunters.
解析：选D 文章大意题。本文讲述了因气候变暖，冰上捕猎者面临的一系列问题，故选D项。
B
Facebook says it is working on technology to allow us to control computers directly with our brains. It is developing “silent speech” software to allow people to type at a rate of 100 words per minute.
The project, in its early stages, will require new technology to detect brainwaves without needing invasive surgery. “We are not talking about decoding (译) your random thoughts，” assured Facebook's Regina Dugan. “We're talking about decoding those words.”
Ms Dugan is the company's head of Building 8, the firm's hardware research lab. The company said it intends to build both the hardware and software to achieve its goal, and has enlisted a team of more than 60 scientists and academics to work on the project.
On his Facebook page, Mark Zuckerberg added: “Our brains produce enough data to stream four HD movies every second. The problem is that the best way we have to get information out into the world — speech — can only transmit about the same amount of data as a 1980s modem. We're working on ‘silent speech’ software that will let you type straight from your brain about five times faster than you can type on your phone today. Eventually, we want to turn it into a wearable technology that can be manufactured at scale.”
“Technology is going to have to get a lot more advanced before we can share a pure thought or feeling, but this is a first step，” Ms Dugan said. Other ideas detailed at the company's developers conference in San Jose included work to allow people to “hear” through skin. The system, comparable to Braille, uses pressure points on the skin to relay information. “One day, not so far away, it may be possible for me to think in Mandarin, and you to feel it instantly in Spanish，” Ms Dugan said.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。Facebook公司发表声明称，他们目前正在研发人脑信息读取技术，将实现用人脑控制电脑。
5．What's a special feature of “silent speech” software?
A．It can change computers.
B．It can control human brains.
C．It can record a person's random thoughts.
D．It can enable humans to type from their brain.
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“We're working on ‘silent speech’ software that will let you type straight from your brain about five times faster than you can type on your phone today.”可知，脸书正在研发的软件叫作“无声话语”，它可以让人直接通过大脑打字。
6．What can be learned from the last paragraph?
A．Mandarin becomes the main language of computers.
B．Computers can be monitored by people's skin now.
C．Facebook has a long way to go to achieve its goal.
D．It is impossible to control computers with brains.
解析：选C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Technology is going to have to get a lot more advanced before we can share a pure thought or feeling, but this is a first step”可知，在能够分享纯粹的想法和感觉之前，技术还需要很大的进步和发展，这只是第一步。由此可推知，脸书在实现目标前还有很长的路要走。
7．What would be the best title for the text?
A．Computers bring profits for Facebook
B．Silent speech changes people's lifestyle
C．A new study about human brains starts
D．Facebook shares brain?control ambitions
解析：选D 标题归纳题。本文主要告诉我们Facebook公司发表声明称，他们正在研发人脑信息读取技术，目的在于实现用人脑控制电脑，故D项作标题最佳。
PAGE
1
所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。
4.无中生有，生搬硬套
所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。
3.移花接木，偷换概念
所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
2.以偏概全，主次不分
所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。
1.过于笼统，不知所云
干扰选项特征
正确选项特征
1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。
3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
D
C
B
A
涵盖性强，覆盖全文
用的少，烹饪好
文章围绕用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜展开的。
以偏概全，主次不分
让你自己成为一个完美的厨师
文中只是提到用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜，没有说做一个完美的厨师。
无中生有，生搬硬套
平衡我们的日常饮食
文中没有提到平衡日常饮食。
以偏概全，主次不分
通过明智的吃来保持健康
文中虽提到有关饮食和健康方面的内容，但这不是文章主要内容。
D
C
B
A
无中生有，生搬硬套
地理决定语言的发展。
文中没有这种说法。
涵盖性强，覆盖全文
人类的发展导致语言越来越少。
文章介绍了世界上语言多样性的发展变化以及现在很多语言面临消亡的威胁这一现象。
无中生有，生搬硬套
人们的生活方式会反映到语言上。
文中没有这种说法。
移花接木，偷换概念
新语言将会被创造。
文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。
D
C
B
A
以偏概全，主次不分
飞车the Transition的设计商。
该选项仅仅是文章中的一个方面。
无中生有，生搬硬套
飞车的潜在市场。
原文没有提及。
无中生有，生搬硬套
飞车的一些优点。
该选项错误在于以下两点：
①该段介绍了名字为the Transition的飞车；而不是全部飞车(flying cars)。
②该段列举的是基本数据而不是优点。
涵盖性强，覆盖全段
飞车the Transition的基本数据。
A项是对本段内容的精炼概括和总结。
第四讲词义猜测题——上下文中求答案
[考查内容] [设问方式]
根据上下文猜测词义是阅读能力的一部分，也是高考阅读理解测试中重要的一项。要做好这类题目，考生要记住：在完整的语篇中，单词和词组的意义总是受特定的语境、上下文限制的，因此考生可以根据上下文，并利用所掌握的语法、词汇和构词法等知识确定它们的意义。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。 By saying that “...” in the first (second ...) paragraph, the author means that ________.In Paragraph ..., “...” can be replaced by “______”．The meaning of “...” in Paragraph ... is related to ________. Which of the following has the closest meaning to ... (Paragraph ...)？ As is used in Line ..., the word “...” refers to ________. The underlined sentence in the ... paragraph probably means that ________.
词义猜测题7大猜词技巧
要做好词义猜测题，考生除了必须熟练掌握《考试大纲》规定的词汇外，在平时的训练中还要注意积累生词和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心，还要学会根据上下文语境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。
根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：
①Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.
句子给予了annealing一个明确的定义，即“退火”。
②It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily.
从that is(也就是说)后的解释中我们可以了解到，brittle是“脆的”意思。
③The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
定语从句中looks after sheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧人”。
④The weather in this area is treacherous;_its sudden changes often endanger the lives of sailors.
分号后的句子在解释什么样的天气是treacherous, sudden change与treacherous在语义上相对应，因此含义是“突变的”。
⑤Some good readers find it helpful to use their sense to visualize — or picture — what they read.
visualize的意思由破折号后的picture(想象)给出了说明，因此含义为“想象”。
⑥When President Torrijos of Panama met Carter, he tried to give him a friendly abrazo (hug)．
abrazo对大多数人来说都很陌生，但由括号内的hug(拥抱)，我们不难推测abrazo也是“拥抱”的意思。
[例] (2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选)
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation?state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
29．Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?
A．Complex. B．Advanced.
C．Powerful. D．Modern.
[分析] 根据画线词所在句子可知，人类社会发展的很多因素导致许多语言消失，而逐渐被英语、西班牙语、汉语等语言取代，画线词前后的解释暗示了这些语言逐渐占主导地位，故选C项powerful (强大的，有影响力的)。
根据同位关系进行猜测
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位关系对前面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：
①They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle,_a large building in old times.
同位语部分“a large building in old times”给出了castle的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。
②We are on the night_shift — from midnight to 8 a．m. — this week.
两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。
③The “Chunnel”， a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.
此句中“a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France”是Chunnel的同位语。因此，Chunnel指的就是英法之间的海底隧道。
[例] (2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选)
I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips — of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.
29．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1?
A．provider B．delivery man
C．collector D．medical doctor
[分析] “a volunteer stem cell courier”是“Peter Hodes”的同位语；根据文中“I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box”可知，Peter Hodes的任务就是将捐献者捐献的干细胞运送给需要的病人，即作者是干细胞递送员。故选择B项。
根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测
在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：
①“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10，” Anaclerio said, “and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”
文中interactive是由前缀inter?(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。
②Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred?
possibility是possible的同根名词，据此可以判断possibility的意思是“可能性”。
[例] (2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读D节选)
A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.
[分析] 根据构词法知识我们可知，un?为否定前缀，?ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可猜测uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。
根据因果关系进行猜测
在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：
①The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.
从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的，永久的”。
②Mary didn't notice me when I came into the classroom, because she was completely engrossed in her reading.
从前面的结果“当我走进教室时，玛丽没有注意到我”可以推测engrossed的意思为“全神贯注的”。
③Our vision was obscured by the trees, so we couldn't see the lake from our window.
由后面的结果couldn't see(看不见)可知，我们的视线被树遮挡住(obscured)了。
[例] (2018·全国卷Ⅱ阅读B节选)
…
If you have a_juicer,_you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “softserve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children's party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
26．What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A．A dessert. B．A drink.
C．A container. D．A machine.
[分析] 该段第一句含有一个if引导的条件状语从句，若满足该条件，则产生的结果是第一句的后半句和第二句， “you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a ‘soft?serve’ creamy dessert, to be eaten right away.” 即“将冰冻香蕉和其他莓类、水果片放进去，出来的是奶油状甜品”。由此因果关系可推知juicer指的是榨汁机。故选择D项。
根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
文章中的代词it, that, he, him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。例如：
①Like Schmid, the editors of several self?published art magazines also champion (捍卫) found photographs. One of them,_called simply Found, was born one snowy night in Chicago, when Davy Rothbard returned to his car to find under his wiper (雨刷) an angry note intended for someone else：“Why's your car HERE at HER place？”
them指的是前面出现的self?published art magazines。
②However, the question that “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.
it指的是月球人(moon people)所问的问题(the question)。
[例] (2017·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选)
…
[2]Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
[3]It's Jason Moran's job to help change that.As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
…
29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Jazz becoming more accessible.
B．The production of jazz growing faster.
C．Jazz being less popular with the young.
D．The jazz audience becoming larger.
[分析] 根据语境可知，画线词that指代第二段“Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”的内容，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选C。
根据同义或近义关系进行猜测
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。
[例] (2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读D节选)
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more_is_more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.
…
32．What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．The more, the better.
B．Enough is enough.
C．More money, more worries.
D．Earn more and spend more.
[分析] 根据该段第一句“Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects.”可知，作者认为成年人都理解物质过剩的那种感觉，后面又用反问句提出了问题：但是，说到孩子们和他们的物品，我们为什么通常又认定more is more呢？由此推知，这里的 more is more与前面的 flooded with为近义呼应，指“越多越好”。故选A。
根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而可以依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：
①A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle;_it can be a basket of fun.
从分号前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun是相反的意义，所以不难判断hassle的意思是“困难，麻烦”。
②She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.
but一词表示转折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。根据后半句的意思“她今天第一节课上了一半才来”，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。
③The players in the World Cup are professionals, while those who play in the Olympics must be amateurs.
由于转折词“while”引导的两个分句前后意义相反，我们可推测出amateurs是professionals(专业人士)的反义词，意思为“业余人士，业余选手”。
[例] (2017·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C节选)
…
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
…
29．What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Tested. B．Separated.
C．Forced out. D．Tracked down.
[分析] 画线词的前句说明在黄石公园和美洲大部分地区曾有许多的灰狼，连词but转折了句子意义，后来由于人类的发展，灰狼数量逐渐减少，几乎消失，由此可推断出画线词的意思为“被迫离开”，故选择C项。
[课堂应用体验]
A
Krubera Cave in the western Caucasus Mountains is the deepest known cave in the world. An international team prepared to descend into Krubera. The team members hoped to be the first cavers to reach a depth of 2,000 meters, brought five tons of equipment and other necessities with them, and established camps at key locations along the route. They worked for up to 20 hours each day.
In the third week, progress was blocked at 1,775 meters by a sump — a cave passage filled with water that gives cavers few options. There are basically three techniques available: dive through it, empty it, or go around it. Gennadiy Samokhin dove to the bottom but was disappointed. “No chance to get through，” he said. Searching for a way around the sump, Garcia Dils risked entering a waterfall of near freezing water and discovered that his dry suit had holes in it. “The water was so cold that I lost the feeling in my fingers，” he said later. He, too, was unsuccessful.
Finally, two teammates found a way around the sump through a tight passage they called the Way to the Dream. The team was exhilarated. The passage led to yet another sump at 1,840 meters. After a short test dive, Samokhin emerged, smiling. There was a promising passage, he reported. But it would have to wait. After nearly four weeks, with supplies running low, the team had run out of time and would have to return to the surface.
Four weeks later, a team of nine Ukrainian cavers led by Yuri Kasjan went back to Krubera. Following the path opened by the previous team, they reached the sump at 1,840 meters relatively quickly. After much searching, a pit (坑), later named the Millennium Pit, was discovered that allowed them to pass the 2,000 meter depth. More pits and passages led them to 2,080 meters, a spot they named Game Over. But the caving game is never over. Deeper caves will probably continue to be discovered and call out to be explored.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了探洞穴者对世界上最深的洞穴——库鲁伯亚拉洞穴进行探索的过程。
1．Why did the team return to the surface after nearly four weeks?
A．They were lacking in supplies.
B．They had achieved their goal.
C．They couldn't go through the sump.
D．They gave their task to Yuri Kasjan's team.
解析：选A 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“After nearly four weeks, with supplies running low, the team had run out of time and would have to return to the surface.”可知，因为物资逐渐短缺，探洞穴者被迫返回地面。
2．What does the underlined word “exhilarated” probably mean?
A．Cheerful. B．Powerful.
C．Confused. D．Exhausted.
解析：选A 词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“two teammates found a way around the sump through a tight passage they called the Way to the Dream”可知，两名队员找到了通过水坑的通道，所以他们应该很高兴，故选A项。
3．Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?
A．Game Over was discovered at 2,000 meters.
B．The Way to the Dream begins at 1,840 meters.
C．The Millennium Pit passed the 2,080 meters depth.
D．Samokhin's teammates found a way around a sump at 1,775 meters.
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“progress was blocked at 1,775 meters by a sump”以及第三段中的“two teammates found a way around the sump through a tight passage”可知，Samokhin在1 775米处找到了绕过水坑的通道。
4．What is the text mainly about?
A．The features of Krubera Cave.
B．Famous caves around the world.
C．A journey of exploring Krubera Cave.
D．The importance of exploring Krubera Cave.
解析：选C 主旨大意题。本文讲述了探洞穴者对世界上最深的洞穴——库鲁伯亚拉洞穴进行探索的过程，故选C项。
B
There has been much debate over the past few decades concerning fears that automation will lead to robots replacing human workers on a massive scale.
The increasing use of robotics, computers and artificial intelligence is a reality, but its full consequences are far from cut_and_dried. While the future is uncertain, robots are a fixture of our society which are not going to disappear. As with the Industrial Revolution, where machines were used in many tasks in place of manual laborers, the Digital Revolution is likely to place robots in various jobs. In spite of that, many of today's jobs were not in existence before the Industrial Revolution, such as those of programmers, engineers and data scientists. Exactly what new kinds of jobs might exist in the future is difficult to imagine at present. Therefore, the most important part of the issue is not whether jobs will be lost, but whether the creation of new vacancies (空缺) will outpace the ever?increasing number of losses and what skills will be required in the future.
So which workers are considered to be at particular risk? It has been suggested that middle?skill jobs involving routine and set rules, such as those in office administration, could be assigned to computers. While pattern?recognizing software will soon be able to diagnose diseases both earlier and more accurately than doctors. However, this does not necessarily signal the replacement of human doctors. Futurists foresee doctors using patients' wearable devices to collect and monitor physiological data. Likewise, farmers will attend to livestock whose microsensors could indicate the onset of illness while considering the process of planting crops based on predictive data sets as well as analyzing online weather forecasts.
It is clearly not all bad news, as the demand for employees with skills in data analysis, coding, computer science, artificial intelligence and human?machine interface is continually rising. Furthermore, the demand for skills in jobs where humans surpass computers, such as those involving care, creativity and innovative craftsmanship, is likely to increase considerably. Finally, the key lies in the adaptation of the workforce, through appropriate education and training, to keep pace with our world's technological progress.
5．What is the main concern associated with technological advances?
A．Safety at work.
B．Boredom of life.
C．Increased unemployment.
D．Robots taking over the world.
解析：选C 细节理解题。由第一段中的“fears that automation will lead to robots replacing human workers”可知，人们担忧的是失业问题。
6．Which is closest in meaning to “cut and dried” in Paragraph 2?
A．Direct and lasting.
B．Natural and satisfying.
C．Important and beneficial.
D．Clear and definite.
解析：选D 词义猜测题。第二段中作者通过说明工业革命前人们并不知道会产生现在的一些新职业来表明面临数字化革命，我们同样无法预知将来会有哪些新型的职业产生，因此未来会是什么样子还不是完全明了和确定的(Clear and definite)。
7．Which of these jobs is most likely to be replaced by robots?
A．Doctors. B．Office workers.
C．Agricultural workers. D．Innovative craftsmen.
解析：选B 细节理解题。由第三段中的前两句话可知，最有可能被淘汰的是那些按常规做事的办公室行政职员。
8．What is the author's opinion?
A．Workers need to study to adapt to technological changes.
B．There are few negative consequences to the Digital Revolution.
C．Learning about technology is a natural part of human development.
D．Our main duty is to predict the ever?increasing number of job losses.
解析：选A 推理判断题。由最后一段最后一句可知，作者认为解决问题的关键是人们应该通过学习和培训跟上科技进步的步伐从而适应劳动市场的需求。
文体分类练(一)——应用文
(限时25分钟)
A
Scotland Tour from London
Private car/minibus — 6 days
The highlight of this overnight UK tour is Edinburgh, widely regarded as one of Europe's most handsome cities.
Your route takes you via the ancient university city of Cambridge, the historic town of Stamford, and either Elizabethan Burghley House or the magnificent Chatsworth House. Continue to York for your first two nights. Take a walk along the ancient city walls offering beautiful views, see the fine York Minster in England, and the “Shambles”， a perfectly preserved street of Medieval houses.
On your way North cross Hadrian's Wall, built by the Romans about 120 AD and the romantic ruins of Jedburgh Abbey and Melrose Abbey where the heart of Robert the Bruce is buried. On your way to Edinburgh see Sir Walter Scott's home, Abbotsford House, Kelso a market town which he described as “the most beautiful in Scotland” and Floors Castle, Scotland's largest inhabited castle owned by the Duke of Roxburghe.
You will have two nights in Edinburgh. See its museums and galleries, Edinburgh Castle, the Palace of Holyroodhouse, the Royal Mile, Princes Street and Hopetoun House.
On your fourth day visit ruined Linlithgow Palace, birthplace of Mary Queen of Scots, and drive through Robert Burns country. The Lake District is a region of majestic mountain scenery, lakes and lush valleys: visit Wordsworth's Cottage or Elizabethan Levens Hall.
Your return to London will take you through Stratford?upon?Avon immortalised by Shakespeare, the Cotswolds and Oxford, England's oldest university.
Tour prices
Passengers Price
Medium Up to 2 ￡4,160
Extra large Up to 5 ￡5,360
Minibus Up to 11 ￡7,305
Prices include: Prices include your guide, private car/minibus, overnight allowance for guide, tax and collection and return to your central London hotel. Prices do not include entrance fees, parking, meals or hotels which we can recommend according to your preferences.
语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了从伦敦出发到苏格兰的六天旅行行程的相关情况。
1．Which of the following is in a ruined state?
A．York Minster.
B．Chatsworth House.
C．Elizabethan Burghley House.
D．Jedburgh Abbey and Melrose Abbey.
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“the romantic ruins of Jedburgh Abbey and Melrose Abbey where the heart of Robert the Bruce is buried”可知选D项。
2．Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?
A．Stratford?upon?Avon is in the Lake District.
B．Abbotsford House was home to Robert the Bruce.
C．Mary Queen of Scots was born in Linlithgow Palace.
D．Edinburgh Castle was owned by the Duke of Roxburghe.
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“On your fourth day visit ruined Linlithgow Palace, birthplace of Mary Queen of Scots”可知选C项。
3．What is the right order of the six?day tour?
A．London→York→the Lake District→Edinburgh→London.
B．London→York→Edinburgh→the Lake District→London.
C．London→Edinburgh→the Lake District→York→London.
D．London→Edinburgh→York→the Lake District→London.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据文章中关于行程的具体介绍可知选B项。
B
English Schools
There's no substitute for taking an English course in a high quality language school in an English?speaking country. Esl?lounge Student has partnered with some of the best language schools in the UK. Choose a school from below. We can offer discounts on English courses!
Burlington School, London
Burlington School is located in Parsons Green, 15 minutes by underground from the centre of London. Our standard of teaching is high, with courses in General and Specialist English. The coffee bar is open all day serving freshly?cooked meals, and the school organises a range of social activities to complement (补充) the classes. Students live either in homestays or in one of our hostels.
See Burlington School courses and save 10%
University of Liverpool, English Language Centre
You can have confidence in the University of Liverpool, which is ranked in the top 1% of higher education institutions worldwide. While studying here, you will benefit from modern and dynamic English teaching methods in small classes of fewer than 16 students.
See University of Liverpool courses and save 12%
Interactive English School, Brighton
We are a small friendly school. Being a small school means we can cater for your individual needs more easily than larger schools can. All of our teachers are native speakers, qualified and experienced. Our prices are very affordable and start from ￡60 per week for full?time courses of 20 lessons.
See Interactive English School courses and save 7%
New School of English, Cambridge
The New School of English is located in the beautiful city of Cambridge. The school is open all year and provides a range of English language courses for adults from all over the world (minimum age 16). These courses cover General English as well as courses for professionals looking to focus on specific topic areas. They have a range of accommodation choices for students.
See New School of English courses and save 5%
语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了四所优质的语言学校。
4．What can we know about Burlington School?
A．It is open all year.
B．It is located in London.
C．It provides no accommodation.
D．It offers no social practice classes.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据Burlington School, London部分中的具体介绍“Burlington School is located in Parsons Green, 15 minutes by underground from the centre of London.”可知，柏林顿学校位于伦敦市，且乘地铁只需15分钟就能从市中心到达该学校。
5．Which school offers the biggest discounts?
A．Burlington School.
B．New School of English.
C．University of Liverpool.
D．Interactive English School.
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据介绍每个学校部分的最后一句可知，文中四所学校的折扣依次是10%,12%,7%和5%，因此第二所学校即利物浦大学的折扣最大。
6．How is New School of English different from the others?
A．It sets a strict age limit.
B．Its accommodation is optional.
C．Its teachers are qualified and experienced.
D．It offers General and Specialist English courses.
解析：选A 细节理解题。根据New School of English, Cambridge部分的“The school ... provides a range of English language courses for adults from all over the world (minimum age 16)．”可知，只有年满16岁的成年人才可以进入该校学习。其他学校没有提到关于年龄方面的限制。
7．Who would be interested in the schools?
A．English professors.
B．Native English speakers.
C．Foreign English learners.
D．Staff of esl?lounge Student.
解析：选C 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“There's no substitute for taking an English course in a high quality language school in an English?speaking country.”和下文对学校的介绍可以推知，想学英语的外国学生可能会对这些学校感兴趣。
C
William Wordsworth and the Lake District
After writing Lyrical Ballads (1798), Britain's great poet William Wordsworth returned to his roots in the Lake District and remained there until his death in 1850.
This introductory guide takes you through the heart of William Wordsworth's Lake District from Grasmere through Rydal Mount via Ambleside to Windermere.
Grasmere
On 17th December 1799 William Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy moved into Dove Cottage, Grasmere. Here William Wordsworth wrote Ode: Intimations of Immortality, the 1805 Prelude, most of Poems in Two Volumes (1807) and the Preface to the second edition of Lyrical Ballads and Dorothy kept her famous Grasmere Journal, now on display in the museum.
Rydal Mount
William Wordsworth moved from Dove Cottage in Grasmere to Rydal Mount in 1813. He lived here until his death in 1850. The property is still owned by his descendants (后代)．
The house is situated between Ambleside and Grasmere, close to Rydal Water. Here he landscaped the garden and wrote The River Duddon, Ecclesiastical Sonnets, Surprised by Joy, The Longest Day and revised The Prelude, which appeared after his death.
Ambleside
William Wordsworth worked in Ambleside at The Old Stamp House from 1813－1843 when he was Distributor of Stamps for Westmoreland. In 1820 he published his Guide through the District of the Lakes. Then he succeeded Robert Southey as Poet Laureate (桂冠诗人) in the same year as he resigned from office.
Windermere
Outside Windermere on the A591 is the view that William Wordsworth described in The Prelude Book Ⅳ.
The town came into existence with the Kendal and Windermere Railway, which was built in 1844. The railway line ends at Windermere Railway Station thanks to the local opposition to its continuation, led by Wordsworth in speeches, letters to the press and two sonnets.
语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了对英国著名诗人威廉·华兹华斯的家乡的湖区之行。
8．Which of the following was written in Dove Cottage?
A．The Longest Day. B．Ecclesiastical Sonnets.
C．Grasmere Journal. D．The River Duddon.
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据Grasmere部分中的“moved into Dove Cottage, Grasmere ... Dorothy kept her famous Grasmere Journal”可知选C项。
9．What do we know about Rydal Mount?
A．It is located in Grasmere.
B．The Prelude was published there.
C．William Wordsworth wrote Lyrical Ballads there.
D．It is owned by William Wordsworth's family now.
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据Rydal Mount部分中的“The property is still owned by his descendants (后代)．”可知选D项。
10．Which of the following is TRUE about William Wordsworth?
A．He designed a garden in Grasmere.
B．He worked in Ambleside for 30 years.
C．He and Dorothy wrote Ode: Intimations of Immortality.
D．He argued against the railway line in The Prelude Book Ⅳ.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据Ambleside部分中的“William Wordsworth worked in Ambleside at The Old Stamp House from 1813－1843”可知，威廉·华兹华斯在Ambleside工作了30年。
11．When did William Wordsworth become Poet Laureate?
A．In 1813. B．In 1820.
C．In 1843. D．In 1850.
解析：选C 细节理解题。Ambleside部分中的“William Wordsworth worked in Ambleside at The Old Stamp House from 1813－1843”以及“Then he succeeded Robert Southey as Poet Laureate (桂冠诗人) in the same year as he resigned from office.”可知，威廉·华兹华斯在1843年成为了桂冠诗人。
D
Looking for a little culture? Check out some of the valley's finest museums and art exhibits. From contemporary paintings displayed through the glass of empty storefronts, to religious paintings, there's always something for everyone.
BYU Museum of Art (North Campus Drive, Provo): Specializing in American art from the late 18th century to the present, BYU Museum of Art has the most extensive collection in the valley. Its 17,000 permanent paintings, photographs, prints and sculptures are housed in a triangular building, architecturally designed to be art itself. The museum displays works by artists such as J. Alden Weir, Mahonri Young, Maynard Dixon, Minerva Teichert, Carl Bloch and Rembrandt. Outside, the landscaped sculpture garden is a relaxing oasis (舒适的地方). From January 20th to May 29th, the museum will be hosting the exhibit: Photographing Silence: Juan Rulfo's Mexico. Admission: Free. Phone: 801?422?8287. Hours: 10 a．m.－9 p．m. Monday; 10 a．m.－6 p．m. Tuesday－Friday; 1 p．m.－5 p．m. Saturday; Closed Sundays.
Storefront Window Displays (Empty storefronts throughout Provo): Local artists are making use of vacant Provo properties with the Storefront Gallery program. On Center Street and a number of other locations throughout the city, works of art are displayed through the glass of these empty businesses. This fresh style of display is popular with up?and?coming artists as well as the casual passers?by that get to enjoy the displays. Admission: Free (all art is seen from the sidewalk). Hours: All day, every day. Website: www.provodowntown.com
For?Sale Galleries (Throughout the valley): Visiting commercial galleries can be a unique way to get your art fix. Surrounded by restaurants and comedy clubs, Center Street's Window box Gallery (801?377?4367) features patriotic, religious, and Western pieces. The Thomas Kinkade Renaissance Signature Gallery (801?226?8686) in the University Mall features religious pieces by its namesake artist. City streets, strip?malls, and plazas are common places for these ever?changing commercial galleries.
UVSC Woodbury Art Museum (575 East University Parkway): Located inside the University Mall, the Woodbury museum features a variety of changing exhibits. The museum will feature a faculty (学院) exhibit during the month of March and a student exhibit during the month of April. Admission: Free. Phone: 801?426?6199. Hours: 10 a．m.－5：30 p．m.Monday－Friday; 10 a．m.－8 p．m. Saturday; Closed Sundays.
语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了美国犹他州小城Provo的一些艺术博物馆及有关展览。
12．When can you admire photographs about Mexico?
A．10 a．m.－9 p．m. Mondays in June.
B．10 a．m.－6 p．m. Tuesdays in May.
C．10 a．m.－8 p．m. Saturdays in April.
D．10 a．m.－5：30 p．m. Sundays in March.
解析：选B 细节理解题。由第二段中的“From January 20th to May 29th, the museum will be hosting the exhibit: Photographing Silence: Juan Rulfo's Mexico.”再结合BYU Museum of Art的开放时间可知选B。
13．At which place can people relax in a sculpture garden?
A．BYU Museum of Art.
B．Storefront Window Displays.
C．For?Sale Galleries.
D．UVSC Woodbury Art Museum.
解析：选A 细节理解题。由第二段中的“Outside, the landscaped sculpture garden is a relaxing oasis (舒适的地方)．”可知选A。
14．What do we know about Storefront Window Displays?
A．They feature exhibits by students.
B．Artwork is displayed in a unique way.
C．It requires a ticket to enjoy the exhibits.
D．They display works from around the world.
解析：选B 细节理解题。由第三段中的“works of art are displayed through the glass of these empty businesses. This fresh style of display ... to enjoy the displays”可知选B。
15．Which number can you call if you want to buy a picture by Thomas Kinkade?
A．801?422?8287. B．801?377?4367.
C．801?226?8686. D．801?426?6199.
解析：选C 细节理解题。由第四段中的“The Thomas Kinkade Renaissance Signature Gallery (801?226?8686) in the University Mall features religious pieces by its namesake artist.”可知选C。
1．语言特点：语言简练，就其用词来看，文章里有大量生僻的专有名词，如地名、人名、机构名、组织名、书名、作品名等。
2．结构特点：应用文主要用于传递信息，高考卷中所采用的应用文通常有两种行文方式。一种是文中的几则信息构成平行并列结构，即每一则信息中的项目及其位置有一致性和对应性，几则信息前有时会用一个段落对文章信息作整体上的说明；另一种是针对某一主题分项、分条目地呈现信息，每个段落围绕小标题呈现某一方面的信息。
3．答题误区：应用文阅读理解试题难度不大，故答题时要谨防过于草率。出错的原因有可能是看信息时看错位置，也有可能是为了追求速度只凭大致印象答题。因此，做题时一定要看准信息并在文章中找出相关信息以确保万无一失。另外，不要一字不落地阅读全文，这样会浪费很多时间，而是应该有选择性地快速筛选和获取答题所需要的信息。
4．阅读策略
应用文阅读理解总体上要做到稳、准、快，在确保准确率的基础上提高阅读速度，以节省时间。解题时，要做到：
(1)快速浏览知主题。快速浏览加粗字体的标题、小标题或加下划线的语句等最重要的信息，以了解语篇提供的是哪方面的信息，并判定行文方式。
(2)速读题干，跳读定位信息。接下来阅读每一道试题，根据题干定位信息区间，并在文章中找出答案或相关信息。在定位和寻找信息区间的时候，可以充分利用加粗字体的标题、小标题、加下划线的语句等重要信息提高阅读和解题速度，如果每则信息的项目及其位置具有一致性和对应性，就可利用其一致性和对应性快速查找答案，查找信息时不一定要读完全文。
(3)细读解题信息。最后，根据查找的相关信息，经过比对选项选出正确答案。
文体分类练(二)——记叙文
(限时28分钟)
A
The sun was rising when Daryl's delivery truck reached the highway. This was the best time of day to drive, when the roads were wide open and empty. He felt sure he was going to make it to Los Angeles before midnight. It looked like it was going to be a good day.
Then he saw it, a large lump in the middle of the road. Daryl often passed dead animals on the roadside but he knew that this was something different. He slammed on his brakes and the truck screeched to a halt.
The lump was a girl. He tried shaking her awake but she wouldn't move, so he picked her up and carried her to the side of the road. At least she wouldn't be run over there.
Now she was someone else's problem. He had to make it to Los Angeles by midnight and didn't have time to be a hero. He climbed back into his truck but as he looked in his mirror and saw the girl lying still by the side of the road, he knew he couldn't leave her. Daryl put her into his truck and drove to the next town.
An hour later he pulled up at the police station. After explaining what had happened, he prepared to leave, only for the policeman to say that he needed to make a report. Daryl knew this would take several hours, but he had no choice. There was no way he'd get to Los Angeles on time now.
Three hours later the report was done and the girl had recovered somewhat. She explained that she had fallen on the highway, weak from hunger, but could remember nothing else. She also thanked Daryl for saving her life. Daryl told her that he had been happy to help, but as he got back into his truck he knew his boss wouldn't be.
Just as he was about to pull back onto the road, his mother called. “Have you seen？” she said, “A bridge collapsed two hours ago, the one that you drive over on the way to Los Angeles.”
Daryl's_blood_ran_cold. If he had been on time, he would have been on that fallen bridge about two hours ago. Daryl realized how lucky he was.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。Daryl在送货途中看到一位晕倒的女孩，为了帮助她而耽误了不少时间，不能按时交货，他担心老板会生气。此时母亲打电话过来，告诉他他要经过的一座桥梁在两小时前塌方了，Daryl因为帮助他人而逃过一劫。
1．What did Daryl plan to do in Los Angeles?
A．Go on holiday. B．Deliver some goods.
C．Visit his mum. D．Report to his boss.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句中的“Daryl's delivery truck”可知他是去洛杉矶送货物的。
2．Why did Daryl first leave the girl by the side of the road?
A．He didn't want to be late.
B．He thought the girl would be fine.
C．He knew that someone else would help.
D．He worried the police would blame him.
解析：选A 细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“He had to make it to Los Angeles by midnight and didn't have time to be a hero.”可知，他需要在午夜之前赶到洛杉矶，怕救女孩而迟到，所以最初他把那位女孩留在路边。
3．How did Daryl feel after he left the police station?
A．Confident that he would be on time.
B．Angry that he had to make the report.
C．Proud that he had saved the girl's life.
D．Worried that his boss would be angry.
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第六段最后一句中的“as he got back into his truck he knew his boss wouldn't be”可知，当他离开警察局回到自己车上的时候，他担心老板会生气。
4．What does the underlined expression “Daryl's blood ran cold” in the last paragraph suggest?
A．Daryl was now feeling more relaxed.
B．Daryl thought he would be in trouble.
C．Daryl was greatly shocked by the news.
D．Daryl felt the sudden change in temperature.
解析：选C 句意理解题。根据上下文可知，Daryl出了警察局后，接到妈妈的电话说前方路上的桥梁塌方了，而他由于救助了那个女孩而幸免于难，所以这里表示Daryl对这个消息感到极度震惊。
B
When I was a small boy, I noticed that though many of the adults around me were wealthy and educated, they were not always happy and this sometimes led them to behave in ways, which I, as a child, thought strange. As a result of that, I decided to try to understand what happiness was and how best to achieve it. It was not surprising, then, that I decided to study psychology.
On arrival at the university, I was disappointed to find that academic psychologists were trying to understand human behaviour by studying rats in a lab. I felt that there must be other more useful ways of learning how we think and feel. I decided to build my career on trying to discover what made others happy. I started out by studying creative people such as musicians, artists and athletes because they were people who devoted their lives to doing what they wanted to do, rather than things that just brought them financial rewards.
Later, I expanded the study by inventing a system called “the experience sampling method”. Ordinary people were asked to keep an electronic pager (传呼机) for a week which gave out a beeping sound eight times a day. Every time it did so, they wrote down where they were, what they were doing, how they felt and how much they were concentrating. This system has now been used on more than 10,000 people, and the answers are consistent: as with creative people, ordinary people are happiest when concentrating hard.
I found that the most obvious cause of happiness is intense concentration. This must be the main reason why activities such as music, art, literature, sports and other forms of leisure have survived. In order to concentrate, whether you're reading a poem or building a sandcastle, what you need is a challenge that matches your ability. The way to remain continually happy, therefore, is to keep finding new opportunities to improve your skills. This may mean learning to do your job better or faster, or doing other more difficult jobs. As you grow older, you have to find new challenges which are more appropriate to your age.
5．What led the author to study psychology?
A．His determination to become rich.
B．His observation of adults.
C．His unhappy childhood.
D．His interest in strangers.
解析：选B 推理判断题。第一段提到作者小时候看到周围富有且受过教育的成年人并不总是快乐的，因而决定找到使人们获得快乐的途径，由此可推断：他对成年人的观察促使他学习心理学。
6．Who were the author's study subjects at the start of his career?
A．People having deep affection for their career.
B．People very aware of their personal life.
C．People successful in acquiring wealth.
D．People with more freedom.
解析：选A 推理判断题。由第二段中的“I started out by studying ... who devoted their lives to doing what they wanted to do”可知，作者开始选择的研究对象是热爱自己事业的人。
7．The author used his system to show that ________.
A．people's happiness depends on who they are with
B．people are happier when they focus on an activity
C．creative people are happier than ordinary people
D．ordinary people find it hard to concentrate
解析：选B 细节理解题。由第三段中的“as with creative people, ordinary people are happiest when concentrating hard”可知，作者采取经验取样法研究发现：普通人和有创造性的人一样，他们在集中精神做事情的时候最快乐。
8．According to the text, people concentrate more when they are doing ________.
A．something strange and enjoyable
B．something difficult but possible
C．things appropriate to their ages
D．many things at the same time
解析：选B 推理判断题。由最后一段中的“intense concentration”及“challenge that matches your ability”等可知，人们在做具有一定难度但又是自己能力所及的事情时精神最集中。
C
Beloved children's books can feel timeless, and so there's some kind of poetic_justice when their authors live long lives. Think Maurice Sendak, author of Where the Wild Things Are, who died at age 84. Or the writer Laura Ingalls Wilder, she died at age 90. Some authors live longer. Beverly Cleary, who turned 100 on April 12, 2016, is one in that small but respected group.
Cleary is best known for kids' classics like “Henry Huggins”. Over the years, she's sold more than 91 million copies of her 39 books worldwide. She has been honored with everything from multiple Newbery Medals and Honors to a “Living Legend” designation (称号) from the Library of Congress.
Cleary is almost synonymous (同义的) with Portland, Oregon. She spent much of her young life in the city and turned her real?life experiences into children's books that incorporate (包含) real places that can still be visited today. And perhaps the perfect cherry on top of a Cleary?themed tour through the rose?decorated city is a trip to the sculpture garden built in her honor in Grant Park in northeast Portland.
The Beverly Cleary Sculpture Garden for Children was built by a group of librarians, teachers and Portland locals eager to pay their respects to their favorite author of children's books. The park itself is featured in several Cleary books. It features life?sized statues of Ramona Quimby, Henry Huggins and Huggins' dog, Ribsy. Quotes from the books and fountains make the garden even more fun.
Want to take your Cleary sculptural viewing to another level in honor of her 100th? Stop by the Multnomah County Library's central branch and see if you can find a plaque (匾额) featuring a description of the timeless and, seemingly, ageless author.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。贝芙莉·克莱瑞是美国著名的儿童作家，她获奖无数，被称为“活着的传奇人物”。
9．What does the underlined part “poetic justice” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．Deserved rewarding. B．Heavy punishment.
C．Terrible suffering. D．Great experience.
解析：选A 词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“Beloved children's books can feel timeless”可以推知，作家寿命长是他们“应得的奖赏(Deserved rewarding)”。
10．Which of the following words can be used to describe Beverly Cleary?
A．Optimistic. B．Successful.
C．Generous. D．Courageous.
解析：选B 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“sold more than 91 million copies of her 39 books worldwide, multiple Newbery Medals and Honors”和“Living Legend”可知，贝芙莉·克莱瑞是一名非常成功的儿童作家。
11．Why is Cleary connected with Portland closely?
A．She was born in Portland.
B．Her stories are mainly set in Portland.
C．There is a Cleary?themed park in Portland.
D．She has lived in Portland for most of her life.
解析：选B 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“She ... turned her real?life experiences into children's books that incorporate (包含) real places that can still be visited today.”可以推知，人们总是将克莱瑞的名字和波特兰联系在一起是因为她以这个城市为背景创作出许多受欢迎的作品。
12．What can we learn about the sculpture garden?
A．It is full of beautiful roses.
B．It keeps all of Cleary's books.
C．It was built by the local government.
D．It shows some characters in Cleary's books.
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Cleary is best known for kids' classics like ‘Henry Huggins’．”和第四段中的“It features life?sized statues of Ramona Quimby, Henry Huggins and Huggins' dog, Ribsy.”可知答案。
D
When we moved to the Australian outback, the previous tenants (房客) had left some of their pets, including a big fat shiny cow. He was a huge creature, and very friendly. We discovered much to Mother's anger, the reason his coat was so shiny was he loved to eat the velvet soap (used for washing clothes)．
The laundry was quite a distance from the main house and half way in between the laundry and house there was an artesian bore (自流井眼) which used to run constantly with warm salty water. The cow would open the laundry door and eat great quantities of the velvet soap. He'd then go to the bore and drink equal quantities of the hot water. After this he would walk around the yard blowing great big bubbles while belching (打嗝)!
We as children would encourage him to eat the soap so he could blow the bubbles. Mother did not！She had to hide the soap so that the cow could not find it.
The other pet was a black crow (乌鸦). The crow spent its life waiting for Mother to peg (用衣夹夹住) the washed clean clothes on the outside line. The pegs at that time didn't work well. The crow would wait and once Mother had pegged out the clothes and gone inside he would pull all the pegs off and the clothes would land in the red dust underneath the line.
We thought the crow was pretty smart and would wait for it to do its dirty deed. Mother, who had a very short temper, would get her long gun and shoot at the crow. Finally, one day it disappeared.
Some weeks later Dad reported to Mother that the next door neighbour (who lived 25km away) asked if we were missing a crow who had the shocking habit of pulling the pegs out of the clothes on the clothes line. I remember Dad being threatened with something worse than death if he admitted it had come from our house.
13．Why did the cow have shiny fur?
A．It liked eating soap.
B．Its fur was washed with soap.
C．Because of the local environment.
D．Because of the special grass it ate.
解析：选A 细节理解题。由第一段末的“We discovered much to Mother's anger, the reason his coat was so shiny was he loved to eat the velvet soap”可知答案。
14．What did the author think of the cow?
A．It was lazy. B．It was brave.
C．It was funny. D．It was stupid.
解析：选C 推理判断题。由第三段开头的“We as children would encourage him to eat the soap so he could blow the bubbles.”可知，作者小时候很喜欢看牛吃完肥皂后吹泡泡。由此可推断，作者觉得这头牛很有趣。
15．What did the crow do?
A．It stole pegs.
B．It repaired pegs.
C．It made trouble for Mother.
D．It helped Mother wash clothes.
解析：选C 推理判断题。由第四段中的“The crow ... would pull all the pegs off and the clothes would land in the red dust underneath the line.”可知，乌鸦会趁母亲离开时把晾衣夹拔下来，导致母亲刚洗的衣服全都掉在了满是灰尘的地上。故可推知乌鸦给母亲制造了麻烦。
16．After disappearing from the author's house, the crow ________.
A．died of hunger
B．broke its bad habit
C．came back weeks later
D．moved to a nearby place
解析：选D 细节理解题。由最后一段可知，乌鸦被母亲吓走后搬到了附近的一个人家，继续干拔晾衣夹的坏事。
1．文体和结构特点：英语记叙文以描写叙述为主，主要描写人物、地点、事件或过程。其特点是：主题往往隐藏在字里行间，没有直接地表达出来；文章主旨要通过整篇文章来进行提炼；文章大多按时间跨度、空间顺序、上下顺序来展开。
2．答题误区：记叙文阅读理解题的易错点往往在多个事件的先后顺序与人物的情感态度上。解题时，一方面要依据文章的顺序和故事的发展弄清一系列事件的先后顺序以及它们之间的逻辑关系，必要时可以对时间和事件进行排序；另一方面，还要根据人物的处境和描写、议论时所用的特定词语来准确把握人物的情感与态度，做到入情入境，特别要留意描写和议论时所用的形容词和副词。
3．阅读策略：阅读记叙文应采取略读和扫读的方法，快速抓住文章的主要内容，从整体上把握文章的连贯性，进而大体上揣测出作者的写作意图及文章的情感主线，然后阅读题干，在文章中查找相关的信息；最后根据查找到的相关信息作出正确的选择。如果文中所涉及的人物较多，还要弄清人物之间的关系。
文体分类练(三)——说明文
(限时28分钟)
A
Would you spit in a tube and spend ＄99 to find out whether you were related to a famous 18th?century revolutionary or an infamous 19th?century bank robber? That's the latest service provided by Ancestry.com. Ancestor Discoveries, which launches today, promises to provide its consumers with introductions to relatives from centuries past.
“It's the biggest leap forward for us yet, using nearly a million DNA profiles we already have in our system，” says Ancestry.com CEO Tim Sullivan, whose company is headquartered in Provo, Utah.
“As we see it, there are two markets for this sort of thing. One is the people who already love genealogy (家谱学), the other those who are simply saying, ‘Tell me who I am，’” says Sullivan. “For them, family history is never really done; they are eager to trace their family tree.”
Discovering new ancestors is made simple and inexpensive (＄99). You just provide a small saliva (唾液) sample for the DNA test. Ancestor Discoveries' researchers will analyze and compare it with 65 million family trees and more than 800,000 Ancestry.com members. Results are available within six to eight weeks, including new possible ancestors, as well as details about their lives and connections to other living relatives.
However, many consumers remain fearful of hearing bad family medical history news. But Sullivan says, “There are positives, such as learning about things before they happen, much like what Angelina Jolie has been pushing.” The actress has had a series of surgeries after learning she was genetically likely to suffer from two types of cancer.
There's little doubt genealogy has shifted from being the pastime of few to a passion of many. There are four TV shows catering to the subject on PBS as well as TLC.
“The reason for the increase in interest over the years is partly due to the fact that so many research findings about genealogy and other such records are now instantly available online, which makes a search so much easier，” says Kenyatta Berry, co?host of PBS' Genealogy Roadshow, now in its second season.
1．Why do some people need the service provided by Ancestry.com?
A．To better study DNA profiles.
B．To learn about their family history.
C．To communicate with their relatives.
D．To analyze the market of DNA testing.
解析：选B 细节理解题。由第三段的后半部分可知，有些人需要这种家谱信息服务是渴望了解他们的家族历史。
2．What does Paragraph 4 mainly tell us?
A．How Ancestor Discoveries works.
B．Why Ancestry.com provides the service.
C．How Ancestry.com developed the technology.
D．Why Ancestor Discoveries uses saliva samples.
解析：选A 段落大意题。第四段主要介绍了这种家谱信息服务的工作流程。
3．Which of the following can be used to describe Jolie's operations?
A．Unnecessary. B．Dangerous.
C．Preventative. D．Inexpensive.
解析：选C 推理判断题。由第五段中的“There are positives, such as learning about things before they happen”可知，Jolie的手术是为了预防得病而做的。
4．What is a cause of the rising popularity of genealogy?
A．Genealogy has become faster recently.
B．Genealogy is going to be very profitable.
C．There are more TV shows about genealogy.
D．People can easily find genealogical data online.
解析：选D 细节理解题。由最后一段可知，家谱学走红的一个原因是人们现在更容易从网上获得与家谱相关的信息。
B
Fossils unearthed in India that are 1.6 billion years old and look like red algae may represent the earliest?known plants, a discovery that could force scientists to reassess the timing of when major living beings in the tree of life first appeared on Earth.
Researchers on Tuesday described the tiny fossils as two types of red algae, one thread?like and the other bulbous (鳞茎状的), that lived in a shallow marine environment. Until now, the oldest?known plants were 1.2?billion?year?old red algae fossils from the Canadian Arctic.
The researchers said cellular structures preserved in the fossils and their overall shape match red algae, a primitive kind of plant that today grows in marine settings such as coral reefs but also can be found in freshwater environments. A type of red algae known as nori is a common sushi ingredient.
“We almost could have had sushi 1.6 billion years ago，” joked Swedish Museum of Natural History geobiologist Therese Sallstedt, who helped lead the study published in the journal PLOS Biology.
Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago. There is evidence indicating life first appeared in the form of marine bacteria roughly 3.7 to 4.2 billion years ago. Only much later did plants and then animals appear in the seas.
“Plants have a key role for life on Earth, and we show here that they were considerably older than what we knew, which has a significant effect on our appreciation of when advanced life forms appeared on the evolutionary scene，” Sallstedt said.
The fossils were found in sedimentary rocks from Chitrakoot in central India. The thread?like fossils contained internal cellular features including structures that appear to be part of the machinery of photosynthesis, the process used by plants to turn sunlight into chemical energy.
Oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis and the arrival of plants helped build the atmosphere's oxygen content.
The fossils also contained structures at the center of each cell wall typical of red algae.
At the time, life was mainly microbial (微生物的) and atmospheric oxygen was at 1 to 10 percent of current levels, said study co?leader Stefan Bengtson, a Swedish Museum of Natural History researcher.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。印度发现了距今16亿年的红藻化石，说明植物可能在16亿年前就出现在了地球上。
5．Which may be scientists' response to the discovery of the earliest?known plants?
A．They may update their knowledge about life.
B．They may doubt the evidence of the discovery.
C．They may acknowledge the importance of algae.
D．They may conduct more studies on marine bacteria.
解析：选A 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“a discovery that could force scientists to reassess the timing of when major living beings in the tree of life first appeared on Earth”和第六段中的“which has a significant effect on our appreciation of when advanced life forms appeared on the evolutionary scene”可知，这项研究可能会让科学家们对生命的知识进行更新。
6．What did Sallstedt's joke imply?
A．Sushi had a very long history.
B．Nori is an age?old sushi ingredient.
C．He showed much interest in red algae.
D．There were red algae 1.6 billion years ago.
解析：选D 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“A type of red algae known as nori is a common sushi ingredient.”可知，Sallstedt开这个玩笑实际上是想说，在16亿年前就已经有红藻了。
7．What do we know about plants?
A．They started to exist on Earth 1.2 billion years ago.
B．They probably started to exist earlier than animals.
C．They first appeared in the form of marine bacteria.
D．They were in fact the first life on Earth.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Only much later did plants and then animals appear in the seas.”可知，植物可能比动物要出现的早。
8．What would be the best title for the text?
A．Timing of major living beings assessed
B．Plants' key role for life on earth confirmed
C．World's oldest plant fossils discovered in India
D．Red algae fossils from the Canadian Arctic unearthed
解析：选C 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文报道了一项重要的考古发现——印度出土了距今16亿年的红藻化石，为目前已知最古老的植物化石。
C
Antioxidants (抗氧化剂) in coffee are thought to help protect against stroke — but too much must raise blood pressure, which increases the risk, according to Japanese researchers. Similarly, green tea could also be beneficial for preventing the shocking event, caused when a blood vessel in or serving the brain is blocked.
The study looked at the drinking habits of more than 83,000 healthy adults, aged 45 to 74, whose health was tracked for 13 years on average. They found that people who drank at least one cup of coffee a day had about a 20 percent lower risk of stroke, compared to those who rarely drank it. To get an equal effect, about four cups of green tea a day were required.
All results were adjusted to take into account differences between the groups in age composition, gender, smoking, alcohol, weight, diet and exercise. Dr. Yoshihiro Kokubo, lead author of the study, published in the journal Stroke, said, “The regular action of drinking tea and coffee, largely benefits cardiovascular (心脏血管的) health.”
Their results for coffee were similar to that of “study of studies”， presented at a European conference, which found that one to three cups a day was associated with a 14 percent reduction. For three to six cups, there appeared to be a similar but weaker association, but there was no benefit from drinking six or more.
Exactly why coffee and green tea appears to lower stroke risk is unclear, although antioxidants are thought to be at work. However, the science is by no means cut and dried. Caffeine raises blood pressure, and there have been indications that too much coffee can raise stroke risk because of this.
Dr. Dale Webb, from the Stroke Association said, “We welcome this study which suggests that the benefits of antioxidants in coffee and green tea may offset the potential harm from caffeine.” He thought, the results show higher consumption of green tea and coffee might reduce the risks of stroke. “We would like to see further research to understand these findings，” he said.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。最近的研究表明，喝咖啡或绿茶可以降低中风的风险。但是，喝过量也会导致血压升高，因此，要适量饮用咖啡或绿茶。
9．What may lead to a stroke according to the first paragraph?
A．Higher blood pressure.
B．Drinking a cup of coffee a day.
C．Blocked blood vessels in the brain.
D．Antioxidants.
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Similarly, green tea could also be beneficial for preventing the shocking event, caused when a blood vessel in or serving the brain is blocked.”可知，当大脑中的血管发生堵塞的时候，可能会导致中风。故选C。
10．What can we infer from the passage?
A．The study mainly focuses on middle?aged people.
B．Drinking one cup of coffee a day benefits health.
C．Those who seldom drink coffee are healthier.
D．Drinking tea contributes to stroke.
解析：选B 推理判断题。根据第二段第二句“They found that people who drank at least one cup of coffee a day had about a 20 percent lower risk of stroke, compared to those who rarely drank it.”可推断出，每天至少喝一杯咖啡对身体健康有好处。故选B。
11．What is the attitude of Dr. Dale Webb toward this study?
A．He saw more findings of this study unsatisfiedly.
B．He understood the difficulty of this study.
C．He appreciated the achievements of this study.
D．He was disappointed to find no following research.
解析：选C 观点态度题。根据最后一段第一句“Dr. Dale Webb, from the Stroke Association said, ‘We welcome this study which suggests that the benefits of antioxidants in coffee and green tea may offset the potential harm from caffeine.’”可判断出，Dale Webb医生对这项研究的成果持赞赏态度。故选C。
12．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Drinking coffee raises blood pressure
B．Drinking tea reduces stroke
C．Drinking coffee equals drinking tea
D．Drinking tea or coffee properly matters
解析：选D 标题归纳题。根据文章内容可知，本文主要讲述的是：最新的研究表明，适当饮用一定量的咖啡或绿茶能降低患中风的风险。D项意为“适当饮用咖啡或茶很重要”，体现了本文的主旨，适合作标题。故选D。
D
Hospitality refers to the relationship between a guest and a host, where the host receives the guest with goodwill, including the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers. Louis de Jaucourt describes hospitality in the Encyclopédie as the virtue of a great soul that cares for the whole universe through the ties of humanity.
Hospitality originated (起源) from the Latin hospes, which means “stranger” or “enemy”. In the West today hospitality is rarely a matter of protection and survival and is more associated with politeness and entertainment. However, it still involves showing respect for one's guests, providing for their needs, and treating them as equals. It is expected to show hospitality to strangers, as opposed to personal friends or members of one's ingroup.
In Ancient Greece, hospitality was right, with the host being expected to make sure the needs of his guests were met. The ancient Greek term xenia, or theoxenia when a god was involved, expressed this ritualized (仪式化的) guest?friendship relation. In Greek society a person's ability to obey the laws of hospitality determined nobility and social standing.
In India, hospitality is based on the principle “the guest is God”. This principle is shown in a number of stories where a guest turned out to be a god who rewards the provider of hospitality. From this originates the Indian practice of graciousness towards guests at home and in all social situations.
Celtic (凯尔特人的) societies also valued the concept of hospitality, especially in terms of protection. A host was expected not only to provide food and shelter for his/her guests, but to make sure they did not come to harm while under their care.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“好客”的含义及其在不同国家的文化中所表现出的不同特征。
13．What did Louis de Jaucourt think of hospitality?
A．A relationship between a master and a servant.
B．A noble morality to treat humans in the world.
C．A social standard to measure one's intelligence.
D．An academic tradition passed on from ancient times.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Louis de Jaucourt describes hospitality in the Encyclopédie as the virtue of a great soul that cares for the whole universe through the ties of humanity.”可知，Louis de Jaucourt认为“好客”是一种善待全人类的崇高品德。故选B。
14．What can we infer about hospitality in the West now?
A．It means the hosts must protect their guests in danger.
B．It is unnecessary to show hospitality to close friends.
C．It has become a ceremony to treat any visiting guest.
D．It has different degrees to show respect for different guests.
解析：选B 推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“It is expected to show hospitality to strangers, as opposed to personal friends or members of one's ingroup.”可推知，如今在西方，人们没必要对亲密的朋友展现他们的殷勤好客。故选B。
15．Which of the following people used to regard hospitality as a social standard?
A．Greeks. B．Indians.
C．Celts. D．Latinos.
解析：选A 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“In Greek society a person's ability to obey the laws of hospitality determined nobility and social standing.”可知，在古希腊，人们把好客当作评判一个人的高贵程度与社会地位的标准。故选A。
16．What might be the reason for Indians' hospitality?
A．The guests' rewards.
B．The social situations.
C．The laws of hospitality.
D．The Indians' kindness.
解析：选A 推理判断题。根据第四段第二句“This principle is shown in a number of stories where a guest turned out to be a god who rewards the provider of hospitality.”可推知，印度人好客是希望得到客人的回报。故选A。
1．语言特点：阅读理解主要考查考生对词汇和句式的掌握和运用情况。说明文因其生僻词汇多、句式复杂等特点，相对于其他体裁的文章来说难度更大。
2．结构特点：说明文的结构特点是客观、简练，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。说明文通常采用以下结构形式：
(1)总分式。事物说明文常用“总—分”式、“总—分—总”式和“分—总”式结构。
(2)递进式。事理说明文常用这种结构形式，通常由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质，逐层递进，一层一层地剖析事理。
(3)并列式。文章各部分的内容没有主次轻重之分。
(4)对照式。通过两个事物的比较和对照说明其异同。
3．阅读策略
说明文阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，这就需要考生有方法、有技巧地去阅读。一般我们采用的方法有三种：细读、略读和跳读。
(1)细读重点。重点，就原文而言，就是文章的基本结构、主要内容和态度；就答题而言，就是问题所对应的题源句。以这个标准来衡量，需要重点阅读的原文词句就不会很多。
宏观方面：文章结构；文章主题句；各段首末句；体现作者观点态度的词句。
微观方面：有转折处；重要标点；句子主干。
(2)有选择地略读或跳读。在快速浏览了题干，初步把握文章大意及结构的基础上，可大胆地有选择地进行略读或跳读，这样不但可以加快阅读速度，还更容易总体把握全文。在阅读中可略读或跳读的内容包括：
繁琐的例证 为了说明问题，作者可能会借用形象的例子，有时候会比较繁琐，虽能说明问题，但读者需要花很多时间去阅读。如果例子所说明的问题不明了，可通过略读来理解；若例子所说明的问题比较明了，则例子部分可一带而过。
并列多项列举 有时许多功能相同的项目并列列举，那么只读其中一两项即可，无需全读。
无关大局的生僻词汇 阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可略过。
较长的人名、地名 有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替，不必试图把整个专有名词读出来。
[考查内容] [设问方式]
根据上下文猜测词义是阅读能力的一部分，也是高考阅读理解测试中重要的一项。要做好这类题目，考生要记住：在完整的语篇中，单词和词组的意义总是受特定的语境、上下文限制的，因此考生可以根据上下文，并利用所掌握的语法、词汇和构词法等知识确定它们的意义。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。 By saying that “...” in the first (second ...) paragraph, the author means that ________.
In Paragraph ..., “...” can be replaced by “______”．
The meaning of “...” in Paragraph ... is related to ________.
Which of the following has the closest meaning to ... (Paragraph ...)？
As is used in Line ..., the word “...” refers to ________.
The underlined sentence in the ... paragraph probably means that ________.
“阅读理解文体分类练”见
“文体分类练（一）~（四）”
(单击进入电子文档)
专题一 阅读理解
[全国卷3年考情分析]
题型与题量 卷别 细节理解题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 词义猜测题 考情分析从统计表可以看出，高考英语阅读理解的题型设置以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，兼顾主旨大意题和词义猜测题。细节理解题相对简单，而其他三种题型相对较难。在近两年的考查趋向上，细节理解题的答案更加隐蔽，叙述含蓄，直接信息题会越来越少，取而代之的将是事实细节题加入许多推理、判断、归纳等元素；推理判断题的难度会适当加大。本专题将对这四种题型进行递进式的指导。
2018 卷Ⅰ 7 5 2 1
卷Ⅱ 9 3 2 1
卷Ⅲ 9 3 2 1
2017 卷Ⅰ 7 6 1 1
卷Ⅱ 5 6 2 2
卷Ⅲ 6 6 2 1
2016 卷Ⅰ 10 3 1 1
卷Ⅱ 7 5 1 2
卷Ⅲ 8 4 1 2
第一讲细节理解题——定位信息巧比对
细节理解题在英语高考阅读理解中占了较大的比重，而且此类题型相对比较简单，只需要根据题干中的关键词，回到原文定位信息区间，稍加比对，就能得出正确答案。因此，对于这类题目要力求读得快、找得准、答得对，力争不丢分，保住基本分才能得高分。但有些细节理解题由于命题人故意设置障碍，把有用信息分散在文章不同位置，有时又有转折、否定等，因此有些题目需要仔细地思考、对比、计算、对上下文关键信息把握和分析。尽管细节理解题相对简单，但不可掉以轻心。细节理解题常见的考查题型有：直接信息题、间接信息题、概括细节理解题和正误判断题。
一、题型特点要知晓
(一)细节理解题常见设问方式
1．特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词引出的问题。
2．判断是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE, NOT true或EXCEPT等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如not, never等。
3．以“According to ...”开头的提问形式。
4．填空形式。如The biggest challenge for most mothers is from ________.
(二)细节理解题正确选项特征
同义替换 指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lose one's job换成了be out of work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important变换成of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。
信息归纳 用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。
正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
原文原词 利用原文原词作为正确选项。
(三)细节理解题干扰选项特征
张冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。
无中生有 符合常识，但不是文章的内容。
曲解文意 与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。
颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。
正误参半 部分正确，部分错误。
二、方法技巧要用好
直接信息题
在解答直接信息题时，考生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法，通过定位找题眼。先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。解题流程图如下：
[例] (2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读D节选)
…
I found the pre?holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less?used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)．
…
33．What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?
A．Saving up for her holiday.
B．Raising money for a poor girl.
C．Adding the money to her fund.
D．Giving the money to a sick mother.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键词：Georgia, sell, objects
锁信息 定位：用Georgia，sell，objects寻读，在文中找到信息源——She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).
第二步：比对定答案
选项 选项意思 定位
A 为她的假期储蓄。 曲解文意
B 为一个贫困女孩募捐。 曲解文意
C 把钱放入她的基金。 同义替换
D 把钱送给一个生病的妈妈。 无中生有
[分析] 选C 比对选项和信息句可知，女儿愿意卖几件玩具，是因为我们承诺把钱放入她的求学基金；选项和原文中均出现fund一词，故为直接细节理解题。故选C。
间接信息题
间接信息题相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。
[例] (2018·全国卷Ⅱ阅读B节选)
…
Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.
…
24．What does the author seem to like about cherries?
A．They contain protein.
B．They are high in vitamin A.
C．They have a pleasant taste.
D．They are rich in antioxidants.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键词：cherries
锁信息 定位：用cherries寻读，在文中找到信息源——As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.
第二步：比对定答案
选项 选项意思 定位
A 它们含有蛋白质。 张冠李戴
B 它们富含维生素A。 张冠李戴
C 它们口感好。 同义替换
D 它们含有丰富的抗氧化物质。 张冠李戴
[分析] 选C 根据该段最后一句“As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C．”可知，原文中的they are so delicious被替换成选项中的They have a pleasant taste，为间接细节理解题。故选C。
概括细节理解题
概括、归纳信息是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向，找到文中相应的信息区间，然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。
[例] (2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选)
…
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
…
30．How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?
A．About 6,800. B．About 3,400.
C．About 2,400. D．About 1,200.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键词：6,000
锁信息 定位：用6,000寻读，在文中找到信息源——The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
第二步：比对定答案
选项 选项意思 原文意思 定位
A 大约6 800种。 6 800为现在世界现存语言数量。 张冠李戴
B 大约3 400种。 世界语言总量的一半即为3 400。 信息归纳
C 大约2 400种。 2 400为非洲语言数量。 张冠李戴
D 大约1 200种。 数字1 200在原文中没有出现，也无法做出有效归纳。 无中生有
[分析] 选B 根据本段第一句“At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.”可知，目前世界上有大约6 800种语言；再根据最后一句“The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知，目前世界上一半的语言的使用人数少于6 000，也就是说有大约3 400种语言的使用人数少于6 000。根据以上数据的归纳概括可知B项为正确选项。
正误判断题
正误判断题是细节理解题中解题比较繁琐的题目，说其繁琐，因为其信息不像其他类题目那样集中在文章的某一句或某一段，而是分散在文章的各个角落。对于这类题目，考生要静下心来，看清范围，确定方向，找到每一个选项的对应信息后，谨慎排除，综合选优。
[例] (2015·福建高考阅读A节选)
Food festivals around the world
Stilton Cheese Rolling
May Day is a traditional day for celebrations, but the 2,000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in their annual plans. Teams of four, dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes, roll a complete cheese along a 50?metre course. On the way, they must not kick or throw their cheese, or go into their competitors' lane (赛道)．Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about four kilos (disappointingly, but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones). All the competitors are served with beer or port wine, the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese.
Fiery Foods Festival — The Hottest Festival on Earth
Every year more than 10,000 people head for the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico. They come from as far away as Australia, the Caribbean and China, but they all share a common addiction — food that is not just spicy (辛辣), but hot enough to make your mouth burn, your head spin and your eyes water. Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is held over a period of three days every March. You might like to try a chocolate?covered habanero pepper — officially the hottest pepper in the world — or any one of the thousands of products that are on show. But one thing's for sure — if you don't like the feeling of a burning tongue, this festival isn't for you!
La Tomatina — The World's Biggest Food Fight
On the last Wednesday of every August, the Spanish town of Bu?ol hosts La Tomatina — the world's largest food fight. A week?long celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the week's events. The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks with tomatoes — official fight?starters get things going by casting tomatoes at the crowd.
…
59．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer or port wine.
B．More than 10,000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.
C．Thousands of spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.
D．An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning of La Tomatina.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
选项 选项关键词 信息区间
A The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition 第一段第四句
B More than 10,000 Chinese 第二段第一、二句
C Thousands of spicy foods are on show 第二段倒数第二句
D An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning 第三段第二句
第二步：逐一比对定答案
选项 选项意思 原文意思 定位
A Stilton滚动奶酪比赛的主要奖品是啤酒或波尔图葡萄酒。 奖品是a complete Stilton cheese。 张冠李戴
B 一万多名中国人参加Fiery Food and BBQ Festival。 参加者来自世界各地。 曲解文意
C 在Fiery Food and BBQ Festival上，成千上万种辛辣食物被展出。 展出了成千上万种食物。 同义替换
D 在La Tomatina节日的开始，会举行一场激动人心的“西红柿大战”。 “西红柿大战”发生在节日结尾，而不是节日的开始。 曲解文意
[答案] C
[课堂应用体验]
Ⅰ.命题方式练
请选择以下设误方式(张冠李戴、无中生有、曲解文意、颠倒是非、正误参半)或正确选项特征(原文原词、同义替换、信息归纳、正话反说)填入下表的“诊断”一栏中。
1．(原文节选)Shortly after the war, my brother and I were invited to spend a few days with an uncle who had just returned from abroad.He had rented a cottage in the country, although he rarely spent much time there.We understood the reason for this after our arrival: the cottage had no comfortable furniture in it, many of the windows were broken and the roof leaked, making the whole house damp.
Why did the uncle seldom spend much time in the country cottage?
选项 诊断
A Because the roof of the cottage was falling. 曲解文意
B Because the cottage was in bad condition. 信息归纳
C Because he was used to living abroad. 曲解文意
D Because there was no furniture in it. 颠倒是非
2．(原文节选)In between running one of the world's largest charitable agencies and acting as Microsoft's technology advisor, Bill Gates manages to find time to read books, both long and short.Now Gates — who has been labeled a “greedy” reader — has released a list of his favorite books.All of the books are standout reads, according to the billionaire, most of which are focused on business and economy.
The books mentioned in the text are all about ________.
选项 诊断
A charity in the world 张冠李戴
B business and economy 原文原词
C poverty in the world 无中生有
D Bill Gates' life experiences 无中生有
3．(原文节选)The hut was warm and quite comfortable inside.There was a stove, and some bread and beer on a shelf.On each side of the hut was a round hole like a window, which could be closed with a piece of wood.These air holes were usually kept open when the stove was burning, because too much smoke in a small, airless hut could kill the shepherd.
The function of the round holes was ________.
选项 诊断
A to let the sunshine in 无中生有_
B to warm the hut 曲解文意
C to keep the smoke out 曲解文意_
D to air the hut 信息归纳
Ⅱ.语篇综合练
A
Parkway Central Library Events
Summer Thyme Cooks
Now through Wednesday, May 10
Summer Thyme Cooks is a FREE cooking program for teens entering grades 7－12.In four weekly hands?on classes, students will learn the fundamentals of cooking.Food is meant to be shared, so every class ends with a family?style meal.Students go home each week with a new recipe and a grocery bag filled with healthy, fresh ingredients (原料) so they can cook with their families!
Questions？Call Jamie at 215?686?5323.
We the Detectives Family Fun
Monday, May 15
The best way for youth and families to spot what's inside our doors is to attend our Family Event, taking place on May 15 from 10：30 a．m.to 12：30 p．m.This annual tradition is a much?beloved opportunity for families to explore the building.This year's Family Event will feature (以……为特色) unique and interesting brunch foods, and a detective storytime with our librarians.
Cost: $50 Adult；$25 Child (ages 3－16); Free for children under 3
For more information, please call 215?567?7710.
The Art of Comics
Now through Saturday, May 20
215?686?5403
An exhibition of books shows the history of pictorial storytelling.The art of several pioneers in the medium is on display, including works by Hokusai, Rodolphe T?pffer, and Wilhelm Busch.
Sunday Literacy Program
Sunday, May 21
215?686?5369
This program offers drop?in assistance to students struggling to read in the 1st through 3rd grades.Both of the two sessions will include the following parts: Read Aloud, Independent Reading, Literacy Games and Writing.
Participants need to register on their first visit.
语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。文章是对美国一家图书馆的活动介绍。
1．What are participants required to do at the cooking program?
A．Share food.
B．Bring recipes.
C．Cook with their families.
D．Learn basic cooking skills.
解析：选D 细节理解题。题干的关键信息为cooking program，对应第一项活动Summer Thyme Cooks。由该活动介绍中的“In four weekly hands?on classes, students will learn the fundamentals of cooking.”可知，参与该活动的人将会学习基本的烹饪技巧。
2．When can you look around the library?
A．On May 10. B．On May 15.
C．On May 20. D．On May 21.
解析：选B 细节理解题。通览四项活动可知，只有第二项活动中提到“This annual tradition is a much?beloved opportunity for families to explore the building.”，由此活动的时间Monday, May 15可知答案。
3．How does the Sunday Literacy Program differ from the others?
A．It's free of charge.
B．It's family?friendly.
C．It requires registration.
D．It is intended for adults.
解析：选C 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段可知，第一次参加Sunday Literacy Program需要注册，而其他三项活动并未提及此点，故选C项。
B
Chinese movie theaters are never running short of youth films. Youth(《芳华》), directed by Feng Xiaogang, was released in December, 2017 and hit the screen. But this one is different: It is dedicated to the youth of our parents' generation.
Set in the 1970s, the story begins in a military art troupe (演出团), in which the soldiers' duties are to sing, dance and promote culture. He Xiaoping, a newcomer, is a talented dancer. With a painful childhood, she wants to make a fresh start in the troupe, yet her family background makes her the laughing stock (笑柄) among the girls. The only person who is nice to her is Liu Feng, a kind and unselfish man.
In most youth films, the characters' life paths are only influenced by their own choices. However, the young people in Youth are also a part of “the whirlwind (旋风) of historical changes”， as film critic Justin Chang wrote in the Los Angeles Times. In a period of more than 30 years, they have to experience the “cultural revolution” (1966－1976) and the Sino?Vietnamese War, during which Liu Feng loses one arm and He Xiaoping suffers from a mental illness. The disbandment (解散) of the troupe also tears them away from the life and people they are so familiar with, throwing them into a new life they know nothing about.
They all have to learn “to make peace with the past and make the most of the present”， wrote Giovanna Fulvi on the website TIFF.
But there's still something that never changes about youth. No matter what time of history it is, people share the same longing for love and beauty. Sunshine, laughter and swimming pools — these typical images of youth are all well kept in Mr. Feng's new film.
According to ifeng.com, Youth is actually a nostalgic (怀旧的) and personal work that Mr. Feng dedicates to his own experiences of working in a troupe. “When I look back in time, everything else in my life seems to be black and white，” he said. “The days in the troupe are the only part of my memory that always remains colorful.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。作者介绍了冯小刚导演的《芳华》这部电影的背景、主要人物和内容等。在不同的历史时期，青春是有共性的。
4．What influenced He Xiaoping's and Liu Feng's lives most?
A．Historical changes.
B．Their own personalities.
C．Their family backgrounds.
D．Their longing for love and beauty.
解析：选A 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句中的“However, the young people in Youth are also a part of ‘the whirlwind (旋风) of historical changes’”可知，历史的变化对《芳华》中的年轻人的生活的影响是最大的，故答案选A。
5．Why did Feng Xiaogang direct the film Youth?
A．To show the cruelty of the war.
B．To urge people to value their youth.
C．To recall the days when he worked in a troupe.
D．To describe the life during the “cultural revolution” (1966－1976)．
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“According to ifeng.com, Youth is actually a nostalgic (怀旧的) and personal work that Mr. Feng dedicates to his own experiences of working in a troupe.”可知，冯小刚拍摄《芳华》这部电影，是为了纪念自己曾经在剧团里工作过的经历，故答案选C。
6．What do we know about the youth in different generations according to the text?
A．They all treat sunshine and laughter as the typical images of themselves.
B．In our parents' generation, they don't love beauty due to hard life.
C．They long for totally different things varying from generation to generation.
D．Though they live in different times, they still have something in common.
解析：选D 推理判断题。根据第五段首句“But there's still something that never changes about youth.”可知，关于青春，有的东西是永远不会改变的，也就是说，青春是有共性的，故答案选D。
PAGE
12
题型与
题量
卷别 细节理解题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 词义猜测题
2018 卷Ⅰ 7 5 2 1
卷Ⅱ 9 3 2 1
卷Ⅲ 9 3 2 1
2017 卷Ⅰ 7 6 1 1
卷Ⅱ 5 6 2 2
卷Ⅲ 6 6 2 1
2016 卷Ⅰ 10 3 1 1
卷Ⅱ 7 5 1 2
卷Ⅲ 8 4 1 2
同义替换
利用原文原词作为正确选项。
原文原词
把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
正话反说
用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。
信息归纳
指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lose one's job换成了be out of work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important变换成of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。
张冠李戴
部分正确，部分错误。
正误参半
在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。
颠倒是非
与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。
曲解文意
符合常识，但不是文章的内容。
无中生有
是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。
定位：用Georgia，sell，objects寻读，在文中找到信息源——She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).
锁信息
题干中的关键词：Georgia, sell, objects
[分析] 选C 比对选项和信息句可知，女儿愿意卖几件玩具，是因为我们承诺把钱放入她的求学基金；选项和原文中均出现fund一词，故为直接细节理解题。故选C。
无中生有
把钱送给一个生病的妈妈。
D
同义替换
把钱放入她的基金。
C
曲解文意
为一个贫困女孩募捐。
B
曲解文意
为她的假期储蓄。
A
抓关键
定位：用cherries寻读，在文中找到信息源——As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.
锁信息
题干中的关键词：cherries
定位
选项意思
选项
[分析] 选C 根据该段最后一句“As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C．”可知，原文中的they are so delicious被替换成选项中的They have a pleasant taste，为间接细节理解题。故选C。
张冠李戴
它们含有丰富的抗氧化物质。
D
同义替换
它们口感好。
C
张冠李戴
它们富含维生素A。
B
张冠李戴
它们含有蛋白质。
A
抓关键
定位：用6,000寻读，在文中找到信息源——The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
锁信息
题干中的关键词：6,000
定位
原文意思
选项意思
选项
[分析] 选B 根据本段第一句“At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.”可知，目前世界上有大约6 800种语言；再根据最后一句“The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world‘s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知，目前世界上一半的语言的使用人数少于
6 000，也就是说有大约3 400种语言的使用人数少于6 000。根据以上数据的归纳概括可知B项为正确选项。
无中生有
数字1 200在原文中没有出现，也无法做出有效归纳。
大约1 200种。
D
张冠李戴
2 400为非洲语言数量。
大约2 400种。
C
信息归纳
世界语言总量的一半即为3 400。
大约3 400种。
B
张冠李戴
6 800为现在世界现存语言数量。
大约6 800种。
A
第三段第二句
An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning
D
第二段倒数第二句
Thousands of spicy foods are on show
C
第二段第一、二句
More than 10,000 Chinese
B
第一段第四句
The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition
A
曲解文意
“西红柿大战”发生在节日结尾，而不是节日的开始。
在La Tomatina节日的开始，会举行一场激动人心的“西红柿大战”。
D
同义替换
展出了成千上万种食物。
在Fiery Food and BBQ Festival上，成千上万种辛辣食物被展出。
C
曲解文意
参加者来自世界各地。
一万多名中国人参加Fiery Food and BBQ Festival。
B
张冠李戴
奖品是a complete Stilton cheese。
Stilton滚动奶酪比赛的主要奖品是啤酒或波尔图葡萄酒。
A
________
Because there was no furniture in it.
D
________
Because he was used to living abroad.
C
________
Because the cottage was in bad condition.
B
________
Because the roof of the cottage was falling.
A
诊断
选项es
选项 诊断
A charity in the world ________
B business and economy ________
C poverty in the world ________
D Bill Gates' life experiences ________
选项 诊断
A to let the sunshine in ________
B to warm the hut ________
C to keep the smoke out ________
D to air the hut ________
