专题二 短文改错
[做考题·明考情]
A
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)When I was little, Friday's night was our family game night. After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room. As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not to let me. They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain. Still I unwilling to play the games for them sometimes. I didn't realize how right my parents are until I entered high school. The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.
答案：第一句：Friday's→Friday
第二句：sort→sorts
第三句：the→a; watching→watch; 去掉not后的to
第四句：us→me
第五句：I后加was; for→with
第六句：are→were
第七句：where→when
B
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin. Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud. Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity; others were nervous and anxious. I had done myself homework, but I was shy. I was afraid that to speak in front of a larger group of people. At that moment, I remembered that my father once said，“The classroom is a place for learning and that include learning from textbooks, and mistake as well.” Immediate, I raised my hand.
答案：第一句：begin→begun
第二句：wait→waiting; and→or
第三句：eager后加to
第四句：myself→my/the
第五句：去掉that; larger→large
第六句：include→includes; mistake→mistakes
第七句：Immediate→Immediately
“三表”析清短文改错
一、命题视角原则表——知考什么(“频次”中的数字为2016～2018年全国卷9套试题的考查题量累计)
宏观考向 词法 句法 行文逻辑
微观考法 考点 频次 设误角度 考点 频次 考点 频次
动词 24 时态、语态、非谓语动词、情态动词与虚拟语气 并列连词 7 时态一致 11
名词 8 可数不可数、单数还是复数、是否需用所有格
代词 10 主格与宾格、人称与物主、人称与反身、各种不定代词 从属关联词 7
指代一致 6
形容词、副词 10 原级、比较级、最高级
冠词 7 不定冠词、定冠词还是零冠词 主谓一致 0
介词 9 基本用法、固定搭配
逻辑一致 6
数词 1 基数词与序数词 there be句型与特殊句式 0
词性误用 7 形容词与副词、形容词与名词、名词与动词
通过上表我们不难看出，短文改错的考点设置有以下特征：
1．设题的角度有三个：词法、句法和行文逻辑。从这三个角度考查考生在语篇中综合运用语言知识的准确性。
2．词法的考查频次最多的为动词，其次是代词、形容词和副词、介词、名词、冠词、词性误用等。
3．句法的考查频次以并列连词和从属关联词为主。
4．行文逻辑的考查主要有时态一致、指代一致和逻辑一致，考查频次差不多。
考点的这些设置特征为我们答题提供了重要的信息：
一要注意动词的形态变化；二要看人称代词的一致性和关联词的正确性；三要根据在句中的功能来确定词性：名词(常作主语、宾语)、形容词(常作表语、定语)和副词(常作状语)；四要看全文的时态、指代、逻辑是否一致。
二、解题意识原则表——有何规律
短文改错10处错误中，设错方式是有规律的，一般情况下，多、缺词2～3个，错词7～8个，做完题后，可按此规律进行查验。 类型 总数(10) 常考点
多、缺词 2～3 be的各种形式、介词、冠词、不定式符号、三大从句关联词、代词、副词、固定搭配中的虚词
错词 7～8 连词、三大从句关联词、动词、名词、代词、形容词、副词等
三、规范解题原则表——怎么修改
改动处以最少为原则 实词以改变词形为原则 虚词以添加或删除为原则 以保持句子原意不变为原则
短文改错题一般要求每句最多有两处错误(2018年全国卷Ⅱ有三处错误)。改动的方法可以是增词、删词或换词，但无论作何种改动，都只能是围绕一个词进行。 在短文改错题中，一般只是改变实词的形式，而不能改变实词的词义，也不能将其改换成另一个实词，更不能随便增删。 历年的短文改错题中需要添加或删除的地方差不多有2至3处。这些需要添、删的词一般都是虚词(如冠词、介词等)，不是实词(如动词、名词等)，否则会改变句子的原意。 做短文改错题时，应该针对短文中的用词错误、语法错误、逻辑错误加以改正，不应更改作者的原意，做到“换词不改意，加词不增意，去词不减意”。
[知考点·通技法]
[典例] (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals. Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. I felt happily that their life had improved. At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, but he agreed.
[解题示范]
第一步：从语篇入手，理解大意，着眼时态和语态。
根据第一句中的时间状语During my last winter holiday和下文内容可知，本文讲述的是作者去年寒假看望爷爷奶奶的事，因此整体时态为过去时，故第二句中的时态应用一般过去时，find→found。
第二步：从句子入手，逐句分析，推敲语法。
注意几乎每年都考查的动词、名词、形容词、冠词和介词类错误，同时注意其他语法类错误。第一句中，go to the countryside“去乡下”为固定用法，故countryside前应加the；第三句，another“又一，再一”后跟可数名词单数，可数名词复数前应用other“其他的”，故another→other；第四句，根据语境，此处指去那儿，故here→there, chicken前由dozens of修饰，名词应用复数形式，故chicken→chickens；第五句，定语从句的先行词是pond，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故which→where或which前加in；第六句，by为介词，后跟动词时要用动名词形式，故sell→selling；第七句，felt为系动词，后跟形容词作表语，故happily→happy；第八句，every two years为习惯用法，意为“每两年”，其前不用加介词，故去掉for。
第三步：从行文逻辑入手，兼顾上下，审查连代。
通过前两步仍有一处没能找出，这时要重读短文，从上下文逻辑关系进行排查，放眼全篇去思考。第八句，根据前后语境可知，he agreed与上文之间为逻辑上的顺承关系，故but→and。
[课堂应用体验]
A
(2018·洛阳联考)When I was in primary school, I watched a movie about global warming.See the images of ice melting and the polar bears habitat being destroyed made me disappointed.I begin to realize it was important to do what we can save the environment.I asked my mom to buy a blue recycling bin.And she immediate agreed to get it.Besides, she got for me a black one for trash.I now have a recycling bin for waste papers and plastic bottles in my room.I may be just one person, so I feel like I am making the big difference.
答案：第二句：See→Seeing; bears→bears'
第三句：begin→began; save前加to
第五句：immediate→immediately; it→one
第六句：去掉第一个for
第七句：papers→paper
第八句：so→but/yet; the→a
B
(2018·湖北四市七校联考)The sun was just slowly come up over the mountains today as I took my dogs for its morning walk. I smiled as I watched the clouds gradually turn to white and gold. The air was cool and I wore a big smile in my face. Even though there weren't leaf on the trees, but I could still hear birds singing songs of spring. Even my dogs seemed to notice the different in the air. They were playing instead of just do their morning business in the grass. The particular golden sun seemed to make it a beautiful day. As I headed back, I realize something. The beauty of day didn't come from the warmth of the sun. It came from the warmth within my own heart and soul.
答案：第一句：come→coming; its→their
第三句：in→on
第四句：leaf→leaves; but→yet或去掉but
第五句：different→difference(s)
第六句：do→doing
第七句：particular→particularly
第八句：realize→realized
第九句：day前加the
PAGE
1
宏观
考向 词法
微观考法 考点 频次 设误角度
动词 24 时态、语态、非谓语动词、情态动词与虚拟语气
名词 8 可数不可数、单数还是复数、是否需用所有格
代词 10 主格与宾格、人称与物主、人称与反身、各种不定代词
形容词、副词 10 原级、比较级、最高级
冠词 7 不定冠词、定冠词还是零冠词
介词 9 基本用法、固定搭配
数词 1 基数词与序数词
词性误用 7 形容词与副词、形容词与名词、名词与动词
宏观考向 句法 行文逻辑
微观考法 考点 频次 考点 频次
并列连词 7 时态一致 11
从属关联词 7
指代一致 6
主谓一致 0
逻辑一致 6
there be句型与特殊句式 0
短文改错10处错误中，设错方式是有规律的，一般情况下，多、缺词2～3个，错词7～8个，做完题后，可按此规律进行查验。 类型 总数(10) 常考点
多、缺词 2～3 be的各种形式、介词、冠词、不定式符号、三大从句关联词、代词、副词、固定搭配中的虚词
错词 7～8 连词、三大从句关联词、动词、名词、代词、形容词、副词等
做短文改错题时，应该针对短文中的用词错误、语法错误、逻辑错误加以改正，不应更改作者的原意，做到“换词不改意，加词不增意，去词不减意”。
历年的短文改错题中需要添加或删除的地方差不多有2至3处。这些需要添、删的词一般都是虚词(如冠词、介词等)，不是实词(如动词、名词等)，否则会改变句子的原意。
在短文改错题中，一般只是改变实词的形式，而不能改变实词的词义，也不能将其改换成另一个实词，更不能随便增删。
短文改错题一般要求每句最多有两处错误(2018年全国卷Ⅱ有三处错误)。改动的方法可以是增词、删词或换词，但无论作何种改动，都只能是围绕一个词进行。
以保持句子原意不变为原则
虚词以添加或删除为原则
实词以改变词形为原则
改动处以最少为原则
专题一 语法填空
[做考题·明考情]
A
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years __61__ (long) than non?runners. You don't have to run fast or for long __62__ (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of __63__ (die) early by running.
While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it __64__ (be) more effective at lengthening life __65__ walking, cycling or swimming. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 __66__ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all __67__ (cause)．
The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do. But otherwise ... it's probably running. To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to __68__ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and it's always __69__ (energy). If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give __70__ a try.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了跑步给我们的健康带来的益处，号召我们尝试一下跑步这种运动方式。
61．longer 考查副词的比较级。由空格后的“than”可知应用比较级，故填long的比较级longer。
62．to see 考查非谓语动词。此句意为“你不必跑得很快，也不必跑很长时间就见到效果”，不定式短语“to see the benefit”作目的状语。
63．dying 考查非谓语动词。reduce one's risk of ... “降低某人……的风险”，此处介词of后接动词时要用其动名词形式。
64．is 考查动词时态和主谓一致。根据上下文语境可知这里应用一般现在时；又因为主语it是第三人称单数形式，故谓语动词用is。
65．than 考查连词。根据句中的比较级“more effective”并结合语境可知，这里是把running与walking, cycling or swimming进行比较，故填than。
66．that/which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰先行词“a study”，且在从句中作主语，故填关系代词that/which。
67．causes 考查名词复数。cause表示“原因，起因”时是可数名词，且前面有all修饰，故填cause的复数形式。
68．strengthen 考查派生词。此处to为不定式符号，在句中作目的状语，故填strength的动词形式strengthen。
69．energetic 考查派生词。连系动词is后应接形容词作表语，故填energy的形容词形式energetic。
70．running/it 考查名词或代词。此处号召我们尝试一下跑步这种运动，因此可以填名词running，也可以用it指代。give sth. a try“尝试一下某事”。
B
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country __61__ (grow) more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over __62__ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
A taste for meat is __63__ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice __64__ (improve) water quality. Corn uses less water __65__ rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff. This switch has decreased __66__ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total __67__ (globe) fertilizer consumption. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government __68__ (start) a soil?testing program __69__ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. That prevented the emission (排放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide. China's approach to protecting its environment while __70__ (feed) its citizens“offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，” says the bank's Juergen Voegele.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。中国近年来根据人们的膳食变化调整农作物种植结构，为全球生态环境保护做出了贡献。
61．has grown 考查动词时态和主谓一致。由时间状语“Since 2011”可知，主句时态用现在完成时；主语“the country”是第三人称单数，故谓语动词用has grown。
62．the 考查冠词。over the past 25 years“在过去的25年里”。
63．actually 考查派生词。此处表示“对肉的需求实际上是这种变化的背后原因”。修饰谓语动词is应用副词形式actually。
64．to improve 考查非谓语动词。此处表示“政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是水稻来改善水质”，故用不定式作目的状语。
65．than 考查连词。由句中的比较级less可知，此处将玉米和水稻的用水量进行比较，故填than。
66．pollution 考查派生词。decrease“降低，减少”，后接名词作宾语，故填pollution。
67．global 考查派生词。修饰名词短语“fertilizer consumption”应用形容词，故填global。
68．started 考查动词时态。由时间状语“between 2005”可知事情发生在过去，应用一般过去时，故填started。
69．that/which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰指物的“a soil?testing program”，且在从句中作主语，故填that/which。
70．feeding 考查非谓语动词。此处表示“中国在养活中国人民的同时又保护了环境……”。主语China与feed之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，所以用“连词＋现在分词”形式作状语。
[全国卷3年考情分析]
考 查 点 卷别· 文体 年份 有提示词 无提示词
派生词 谓语动词 非谓语动词 比较等级 名词的数 代词的格 冠词 介词 代词 并列连词 从属关联词 其他语境填词
2018年 全国卷Ⅰ(说明文) 2 1 2 1 1 / / / 1 / 2 /
全国卷Ⅱ(说明文) 3 2 2 / / / 1 / / / 2 /
全国卷Ⅲ(记叙文) 2 1 2 1 / 1 1 1 / / 1 /
2017年 全国卷Ⅰ(说明文) 1 2 2 1 1 / 1 1 / / 1 /
全国卷Ⅱ(说明文) 3 2 1 / 1 / 1 1 1 / / /
全国卷Ⅲ(记叙文) 2 2 2 / 1 / 1 1 / / 1 /
2016年 全国卷Ⅰ(记叙文) 2 1 2 / 1 1 1 1 / / 1 /
全国卷Ⅱ(说明文) 2 2 1 1 1 / 1 1 / / / 1
全国卷Ⅲ(说明文) 2 2 2 / / / / 1 / 1 2 /
3年统计 19 15 16 4 6 2 7 7 2 1 10 1
分析全国卷近三年的考点分布可以看出，语法填空考点设置有如下特点：
一、有提示词类：设置6～7个小题
高频考点 谓语动词 1～2题。考查时态、语态及主谓一致，其中涉及语态方面的不超过1题，答案最多三个单词。
非谓语动词 1～2题。考查不定式、动名词与分词，每种最多设1题。
派生词 1～3题。考查方式有动词派生为名词、名词派生为形容词或动词、形容词派生为副词等。每种最多设1题。
名词 0～1题。主要考查可数名词的复数，也可能会考查名词的所有格。
形容词和副词类 0～1题。主要考查形容词和副词词性的转换，以及其比较级或最高级。
低频考点 代词：0～1题。一般给出人称代词的主格，要求考生填其宾格、名词性或形容词性物主代词、反身代词等。
二、无提示词类：设置3～4个小题
高频考点 介词 0～1题。重点考查常见介词的基本用法或固定搭配中的介词，一般不涉及短语介词。
冠词 0～1题。重点考查冠词的特指、泛指用法或固定搭配中的冠词，一般不涉及零冠词。
从属关联词 0～2题。侧重于定语从句的引导词。此外，名词性从句、状语从句也偶有涉及。
低频考点 并列连词 0～1题。并列句的关联词也偶有涉及。
其他 0～1题。包括助动词(如强调谓语动词的do, does, did；构成部分倒装的do, does, did；构成一般疑问句的do, does, did)，构成强调结构的it或that，连接性副词(before, ago, however, anyway ...)等。
[知考点·通技法]
一、“有提示词类”解题攻略
(一)高频考点之一：提示词为动词
1．考查谓语动词
解题攻略 若句中无谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，所给动词就是谓语动词；此时，应先考虑时态，考生可以根据句中的时间状语或语篇提示确定时态，然后考虑语态，最后需考虑主谓一致和语气问题，来确定谓语动词的数。
典例1 (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it __64__ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming. 分析：分析句子结构可知，前半句是由while引导的让步状语从句，后半句是主句，主句中含有一个宾语从句，即it ...or swimming作says的宾语。又因此处是对客观情况的描述，应用一般现在时，再根据主谓一致原则可知，应填is。
典例2 (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country __61__ (grow) more corn than rice. 分析：分析句子成分可知，空格所在的句子中缺少谓语动词。根据时间状语Since 2011可知，谓语动词需用现在完成时，根据句意可知应用主动语态，再根据主谓一致原则可知填has grown。
典例3 (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government __68__ (start) a soil?testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. 分析：分析句子结构可知，when the government __68__ (start) a soil?testing program为关系副词when引导的定语从句，先行词为2005。通过分析定语从句可知从句中缺少谓语动词，再根据时间状语between 2005可知应填一般过去时，根据句意可知需用主动语态，故填started。
2．考查非谓语动词
解题攻略 若句中已有谓语动词，空处又不在句中作并列谓语时，所要填的通常是非谓语动词，此时需进一步确定是非谓语动词的哪种形式。一般来说，作主语、宾语、表语、定语通常用动名词形式；此外，doing表示主动、正在进行；done表示被动、完成；to do表示尚未发生的动作。
典例4 (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You don't have to run fast or for long __62__ (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of __63__ (die) early by running. 分析：第一句中已有谓语动词don't have to run，故空格处应为非谓语动词。根据句意可知应填不定式to see，作目的状语。第二句中已有谓语动词reduce，故空格处应为非谓语动词。又因空格前有介词of，结合句意可知，应填dying，作介词of的宾语。
典例5 (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice __64__ (improve) water quality. 分析：句中已有谓语动词encourages，故空格处应为非谓语动词。根据句意可知应填不定式to improve，作目的状语。
典例6 (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)China's approach to protecting its environment while __70__ (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，” says the bank's Juergen Voegele. 分析：分析句子成分可知，句中已有谓语动词offers，再根据空格前有从属连词while可知，“while __70__ (feed) its citizens”为时间状语从句的省略结构，所填的词与其逻辑主语China之间为主动关系，故应填现在分词feeding。
典例7 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid?1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter __66__(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. 分析：when引导的从句中已经有谓语动词was，且从句中无其他连词，故空处应填非谓语动词。reporter与permit之间是被动关系，故用过去分词表被动。过去分词短语permitted to ...作后置定语，修饰reporter。故填permitted。
3．考查派生词
解题攻略 有时所给提示词虽然是动词，但是空格处既不是考查谓语动词也不是考查非谓语动词，而是要求填所给词的派生词。此时要结合空格处前后的修饰词来确定所给提示词应派生为哪种词性。一般考查动词派生为名词，有时还需考虑动词变为形容词甚至副词。
典例8 (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased __66__ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people. 分析：分析句子成分可知空格前面有谓语动词has decreased，其后缺少宾语，故填名词pollution。
典例9 (2017·全国卷Ⅱ) This development was only possible with the __69__ (introduce) of electric?powered engines and lifts. 分析：由前面的定冠词the可知，其后应接名词，故填introduction。
[技法汇总] “一定三思”解“动词”
(二)高频考点之二：提示词为名词
解题攻略 所给提示词为名词时，通常考查可数名词的单数变复数，或名词派生为形容词、动词等。
典例10 (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all __67__ (cause)． 分析：分析句子成分可知，from all __67__ (cause)为介词短语作后置定语，空处位于介词之后作宾语，又因空格前面有all，所以填其复数形式causes。
典例11 (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to __68__ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. 分析：分析句子成分可知，空格前面有谓语动词do，再根据句意可知，此处应填动词形式，与空前的不定式符号to构成不定式短语，在句中作目的状语。故填strengthen。
典例12 (2017·全国卷Ⅱ)The Central London Railway was one of the most __70__ (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. 分析：根据语境并结合空前的the most可知，空处表达最高级意义。故填successful。
(三)高频考点之三：提示词为形容词或副词
解题攻略 当提示词为形容词或副词时，需考虑是否是考查比较级或形容词和副词之间的相互转换。当提示词为形容词时，还要考虑是否需要转换为名词形式。
典例13 (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years __61__ (long) than non?runners. 分析：根据空格后面的than可知，此处考查比较级形式，故填longer。
典例14 (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)A taste for meat is __63__ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. 分析：分析句子成分可知，空处在句中作状语，修饰谓语动词is应用副词。故填actually。
(四)低频考点：提示词为代词
解题攻略 所给提示词是代词时，一般考查人称代词变为物主代词。有时需考虑人称代词单数变为复数、主格变为宾格、人称代词变为反身代词等。
典例15 (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find __68__ (they) alive. 分析：因空处作动词find的宾语，故应填人称代词的宾格形式，即them。
典例16 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ)On my recent visit, I held a lively three?month?old twin that had been rejected by __68__ (it) mother. 分析：mother是名词，所填词作定语修饰mother，故填其形容词性物主代词its。
二、“无提示词类”解题攻略
(一)高频考点之一：填介词
解题攻略 当名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时，其前面一般是填介词。对介词的考查通常侧重于固定搭配中的介词及常见介词的习惯用法。
典例1 (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a scientist who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. I was searching __67__ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing. No one had seen them for hours, and my colleagues and I were worried. 分析：search for是固定搭配，表示“寻找”，此处指“我”在寻找“我”研究的三只西部低地大猩猩。故填for。
典例2 (2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and __62__ work. 分析：travel to and from work表示“上下班”，故填from。
(二)高频考点之二：填冠词
解题攻略 当空格后有名词而且两者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义，或者空格处修饰序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式时，那么空格处一般是填冠词。有时还考查冠词在一些固定搭配中的用法。
典例3 (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over __62__ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent. 分析：句意：玉米产量在过去25年里增长了近125%，而大米只增长了7%。特指在过去的25年里。故填定冠词the。
典例4 (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Unexpectedly, I'm face?to?face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at __62__ top of her lungs. 分析：固定短语at the top of“在……的顶部”，此处表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。故填the。
(三)高频考点之三：填从属关联词
解题攻略 当空格前后为两个句子，且其中一个句子在另一句中充当某一句子成分时，空格处应填从属关联词。一般情况下，考查的是定语从句的关联词，有时也考查名词性从句或状语从句的关联词。
典例5 (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 __66__ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes. 分析：分析句子结构可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a study，并在定语从句中作主语，故填that/which。
典例6 (2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Over time, __45__ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. 分析：根据句意和句子结构可知，空格处引导时间状语从句，表示“随着”或“当……时候”，故填as/when。
(四)低频考点：填并列连词
解题攻略 当空格前后是同一层次并具有相同句法功能的词、短语或句子时，空格处一般是填并列连词。
典例7 (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice to improve water quality. Corn uses less water __65__ rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff. 分析：根据比较级less可知，此处将玉米和水稻用水量进行比较，需填连词，故填than。
[课堂应用体验]
A
(2018·绵阳诊断)For Nigel Portman, a love of travelling began with what's called a “gap year”. In common with many other British teenagers, he chose __1__ (take) a year out before settling down to study for his degree.After doing various __2__ (job) to raise some money, he left home to gain some experience of life in different cultures, visiting America and Asia.The more adventurous the young person, the __3__ (great) the challenge they are likely to set __4__ (them) for the gap year, and for some, like Nigel, it can result in a thirst for adventure.
Now that his university course __5__ (come) to an end, Nigel is just about to leave on a three?year trip that will take him right around the world.What's more, he plans to make the whole journey __6__ (use) only means of transport which are powered by natural energy.In other words, he will be relying __7__ (main) on bicycles and his own legs; and when there's an ocean to cross, he won't be taking a shortcut (捷径) __8__ flying aboard — he'll be joining the crew of a sailing ship, instead.
As well as doing some mountain climbing along __9__ way, Nigel hopes to pass on to the people he meets the environmental message __10__ lies behind the whole idea.
语篇解读：本文主要讲述了一个大学生利用“间隔年”去旅行，以实际行动倡议环保的故事。
1．to take 考查非谓语动词。choose to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“选择做某事”，故用不定式作宾语。
2．jobs 考查名词复数。job是可数名词，且根据其前的定语various可知，此处应用复数形式，表示“各种工作”。
3．greater 考查形容词比较级。根据固定句型the more ..., the more ...“越……，就越……”可知，此处用形容词比较级。
4．themselves 考查代词。喜欢冒险的年轻人很可能给他们自己设置更大的间隔年挑战。此处与they呼应，故用反身代词作宾语。
5．has come 考查动词时态。now that是连词，引导状语从句，意为“既然”，由此可知事情已经发生，应用完成时，且与语境中的is呼应，故用现在完成时。
6．using 考查非谓语动词。动词use和主语he之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系，故此处用现在分词短语作伴随状语。
7．mainly 考查副词。此处修饰谓语will be relying on，应用副词形式，故填mainly。
8．by/through 考查介词。根据语境可知，此处表示“以……方式/方法”，与上文中的“only means of transport”呼应，故用介词by/through。
9．the 考查冠词。along the way为固定搭配，意为“在……过程中”，故用定冠词。
10．that/which 考查定语从句。此处用that/which引导定语从句，且在从句中作主语，修饰先行词the environmental message。
B
(2018·沈阳质检)China has once again showed its ability to change the world with its “four great new __1__ (invent)” — high?speed rail, electronic payment, shared bicycle, and online shopping.
China's new?generation high?speed train, the Fuxing Hao, is now one of the __2__ (fast) trains in the world, which can travel at a speed of 350 km/h. Besides high?speed rail, China __3__ (improve) people's lives in many other innovative ways over the last decade.
Bike sharing, for example, is not new itself. But China has made __4__ much more convenient and popular both in China __5__ overseas. The leading Chinese bike?sharing companies Mobike and Ofo are now operating in foreign countries such as Singapore and Britain.
And back in China, when riding a shared bike, you can stop __6__ (buy) and eat whatever you want __7__ (simple) with a tap on your phone. You could easily pay with your smartphone by __8__ (scan) the seller's QR code. Cashless payment has grown into a __9__ (choose) for Chinese people — even a pancake seller is using Alipay.
As for Alipay, it was designed to serve the online shopping at first, __10__ is now the most ways to make purchases in China. You can buy anything you need without leaving your homes.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国的“新四大发明”。
1．inventions 考查名词。前面有four great new修饰，故用该词对应的名词的复数形式，故填inventions。
2．fastest 考查形容词的最高级。根据后面的比较范围in the world可知，这里应用最高级形式。
3．has improved 考查动词时态和主谓一致。over the last decade表示“在过去十年”，常和现在完成时连用；又因为主语是China，故用has improved。
4．it 考查代词。这里it指代前面的Bike sharing，充当动词made的宾语。
5．and 考查连词。both ... and ...为固定搭配，表示“两者都……”。
6．to buy 考查非谓语动词。stop to do sth.表示“停下来去做另一件事”，这里表示停下共享单车去买东西吃，故用不定式充当宾语。stop doing sth.表示“停止做某事”。
7．simply 考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰with介词短语，故用所给词的副词形式。
8．scanning 考查非谓语动词。空处作介词by的宾语，故用动名词形式。
9．choice 考查名词。冠词a后面应用所给动词的名词形式。
10．which 考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语，修饰先行词online shopping，故填which。
PAGE
1
有提示词 无提示词
派生词 谓语动词 非谓语动词 比较等级 名词的数 代词的格 冠词 介词 代词 并列连词 从属关联词 其他语境填词
2018年 全国卷Ⅰ(说明文) 2 1 2 1 1 / / / 1 / 2 /
全国卷Ⅱ(说明文) 3 2 2 / / / 1 / / / 2 /
全国卷Ⅲ(记叙文) 2 1 2 1 / 1 1 1 / / 1 /
有提示词 无提示词
派生词 谓语动词 非谓语动词 比较等级 名词的数 代词的格 冠词 介词 代词 并列连词 从属关联词 其他语境填词
2017年 全国卷Ⅰ(说明文) 1 2 2 1 1 / 1 1 / / 1 /
全国卷Ⅱ(说明文) 3 2 1 / 1 / 1 1 1 / / /
全国卷Ⅲ(记叙文) 2 2 2 / 1 / 1 1 / / 1 /
有提示词 无提示词
派生词 谓语动词 非谓语动词 比较等级 名词的数 代词的格 冠词 介词 代词 并列连词 从属关联词 其他语境填词
2016年 全国卷Ⅰ(记叙文) 2 1 2 / 1 1 1 1 / / 1 /
全国卷Ⅱ(说明文) 2 2 1 1 1 / 1 1 / / / 1
全国卷Ⅲ(说明文) 2 2 2 / / / / 1 / 1 2 /
3年统计 19 15 16 4 6 2 7 7 2 1 10 1
代词：0～1题。一般给出人称代词的主格，要求考生填其宾格、名词性或形容词性物主代词、反身代词等。
0～1题。主要考查形容词和副词词性的转换，以及其比较级或最高级。
形容词和副词类
0～1题。主要考查可数名词的复数，也可能会考查名词的所有格。
名词
1～3题。考查方式有动词派生为名词、名词派生为形容词或动词、形容词派生为副词等。每种最多设1题。
派生词
1～2题。考查不定式、动名词与分词，每种最多设1题。
非谓语
动词
1～2题。考查时态、语态及主谓一致，其中涉及语态方面的不超过1题，答案最多三个单词。
谓语动词
0～1题。包括助动词(如强调谓语动词的do, does, did；构成部分倒装的do, does, did；构成一般疑问句的do, does, did)，构成强调结构的it或that，连接性副词(before, ago, however, anyway ...)等。
其他
0～1题。并列句的关联词也偶有涉及。
并列连词
0～2题。侧重于定语从句的引导词。此外，名词性从句、状语从句也偶有涉及。
从属关联词
0～1题。重点考查冠词的特指、泛指用法或固定搭配中的冠词，一般不涉及零冠词。
冠词
0～1题。重点考查常见介词的基本用法或固定搭配中的介词，一般不涉及短语介词。
介词
分析：分析句子结构可知，前半句是由while引导的让步状语从句，后半句是主句，主句中含有一个宾语从句，即it ...or swimming作says的宾语。又因此处是对客观情况的描述，应用一般现在时，再根据主谓一致原则可知，应填is。
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it __64__ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
典例1
若句中无谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，所给动词就是谓语动词；此时，应先考虑时态，考生可以根据句中的时间状语或语篇提示确定时态，然后考虑语态，最后需考虑主谓一致和语气问题，来确定谓语动词的数。
分析：分析句子结构可知，when the government __68__ (start) a soil?testing program为关系副词when引导的定语从句，先行词为2005。通过分析定语从句可知从句中缺少谓语动词，再根据时间状语between 2005可知应填一般过去时，根据句意可知需用主动语态，故填started。
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government __68__ (start) a soil?testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
典例3
分析：分析句子成分可知，空格所在的句子中缺少谓语动词。根据时间状语Since 2011可知，谓语动词需用现在完成时，根据句意可知应用主动语态，再根据主谓一致原则可知填has grown。
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country __61__ (grow) more corn than rice.
典例2
解题
攻略
分析：第一句中已有谓语动词don't have to run，故空格处应为非谓语动词。根据句意可知应填不定式to see，作目的状语。第二句中已有谓语动词reduce，故空格处应为非谓语动词。又因空格前有介词of，结合句意可知，应填dying，作介词of的宾语。
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You don't have to run fast or for long __62__ (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of __63__ (die) early by running.
典例4
若句中已有谓语动词，空处又不在句中作并列谓语时，所要填的通常是非谓语动词，此时需进一步确定是非谓语动词的哪种形式。一般来说，作主语、宾语、表语、定语通常用动名词形式；此外，doing表示主动、正在进行；done表示被动、完成；to do表示尚未发生的动作。
分析：分析句子成分可知，句中已有谓语动词offers，再根据空格前有从属连词while可知，“while __70__ (feed) its citizens”为时间状语从句的省略结构，所填的词与其逻辑主语China之间为主动关系，故应填现在分词feeding。
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)China's approach to protecting its environment while __70__ (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，” says the bank's Juergen Voegele.
典例6
分析：句中已有谓语动词encourages，故空格处应为非谓语动词。根据句意可知应填不定式to improve，作目的状语。
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice __64__ (improve) water quality.
典例5
分析：when引导的从句中已经有谓语动词was，且从句中无其他连词，故空处应填非谓语动词。reporter与permit之间是被动关系，故用过去分词表被动。过去分词短语permitted to ...作后置定语，修饰reporter。故填permitted。
(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid?1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter __66__(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
典例7
解题
攻略
分析：由前面的定冠词the可知，其后应接名词，故填introduction。
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ) This development was only possible with the __69__ (introduce) of electric?powered engines and lifts.
典例9
分析：分析句子成分可知空格前面有谓语动词has decreased，其后缺少宾语，故填名词pollution。
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased __66__ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
典例8
有时所给提示词虽然是动词，但是空格处既不是考查谓语动词也不是考查非谓语动词，而是要求填所给词的派生词。此时要结合空格处前后的修饰词来确定所给提示词应派生为哪种词性。一般考查动词派生为名词，有时还需考虑动词变为形容词甚至副词。
解题
攻略
分析：分析句子成分可知，from all __67__ (cause)为介词短语作后置定语，空处位于介词之后作宾语，又因空格前面有all，所以填其复数形式causes。
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all __67__ (cause)．
典例10
所给提示词为名词时，通常考查可数名词的单数变复数，或名词派生为形容词、动词等。
分析：根据语境并结合空前的the most可知，空处表达最高级意义。故填successful。
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)The Central London Railway was one of the most __70__ (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.
典例12
分析：分析句子成分可知，空格前面有谓语动词do，再根据句意可知，此处应填动词形式，与空前的不定式符号to构成不定式短语，在句中作目的状语。故填strengthen。
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to __68__ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes.
典例11
解题
攻略
分析：分析句子成分可知，空处在句中作状语，修饰谓语动词is应用副词。故填actually。
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)A taste for meat is __63__ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.
典例14
分析：根据空格后面的than可知，此处考查比较级形式，故填longer。
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years __61__ (long) than non?runners.
典例13
当提示词为形容词或副词时，需考虑是否是考查比较级或形容词和副词之间的相互转换。当提示词为形容词时，还要考虑是否需要转换为名词形式。
解题
攻略
分析：mother是名词，所填词作定语修饰mother，故填其形容词性物主代词its。
(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)On my recent visit, I held a lively three?month?old twin that had been rejected by __68__ (it) mother.
典例16
分析：因空处作动词find的宾语，故应填人称代词的宾格形式，即them。
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find __68__ (they) alive.
典例15
所给提示词是代词时，一般考查人称代词变为物主代词。有时需考虑人称代词单数变为复数、主格变为宾格、人称代词变为反身代词等。
解题
攻略
分析：travel to and from work表示“上下班”，故填from。
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and __62__ work.
典例2
分析：search for是固定搭配，表示“寻找”，此处指“我”在寻找“我”研究的三只西部低地大猩猩。故填for。
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a scientist who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. I was searching __67__ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing. No one had seen them for hours, and my colleagues and I were worried.
典例1
当名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时，其前面一般是填介词。对介词的考查通常侧重于固定搭配中的介词及常见介词的习惯用法。
解题
攻略
分析：固定短语at the top of“在……的顶部”，此处表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。故填the。
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Unexpectedly, I'm face?to?face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at __62__ top of her lungs.
典例4
分析：句意：玉米产量在过去25年里增长了近125%，而大米只增长了7%。特指在过去的25年里。故填定冠词the。
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over __62__ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
典例3
当空格后有名词而且两者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义，或者空格处修饰序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式时，那么空格处一般是填冠词。有时还考查冠词在一些固定搭配中的用法。
解题
攻略
分析：根据句意和句子结构可知，空格处引导时间状语从句，表示“随着”或“当……时候”，故填as/when。
(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Over time, __45__ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
典例6
分析：分析句子结构可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a study，并在定语从句中作主语，故填that/which。
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 __66__ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
典例5
当空格前后为两个句子，且其中一个句子在另一句中充当某一句子成分时，空格处应填从属关联词。一般情况下，考查的是定语从句的关联词，有时也考查名词性从句或状语从句的关联词。
解题攻略
分析：根据比较级less可知，此处将玉米和水稻用水量进行比较，需填连词，故填than。
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice to improve water quality. Corn uses less water __65__ rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff.
典例7
当空格前后是同一层次并具有相同句法功能的词、短语或句子时，空格处一般是填并列连词。
