第三层级|注意“行文逻辑”——争满分
语法填空和短文改错这两种题型主要是从词法、句法和行文逻辑三个角度考查考生在语篇中综合运用英语的能力，同时兼顾句型结构、习惯搭配等。相对于词法、句法来说，行文逻辑题是考生失分最多的题目。究其原因，这类题目的解题信息不局限于某句或某个句群，大多是需要从全文的角度去审视、去思考，对于这类较难题目，考生在做题时，一定要注意以下三点：
一、注意时态是否一致
有目的地去检查文中的每一个谓语动词的时态与上下文、语境以及该句的时间状语是否相一致。若全文都是在使用过去时态，则考查角度一般就是针对过去时态的。
[典例1] (2016·全国卷Ⅰ)So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not?for?profit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research. I __62__ (allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600?acre centre. From tomorrow, I will be their UK ambassador ...
[易误点拨] 分析句子成分可知句子缺少谓语动词，需要考虑其时态、语态及主谓一致。I与allow之间是被动关系，故用被动语态；又因上一句主句用过去时，可确定此句也用过去时。再根据主语I，可知应填was allowed。本题容易受下文将来时态的影响而错填别的时态。
[典例2] (2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that (→where) I live. Though not very big, but (去掉but) the restaurant is popular in our area. It is always crowded with customers at meal times. Some people even had (→have) to wait outside. My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest (→honesty). Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or (→and) high quality oil are using (→used) for cooking. My uncle says that he never dreams (∧of) becoming rich in the (→a) short period of time. Instead, he hopes that our (→his) business will grow steady (→steadily)．
[易误点拨] 全文的时态为一般现在时，第四句中用了过去时had，应该引起重视，重点核查。因为没有具体的时间状语，故此处需将一般过去时改为一般现在时。
二、注意行文逻辑是否一致
解决这一类型的问题应从文章整体内容出发，通篇考虑。检查逻辑一致主要是从肯定与否定、关联词语以及动词(如come与go, take与bring, sell与buy)的使用上着手。
[典例1] There once was a forest filled with happy animals. One day a raccoon (浣熊) found some socks left behind by picnickers, and 1.decided (decide) to wear them. They fitted so well, and felt so 2.comfortable (comfort) that he kept them on. He spent his days 3.walking (walk) through the forest in his new socks.
Other animals became envious of the raccoon's new look and followed his trend. First it was squirrels in 4.shirts (shirt), then rabbits 5.with hats on, and finally birds wearing underpants!
Doctor Bear, the forest physician, disapproved and tried to warn the clothes?wearers. __6__ no one listened. Instead, they urged him to follow the latest trend too.
Soon, the problems started. A squirrel caught his shirt on a branch and crashed to the ground. A rabbit tried entering his hole while 7.wearing (wear) his hat and got stuck. Even the raccoon, thanks to his bright coloured socks, slipped into the river and almost died.
...
[易误点拨] 第6空我们需从整个段落及上下文的行文逻辑上考虑，分析上下文语境可知，前后句之间为转折关系，故应填连词But。本题容易误认为前后为补充、并列关系而错填And。
[典例2] (2018·长春模拟)Last week, there was a program calling (→called) “Learning to Respect Our Parents” in our school. That (→It) is known to us that respect for one's parents is one of Chinese traditional moral value (→values). And (→But) most students nowadays are “the only child”. We (→They) often think of themselves as the centre of their family.
As for the program, eight “dos” have (∧been) worked out for the students to follow. For an (去掉an) example, we are advised to remember our parents' birthdays. Beside (→Besides) this, it is necessary that we should also tell our parents what we are going to do when we go out. The program has been such (→so) successful that it has been high (→highly) praised by many people.
[易误点拨] 第三句需从第一段整体上来把握，尤其根据第一段最后一句“We (→They) often think of themselves as the centre of their family.”可知前后句之间为转折关系，故将And改为But。此处容易错认为上下文为补充、并列关系而看不出错误。
三、注意指代是否一致
注意查看代词所指代的内容以及在句中的作用，注意其数、格、词性是否正确及前后是否一致，包括人称代词、指示代词、反身代词、关系代词以及疑问代词等。
[典例1] (2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Steam engines 65.were_used (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been 66.fairly (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using __67__ every day.
[易误点拨] 本空没有提示词，需从介词、冠词、连词、代词等方面考虑，结合空格前后内容可知应该填代词，此时要结合整句话或整段话去检查代词的指代一致。本题填it，指代前半句的the railway。本题容易误认为指代首句中的Steam engines而误填them。
[典例2] (2018·昆明市高三复习教学质量检测)I'm one of the students in our class who has (→have) ever been to England. Last summer I was lucky enough to be sent there to study. As soon as I arrived on (→in) England by plane, I was picked up by the Smiths, which (→whom) I would live with for the next two weeks. We (→I) felt like a fish out of water when I got to(去掉to) there. The Smiths did what they could (∧to) make me feel at home. I study (→studied) at an international school, where I met friend (→friends) from all over the world.I seized the opportunity to practise my speak (→spoken) English. Soon I made such a rapid progress that I received highly (→high) praise from all the people around.
[易误点拨] 通过检查全文的人称可知，全文均为第一人称I, 故第四句出现了第一人称复数形式We要重点核查。根据本句后的“when I got there”可知，此处应将We改为I。如果不检查人称的指代关系是否一致的话，本错误很可能就看不出来。
[课堂应用体验]
Ⅰ.语法填空
Switzerland is famous __1__ its watches. However, this country didn't invent the watch. It was the British who did it. Here is a story of how the watch __2__ (bring) to Switzerland.
Many years ago, __3__ Englishman travelled to Italy and on his way he stopped in a small town __4__ (call) Geneva in Switzerland. This Englishman travelled in a carriage inside which there was a carriage watch. This was the __5__ (early) kind of watch. A Blacksmith happened to see the watch. He wondered what it was __6__ asked the Englishman about it. “It is a carriage watch，” answered the man. “This machine can tell the time but now __7__ isn't working.” At once the man offered to try repairing it. So the __8__ (travel) handed him the watch. The man was very clever. It was easy for him __9__ (repair) it. He even remembered how it was made. And he made a watch of __10__ (exact) the same type.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了手表不是瑞士发明的但瑞士却以手表而闻名于世。
1．for 考查介词。be famous for是固定搭配，意为“以……而著称”。故填for。
2．was brought 考查动词时态和语态。根据句意可知，这里有一个故事，讲的是手表是如何被带到瑞士的。故事讲述的是过去的事情，应用一般过去时，且bring这一动作与主语“the watch”之间构成被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动式。故填was brought。
3．an 考查冠词。根据上下文语境可知，此处“Englishman”是第一次提到的名词，且表示泛指，应用不定冠词；且Englishman的读音以元音音素开头，故用an。
4．called 考查非谓语动词。根据语境可知，一个英国人去意大利，途中他留宿在瑞士一个叫做Geneva的小镇。因为call与“Geneva”之间为被动关系，所以此处应用call的过去分词形式构成分词短语作后置定语，修饰名词town。故填called。
5．earliest 考查形容词最高级。根据语境及空格前的“the”可知，此处应用最高级，表示这是最早款式的表。故填earliest。
6．and 考查连词。根据语境可知，他想知道这是什么东西，并向这个英国人询问，应用连词and连接。故填and。
7．it 考查代词。根据语境可知，此处指代上文提到的“This machine”，是同类同物。故填it。
8．traveller/traveler 考查名词。根据语境可知，这个旅行者把表递给了他。此句中缺少主语，且主语是指人的名词。故填traveller/traveler。
9．to repair 考查非谓语动词。该空考查句型“It's＋形容词＋for sb. to do sth.”，意为“某人做某事……”。故填to repair。
10．exactly 考查副词。句意：他做了一款完全一样的表。此处应用exact的副词形式修饰形容词短语“of the same type”。故填exactly。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2018·成都模拟)Last Friday, I was standing near a subway exit, tried to call a taxi. But no luck. Then I thought of the taxi?booking app my friend has recommended and I booked a taxi through my cell phone. Soon it came, and I stepped in, feeling pretty proudly of my high?tech way and satisfied with the convenience brought by the app. So later, I was upset to find that the driver was busy looking his cell phone to get the next order. It was just then when I began to worry about my safety. What's bad, the driver's informations might be unreliable. How can we passengers' legal rights be protecting if something bad happens? So be careful when you use the taxi?booking app the next time.
答案：第一句：tried→trying
第三句：has→had
第四句：proudly→proud
第五句：So→But/Yet; looking后加at
第六句：when→that
第七句：bad→worse; informations→information
第八句：protecting→protected
第九句：去掉第二个the
“语法填空＋短文改错”组合练(一)
(共4组，每组限时20分钟)
[第一组]
Ⅰ.语法填空
Henry Bond was about ten years old when his father died. His mother found it difficult to support a large family, but still everything __1__ (leave) in her care. By good management, she managed __2__ (send) Henry to school and supply him, for the most part, __3__ books he needed.
At one time, however, Henry wanted a grammar book, and his mother couldn't afford it. He became very __4__ (worry), and went to bed with a heavy heart. On waking in the morning, he found that a deep snow had fallen, and the cold wind was blowing __5__ (fierce). Then an idea struck him.
He rose and ran to the house of __6__ neighbor, offering his service to clear a path around his house. The offer was accepted. __7__ (complete) this work and received his pay, he went to another place for the same purpose, and then to another, __8__ he earned enough to buy a grammar book.
When school began, Henry was ready to begin the lesson in his new book. From that time, Henry was always the first in all his __9__ (class). He knew no such word as “fail”， and always __10__ (succeed) in all he had tried. Having the will, he always found the way.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。Henry Bond家境贫寒，一次，在母亲没钱为他买语法书的情况下，他通过自己的劳动赚钱买语法书来继续自己的学业。
1．was left 考查动词时态和语态。根据语境可知，此处指一切都留给她打理。此处描述发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时；又因为everything与leave之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。故填was left。
2．to send 考查非谓语动词。manage to do sth.是固定用法，意为“努力完成某事，成功做某事”。故填to send。
3．with 考查介词。此处指Henry的母亲给他提供大部分他需要的书。supply sb. with sth.＝supply sth. to sb.“给某人提供某物”，是固定搭配。
4．worried 考查形容词。他很发愁，心情沉重地去睡觉了。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作表语，应用形容词，故填worried“担忧的，发愁的”。
5．fiercely 考查副词。应用副词修饰谓语动词was blowing。fiercely“猛烈地”。
6．a 考查冠词。他起床，然后跑到一户邻居家，提出要帮他在房子周围清理出一条路。neighbor在文中第一次提到，此处表示泛指，且因neighbour的发音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。
7．Having completed 考查非谓语动词。完成这项工作并得到应有的报酬后，Henry为同样的目的去了另一个地方。he与complete之间存在逻辑上的主动关系，且complete的动作发生在went之前，故用现在分词的完成式在句中作状语。
8．until 考查状语从句。此处指直到他赚到足够的钱来买语法书。until“直到……”，在此引导时间状语从句。
9．classes 考查名词复数。从那时起，Henry在他所有的课程里都是第一名。根据句中的“all”可知此处应用名词复数形式。
10．succeeded 考查动词时态。空处与knew在句中并列作谓语，应用一般过去时。故填succeeded。
Ⅱ.短文改错
When a student told Katie that he wanted bike but couldn't afford it, she decided to make his dream come true. And she even took the whole school under consideration. At the school that she worked, a lot of students were poor. But Katie thought own their own bikes would make wonderfully memories for every child. To earn money for hundreds of new bike, Katie launched an online page, and finally raise enough money to pay for them. Katie was surprised the kids by announcing a gift over a loudspeaker at school. “Joy is the basic childhood right，” she said. “A bike is one of the top things that represents that.”
答案：第一句：wanted后加a; it→one
第二句：under→into
第三句：that→where
第四句：第一个own→owning; wonderfully→wonderful
第五句：bike→bikes; raise→raised
第六句：去掉was
第八句：represents→represent
[第二组]
Ⅰ.语法填空
According to the UK Parliament, Big Ben, which is considered as __1__ landmark building in London, will keep silent for four years as major conservation works are carried out on the tower that houses the bell. Visitors to London may feel __2__ a pity that they won't hear the chimes (钟声) in the next few years.
The chimes from the bell, one of London's most famous __3__ (attract), have kept time in the British capital for 157 years. At noon on August 21, 2017, Big Ben sounded for the last time until 2021. The repairs __4__ (assess) at around ￡ 29 million. Big Ben __5__ (fall) silent is a significant milestone in this __6__ (extreme) important conservation project. This important program of works will safeguard the clock __7__ a long?term basis, as well as protecting and preserving its home.
Big Ben is the name of the bell inside the tower (St. Stephen's Tower, renamed Elizabeth Tower in 2012), and not the building or the clock simply __8__ (know) as the Great Clock itself.
The chimes were last silent in 2007 during conservation and before that from 1983 to 1985 during a period of refurbishment (翻新). Londoners, however, needn't worry __9__ Big Ben will continue to strike for important __10__ (nation) events such as New Year's Eve and Remembrance Sunday.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。大本钟是英国伦敦的地标性建筑，因要对其进行保护性修缮，自2017年8月21日起大本钟将不再敲响。但像除夕之夜和阵亡将士纪念日这种重要的全国性活动，它将仍然会为伦敦市民报时。
1．a 考查冠词。大本钟被认为是伦敦的一个地标性建筑。此处表示泛指，故填不定冠词a。
2．it 考查代词。去伦敦旅游的游客可能会感到遗憾，他们在之后的几年里听不到钟声了。分析句子结构可知，空处在此作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面that引导的从句。故填it。
3．attractions 考查名词复数。大本钟的钟声是伦敦最有名的魅力之一。根据语境及句中的“one of”可知此处应填attractions。
4．are assessed 考查动词时态和语态。此处描述客观情况，应用一般现在时；又因assess与The repairs之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。故填are assessed。
5．falling 考查非谓语动词。fall与Big Ben之间是逻辑上的主动关系，应用现在分词作后置定语。故填falling。
6．extremely 考查副词。空处修饰形容词important，故用副词extremely“非常”。
7．on 考查介词。basis在此意为“基准，准则，方式”，常用于“on a ... basis”结构中。故填on。
8．known 考查非谓语动词。know与the clock之间是逻辑上的被动关系，应用过去分词作后置定语。故填known。
9．because 考查状语从句。但是伦敦人不用担心，因为大本钟会继续为像除夕之夜和阵亡将士纪念日这样重要的全国性活动报时。分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导原因状语从句，前面是果，后面是因，故填because。
10．national 考查形容词。空处修饰名词“events”，应用形容词。故填national“国家的，全国的”。
Ⅱ.短文改错
The other day I as well as my parents were eating in a restaurant when we noticed a foreigner coming in. He seats himself at a table by the window. Soon a waitress came and wanted to take her order. However, the foreigner couldn't got his needs across. Seeing this, I went up immediate to offer some helps. We communicated with simple English for a while but I later knew why the waitress couldn't understand him. The foreigner actually wanted roast Beijing duck, but he had a wrong Chinese pronunciation. Hearing my explanation, the waitress couldn't help to laughing. The foreigner himself also laughed.
答案：第一句：were→was
第二句：seats→seated
第三句：her→his
第四句：got→get
第五句：immediate→immediately; helps→help
第六句：with→in; but→and
第七句：roast前加a
第八句：去掉to
[第三组]
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2018·重庆调研)Now, I'd like to share what I __1__ (learn) through Travelling Guide a few weeks ago.
Thousands of visitors each year enjoy Haleakala National Park, one of the __2__ (unusual) national parks in the United States, on the island of Maui. Ships stop at the island and buses take __3__ (group) of visitors to see the huge volcano there. Visitors also may take a walk in the rain forest __4__ (create) by the volcano thousands of years ago.
The park offers visitors a sight of nature at __5__ majorities of people never have the chance to take a look. At the top of Haleakala, __6__ (look) down inside what is the most active part of the volcano, we can see that the volcano has left thousands of different shapes of lava (熔岩) stone ever since. Hundreds of years __7__ rain and bright sun have cut long paths in the stone. There are mainly 3 stone areas. One big area seems __8__ (be) deep and dark red. __9__ two areas seem almost yellow and green. It looks as if someone spilled (泼洒) many colors of paint over the huge areas. The lava stone areas are __10__ (color) because the lava is rich in many kinds of minerals.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了哈雷阿卡拉国家公园。
1．learned/learnt 考查动词时态。根据本句中的时间状语“a few weeks ago”可知，该空应用一般过去时。
2．most unusual 考查形容词最高级。此处表示“美国最不同寻常的国家公园之一”，这里应用形容词的最高级修饰national parks，故该空填most unusual。
3．groups 考查名词复数。根据上文中的“Thousands of visitors”可知游客很多，又因group是可数名词，这里表示“成群的游客”，故用group的复数形式。
4．created 考查非谓语动词。分析该句结构可知，forest后面的部分作定语修饰rain forest，且rain forest与动词create之间在逻辑上是被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。
5．which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，该句中的“The park offers visitors a sight of nature”是主句，“at ________ majorities ... a look”是定语从句，空处在定语从句中作at的宾语，代指a sight of nature，故填which。
6．looking 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，该句中第二个逗号后面的部分是主句，空处为非谓语动词作状语，look与主句的主语we之间构成逻辑上的主动关系，故此处用现在分词形式。
7．of 考查介词。of用于month, year等名词后以表示某状态或活动持续的时长。
8．to be 考查非谓语动词。seem to do sth.为固定用法。
9．Another 考查代词。根据上文中的3 stone areas 和One big area可知，这里用Another。Another two areas表示“另外两个地区”。
10．colorful 考查形容词。该空作表语，说明主语的性质、状态，故用形容词。colorful表示“色彩丰富的”。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2018·重庆调研)Will our parents check our homework? Not really. Since having already growing up, we can't act like little baby and rely on our parents all the time.
When I was in Grade Three, my parents asked us to check my homework by myself. I don't know what to do in that time, so I cried. After that, I got used to correct my own homework and became more independent.
Check homework by ourselves is very good habit. It can not only help us find mistakes in exams more easy but also let our parents worry less about our studies. Because parents will leave us some day, so we should learn to do everything by ourselves.
答案：第三句：growing→grown; baby→babies
第四句：us→me
第五句：don't→didn't; in→at
第六句：correct→correcting
第七句：Check→Checking; very前加a
第八句：easy→easily
第九句：去掉so
[第四组]
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2018·郑州质检)I lost my last debate in the recent National High School Academic Debate & Speech Tournament held in Shanghai.But instead of focusing on my __1__ (fail), I stopped to reflect on my experiences in the past few years __2__ a debater.
In general, preparing for new debate topics usually __3__ (include) brainstorming arguments, researching a resolution (解决), and doing debate practice.So if you spot a debating group, you might see us sitting together after school, or even all day at weekends, discussing arguments and researching evidence.You might also notice us arguing __4__ (fierce) anywhere we can.
Not only are they supportive, but my debate friends also have similar passions and interests to mine. As we discuss debate topics, my fellow debaters and I can talk about anything, from __5__ best way of rehabilitating (改造) criminals to the negative points of free immigration policies.However, our discussions are more than just a way __6__ (practice) our debating skills.In my mind, they help us to become calm and consider __7__ (win) and solving real problems as well.
To me, the debating community is a great place __8__ people help each other not only because they're interested in a higher cause, but because they care about how people from different __9__ (background) can lead better lives.I'm grateful to each of my debate friends and every single minute we got to spend together.Indeed, my high school life would be incomplete without them.So even though I __10__ (defeat) in my last debate, I'm still thankful for being part of my wonderful debate family.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者虽然在一次辩论赛中失败了，但停下来反思过去几年作为一名辩手的经历，作者依然觉得获益匪浅。
1．failure 考查名词。根据空前的形容词性物主代词my可知，此处应用名词，故填fail的名词形式failure。
2．as 考查介词。句意：但我并没有把注意力集中到自己的失败上，而是停下来反思过去几年自己作为一名辩手的经历。根据句意可知此处用介词as，表示“作为”。
3．includes 考查动词时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，此处叙述的是客观情况，应用一般现在时；又因为本句中主语为preparing for new debate topics，是动名词短语，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
4．fiercely 考查副词。句意：你也有可能注意到在任何我们能辩论的地方我们都在激烈地论证。空处修饰arguing，应用副词。
5．the 考查冠词。形容词最高级前要用定冠词the，故此处应填the。
6．to practice 考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，我们的讨论不仅仅是练习我们辩论技巧的一种方法。a way to do sth.“做某事的方法”，to do形式作定语。
7．winning 考查非谓语动词。在“我”看来，它们有助于我们变得镇静，也帮助我们考虑赢得辩论比赛和解决真正的问题。动词consider作“考虑”讲时，后面常跟动词?ing形式作宾语。
8．where 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，在从句中作地点状语，修饰先行词place，故用where。
9．backgrounds 考查名词复数。因为他们关心的是来自不同背景的人如何能过上更好的生活。background作“出身，个人背景”讲时为可数名词，空前有different修饰，故此处应用其复数形式。
10．was defeated 考查动词时态和语态。句意：因此，尽管在上次的辩论中我被击败了，但我仍然感谢自己是非常棒的辩论家族的一员。根据句意可知此处用被动语态，且此处描述的是过去的事情，故用一般过去时的被动语态。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2018·江西省南昌市模拟)It is known that some students cheat in exams. It has three reason. First of all, there are too many exams. Beside, the exams given are difficulty in some way. Secondly, some students have to cheat in exams because of they are too lazy. The last reason is to please our parents and teachers. For some students, low marks brought them great pressure and make them depressing. In my opinion, cheating in exams are wrong. We should take active attitude to our studies, and try to get a mark what is true as well as good.
答案：第二句：reason→reasons
第四句：Beside→Besides; difficulty→difficult
第五句：去掉of
第六句：our→their
第七句：brought→bring; depressing→depressed
第八句：are→is
第九句：take后加an; what→that/which
“语法填空＋短文改错”组合练(二)
(共4组，每组限时20分钟)
[第一组]
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2018·合肥质检)The Water Splashing (泼洒) Festival of the Dai ethnic minority (少数民族) falls on April 13th to April 15th. It is the most important festival __1__ (observe) by the Dai people of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province. It is the New Year for the Dai, a festival to send off the old and greet the new.
During the festival, __2__ lasts three days, people are dressed in their best clothes and participate in a variety of rich and colourful __3__ (activity). Dragon boat racing, fireworks displays and other performances such as Peacock Dance __4__ (hold) on the first day. And the most popular event __5__ (be) water?splashing on the second day. People splash water on each other, hoping to take away sicknesses and disasters. The wetter you get, the __6__ (lucky) you will be. The last day is usually for the young people to play games as a way __7__ (express) their love for each other.
The Water Splashing Festival __8__ (vivid) exhibits the Dai's respect for water and the culture of music, dance, food, and costumes. It is also a cultural bridge __9__ Xishuangbanna and Southeast Asian countries that share __10__ same festival culture of water?splashing.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了傣族泼水节的相关情况，包括时间、活动内容和意义等。
1．observed 考查非谓语动词。这是云南省西双版纳的傣族人所奉行的最重要的节日。根据该句中的“by the Dai people”可知，动词observe和名词festival之间是逻辑上的被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。
2．which 考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词为“the festival”，故用which引导该定语从句。
3．activities 考查名词复数。activity“(群体性的)活动”为可数名词，根据该句中的“a variety of”可知，此处表示“多种多样的活动”，故用其复数形式。
4．are held 考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。由上下文可知，此处用一般现在时；该句主语为“Dragon boat racing, fireworks displays and other performances such as Peacock Dance”，故谓语动词用复数形式；主语和动词hold之间为被动关系，故用被动语态，故填are held。
5．is 考查动词时态和主谓一致。该句主语为“the most popular event”，为单数，故谓语动词用单数形式；该句陈述的是客观事实，故用一般现在时。
6．luckier 考查形容词的比较级。根据句子结构和该句中的“The wetter”可知，该句为“the more ...the more ...”结构，表示“越……，就越……”。故填luckier。
7．to express 考查非谓语动词。最后一天的活动通常是年轻人玩游戏来表达他们对彼此的爱。根据语境可知，空处表示目的，故用动词不定式作目的状语。
8．vividly 考查副词。泼水节生动地展示了傣族人对水和音乐、舞蹈、食物以及服饰文化的尊重。根据空后的“exhibits”可知，空处修饰该动词，故用vivid的副词形式。
9．between 考查介词。泼水节也是西双版纳和东南亚国家之间的文化桥梁，他们共享相同的泼水节日文化。此处表示两者之间，between ...and ...为固定搭配，意为“在……和……之间”。
10．the 考查冠词。根据语境可知，此处表示特指，故填the。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2018·太原阶段性测评)Chinese is one of the world's most widely spoken languages. There are much different types of Chinese. For example, one type known as Mandarin, had almost a billion speakers. Outside of China, Chinese in some form is spoken Chinese communities worldwide. The different kinds of Chinese language use a same script. While someone from the north of China may need the speech of someone from the south interpreted, but it is not usually necessary to have written documents translating. In the early twenty century, a government language policy created Modern Standard Chinese, that is now the official language of China. It is one of the official language of the United Nations to develop more effectively communication.
答案：第二句：much→many
第三句：had→has
第四句：spoken后加by
第五句：a→the
第六句：去掉but; translating→translated
第七句：twenty→twentieth; that→which
第八句：language→languages; effectively→effective
[第二组]
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2018·陕西质检)Harvard is older than the United States. In the early 1630s some settlers suggested that a university __1__ (found) just to improve the quality of their descendants so that they could __2__ (well) build the new home. Thus, it was established in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Like many other __3__ (university) at that time, the Harvard at the early stage often ran into financial crisis. The school board often had to go to Europe to raise __4__ (donate), but as you can predict, they often came back __5__ their hands empty.
In 1638, John Harvard, pastor of Charlestown, passed away. He left his library and half his estate to the institution, __6__ were the biggest donation ever since its establishment. Therefore, the university was named after his name. Today, you can find a statue of John Harvard __7__ (stand) in front of the University Hall in Harvard Yard, and it is perhaps the University's best __8__ (know) landmark.
Like other world famous universities, Harvard too has many colleges and Harvard Business School is one of them. There is __9__ saying in education that Harvard is the crown of American education __10__ Harvard Business School is the shining diamond on it.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了哈佛大学创建的背景、名称的来历以及其地位。
1．(should) be founded 考查动词语态和虚拟语气。主语a university和动词found之间是被动关系，故用被动语态；suggest表示“建议”，后接宾语从句时，从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”，should可省略。
2．better 考查副词的比较级。17世纪30年代早期，一些殖民者建议建立一所大学以提高他们后代的素质，以便于他们能更好地建造新的家园。根据语境可知，空处表示“更好地”，故用副词比较级。
3．universities 考查名词复数。和当时的其他许多大学一样，早期的哈佛大学经常遭遇金融危机。university为可数名词，其前由many other修饰，表示“许多其他大学”，故用复数形式。
4．donation(s) 考查名词。学校董事会经常不得不去欧洲筹集捐款，但正如你所能预测的，他们经常空手而归。空处作及物动词raise的宾语，故用名词形式。
5．with 考查介词。with表示“具有，带有”。
6．which 考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词his library and half his estate，并在从句中作主语，故用which引导该定语从句。
7．standing 考查非谓语动词。今天，你可以在哈佛广场的大学礼堂前发现一尊站立着的John Harvard的雕像，这也许是这所大学最著名的地标。a statue of John Harvard和动词stand之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词作宾语补足语。
8．known 考查形容词。根据空处后的名词“landmark”可知，空处修饰该名词，表示“知名的，著名的”，故用形容词known。
9．a 考查冠词。该处泛指“一句格言”，且saying的发音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。
10．and 考查连词。在教育界有一句名言：哈佛是美国教育的王冠，哈佛商学院是它的闪亮之星。空前的“Harvard is the crown of American education”和空后的“Harvard Business School is the shining diamond on it”为并列关系，故用连词and。
Ⅱ.短文改错
Dear Mr. Thomas，
I learn from the Notice Board that you want a word editor for the English Weekly. Luckily I had a friend, David, who is good for English. I think he is the right person for a post.
David does well in write in English and once won first prize in the English writing contest holding in our school. What's much, David is a friendly boy and he's always ready to help other whenever he is needed. And, most important, he gets on well with all his classmates and willing to work for the good of the team.
Please offer to him a chance. I'm sure he will give you a surprise.
Yours，
Sam
答案：第二句：had→have; for→at
第三句：a→the
第四句：write→writing; holding→held
第五句：much→more; other→others
第六句：important→importantly; and后加is
第七句：去掉to
[第三组]
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2018·济南高考模拟)It's almost a common belief that the best food you can find in a place is not in the fancy restaurants, __1__ in the backstreets.These spots are usually away from popular tourist attractions, which means that to find them you'll need the spirit of an __2__ (explore)．
That's how I came across roujiamo when I was exploring Beijing.I found __3__ restaurant that sold dishes from Xi'an when I explored the area around __4__ (I) office one day.I decided to try it out.
My roujiamo __5__ (make) fresh, so the bread was still warm.It was soft when I bit into it, and the meat inside was delicious and tender.In fact, I enjoyed it so much that I ordered more to take home with me.Though it's just a snack, it's still quite filling and can __6__ (easy) satisfy your appetite.
There are a __7__ (various) of things you can put inside the “mo”， as the bread is called.For example, in certain areas in Xi'an, the meat __8__ (use) is usually beef, but in Gansu Province, mutton is more common.And the first roujiamo that I tried was made __9__ pork.However it's made, it's still a tasty snack.And for an American like me who grew up __10__ (eat) hamburgers, it's a perfect combination of East and West.
语篇解读：本文介绍了经常出现在街头巷尾的美食——肉夹馍。
1．but 考查连词。句意：普遍认为你能在一个地方找到的最好的食物不是在豪华餐厅里而是在街头巷尾。not ...but ...意为“不是……而是……”，故本空应填连词but。
2．explorer 考查名词。由空格前的不定冠词an可知，空格处应填名词形式。此处表示探索者，故填explorer。
3．a 考查冠词。句意：一天，我探访我办公室周围的区域时，我发现一个卖西安食物的餐馆。restaurant为可数名词，在文中第一次提及时应用不定冠词修饰，又因restaurant的读音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
4．my 考查代词。参见上题解析。修饰名词office应用形容词性物主代词my。
5．was made 考查动词时态和语态。本句中主语My roujiamo和动词make之间为被动关系，故应用被动语态；根据上下文可知此事发生在过去，故本空应使用一般过去时的被动语态，应填was made。
6．easily 考查副词。修饰动词satisfy应用副词，故填easily。
7．variety 考查固定用法。a variety of意为“各种各样的”。
8．used 考查非谓语动词。动词use与修饰的名词meat之间为逻辑上的被动关系，应用use的过去分词形式作定语，故填used。
9．with 考查介词。句意：我尝的第一个肉夹馍是猪肉做的。with表示“用”，故应用介词with。
10．eating 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，在who引导的定语从句中，关系代词who指代先行词an American，在从句中作主语，因为动词eat和主语之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故应用现在分词作伴随状语。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2018·合肥质检)It was in a hot summer holiday which I visited Qingdao, port city in Shandong Province. My favourite sport is swimming, so I decide to go swimming in the sea one afternoon with my friend, Wang Fei and Li Lei.
It was the first time that I had swum in the sea, with waves come one after another to the shore and making great noises. Facing the rough sea, I felt a bit worrying and nearly gave up at first. And when I saw many people enjoying myself in the water, my fear was reducing. At last I joined in the swimmers. Now I still remember how wonderful I was swimming in the sea.
答案：第一句：which→that; port前加a
第二句：decide→decided; friend→friends
第三句：come→coming
第四句：worrying→worried
第五句：And→But; myself→themselves
第六句：去掉in
第七句：wonderful→wonderfully
[第四组]
Ⅰ.语法填空
My hometown is a small municipality (自治镇) called Aschach in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.The town __1__ (locate) in the Danube Valley and has a population of 2,190.First __2__ (mention) in the year 777, Aschach has a historic center with beautiful houses and courtyards, including a castle.Tourists can enjoy architectural styles from the Gothic, Baroque and Renaissance.As Austria is pretty small, we can __3__ (easy) travel to many other European countries.For example, I can drive to Germany within one hour.To the Czech Republic it just takes me 30 minutes.
In general, Austrian people pay a lot of attention to the environment and try __4__ (live) in harmony with nature.Many of them grow __5__ own vegetables or buy __6__ (agriculture) products from nearby farmers.
I __7__ (live) in Beijing for a long time up to now.__8__ I miss most in the Danube are the starry sky, my family and friends.Aschach is a wonderful place and every time I go home, I feel relaxed and calm.It is one of the prettiest __9__ (village) in Austria and visitors from all around the world come to have a tour __10__ it every year.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了奥地利的Aschach自治镇。
1．is located 考查动词时态和语态。该城镇坐落于多瑙河谷，有2 190人。此处陈述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时；又因为locate作“位于，坐落于”讲时是及物动词，与The town之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。故填is located。
2．mentioned 考查非谓语动词。mention与其逻辑主语Aschach之间是逻辑上的被动关系，应用过去分词作状语。故填mentioned。
3．easily 考查副词。因为奥地利很小，所以我们能很容易地去许多其他的欧洲国家旅行。修饰动词travel应用副词，故填easily。
4．to live 考查非谓语动词。奥地利人很关注环境，他们努力与自然和谐相处。try to do sth.意为“努力做某事”。
5．their 考查代词。许多人自己种蔬菜。空处指代的是“Many of them”，再结合空后的“own”可知，应填their。
6．agricultural 考查形容词。此处指许多人从附近的农民那里购买农产品。空处修饰名词products，应用形容词。故填agricultural“农业的”。
7．have lived 考查动词时态。到目前为止，“我”已经在北京住了很长一段时间了。根据句中的“up to now”可知，此处应用现在完成时。故填have lived。
8．What 考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导主语从句，且在从句中作miss的宾语，表示“……的东西”，故填What。
9．villages 考查名词复数。Aschach是奥地利最美丽的村庄之一。此处考查的是“one of＋the＋形容词最高级＋名词复数”这一结构，故填villages。
10．of 考查介词。每年，来自世界各地的游客都会来这里旅游。tour“旅游，旅行”，表示在某地旅游时常与介词of搭配使用。
Ⅱ.短文改错
In my life I've met many people who're real worth remembering. But perhaps the most unforgettable person is my English teacher.
What frequently brings back memory of my school teacher is his specially qualities. He not only led us to have understanding of the beauty of the English language and literature, but also arouses our interest in exploring something deeper in this field. I remember that we students always expected his class of great eagerness. That was why his lectures were humorously delivered, never fail to cause laughter.
Although it is nearly two years since I attended his last class, but he is the talk of our old classmates. And I know part of me has already stayed in my heart.
答案：第一句：real→really
第三句：memory→memories; specially→special
第四句：understanding前加an; arouses→aroused
第五句：of→with
第六句：why→because; fail→failing
第七句：去掉but或but→yet
第八句：me→him
“语法填空＋短文改错”组合练(三)
(共4组，每组限时20分钟)
[第一组]
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2018·福州期末考试)A hutong is an ancient city street typical in Beijing.__1__ (surround) the Forbidden City, many were built during the Yuan, Ming and Qing __2__ (dynasty)．In order to establish the strongest power, emperors planned the city and arranged the residential areas.__3__ center of the city of Beijing was the royal palace — the Forbidden City.
At the end of the Qing dynasty, after __4__ (close) China came under the influence from abroad, many old hutongs lost __5__ (they) former neat arrangement.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, hutong conditions __6__ (improve)．But in recent years, the houses in many hutongs have been pulled __7__ and replaced by modern buildings.And the hutong today is fading into the shade for __8__ tourists and local people.
However, in the urban district of Beijing houses along hutongs still occupy one __9__ (three) of the total area, providing housing for half population, so many hutongs __10__ (survive)．In this respect, we see the old in the new in Beijing as an ancient yet modern city.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了北京胡同的发展历史、建造作用以及当前的状况等。
1．Surrounding 考查非谓语动词。胡同环绕着紫禁城，它们中的许多建造于元、明、清时期。分析该句结构可知，many前面的部分为状语；主语many代指“胡同”，和动词surround之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词。
2．dynasties 考查名词复数。根据该句中的“Yuan, Ming and Qing”可知，该处指三个朝代，且dynasty为可数名词，故用复数形式。
3．The 考查冠词。北京城的中心是皇宫——紫禁城。根据该句中的“of the city Beijing”可知，该处特指“北京城的中心”，故用定冠词The。
4．closed 考查形容词。根据句子结构和空后的名词“China”可知，空处修饰该名词，表示“闭关自守的”，故用形容词。
5．their 考查代词。根据空后的名词短语“former neat arrangement”可知，空处修饰该名词短语，故用形容词性物主代词。
6．were improved 考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。1949年中华人民共和国成立以后，胡同的状况得到了改善。该句主语为“hutong conditions”，和动词improve之间是被动关系，故用被动语态；因为主语“hutong conditions”为复数，故谓语应用复数；根据该句中的时间状语可知，该句介绍过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。
7．down 考查介词。但是近年来，许多胡同中的房子被拆毁，取而代之的是现代化的建筑。pull down为固定搭配，意为“拆毁”。
8．both 考查连词。both ...and ...为固定搭配，意为“两者都……”。
9．third 考查序数词。该处指“在北京市区的胡同中的房子占整个地区的三分之一”，分数的分母用序数词，故用third。
10．have survived 考查动词时态。根据该句中的“still occupy”可知，该空表示过去的动作对现在产生的影响，故用现在完成时。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2018·江西名校联盟质量检测)Volunteering has a positive effect in our community.It is greatly benefit to us in several ways.First of all, volunteering can let us to learn more about society and gain valuable experience.Secondly, volunteering provides us with a good opportunity to put what we had learned to good use.I hope more and more students will active join the volunteer club of our school.Let's care for the old and disabled people around us by offer a helping hand.Let's clean the parks near their home.Let's go to nursing homes to bring love to people which are in need.Remember, we can make difference to society if we are willing to help others.So let's take actions.
答案：第一句：in→on
第二句：benefit→beneficial
第三句：去掉to
第四句：had→have
第五句：active→actively
第六句：offer→offering
第七句：their→our
第八句：which→who/that
第九句：make后加a
第十句：actions→action
[第二组]
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2018·贵阳监测)Spring Festival is the most important of the traditional Chinese festivals. It __1__ (call) “Lunar New Year”， because — as part of the lunisolar (阴阳的) Chinese calendar — the date is partially determined based on lunar phase (月亮或行星的相位). The festival traditionally __2__ (begin) on the first day of the first month in the Chinese calendar and ends with Lantern Festival __3__ is on the 15th day. Chinese New Year's Eve, a day when Chinese families gather for their annual reunion dinner, is known as Chu Xi. It literally means “Year?pass Eve”．
According to __4__ (tale) and legends, the beginning of Chinese New Year started with the fight against __5__ mythical (神话的) beast called Nian (年兽). Nian would come on the first day of New Year to devour livestock (牲畜), crops, and even villagers, __6__ (especial) children. To protect __7__， the villagers would put food in front of their doors at the beginning of every year. It was believed that after the Nian __8__ (eat) the food they prepared, it wouldn't attack people any more. One time, people saw that the Nian was scared away by a little child wearing red. The villagers then understood that the Nian was afraid __9__ the colour red. Therefore, every time when the New Year was about to come, the villagers would hang red lanterns and red spring scrolls on windows and doors. People also used fireworks __10__ (frighten) away the Nian. From then on, Nian never came to the village again.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了中国新年的来历。
1．is called 考查动词时态和语态。春节被叫作“农历新年”，此处叙述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时；又因为主语It与动词call之间为被动关系，故填is called。
2．begins 考查动词时态。传统上来讲，春节开始于中国农历第一个月的第一天。此处是对客观事实的描述，故用一般现在时。
3．which/that 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句且在从句中作主语，修饰先行词Lantern Festival，故填which/that。
4．tales 考查名词复数。tale为可数名词，前无限定词，且根据空后的legends可知，此处应用tale的复数形式与legends构成并列关系。
5．a 考查冠词。空处表示泛指，且mythical的发音以辅音音素开头，所以用不定冠词a。
6．especially 考查副词。年兽会在新年的第一天出现并吞食牲畜、农作物，甚至村民，尤其是儿童。根据语境可知此处用副词作状语，表示“尤其”。
7．themselves 考查代词。为了保护自己，村民们每年年初都会把食物放在家门口。根据语境可知空处指代主语the villagers，故应用反身代词themselves。
8．ate 考查动词时态。人们相信，在吃了他们准备好的食物之后，年兽就不会再攻击人们了。根据语境及主句的时态可知，此处用一般过去时。
9．of 考查介词。村民们后来明白了，年兽害怕红色。be afraid of ...“害怕……”，为固定搭配。
10．to frighten 考查非谓语动词。人们也用鞭炮来吓跑年兽。此处应用动词不定式表示目的。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2018·昆明调研)When surf the Internet yesterday, I saw a blog posted by a mother. She was not sure about whether she could afford the cost of supplying school books to both of her kid this year. One of her boys is one year low than me in the school, so I write to ask for the book list of his school. Two books of mine matched the list, because I was able to give them away, what I used last school year. I mailed the two books to his son according to the given address. Then she wrote to say how deep she appreciated the gift. It's always nice to do I can to make a difference!
答案：第一句：surf→surfing
第二句：去掉about; kid→kids
第三句：low→lower; write→wrote
第四句：because→so; what→which
第五句：his→her
第六句：deep→deeply
第七句：do后加what/whatever/all
[第三组]
Ⅰ.语法填空
China's icebreaker Xue Long will set sail from Shanghai to the Antarctic.Its captain Zhu Bing said that the icebreaker would first travel to the to?be?built new station before __1__ (make) a short stop at Zhongshan station.One of its main tasks is to build another research station in the Antarctic.
Once __2__ (complete), the new station would be the country's third year?round station in the Antarctic and the first to be lying __3__ the border of the Pacific Ocean.__4__ other two stations, the Great Wall Station and the Zhongshan Station, __5__ (build) in the 1980s.“This time around, we will build a 206?square?meter temporary base, which includes rooms for workers and a platform for large engineering __6__ (machine), to improve future construction work，” said Zhang Tijun of the Polar Research Institute of China, __7__ is the assistant leader of the expedition.
Sun Bo, the deputy director of the institute, was __8__ (confidence) to say that the construction of the station, which will __9__ (definite) meet international criteria for environmental __10__ (protect), will be finished as early as 2022.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。中国破冰船“雪龙”号将从上海起航，前往南极洲修建第三个南极常年科考站，该科考站是中国在太平洋边界建的第一个南极科考站，将最早于2022年完工。
1．making 考查非谓语动词。介词后要用动名词作宾语，故用making。
2．completed 考查非谓语动词。the new station与complete之间为逻辑上的被动关系，应用过去分词作状语。故用completed。
3．on 考查介词。此处指科考站位于太平洋的边界处。on the border of ...“在……的边界”。
4．The 考查冠词。由后面提到的两个科考站可知，此处表特指，故用The。
5．were built 考查动词时态和语态。另外两个科考站，长城站和中山站，建于20世纪80年代。根据时间状语“in the 1980s”可知，此处描述发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时；又因为句子的主语two stations与build之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。故用were built。
6．machines 考查名词复数。machine“机器，设备”，是可数名词，且其前无限定词修饰，故应用其复数形式。
7．who 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，且空处在从句中作主语，先行词是Zhang Tijun，指人，故用who。
8．confident 考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作表语，故用形容词confident。
9．definitely 考查副词。空处修饰动词meet，应用副词。definitely“肯定，当然”。
10．protection 考查名词。根据空前的形容词environmental可知，此处应用名词。environmental protection意为“环境保护”。
Ⅱ.短文改错
“A true friend is a source of strength and hope” is a saying tells us that everyone needs friends, especially those who challenge us to be excellent and confidence.
I can well remember the time when I failed in several exam, that upset me so much that I couldn't focus on study any more.Fortunate, my friend Kris came to cheer her up.She said, “In no way should you give up.Keep doing or you will succeed.” Day by day, she stays with me, helping my study.Now I'm excited to find I have made a great progress.
Kris is really a true friend.As the old saying goes, a friend in need is a friend indeed.Let's be true friends to each other.
答案：第一句：tells→telling; confidence→confident
第二句：exam→exams; 第一个that→which
第三句：Fortunate→Fortunately; her→me
第五句：or→and
第六句：stays→stayed; helping后加with
第七句：去掉a
[第四组]
Ⅰ.语法填空
Zhangjiajie consists of the district __1__ Yongding and counties of Cili and Sangzhi. Also within it is located Wulingyuan Scenic Area which __2__ (name) a UNESCO World Heritage (遗产) Site in 1992. Senior experts from UNESCO were amazed at its unique natural scenery, near perfect biological system, and creative __3__ (combine) of nature and humanism.
The Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area __4__ (make) up of the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, the Tianzishan mountain ranges, Baofenghu and the Suoxi Valley is __5__ very popular filming and tourist destination. Also in the Zhangjiajie area, Huanglongdong and Longwangdong are caves known for many natural rock formations and __6__ (they) underground cataract (急流). Each year, Zhangjiajie hosts the International Country Music Week Festival, __7__ (feature) international acts such as American country music group Lucy Angel.
The city has built 12 state?level tourist areas, of __8__ one is 5A?class scenic spot and four sites are 4A?level. It attracts visitors from all over China and other Asian countries such as Korea, and is __9__ (increase) popular among other international tourists. Since Zhangjiajie __10__ (improve) its transportation and service for long, the city now can receive 36,200 tourists per day.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了张家界的一些景色秀美、风光独特的风景名胜区。
1．of 考查介词。张家界由永定区、慈利县和桑植县组成。of在此用于表示性质、组成或涵盖，意为“由……组成”。
2．was named 考查动词时态和语态。由定语从句的时间状语in 1992可知，定语从句应使用一般过去时；关系代词which指代先行词Wulingyuan Scenic Area，与name之间为被动关系，故应用被动语态。所以填was named。
3．combination 考查名词。由前面的形容词creative和后面的of可知，此处应用combine的名词形式。
4．made 考查非谓语动词。根据固定短语be made up of“由……组成”可知，此处要用过去分词作后置定语，修饰The Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area。
5．a 考查冠词。destination为可数名词，且在此表示泛指，故填a。
6．their 考查代词。由后面的“underground cataract (急流)”可知，此处应用形容词性物主代词修饰名词。
7．featuring 考查非谓语动词。feature与其逻辑主语之间为主动关系，故此处用现在分词短语作状语。
8．which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处指代先行词12 state?level tourist areas，且在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，故填which。
9．increasingly 考查副词。此处应用副词修饰形容词popular, increasingly表示“越来越多地，日益增加地”。
10．has been improving 考查动词时态。由于张家界长久以来不断地改善它的交通和服务，这个城市现在每天可以接待36 200名游客。根据时间状语for long可知，此处应用现在完成进行时表示过去开始的动作持续到现在并将继续下去。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2018·福州期末考试)Six?year?old Ismail Zulfic was born without arms and used to be scary of going into the water after a incident in a pool.So that changed when the little boy met Amel Kapo.He sets up a local swimming club after noticing how disabled kids struggled to swim in pools for lack of special equipments for them.
Kapo taught Zulfic swim.Zulfic was able to swim well after a little months of practice.He even won a gold medal in a local swimming competition for disabled people, finish well ahead of other swimmers.
This butterfly without wings shows up that desire, will and perseverance are things that real pay off.
答案：第一句：scary→scared; 第一个a→an
第二句：So→But
第三句：sets→set; equipments→equipment
第四句：swim前加to
第五句：little→few
第六句：finish→finishing
第七句：去掉up; real→really
“语法填空＋短文改错”组合练(四)
(共4组，每组限时20分钟)
[第一组]
Ⅰ.语法填空
Bike to Work Day was started by the League of American Bicyclists in 1956 with __1__ aim of promoting the bicycle as a serious choice of getting to and from work. It is __2__ (annual) held across North America on the third Friday of May. In today's world __3__ global warming is a serious issue, the bicycle is a perfect way of reducing our carbon footprint. Cycling to work is a healthy alternative __4__ driving or taking public transport. It can not only save you money but also enable you to be more __5__ (create) once you get to work, thus improving your performance.
Bicycles are the most common form of transport in the world and there are about two billion in use worldwide, __6__ (make) the bicycle the most popular invention ever. When we think of some countries, like the Netherlands, we imagine __7__ (hundred) of people cycling everywhere. Even in high?tech Japan, it is impossible not __8__ (see) businessmen, farmers, mothers or workers in the streets on their bikes. Bicycles __9__ (invent) in the 19th century and haven't changed much since. Today, we use bicycles for pleasure, fitness, Olympic competitions, mail __10__ (deliver) and lots more. Without the bicycle, much of the world might stop working!
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了Bike to Work Day的由来以及骑自行车的好处等。
1．the 考查冠词。此处特指创立Bike to Work Day的宗旨，故填the。with the aim of doing sth.“以做某事为目标，旨在做某事”。
2．annually 考查副词。修饰动词held应用副词。annually“一年一次地”。
3．where 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导定语从句，且在从句中作地点状语，先行词为today's world，故填where。
4．to 考查介词。alternative在此作名词，意为“可供选择的事物”，常与介词to搭配使用。
5．creative 考查形容词。根据空前的“to be more”可知，此处应用形容词。creative“有创造力的”。
6．making 考查非谓语动词。自行车是世界上最常见的交通工具，全世界在使用中的自行车约有二十亿辆，这使得自行车成为有史以来最受欢迎的发明。make与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，故应用现在分词作状语。
7．hundreds 考查名词复数。hundreds of表示“数以百计的，很多的”，是固定用法。
8．to see 考查非谓语动词。此处考查的是“it is＋adj.＋to do”句型，其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式。
9．were invented 考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。自行车是在19世纪被发明的。根据时间状语“in the 19th century”可知，此处描述的是发生在过去的动作，应用一般过去时；又因Bicycles为复数，且和invent之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。故填were invented。
10．delivery 考查名词。分析句子结构可知，mail与空处构成名词词组，在句中作介词for的宾语，故应填名词delivery“传送，递送”。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2018·太原二模) Do you believe love is the most important？In the early twenty century, homeless people were often brought up in orphanages, in that they received little love.At one time, Dr. Skeels took twelve children from an orphanage or had a young girl look them each day.He also studied another twelve children who are left in the orphanage all day long. He followed these children not until they grew up, and the results were shocked. The children staying all day in the orphanage were either dead or suffering from serious illnesses.However, the twelve children loved by the girl were all healthy and independently.The only difference between the life of these children — the love, made a great difference to us.
答案：第二句：twenty→twentieth; that→which
第三句：or→and; look后加after
第四句：are→were
第五句：去掉not; shocked→shocking
第七句：independently→independent
第八句：life→lives; us→them
[第二组]
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2018·石家庄质检)In many places like Britain and Italy, if you leave the house without your wallet, you'll be in a tough situation all day. But in China, you can enjoy your day just __1__ a smartphone.
The other day, I set out __2__ (see) how far a phone would get me in the country's capital. Admittedly, I was surprised to discover how __3__ (convenience) it was.
I used my phone to call a taxi to meet my Chinese friend, Gu Yu, __4__ would guide me to get around Beijing. We paid for breakfast by __5__ (scan) a QR code on the window of a restaurant selling jianbing, one of China's most popular street breakfasts. My purchase cost 6 yuan and __6__ (take) just a few seconds. At a nearby coffee shop, __7__ (it) owner scanned a QR code on my phone. As we sipped our coffee, Gu Yu paid her household water bill. She used the same simple process to pay other bills and even her rent. We also paid by phone for movie tickets, takeout food, shopping and for __8__ (deliver)．
I have known from Gu Yu that from tiny street stands to large chains, __9__ huge number of people accept mobile payment, __10__ (most) through popular apps Alipay and WeChat.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。作者讲述了自己在中国和朋友一起用手机进行移动支付的经历，包括打车、吃饭、交各种费用、买票、购物等，不需要带钱包，只要带一部手机，就可以很愉快地度过一天。
1．with 考查介词。此处指“用一部智能手机你可以愉快地度过一天”，所以填with，表示“用”。
2．to see 考查非谓语动词。set out to do“打算/计划做”为固定用法。
3．convenient 考查形容词。此处为how引导的宾语从句，空处在从句中作系动词was的表语，且前面有how修饰，故要用形容词。
4．who 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“my Chinese friend, Gu Yu”，指人，并且在从句中作主语，所以要用who。
5．scanning 考查非谓语动词。根据空前的介词by可知，空处作介词的宾语，因此要用动名词scanning。
6．took 考查动词时态。根据上文时间状语“The other day”可知，空处叙述的是发生在过去的动作，故应用一般过去时，与cost并列作谓语，所以填took。
7．its 考查代词。根据空前的地点状语“At a nearby coffee shop”可知，句子的主语是这家咖啡店的老板，因此要用形容词性物主代词its来作owner的定语。
8．delivery 考查名词。根据空前的介词for可知，空处作介词的宾语，for delivery“送货”，为常用搭配，所以填delivery。
9．a 考查冠词。a huge number of是固定短语，意思是“许多”，修饰可数名词复数。
10．mostly 考查副词。空处作状语，修饰介词短语through popular apps Alipay and WeChat，所以要用mostly，意思是“主要地，通常，多半”。
Ⅱ.短文改错
Spring is my favourite season of the year.The days are not so hot even though the sun shone brightly.The trees and grasses look greener.Whatever I look, I can see so many pretty flowers.It rains sometimes but not so much.We needn't wear so many clothes to keeping ourselves warm.I like to play in my garden earlier in the morning.I feel energetically because the air is clean and fresh on spring.On holidays, we would have the breakfast in the garden.It is pleasant to sit outside.They are so many things I like about spring.That is why is my favourite season.
答案：第二句：shone→shines
第三句：grasses→grass
第四句：Whatever→Wherever
第六句：keeping→keep
第七句：earlier→early
第八句：energetically→energetic; on→in
第九句：去掉第一个the
第十一句：They→There
第十二句：why后加it
[第三组]
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2018·昆明质检)In the closing ceremony of the Olympic Winter Games PyeongChang 2018, China put on “See You in Beijing in 2022”， directed __1__ Zhang Yimou. The show centered on the talents of a team of 24 roller?skating __2__ (perform) from Beijing Sport University. Two of __3__ (they) dressed as “Panda Captains” led the performance. The performance reviewed China's ancient times, __4__ (show) the country's rich cultural heritage (遗产) and singing about the present, as well as the future that lies ahead. In addition to __5__ (tradition) symbols including the Great Wall and lucky animals like the Chinese dragon and the Chinese phoenix, the performance also showed China's recent engineering and technological achievements, such as its wide high?speed rail network __6__ its space program. Towards the end of the performance, the Olympic rings __7__ (rise) on the stage, as well as images of a global village, children's smiling faces, olive (橄榄) branches and plum blossoms (梅花), __8__ stood for China's promise to promote global peace and build a better future for mankind. Finally, the skaters travelled a path on ice __9__ (draw) the “Winter Dream” sign of the Olympic Winter Games Beijing 2022. The performance __10__ (success) sent Chinese people's goodwill and invitations to the world for Beijing 2022.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了在2018年韩国平昌冬季奥运会闭幕式上，中国“2022，相约北京”的表演诠释了中国文化，传达了“北京欢迎你”的愿望。
1．by 考查介词。“2022，相约北京”的表演是由张艺谋导演的，此处表示被动，所以用介词by“被，由”。
2．performers 考查名词。空前的roller?skating作定语修饰空处；又根据空前的a team of 24可知，空处应填表示人的复数名词，故填performers。
3．them 考查代词。根据空前介词of可知，空处应用they的宾格形式，故填them。
4．showing 考查非谓语动词。根据语境可知，空处与下文的singing并列作状语，故填showing。
5．traditional 考查形容词。根据空后的名词symbols可知，空前应用形容词作定语，修饰symbols，故填traditional。
6．and 考查连词。根据语境可知，wide high?speed rail network和space program是并列关系，对前面的achievements 进行举例说明，故填and。
7．rose 考查动词时态。通读全篇可知，闭幕式发生在过去，所以空处应该用一般过去时，故填rose。
8．which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子，并在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which引导。
9．to draw/drawing 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构并结合句意可知，空处作状语或定语：作状语时表示目的，故填to draw；也可以理解为作a path的后置定语，故也可填drawing。
10．successfully 考查副词。根据空前的“The performance”和空后的“sent”可知，空处应用副词作状语，修饰sent，故填successfully。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2018·郑州质检)
Hi Sandra，
You'll never guess over I'm writing this email from a cave! We're on holiday in Spain now.We spent a few days in Barcelona first.It's a great place but we had a good time though I didn't feel well one day.Anyway, after we left Barcelona, we come to spend several days in Granada.And guess what? We couldn't find a hotel because there were quite a lot of tourist.Then someone said, “Why not trying the cave dwellings (住宅) here？” We thought he was joking, but here we were really in a cave dwelling and it's wonderfully.Tomorrow we're going to visit a palace in Granada.We're enjoying it very much that we don't want to leave this amazed place.We're never going to have enough time explore everything!
Yours，
Ben
答案：第一句：去掉over
第四句：but→and
第五句：come→came
第七句：tourist→tourists
第八句：trying→try
第九句：were→are; wonderfully→wonderful
第十一句：very→so; amazed→amazing
第十二句：time后加to
[第四组]
Ⅰ.语法填空
Lanzhou beef noodle is one of China's most representative flour?made foods while pasta (意大利面食) is one famous Western fancy food.An event, “When Lanzhou beef noodle meets pasta”， __1__ (connect) city food cultures, was held at the Beijing Ritz?Carlton Hotel to show the interaction.
Lanzhou beef noodle has a history of 102 years and is known for its __2__ (taste) beef soup and noodle.Lanzhou is also qualified as __3__ hometown of Chinese beef noodle.__4__ one major city along the ancient Silk Road, Lanzhou has witnessed the efforts of our ancestors and their achievements of developing the Silk Road, according to Zhang Hui, deputy director with the Publicity Department of the CPC Committee of Lanzhou.
Lanzhou's cooking culture __5__ (develop) its own time?honored characteristics over the years.The event will make Lanzhou beef noodle smelled not only across Lanzhou, __6__ across the world through the Belt and Road Initiative thanks to the __7__ (participate) of the two countries' noodle masters.It will also improve cultural exchange, Zhang added.Lanzhou people would like to work with friends at home and abroad __8__ (promote) the development of cooking and we __9__ (sincere) hope more cultural exchanges of this kind __10__ (hold) in Italy and Lanzhou in the future.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。在一场名为“兰州牛肉拉面遇上意大利面”的城际饮食文化对接会上，这两种饮食文化进行了对话交流。
1．connecting 考查非谓语动词。connect与其逻辑主语event之间是逻辑上的主动关系，应用现在分词作后置定语。故填connecting。
2．tasty 考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作定语，修饰名词beef，故应填形容词tasty“美味的，可口的”。
3．the 考查冠词。兰州也被认为中国牛肉面的故乡。此处表示特指，应用定冠词the。
4．As 考查介词。作为古代丝绸之路上的一座主要城市，兰州已经见证了我们祖先的努力及其在发展丝绸之路上所取得的成就。此处应用介词As表示“作为”。
5．has developed 考查动词时态。这些年来，兰州的饮食文化已经发展出了它自己历史悠久的风格。根据时间状语“over the years”可知，此处应用现在完成时，故填has developed。
6．but 考查连词。该活动将不仅使兰州拉面在兰州被熟知，也会通过“一带一路”倡议被全世界的人们熟知。此处考查的是not only ...but(also) ...结构，意为“不仅……而且……”。
7．participation 考查名词。此处表示这两国面条大师的参与。根据空前的“the”和空后的“of”可知，此处应填名词。participation“参与”。
8．to promote 考查非谓语动词。兰州人民愿意与来自国内外的朋友一起来促进饮食的发展。此处在句中作目的状语，应用不定式，故填to promote。
9．sincerely 考查副词。此处修饰动词应用副词。sincerely“真诚地”。
10．will be held 考查动词时态和语态。此处指希望将来会有更多这样的文化交流活动在意大利和兰州举办。根据时间状语“in the future”可知，此处应用一般将来时；又因为hold与其主语之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。故填will be held。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2018·石家庄模拟)March 5th is a day in honor of Lei Feng, who people are called on to help others. On the morning of that day this year, our class met the school gate and went to a Hope Primary School by the bus. Upon arriving there, they gave us a warmly welcome. We gave the students some books, food or clothes. And then, we played several game with them and told them stories. Before we leave, we took a photo with them. See their smiling faces, we both felt a sense of happiness. We went home and promised to go back whenever possible. How an unforgettable experience it was!
答案：第一句：who→when
第二句：met后加at; 去掉by后的the
第三句：warmly→warm
第四句：or→and
第五句：game→games
第六句：leave→left
第七句：See→Seeing; both→all
第九句：How→What
PAGE
1
“‘语法填空+短文改错’组合练”见
“‘语法填空+短文改错’组合练（一）~（四）”
(单击进入电子文档)
第二讲代词和介词
近几年，高考对代词的考查主要集中在代词的基本用法上，因此这类试题一般较为简单。语法填空 侧重对it用法的考查；而短文改错对代词的考查主要集中在不定代词、反身代词、形容词性物主代词和代词的格等的用法上。
考生在解题时要根据语境、句意判断人称和数，应仔细阅读上下文，根据代词具体指代的对象和在句中充当的成分，确定代词的格。未来高考对代词的考查将继续侧重代词的基本用法，并会加强语境的真实性和复杂性。
(一)考点练悟(用代词填空)
“Without the ball, I'm half complete of 1.________ (I)，” Luis Figo, one of the world's greatest football players once said.
The Portuguese played his first international match in 1991 at the age of 18 and has kept scoring ever since.
He reached a new mark on February 18 by playing 2.________ (he) hundredth match for his national team in a friendly match against England. A crowd of more than 30,000 fans watched and cheered for 3.________ (he) in Lisbon. “Figo, Figo，” 4.________ shouted excitedly when he walked onto the field.
The Real Madrid player, 31, wanted to help his country in Euro 2004 and to win 5.________ Spanish Cup with Real Madrid. Madrid bought Figo from FC Barcelona for 82.4 million dollars in 2000, and he showed everyone what a great player he was by winning FIFA's Footballer of the Year award in 2001.
“Figo works like an artist and has the skills to be the most complete player，” said FIFA President Joseph Blatter in 2001. “Figo 6.________ (he) is a real leader who always tries his best on the field and a good team player. 7.________ is no problem for him to work together with his teammate at Real Madrid, star footballer David Beckham.” In fact, Figo was the first 8.________ to welcome Beckham when he arrived. “We have a strong team, and we can help one 9.________ and work together to be successful，” Figo said.
答案：1.myself 2.his 3.him 4.all 5.another 6.himself 7.It 8.one 9.another
(二)快捷技法
?思考趋向
1．当提示词为代词时，需分析判断用其主格、宾格、物主代词、反身代词中的哪种形式。
2．如空后无提示词，且空格处在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语时，考虑填代词。
?解题规则
1．人称代词、物主代词和反身代词常考点
(1)人称代词中第三人称的主格(he, she, it, they)与宾格(him, her, it, them)常指代前文或后文出现的人或物。当提示词为人称代词的主格时需考虑是否变为宾格。(如题3)
(2)形容词性物主代词(my, your, his, her, its, our, their)在句中作定语，常表示物体的所属；而名词性物主代词(mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs)在句中可以作主语、宾语和表语，但不可以作定语。(如题2)
(3)反身代词(myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves)表示动作的承受者就是动作的执行者，可以在句中作宾语、表语和同位语。(如题1,6)
2．替代词和不定代词常考点
(1)替代词that, those, one, ones
①that可以指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词，其复数形式为those。
②one指代前面出现过的同类事物中的“一个”，其复数形式为ones。(如题8)
(2)不定代词的用法
①both, either, neither都强调两者，可作主语、宾语和定语。neither表示“两者都不”； either表示“两者中任何一个”； both表示“两者都”。
②all和none都强调三者或三者以上，all表示“全部都”，而none表示“全部都不”。(如题4)
③another表示“(三者或三者以上中的)另一个，再一个”； the other意为“(两者中的)另一个”；other意为“其余的，另外的”； others泛指其余的人或物。(如题5,9)
3．it的常考点
(1)it可指代事物或上文提到过的内容。
(2)it可作形式主语或形式宾语，用来指代不定式、动词?ing形式或从句，而把真正的主语或宾语后置。(如题7)
(3)表示“喜欢，恨”等情感的动词后面跟从句时，要先接it，再接从句，这类动词有like, love, hate, dislike, appreciate等。
(4)it常用于一些固定搭配中，如it is no wonder that “难怪……”；make it“成功；赶上”；when it comes to ...“当提到……”等。
(一)考点练悟
下文中共有6处错误，每句中最多有一处。请找出并改正。
How time flies! I had hardly had time to enjoy the warmth of your home when it's time to go back to school. This winter I spent ten days studying maths, chemistry and physics, none of which was easy for mine.
But I still had some fun during the Spring Festival. I attended uncle's wedding and my new aunt was very beautiful. To our disappointment, I didn't get much lucky money as I had expected. I also went to the cinema with several classmates. They played jokes on each other and had a big meal in a restaurant called “Red Lobster”. The food there was very delicious and we all really enjoyed myself.
答案：第二句：your→my
第三句：mine→me
第五句：attended后加my
第六句：our→my
第八句：They→We
第九句：myself→ourselves
(二)快捷技法
?思考趋向
1．考虑是否存在指代错误，即所用代词与其指代的对象是否相符。
2．考虑代词是否存在数和格的误用。
3．考虑人称代词与反身代词是否存在错用。
4．考虑物主代词是否误用。
5．考虑不定代词的错用。
?解题规则
1．代词的错用
代词数的错用 人称代词、物主代词以及反身代词等都有单复数之分，要根据上下文确定单复数。
物主代词的错用 形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，不能单独使用，常用来修饰名词；名词性物主代词相当于名词，常单独使用，不能修饰名词。
人称代词与反身代词的错用 反身代词是指代主语的，使动作的发出者把动作反射到本人身上。若所用代词与主语不一致，就要用人称代词而不用反身代词。
不定代词的错用 常见的有many与much, some(thing)与any(thing), other与another，表示两者的both, either, neither与表示三者或三者以上的all, none等。
代词的指代错误 若文中出现代词，它所代替的词一定存在于前文或后文的某处，要注意它们的前后一致性。
2．代词的缺失与多余
代词的缺失 主要是人称代词与物主代词的缺失，若缺少主语需考虑是否用人称代词，还要根据上下文考虑名词前是否缺少物主代词，另外还要注意it的缺失。
代词的多余 主要是定语从句中代词的多余和固定结构中代词的多余。在定语从句中，若引导词在从句中作宾语，此时就不能再用it, him或them等作宾语；在句式“sb./sth.＋be＋adj.＋to do”中，do后不能再用it或them。
高考对介词的考查主要集中在介词的基本用法及含介词的固定搭配的用法上。语法填空题对介词的考查形式为纯空格，即没有提示词，这对考生正确理解句意和掌握的知识提出了较高的要求。短文改错题对介词的考查主要涉及介词的多余、缺失或误用，其中固定搭配中介词的误用是考查的重点。因此，考生应在掌握介词基本用法的同时，注意总结和积累其与名词、形容词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意义和用法。
(一)考点练悟(用适当的介词填空)
In the chemistry lab, because 1.________ the student's carelessness, the tube cracked and the liquid in it caused a fire on the table. Fortunately, he put it out 2.________ time at last.
In fact, it is common to have some small accidents caused 3.________ carelessness. I used to enjoy cooking, so I always sought a chance to cook. However, the desire led 4.________ an accident.
Once I stayed 5.________ home alone. I found it a chance to cook. I put all the food I needed 6.________ a pot. Then I had to wait 7.________ it to boil. In order to kill the waiting time, I went to watch TV. Only in a few minutes was I fascinated by a wonderful programme. It was about half an hour later that I remembered my food. I turned off the cooker immediately but unfortunately the food ran over 8.________ the pot. I was blamed and had to clean the kitchen.
So we should pay attention 9.________ everything we are doing to avoid accidents.
答案：1.of 2.in 3.by 4.to 5.at 6.into 7.for 8．from 9.to
(二)快捷技法
?思考趋向
1．若空格后是名词、代词或动名词，且它们在句中不是作主语、表语或动词的宾语时，那么空格处一般是填介词。(如题1,2,3,6,8)
2．看空格前的动词或形容词，若空格处能与之构成固定搭配，且空格后的成分又作宾语，那么空格处一般填介词。(如题4,5,7,9)
?解题规则
1．几组常见介词的辨析
(1)表示时间的in, on, at
①in表示在某段较长的时间内(如世纪、年代、月份等)或泛指上午、下午、晚上等。
②on表示在具体的日子或具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上等。
③at表示某个时间点、时刻等。
(2)表示时间的in和after
①in表示“在……时间之内/之后”，所在的句子必须表示将来。
②after表示“在……时间之后”，通常“after＋时间段”与过去时连用。
(3)表示方位的through和across
①through表示“从……的内部穿过”。
②across表示“从……表面穿过”。
(4)表示交通方式的by和on/in
①by后可直接跟涉及和不涉及交通工具的名词，名词前不加冠词。
②on/in后跟交通工具时，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。
(5)表示“用……”的by, in, with
①by指“靠……手段，用……方法，凭借……”，后可接名词、代词或动名词。
②in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前。
③with多用于表示工具或身体器官的名词前。
(6)表示“除……之外”的besides和except
①besides表示“除……之外还……”。
②except表示“除……之外”。
2．其他常考的介词
with (1)(表示状态)具有，带有(2)(表示伴随)随着 (3)(表示原因)由于，因为 (4)(表示关系)和……一起 (5)构成with复合结构
against (1)(表示态度)反对(2)(表示对比)以……为背景(3)(表示方位)倚靠着……
of (1)表示“……的”(2)“of＋n.”相当于该名词对应的形容词
for “for＋时间段”表示“长达……”
despite 尽管，虽然
without 如果没有
beyond 超出，超越
3．介词在固定搭配中的考查
介词在固定搭配中的考查主要有以下几种形式：
(1)介词与名词的搭配
(2)介词与形容词的搭配
(3)介词与动词的搭配
(一)考点练悟
下文中共有6处错误，每句中最多有两处。请找出并改正。
Studying on the UK has been a good experience for me. When I first arrived, I found life very hard as I didn't know anybody here, but I soon got to know other Chinese students at the university. Later I became interested communicating to people from various cultures, and I made more friends.
During my study, I chose to live in my classmates in the dormitory. I think it's better than living in a British family because of I can meet people from different countries easily. The courses here are excellent. I enjoy the way the teachers give lessons. We are encouraged to think for ourselves, which is quite different with what I have experienced before.
答案：第一句：on→in
第三句：interested后加in; to→with
第四句：第一个in→with
第五句：去掉of
第八句：with→from
(二)快捷技法
?思考趋向
1．判断介词与其后的名词搭配是否得当。
2．判断介词与前面的动词或形容词的搭配是否得当或存在多余、遗漏的情况。
3．判断固定搭配中的介词是否被篡改。
?解题规则
1．介词的错用
介词基本用法的错用 有时我们会受汉语的影响错用介词，例如：“在……帮助下”，英语应用with the help of而不是under the help of。
固定搭配中介词的错用 介词可与名词、动词、形容词等构成固定搭配，其中的介词是固定的。有时搭配中介词不同，意义也不同。
2．介词的多余与缺失
介词的多余 及物动词后可以直接跟宾语，无需再加介词；last, next等后跟名词表时间时无需加介词。
介词的缺失 不及物动词后跟宾语时应加相应的介词。
注意固定搭配中介词的有无。
[课堂应用体验]
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2018·洛阳联考)I have never liked my English name.My parents didn't know that Cindy was short for Cynthia, or that Cindy Brady was the Cindy of the moment.They __1__ (choose) it because it sounds like my Chinese name, Shin?tzer.
My name isn't full of flowers like most Chinese girls' names.My grandfather wanted me to have __2__ (strong) of character, not mere physical beauty.“Cindy” seems colorless by comparison.It's just a couple of syllables that sound good together.
I grew up __3__ (speak) English and eating with a fork.Yet the customs about names are extremely __4__ (tradition), down to our use of an ancient naming poem.
Most Chinese names are __5__ of a kind, a coupling of two words out of thousands of possibilities expressing the family's hopes for the child.It was March when my brother and his wife __6__ (expect) their second boy.The emails began to fly as we conferred about the baby's Chinese name.My brother's wife is Korean, so the name had to sound good __7__ Korean, too.One thing was certain — his name would contain the word “shi”， or “world”， __8__ can also mean “generation”．We are on the __9__ (six) word of a couplet that my family has used to name its __10__ (son) for generations.
语篇解读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过叙述自己名字的由来及成长经历，介绍了中国人起名的特点及寓意。
1．chose 考查动词时态。父母为作者起名字发生在过去，所以此处用一般过去时。
2．strength 考查名词。作者的祖父想让作者意志力坚强。have在此处为实义动词，意为“有”，后跟名词作宾语。
3．speaking 考查非谓语动词。作者是讲英语和用叉子吃饭长大的。此处的主语I与动词speak之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故填speaking。“and eating”也是提示。
4．traditional 考查形容词。然而关于名字的风俗是非常传统的。此处应用形容词作表语。
5．ones 考查代词。根据下文中的“a coupling of two words out of thousands of possibilities expressing the family's hopes for the child”的提示可知，此处为泛指，且与下文中的“two words”相呼应，所以此处用代词one的复数形式表示泛指。
6．were expecting 考查动词时态。那是在三月份的时候，作者的哥哥和他的妻子一直期待着他们第二个儿子的出生。此处叙述的是发生在过去的事情，应用过去时态，且表示过去某一阶段持续的动作，故用过去进行时。
7．in 考查介词。表示用某种语言用介词in。
8．which 考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语，修饰先行词“the word ‘shi’， or ‘world’”，故应填which。
9．sixth 考查序数词。此处表示第六个字。故应用序数词，表示“第六个”。
10．sons 考查名词复数。此处指给祖祖辈辈的子孙起名。根据语境可知，此处应用复数。
Ⅱ.短文改错
Last weekend my friends and I did something fair cool — we made the film on my mobile phone. We all had different thing to do.My friends were the actors, but I was the director. My mum provided us some old clothes and my friends all put it on. They looked very funny. My brother plays the guitar in the film. We watched the whole thing on my computer after get back to my house. It was amazed. Now I have made up my mind to become a film director in the future. I'll do what I can to make it to come true.
答案：第一句：fair→fairly; the→a
第二句：thing→things
第三句：but→and
第四句：us后加with; it→them
第六句：plays→played
第七句：get→getting
第八句：amazed→amazing
第十句：去掉第二个to
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若文中出现代词，它所代替的词一定存在于前文或后文的某处，要注意它们的前后一致性。
代词的指代错误
常见的有many与much, some(thing)与any(thing), other与another，表示两者的both, either, neither与表示三者或三者以上的all, none等。
不定代词的错用
反身代词是指代主语的，使动作的发出者把动作反射到本人身上。若所用代词与主语不一致，就要用人称代词而不用反身代词。
人称代词与反身代词的错用
形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，不能单独使用，常用来修饰名词；名词性物主代词相当于名词，常单独使用，不能修饰名词。
物主代词的错用
人称代词、物主代词以及反身代词等都有单复数之分，要根据上下文确定单复数。
主要是定语从句中代词的多余和固定结构中代词的多余。在定语从句中，若引导词在从句中作宾语，此时就不能再用it, him或them等作宾语；在句式“sb./sth.＋be＋adj.＋to do”中，do后不能再用it或them。
代词的多余
主要是人称代词与物主代词的缺失，若缺少主语需考虑是否用人称代词，还要根据上下文考虑名词前是否缺少物主代词，另外还要注意it的缺失。
with
超出，超越
beyond
如果没有
without
尽管，虽然
despite
“for＋时间段”表示“长达……”
for
(1)表示“……的”
(2)“of＋n.”相当于该名词对应的形容词
of
(1)(表示态度)反对
(2)(表示对比)以……为背景
(3)(表示方位)倚靠着……
against
(1)(表示状态)具有，带有
(2)(表示伴随)随着
(3)(表示原因)由于，因为
(4)(表示关系)和……一起
(5)构成with复合结构
介词基本用法的错用
介词的多余
介词可与名词、动词、形容词等构成固定搭配，其中的介词是固定的。有时搭配中介词不同，意义也不同。
固定搭配中介词的错用
有时我们会受汉语的影响错用介词，例如：“在……帮助下”，英语应用with the help of而不是under the help of。
注意固定搭配中介词的有无。
不及物动词后跟宾语时应加相应的介词。
介词的缺失
及物动词后可以直接跟宾语，无需再加介词；last, next等后跟名词表时间时无需加介词。
第三讲形容词和副词
形容词和副词是历年高考的必考点，是考生做好英语语法填空题和短文改错题必须要掌握的知识点。形容词主要用来修饰名词和代词，表示事物或人的性质和特征。副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。语法填空题对形容词和副词的考查主要是形容词作定语或表语、形容词和副词的比较级或最高级、形容词和副词的词性转化等。短文改错题对形容词和副词的考查主要是形容词和副词之间的错用，以及形容词之间、副词之间的错用等。
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级、比较级和最高级。语法填空主要考查原级变为比较级或最高 级；短文改错主要考查原级、比较级和最高级之间的误用。两者进行比较时，用比较级，此时的标志词为than，但需特别注意没有than时的比较级；三者或三者以上进行比较时，用最高级，此 时往往用in或者of表示比较范围，但需注意省略比较范围的最高级。
(一)考点练悟(用所给词的适当形式填空)
London is one of the 1.________ (large) cities in the world. Its population is 2.________ (small) than Tokyo or Shanghai, but it is one of the 3.________ (popular) tourist destinations of all. London is probably most famous for its museums, galleries, palaces and other sights, but it also includes a 4.________ (wide) range of peoples, cultures and religions than many other places. People used to say that it was the dirtiest city too, but it is now much 5.________ (clean) than it was. To the surprise of many people, it now has some of the 6.________ (good) restaurants in Europe too. For some people, this makes London the 7.________ (exciting) city in Europe. Unfortunately, London is definitely not the 8.________ (expensive) city in Europe, though a holiday in London is good value for money, considering what there is to see and do there.
答案：1.largest 2.smaller 3.most popular 4.wider 5.cleaner 6.best 7.most exciting 8.least expensive
(二)快捷技法
思考趋向 解题规则
1.填形容词或副词的比较级 提示词是形容词或副词，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，特别是空格后有比较级标志词than时，应考虑填形容词或副词的比较级。 使用比较级的常见情况：(1)根据比较等级的句式判断，如果后面有than就用比较级。(如题2,4,5) (2)有时候比较级结构中并不出现than，而是根据语境判断用比较级。 (3)当空格前有表示程度的词，如a bit, a little, much, far, a great/good deal, a lot等或有still, even等词修饰时，需填比较级。 (4)表示“越……，就越……”用“the＋比较级 ..., the＋比较级 ...”结构。 (5)“否定词＋比较级”可以表达最高级含义。
2.填形容词或副词的最高级 提示词为形容词或副词时，分析句子成分后若发现词性不需要改变，并且句中有比较范围，句意有最高级含义时，要填其最高级形式。 使用最高级的常见情况：(1)表达在某个范围内“最……”时，使用“the＋形容词/副词的最高级＋比较范围”结构。表示范围的标志词有in, of, among等。(如题6,7,8) (2)当空格前有the second/third ..., one of ...等词时，需填最高级。(如题1,3) (3)形容词最高级前的修饰语通常有序数词以及by far, almost, nearly等。如： I am by far the most active member in our group. 我是我们组最活跃的成员。
(一)考点练悟
下文中共有8处错误，每句中最多有两处。请找出并改正。
Dear Lily，
Well, we've moved at last! When we got here, the flat seemed large than we remembered, because it was empty, but now it's got our furniture in it, so it doesn't feel as large as before. We've got to do some decorating, and that will be expensive than we expected because the walls are in a bad condition than we thought. But we'll manage somehow, and soon we'll have the more attractive house in the town. And if your Uncle Bob has his way, we'll have the lovely garden as well. We'll also be the poorer and the most exhausted householders in the country, but never mind. We still think moving here is the best thing we've done for years. We can't imagine now why we didn't do it when we were more younger. Come and see us soon. Catch a train if you can, because it's almost as cheaper as the bus, and the railway station is nearer to our end of town.
Love from us both，
Auntie Rosie
答案：第二句：第一个large→larger
第三句：expensive前加more; bad→worse
第四句：more→most
第五句：lovely→loveliest
第六句：poorer→poorest
第八句：去掉more
第十句：cheaper→cheap
(二)快捷技法
思考趋向 解题规则
1.原级、比较级和最高级之间的错用 1.根据标志词“than, in, of, among”等，并结合具体语境检查是否存在比较等级的错用。2.熟记使用比较等级的常见情况。 3.熟记使用最高级的情况。
2.检查是否存在比较级修饰比较级的情况 若形容词和副词后面加了?er，前面就不能再用more。
形容词和副词之间的转化是高考的一大重点，在每年高考中都占有相当大的比重。语法填空和短文改错的此类考点均是根据形容词或副词的功能做出相互转化。因此考生应注意总结变化规律，尤其是其中的特殊变化形式。
(一)考点练悟(用所给词的适当形式填空)
Some people think that they will get ill if they use their brains too much. It is not 1.________ (truly). Through many studies, scientists show us that the more you use your brain the better it will be and the cleverer you will become.
Of course, if you want to keep your mind 2.________ (clearly) and active, you must take a proper rest and study 3.________ (proper). To the teenagers, using their brains in the morning is 4.________ (well) for their health.
There are many ways to rest. One is a 5.________ (peace) rest. Sleep is a peaceful rest. Another is an 6.________ (act) rest. For example, take a walk 7.________ (outdoor) and do more exercise every day. To change the way of brains' activities is also a good way to rest.
In everyday life, to eat some eggs, meat, fresh vegetables and fruit is also good for the brains. Wish you a wise man and a 8.________ (happily) life.
答案：1.true 2.clear 3.properly 4.good 5.peaceful 6.active 7.outdoors 8.happy
(二)快捷技法
思考趋向 若提示词是形容词或副词，考虑形容词和副词之间的转化。
解题规则 分析句子成分，看空格处所要填的词是作定语还是状语，如果作定语修饰名词，就用形容词；如果作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子，则用副词。
(三)重点强化
形容词变副词的规则
1．一般情况加?ly
common→commonly immediate→immediately
2．以“辅音字母＋y”结尾，将y改为i然后加?ly
steady→steadily busy→busily
3．以?le结尾，去掉e加?y
simple→simply gentle→gently
4．以?ic结尾，加?ally
economic→economically scientific→scientifically
(一)考点练悟
下文中共有5处错误，每句中最多有两处。请找出并改正。
Dear David，
It has been half a year since you left China. How's everything going?
Recent, an activity themed “Foreigners Tell Chinese Stories” will be held in our school. Any foreign student who is enthusiastic about China can take part in it. I think you are suitably for the activity, for you used to live in China and learned so many about the country. You can write about your understanding of Chinese culture as good as your personally experiences in China. You are expected to write an article about 500 words in English. I'd appreciate it if you could mail your article to chinesestory2019@126.com before May 21st, 2019.
I'm looking forward to your participation.
Yours,
Li Hua
答案：第三句：Recent→Recently
第五句：suitably→suitable; many→much
第六句：good→well; personally→personal
(二)快捷技法
思考趋向 解题规则
1.形容词之间、副词之间的错用 (1)“意近”引起的错用：例如many和much都表示“很多”，但many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词。(2)“形近”引起的错用：例如hard与hardly，前者表示“努力地”，后者表示“几乎不”。 (3)意思重复：例如so和very表达同一含义，故不能同时使用。 (4)像deep, high, slow等本身也是副词，加上?ly后还是副词，此时前者表示具体，后者表示抽象。
2.形容词与副词之间的错用 一般来说，作定语和表语时用形容词；作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或修饰整个句子时用副词。
[课堂应用体验]
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2018·昆明调研)The Silk Road was a passage for the transportation of silk in ancient times. Lots of relics on the road can still __1__ (see) now. From the relics, tourists can see the outline of the ancient metropolitan (大都会的) areas along __2__ fantastic road. In the tour packages, tourists can imagine __3__ (they) to be ancient merchants by riding camels in deserts.
The Silk Road is a long route, __4__ Xi'an in the east to Gansu and Xinjiang in the west. If it is your first trip to China, we __5__ (sincere) suggest you should spend at least ten days visiting Beijing, Xi'an, Dunhuang, Urumqi and Kashi. You could get to know about the history of China and experience __6__ (color) scenery along the Silk Road.
If you are an __7__ (experience) traveler wanting to explore China fully, it is recommended __8__ you should travel to Dunhuang, Zhangye, Jiayuguan, Turpan, Kashi and Urumqi to follow the footprint of Marco Polo. This route may take about 15 days. If you have only a one?week holiday, the __9__ (choose) of three most famous cities will be fit for you.
Along the Silk Road route, Xi'an and Gansu are suitable to visit all year round. The best time __10__ (visit) Xinjiang is from May to October because the weather is mild.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。作者介绍了中国的“丝绸之路”，并为如何游览“丝绸之路”提出了一些建议。
1．be seen 考查动词语态。句子的主语是Lots of relics，与谓语动词see之间是被动关系，所以要用被动语态；空格前面有情态动词can，所以填be seen。
2．the 考查冠词。上文已经提到了丝绸之路，此处再次提到，表示特指，要用定冠词，所以填the。
3．themselves 考查反身代词。本句表达的意思是“通过在沙漠中骑骆驼，游客们可以把他们自己想象成古代的商人”，they指代主语tourists，所以要用反身代词。
4．from 考查介词。此处表达的是“从东部的西安到西部的甘肃和新疆”，表达“从……到……”要用介词短语from ... to ...。
5．sincerely 考查副词。修饰动词suggest要用副词，所以填sincerely。
6．colorful 考查形容词。修饰名词scenery，要用形容词来作定语，所以填colorful。
7．experienced 考查形容词。根据空后的名词traveler可知，空处应用形容词作定语，表示“有经验的”，故填experienced。
8．that 考查主语从句。本句为“It is recommended＋that从句”结构，it作形式主语，that从句作真正的主语，故填that。
9．choice 考查名词。根据空前的定冠词the和空后的of可知，空处应填名词，所以空处要用choice。
10．to visit 考查非谓语动词。the best time to do sth.的意思是“做某事的最好的时间”，其中的动词不定式作后置定语，修饰前面的the best time，所以填to visit。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2018·武汉市武昌区调研)
Dear Li Hua，
I'm pretty delighting to have received the letter you sent me two weeks ago. I've been thinking about a question you asked me. In your opinion, you should come back before you finish your study abroad. For one reason, what you are studying is bad needed nowadays in China. It will be quite easier for you to find a good job. As a matter of fact, a great many of big companies in our city are hoping to employ people like you. For other reason, it will be much more convenient for you to look after your parent when they are getting old. Therefore, I think it's a good idea for you to return. So what are you waiting?
Best wishes!
John
答案：第一句：delighting→delighted
第二句：a→the
第三句：第一个your→my; before→after
第四句：bad→badly
第五句：easier→easy
第六句：去掉第二个of
第七句：other→another; parent→parents
第九句：waiting后加for
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解题规则
思考趋向
1.填形容词或副词的比较级
提示词是形容词或副词，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，特别是空格后有比较级标志词than时，应考虑填形容词或副词的比较级。
使用比较级的常见情况：
(1)根据比较等级的句式判断，如果后面有than就用比较级。(如题2,4,5)
(2)有时候比较级结构中并不出现than，而是根据语境判断用比较级。
(3)当空格前有表示程度的词，如a bit, a little, much, far, a great/good deal, a lot等或有still, even等词修饰时，需填比较级。
(4)表示“越……，就越……”用“the＋比较级 ..., the＋比较级 ...”结构。
(5)“否定词＋比较级”可以表达最高级含义。
解题规则
思考趋向
2.填形容词或副词的最高级
提示词为形容词或副词时，分析句子成分后若发现词性不需要改变，并且句中有比较范围，句意有最高级含义时，要填其最高级形式。
使用最高级的常见情况：
(1)表达在某个范围内“最……”时，使用“the＋形容词/副词的最高级＋比较范围”结构。表示范围的标志词有in, of, among等。(如题6,7,8)
(2)当空格前有the second/third ..., one of ...等词时，需填最高级。(如题1,3)
(3)形容词最高级前的修饰语通常有序数词以及by far, almost, nearly等。如：
I am by far the most active member in our group.
我是我们组最活跃的成员。
解题规则
思考趋向
若形容词和副词后面加了?er，前面就不能再用more。
2.检查是否存在比较级修饰比较级的情况
1.根据标志词“than, in, of, among”等，并结合具体语境检查是否存在比较等级的错用。
2.熟记使用比较等级的常见情况。
3.熟记使用最高级的情况。
1.原级、比较级和最高级之间的错用
解题规则
思考趋向
分析句子成分，看空格处所要填的词是作定语还是状语，如果作定语修饰名词，就用形容词；如果作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子，则用副词。
若提示词是形容词或副词，考虑形容词和副词之间的转化。
解题规则
思考趋向
一般来说，作定语和表语时用形容词；作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或修饰整个句子时用副词。
2.形容词与副词之间的错用
(1)“意近”引起的错用：例如many和much都表示“很多”，但many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词。
(2)“形近”引起的错用：例如hard与hardly，前者表示“努力地”，后者表示“几乎不”。
(3)意思重复：例如so和very表达同一含义，故不能同时使用。
(4)像deep, high, slow等本身也是副词，加上?ly后还是副词，此时前者表示具体，后者表示抽象。
1.形容词之间、副词之间的错用
第四讲动词
动词是历年高考的必考点，对动词有关知识的掌握是考生在语法填空和短文改错两种题型中得高分的关键。动词的形式变化比较多，有谓语形式的变化(如时态、语态和虚拟语气)、非谓语形式的变化(如不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词)及主谓一致。语法填空和短文改错两种题型对动词的考查基本围绕动词的上述形式变化而设题。
谓语动词的形式变化主要有时态、语态、语气和主谓一致。语法填空主要考查形式为给出提示词——动词，主要考查时态、语态和主谓一致(语法一致、意义一致和就近一致)；短文改错主要考查这三种形式的误用。虚拟语气虽然在语法填空与短文改错中鲜有考查，但在写作中属于高级句式，它的合理运用能给作文增色添彩，因此在二轮备考中，考生也应加强对这一部分知识的学习。
(一)考点练悟(用所给词的适当形式填空)
My best friend Kaiya is like me. She 1.________ (remind) me of myself. In the past, I 2.________ (be) never confident because of my appearance. People always laughed at my weight, my height, my hairstyle, etc. At that time, I was the shortest student in my class. I started getting depressed. However, someone told me something that I will always remember.
It was in March. Surrounded by a group of girls who 3.________ (point) at me and laughed at me, I couldn't help crying. The tears rolled down my face like a rushing river. To my surprise, someone lifted my head up and wiped the tears from my eyes.
I then knew it was our English teacher, Miss Li. She said, “You 4.________ (be) perfect the way you are. You should never change or hate yourself. People 5.________ (accept) you for who you 6.________ (be). But if you cannot accept yourself, then how will other people accept you？” I 7.________ (inspire) by her words. Over the past few months, I 8.________ (learn) that no one is perfect and that we all have flaws. Now I have wonderful friends who 9.________ (love) me for who I am.
Now, seeing Kaiya cry, I decide to tell her the same thing Miss Li 10.________ (tell) me.
答案：1.reminds 2.was 3.pointed 4.are 5.will accept 6.are 7.was inspired 8.have learned 9.love 10.told
(二)快捷技法
?思考趋向1 填谓语动词的时态和语态变化
提示词是动词，且空格位于主语之后，分析句子成分后发现句中找不到谓语，则所给动词应该作谓语，此时要结合语境考虑动词的时态和语态变化。
[解题规则]
1．如何确定谓语动词的时态
方法(1) 通过“时态定义”解决时态问题
准确理解常考时态的定义是做题的根本。
方法(2) 通过“标志性时间状语”解决时态问题
在题干中，yesterday, tomorrow, always, in the past few years, so far等都是判断动词时态常用的标志性时间状语，做题时可以通过寻找“标志性时间状语”来判定时态。
方法(3) 通过“动作先后关系”解决时态问题
当句中有两个或两个以上的动词时，它们的发生时间有一定的先后关系。我们可以根据这种先后关系来判定时态。
方法(4) 通过“语境暗示”解决时态问题
有些题目在时间状语和其他参照物都不明显的情况下，通过正确理解语境即通过题干中的语境暗示，也是解决时态问题的一条行之有效的方法。
方法(5) 通过“常用句式”解决时态问题
掌握常用句式也是解决时态问题的快速且行之有效的方式，因此平时要积累并熟记一些常用句式。
2．如何确定谓语动词的语态
确定谓语动词的语态，需要在弄懂句子基本意思的前提下才能完成。分析语境，弄明白所给动词与其对应的主语之间的逻辑关系是确定谓语动词语态的关键。如果所给动词的主语是这个动作的执行者，该动词就用主动语态；如所给动词的主语是这个动词的承受者，该动词就用被动语态。
注意：平时多积累、掌握一些动词(短语)的特殊用法，例如belong to不用于进行时和被动语态；date back to/date from常用于一般现在时等。
?思考趋向2 填谓语动词的主谓一致变化
除了要考虑谓语动词的时态和语态的变化外，还要考虑主谓一致的变化。
[解题规则]
1．可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数；可数名词复数作主语时谓语动词用复数。
2．在定语从句中，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
3．非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。但what引导的主语从句表示复数概念时，谓语动词用复数。
4．就近原则：由either ...or ..., neither ...nor ..., not only ...but (also) ...等连接并列主语时，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
5．就远原则：主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, but, except, along with, rather than等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
6．“every/each ＋可数名词单数＋and＋(every/each＋)可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
7．more than one或“many a＋可数名词单数”结构作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
?思考趋向3 填谓语动词的虚拟语气变化
确定空格处作谓语动词后，除了考虑时态、语态和主谓一致外，还要结合语境考虑动词的虚拟语气变化。
[解题规则]
1．虚拟语气在非真实条件从句中的用法
情况 从句谓语动词 主句谓语动词
与现在事实相反 动词的过去式(be的过去式用were) should/would/could/might＋动词原形
与过去事实相反 had done should/would/could/might＋have done
与将来事实相反 动词的过去式、should＋动词原形、were to＋动词原形 should/would/could/might＋动词原形
2.虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用
(1)在suggest, order, demand, command, request, require, insist, desire, urge, recommend等动词后的宾语从句中，要用“(should＋)动词原形”来表示愿望、建议、命令、要求等；由上述动词派生或转化的名词的同位语从句或表语从句中也要用相应的虚拟形式。
(2)在“It is/was＋某些形容词/过去分词＋that从句”句型中，that从句常用虚拟语气，即谓语动词为“should＋动词原形”。这些形容词有important, vital, significant, necessary, natural, strange, astonishing, surprising等。过去分词有desired, suggested, required, requested, recommended, ordered等。
(3)在“It is (about/high) time＋that从句”中，谓语动词常用过去式或“should＋动词原形”表示虚拟语气。这个句型中的should不可省略。
(4)在as if/as though引导的从句及wish引导的宾语从句中，与现在事实相反，从句谓语动词用过去式；与过去事实相反，从句谓语动词用“had＋过去分词”；与将来事实相反，从句谓语动词用“would/could＋动词原形”。
(5)在would rather后面的宾语从句中，表示与现在或将来事实相反，从句用一般过去时；表示与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。
(一)考点练悟
下文中共有8处错误，每句中最多有两处。请找出并改正。
It was getting dark when I get home. It was cold and I was worn a coat. I walked up to the door and put my hand into my pocket to take out my key but I can not find it. I suddenly remembered that I left it on my desk in the office. It really didn't make any difference. I knew my wife is at home and the children must have come back from school by now, so I knock at the door.
There was no answer, so I knocked again. I continued knocking at the door for some time. I was getting angry. Then I remembered something the office boy told me at noon. He said that my wife had phoned saying that she will go shopping in the afternoon with the children.
There was only one thing for me to do: I had to climb in through a window.
答案：第一句：get→got
第二句：worn→wearing
第三句：can→could
第四句：left前加had
第六句：is→was; knock→knocked
第十句：told前加had
第十一句：will→would
(二)快捷技法
?思考趋向1 检查几种容易错用的时态是否存在错用情况
在分析句子成分确定了谓语动词后，如果存在下面的几种时态，要仔细分析比对其用法区别，看是否有时态错用。
[解题规则]
1．一般现在时与一般过去时的误用
若上下文叙述的是同一件事情，则时态应具有一致性。
2．现在完成时与过去完成时的误用
(1)看到so far, up to now, until now, since then, recently, lately, in the last/past few months/years, for＋一段时间等常用现在完成时。
(2)在It/This/That be the first/second ...time that从句中，如果be为is，从句常用现在完成时；如果be为was，从句常用过去完成时。
(3)在hardly/scarcely ...when .../no sooner ...than ...句型中，主句常用过去完成时。
3．一般过去时与现在完成时的误用
一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作、存在的状态或过去一段时间内经常发生的动作，不强调对现在产生的影响，常与确定的过去时间状语连用；而现在完成时表示发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在(也许还将持续下去)的动作或状态，不和确定的过去时间状语连用。
I taught here two years ago. 两年前我在这儿教书。
I have taught here for fifteen years.
我在这儿教书15年了。
?思考趋向2 检查是否存在谓语动词语态的误用情况
如果考查的是谓语动词，需要检查的是需要使用主动语态还是被动语态。
[解题规则]
1．做题时要先判断谓语动词和主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系，从而确定语态的使用是否正确。
2．系动词和不及物动词(短语)没有被动语态，要避免把系动词和不及物动词(短语)当作及物动词(短语)而使用被动语态。
3．常用主动形式表示被动意义的动词不能再使用被动语态。
4．被动语态构成错误。其构成形式应为：be＋过去分词。
?思考趋向3 检查谓语动词是否和主语在数上一致
通过分析句子成分找到谓语动词后，除了考虑时态、语态外，还要找一下谓语动词所对应的逻辑主语，核查主谓是否一致。
?思考趋向4 检查是否存在谓语动词虚拟语气的误用情况
如果考查的是谓语动词，还需要检查是否存在虚拟语气形式的误用。
非谓语动词是高中英语语法中的重要部分，是语法填空和短文改错的必考项目。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词(现在分词、过去分词)、动名词，在句子中可以作除谓语以外的其他成分。非谓语动词常考点主要为：动词不定式的功能，现在分词和过去分词的用法区别及非谓语动词的时态、语态、省略等。该项内容考查考生在具体语言环境中理解句子结构、分析句子成分的能力。
(一)考点练悟(用所给词的适当形式填空)
A study 1.________ (publish) in September suggests there is a 2.________ (surprise) way to get people 3.________ (avoid) unhealthy foods: change their memories. Scientist Elizabeth Loftus of the University of California at Irvine asked volunteers 4.________ (answer) some questions on their personalities and food experiences. “One week later” Loftus says, “5.________ (feed) the people, we told them to type their answers into our smart computer and it came up with an account of their early childhood experiences.” Some accounts included one key additional detail. 6.________ (tell) that they had got sick after 7.________ (eat) strawberry ice?cream, the researchers then changed this detail into a manufactured (人为促成的) memory through 8.________ (lead) questions — Who were you with? How did you feel? By the end of the study, up to 41% of those 9.________ (give) a false memory believed strawberry ice?cream once made them sick, and many said they'd avoid 10.________ (eat) it.
答案：1.published 2.surprising 3.to avoid 4.to answer
5．Having fed 6.Having been told 7.eating 8.leading
9．given 10.eating
(二)快捷技法
?思考趋向1 填非谓语动词作主语、宾语和表语的相应形式
提示词是动词时，分析句子成分已有谓语动词且没有连词，则考虑填非谓语动词形式。再通过分析句子成分若是缺少主语或宾语，则考虑填动名词或不定式；若缺少表语，则需要考虑填动名词、不定式或分词。
[解题规则]
1．非谓语动词作主语
一般情况下，动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性动作；而不定式作主语表示一次性的或具体的动作。若不定式、动名词作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把作真正主语的不定式或动名词后置。另外，不定式作主语时通常指将要发生的动作，动名词作主语则表示已经完成的动作。
2．非谓语动词作表语
动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质或特征。
不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作，或表示将来的动作。
3．非谓语动词作宾语
(1)不定式作宾语
下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀。
口诀 决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。
decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help
此外，afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。
(2)动名词作宾语
①下列动词(词组)常接动名词作宾语
口诀 考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。 禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。
consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy(想象，设想); avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; can't help(禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape
②下列短语常接动名词作宾语
be used/accustomed to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can't stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, thank you for, apologize for, be busy(in), have difficulty/trouble(in), have a good/wonderful/hard time(in), spend time(in)。
(3)另外，有些动词或动词短语后面接不定式与接动名词意义不同
?思考趋向2 填非谓语动词作定语的相应形式
提示词为动词，通过分析确定填非谓语动词时，若所填非谓语动词修饰某个名词或代词时，则需要考虑所填词作定语。此时需要考虑动名词、不定式和分词。
[解题规则]
表示被动、完成用过去分词(done)；表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing)；表示被动、进行用being done；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。
点津：表示心理状态的动词?ing形式，意为“令人……的”；动词?ed形式，意为“(人)感到……的”，也可修饰体现内心感受的look, expression, tears, smile, voice等名词。
?思考趋向3 填非谓语动词作宾语补足语的相应形式
提示词为动词，通过分析确定填非谓语动词时，若所填非谓语动词对句子宾语起到补充说明的作用，则需要考虑所填词作宾语补足语。此时需要考虑分词和不定式。
[解题规则]
1．不定式作宾语补足语
常用不定式作宾语补足语的动词：advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, forbid, force, hire, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit等。
2．现在分词作宾语补足语
常用现在分词作宾语补足语的词语：feel, find, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, listen to, look at, get, have, keep, leave, send, set等。
特别提醒：使役动词get, have既可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，也可以用不定式作宾语补足语。get sb.to do sth./have sb.do sth.表示“使/让某人去做某事”；have sb./sth.doing表示“使/让某人/物一直做某事”，侧重动作的持续进行；get sb./sth.doing表示“使某人/物开始行动起来”，侧重动作的开始。
3．过去分词作宾语补足语
常用过去分词作宾语补足语的动词：have, make, get, find, see, notice, watch, hear, feel, want, like等。
?思考趋向4 填非谓语动词作状语的相应形式
提示词为动词，通过分析确定填非谓语动词时，若所填非谓语动词在句子中不作主语、宾语、表语或定语，则需要考虑所填词作状语。此时只需考虑分词和不定式即可。
[解题规则]
1．分词作状语
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语，一般在句中作时间、原因、方式、条件、伴随等状语。
(1)现在分词作状语时，分词表示的动作是由句子主语执行的，它们之间是主动关系。现在分词的完成式即having done表示动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
(2)过去分词作状语时，分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间是被动关系。
(3)某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，此时这些过去分词表示一种状态。这样的词(短语)有：lost(迷路的), seated(坐), lost/absorbed in(沉溺于), dressed in(穿着), tired of(感到厌烦), faced with(面对)等。
2．不定式作状语
不定式作状语主要用来表示目的，有时也可以表示结果、原因等。不定式作目的状语时，常位于句首或句中，形式上可用in order to, so as to等来替换，但so as to不能置于句首。
(一)考点练悟
下文中共有9处错误，每句中最多有两处。请找出并改正。
Good afternoon, Ladies and gentlemen. It is a great honor for me introduce this English speech competition. As we all know, master a foreign language is very important for us. Take part in English speech is a helpful way to learn English. Everyone wants to showing their best. When we have been preparing for it, we can improve our listening and spoken ability, developing a good habit of learn English.
In the process of the competition, you should pay attention to the rules making by us. First, you should make your voice hear clearly by everyone, so reading aloud is very necessary. Second, you should try your best to express yourself in English fluently. Finally, you should finish your speech in five minutes.
I am sure the English speech competition will be a great success and that the audience will feel satisfying with our performance. Thank you!
答案：第二句：introduce前加to
第三句：master前加to
第四句：Take→Taking
第五句：showing→show
第六句：spoken→speaking; learn→learning
第七句：making→made
第八句：hear→heard
第十一句：satisfying→satisfied
(二)快捷技法
思考趋向 解题规则
1.检查作主语或作介词宾语，该用动名词是否错用了动词原形；检查作宾语的不定式是否错用了动名词 1.通过分析句子成分确定非谓语动词作主语还是宾语。2.熟记充当主语或宾语的非谓语动词形式。
2.检查作定语、状语或宾语补足语时，非谓语动词形式是否用错 通过分析句子成分，确定非谓语动词作定语、状语或宾补时，要检查与其逻辑主语之间的关系是主动还是被动，从而确定是用现在分词还是过去分词。 通过“逻辑主语”这一线索检查非谓语动词是否误用非谓语动词作定语时，其逻辑主语是所修饰的名词或代词；非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语；非谓语动词作宾补时，其逻辑主语是句子的宾语。
3.检查“情感类”分词形容词是否错用 检查“情感类”分词形容词在作定语或表语时是否把过去分词和现在分词形式误用。 “情感类”分词形容词在作定语或表语时的用法区别现在分词构成的形容词常用来修饰事物，表示被修饰的词本身具有的性质，常译为“令人……的”；而过去分词构成的形容词常用来修饰人，常译为“(人)感到……的”。
[课堂应用体验]
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2018·日照五校联考)Many people may think the Forbidden City, or the Palace Museum, is __1__ outstanding and old?fashioned museum. But, in recent years, the museum has been working hard __2__ (promote) Chinese cultural heritage among young people.
The museum's online store now offers special cultural and __3__ (create) products. For example, in 2014, it started to make T?shirts that look like an emperor's coat. It also __4__ (sell) earphones that look like the necklaces worn by ancient officials, which brought __5__ about 1 billion yuan in sales in 2016, reported China Youth Daily.
Last year, a documentary (纪录片) __6__ (title) Masters in Forbidden City became popular online. The documentary is about the people __7__ job is to repair the relics in the museum. Many of these workers are young, and some are even in their __8__ (twenty)．
Some other __9__ (museum) across the country, such as the National Museum of China, __10__ (inspire) by the Palace Museum's efforts and are working on similar projects of their own.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了故宫博物院向年轻人宣传中国文化遗产，其他一些博物馆也纷纷效仿的故事。
1．an 考查冠词。根据文意可知，此处表示泛指，故用不定冠词；又因为空后单词“outstanding”的发音以元音音素开头，故用冠词an。
2．to promote 考查非谓语动词。近年来，故宫博物院一直为了向年轻人宣传中国文化遗产在努力。此处动词不定式用作目的状语。
3．creative 考查形容词。此处应用形容词修饰空后的名词。
4．sold 考查动词时态。本句承接上文，讲述2014年发生的事情，应用一般过去时。
5．in 考查介词。bring in意为“赚得，挣”。故宫博物院也售卖看起来像古代官员佩戴的颈饰一样的耳机，据《中国青年报》报道，这在2016年挣了大约十亿元人民币。
6．titled 考查非谓语动词。此处动词的过去分词形式用作名词的后置定语，意为“名为……的”。
7．whose 考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句，并在从句中作定语，修饰后面的名词job，表示所属关系，故填whose。
8．twenties 考查固定用法。in one's twenties为固定用法，意为“在某人二十多岁的时候”。
9．museums 考查名词复数。由空前的“Some other”可知，此处应用可数名词museum的复数形式。下文的“are working on similar projects”也提示此处用名词复数。
10．are inspired 考查被动语态。空处作谓语动词，根据句意和空后的“by”可知，此处应用被动语态；又因为空处与are working并列作谓语，故填are inspired。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2018·福州四校联考)When I was young, I lived in the countryside. At that time, the trees there were very green, that left a deep impression on me and the water there was so much clear that I even could see the fish swimming. When it gets dark, the air was cooler than it in the daytime. People liked to walk out their houses to chat together. I liked to play games with my friends but ran along the village happily. As the moon rose highly in the sky, the village was lighting. When I looked up, I could see the moon and a few star. They were so close to me. It seemed that I could touch them. The life in the countryside were so wonderful.
答案：第二句：第二个that→which; 去掉much
第三句：gets→got; 第二个it→that
第四句：out后加of
第五句：but→and
第六句：highly→high; lighting→lighted/lit
第七句：star→stars
第十句：were→was
PAGE
12
主句谓语动词
从句谓语动词
情况
should/would/could/
might＋动词原形
动词的过去式、should＋动词原形、were to＋动词原形
与将来事实相反
should/would/could/
might＋have done
had done
与过去事实相反
should/would/could/
might＋动词原形
动词的过去式(be的过去式用were)
与现在事实相反
口诀 决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。
decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help
口诀 考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。
consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy(想象，设想); avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; can't help(禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape
解题规则
思考趋向
2.检查作定语、状语或宾语补足语时，非谓语动词形式是否用错
通过分析句子成分，确定非谓语动词作定语、状语或宾补时，要检查与其逻辑主语之间的关系是主动还是被动，从而确定是用现在分词还是过去分词。
1.通过分析句子成分确定非谓语动词作主语还是宾语。
2.熟记充当主语或宾语的非谓语动词形式。
1.检查作主语或作介词宾语，该用动名词是否错用了动词原形；检查作宾语的不定式是否错用了动名词
通过“逻辑主语”这一线索检查非谓语动词是否误用
非谓语动词作定语时，其逻辑主语是所修饰的名词或代词；非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语；非谓语动词作宾补时，其逻辑主语是句子的宾语。
“情感类”分词形容词在作定语或表语时的用法区别
现在分词构成的形容词常用来修饰事物，表示被修饰的词本身具有的性质，常译为“令人……的”；而过去分词构成的形容词常用来修饰人，常译为“(人)感到……的”。
3.检查“情感类”分词形容词是否错用
检查“情感类”分词形容词在作定语或表语时是否把过去分词和现在分词形式误用。
解题规则
思考趋向
第一层级|抓牢“词法”——保基本分
第一讲名词和冠词
在高考中，语法填空和短文改错重点考查名词的单复数、不可数名词、名词与其他词类的词性转化等。在语法填空和短文改错中，解答有关名词的题目时，一要根据在句中所作的成分确定是否使用名词。名词在句中常用作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。二要根据名词前的数词、量词、冠词等修饰语的情况以及主谓一致原则来确定名词单复数。
(一)考点练悟(用所给词的适当形式填空)
It was late at night. Two 1.________ (German) were sleeping in their room when suddenly, one of them, Mrs. Green, was woken up and found a thief slipping into their room to try his luck. She had three thousand 2.______ (dollar) in her pocket. “What should I do? Many 3.______ (thief) usually bring 4.________ (knife) with them，” she thought in 5.________ (silent). After two 6.________ (minute) search, the thief happened to touch a sports suit. It seemed as if he found there was someone in the room, so he went out to the next room where two 7.________ (Frenchman) were sleeping. When he was looking for 8.________ (money) or some 9.________ (jewel) in the next room, Mrs. Green woke up her husband quickly and called the police. And then the thief knew what had happened. He was so scared that he took out a knife. Just then the police showed up. Before the thief ran away, the police caught him. For Mrs. Green, it was really an unusual 10.________ (experience)．
答案：1.Germans 2.dollars 3.thieves 4.knives 5.silence 6.minutes' 7.Frenchmen 8.money 9.jewels/jewelry 10.experience
(二)快捷技法
思考趋向 解题规则
1.填名词的单复数 若提示词是名词，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，此时应考虑填名词的单复数。 1.不定冠词a, an后用名词单数形式。(如题10) 2.有数词或these, those, several, many, all, both等词修饰时名词用复数形式。(如题1,2,3,7,9) 3.名词前有one of 时用名词复数形式。 4.如果空格处作主语，且谓语动词是单数形式，则空格处应填名词单数形式；若谓语动词是复数形式，则空格处应填名词复数形式。 5.不可数名词没有复数形式。(如题8)
2.填名词的所有格 提示词为名词时，如果作定语表示“……的”，则一般考查名词的所有格。(如题6) 1.单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加's。2.以s或es结尾的名词复数，形式为s'或es'。 3.复合名词中，一般在最后一个词的词尾加's，如her brother?in?law's character。
3.派生为名词 作句子的主语、宾语(包括介词的宾语)时，一般设空处填名词。(如题5)
(三)重点强化
1．可数名词复数的规则变化：
(1)一般情况下在词尾直接加?s
(2)以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词，在词尾加?es
(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，将y变为i，再加?es
(4)以元音字母加y结尾的名词，在词尾直接加?s
(5)以o结尾的名词，无生命的常在词尾加?s，如pianos, photos；有生命的在词尾加?es，如potatoes, heroes等
(6)以f或fe结尾的名词，多数变f或fe为v，再加?es。如knife→knives，leaf→leaves (如题3,4)；少数直接加?s，如roof→roofs, gulf→gulfs
2．可数名词复数的不规则变化：
(1)单复数同形的名词：sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, means (手段), works (工厂), series (系列)等
(2)复数形式有特殊变化的名词：
criterion标准→criteria mouse老鼠→mice
phenomenon现象→phenomena foot脚；英尺→feet
medium传播媒介→media child孩子→children
(一)考点练悟
下文中共有6处错误，每句中最多有一处。请找出并改正。
Recently, a famous basketball player has caused public angry by writing on the Great Wall. In fact, this happens in many place of interest. I have some suggestion to solve this problem.
First, make more poster to inform the public of the damage of graffiti (涂鸦). Besides, punishments, such as a fine, are necessary to tourists with such bad behavior. Also, I think it's helpful to put up some boards along the tourist attraction where tourists are permitted to leave messages.
I'm sure with our effort, more and more people will become concerned about protecting cultural relics.
答案：第一句：angry→anger
第二句：place→places
第三句：suggestion→suggestions
第四句：poster→posters
第六句：attraction→attractions
第七句：effort→efforts
(二)快捷技法
思考趋向 解题规则
1.名词的数与格的错用 根据名词前的修饰成分或者名词本身，判定名词的数与格是否正确。 1.可数名词前由不定冠词a或an修饰，一般用单数形式，由数词、量词修饰一般用复数形式。2.不可数名词没有复数形式。 3.有些词既可用作可数名词也可用作不可数名词，应注意具体语境。 4.表示“……的”意义时应用所有格形式。
2.名词与形容词、名词与动词的错用 结合语境分析句子成分，由所充当的句子成分判断词性的正误。 1.名词一般在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。2.作表语时，与主语构成同位关系一般用名词，形容词一般是对主语的描述。 3.在冠词、所有格或介词后一般用名词。
冠词是语法填空题的常考点，经常考查不定冠词a，an和定冠词the的基本用法和固定搭配。解答冠词类题目时，首先需要明确设空处是表示特指还是泛指，如果是前者用the，后者则需要再判断用a还是an。短文改错中的冠词类题目，除了判断是表示特指还是泛指外，还需要注意单数可数名词前必须有冠词。同时对常见的固定搭配中的冠词也要熟练掌握。
(一)考点练悟(用冠词填空)
When I walked down 1.________ Third Avenue, as 2.______ rule, I used to look into the windows of 3.______ old shop that sold old and beautiful things. Since I often took my walk after the closing time, I cupped my hands against 4.________ windows to get 5.________ small look at the treasures inside.
Some things looked as if they had not been noticed for 6.________ long time, but I knew their beauty was still there beneath their own surface. I even thought they were 7.________ most beautiful that I had ever seen. That was how I felt about old people, too. I knew their value, and it hurt me when others missed it. I was raised by my grandmother and given 8.________ deep sense of the value of experience. Taught to behave well, my sister and I respected other people, regardless of their age or color. My grandmother was loved by all 9.________ people around her. She was known to be 10.________ wise and kind woman, who was able to do things well even in her last years.
Old people should be treated as fine gold. They may be gradually tarnished (失去光泽) by age, but they can be polished with respect. You might be surprised by their bright and shining qualities.
答案：1.the 2.a 3.an 4.the 5.a 6.a 7.the 8.a 9.the 10.a
(二)快捷技法
?思考趋向——如何确定填冠词
如果空格后有名词(短语)而且二者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义，或者有序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式，那么空格处一般是填冠词。
?解题规则——如何确定填什么冠词
1．不定冠词a/an的常考点
(1)表示泛指，相当于“a certain”。(如题3,6,10)
(2)表示类指，指某类中的“任何一个”。
(3)表示量指，但数的概念没有one强烈。
(4)表示“每”，相当于per，用于价格、速度、频率等表达中。
(5)考查固定搭配中的不定冠词。(如题2,6)
(6)和具有某些特征、状态或情感的抽象名词连用表示具体的概念。(如题5,8)
2．定冠词the的常考点
(1)特指某人或某物。(如题4,9)
(2)用于最高级或序数词前或由only, very, same等修饰的名词前。(如题1,7)
(3)和形容词、过去分词连用，表示一类人或事物。
(4)用在“逢十”的年代前，表示“在某世纪几十年代”。
(5)定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。
(一)考点练悟
下文中共有8处错误，每句中最多有两处。请找出并改正。
Zhou Yan is the Senior Three student. Last week, he went to see doctor because his arms and fingers hurt. The doctor told him a fact that he had an “mobile phone disease”. Zhou sent messages to his friends with his mobile phone all time, even in bed. Zhou started to do badly in all a exams because he spent so much time on his mobile phone. He didn't stop using a mobile phone until his arms hurt. Yang Ling, who is a expert from a health center, said students should try to use their mobile phones less, especially at school.
答案：第一句：the→a
第二句：doctor前加a
第三句：a→the; an→a
第四句：all后加the
第五句：a→the
第六句：a→the
第七句：第一个a→an
(二)快捷技法
?思考趋向
1．决定冠词对与错的关键在于它和后面的名词在意思上是否构成了一种正确的搭配关系，这种搭配在句中是否合情、合理、合“法”，这应该是思维的第一步。那么，是泛指还是特指就成为验证正确与否的重要标准。
2．如果在句中出现含有名词的短语或固定搭配时，一定要警惕冠词的多余或缺失。在固定搭配中，有的用不定冠词a/an，有的用定冠词the，而有的则不带任何冠词，如：in a hurry, as a result; on the contrary, in (the) charge of; at first, in fact等等，这些都需要我们平时加强记忆和积累。
?解题规则
1．冠词的错用
(1)a和an的错用。元音音素前用an，辅音音素前用a。
(2)不定冠词和定冠词的错用。表示特指时用定冠词the；表示泛指时用不定冠词a(n)。注意固定搭配中冠词的使用情况。
2．冠词的缺失与多余
(1)单数可数名词前冠词的缺失。一般来说，单数可数名词前应有相应的冠词，表示泛指用a(n)，表示特指用the。
(2)冠词的多余。可数名词复数或不可数名词表示泛指意义时不用冠词。
除此之外，还要注意常用固定搭配中冠词的缺失与多余。
[课堂应用体验]
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2018·武汉调研)The energy that so many outsiders feel when they are in China comes not just from the hurrying footsteps that can __1__ (see) everywhere. It also comes from a sense that it is used for something bigger.
A few years ago, I interviewed Zhang Xin, a young man from a __2__ (deep) poor agricultural province in central China. His parents were wheat __3__ (farmer) and lived in a tiny one?room house next to the fields. He __4__ (graduate) from Tsinghua University and gotten a job as a software engineer at Huawei. His success, Zhang told me one day, had changed his family forever, __5__ (keep) his families away from hard labor forever. Not his parents. Not his children. That kind of life was over.
Multiply that young man's story by millions, __6__ you will get a sense that this once very backward society has become __7__ forward?looking country. A smart American who lived in China for years put it this way: “China is making a great effort to become __8__ it has not yet become. It is upwardly mobile, proudly so.”
Proudly so, because as Zhang understood, hard work today means a much __9__ (good) life decades from now for __10__ (he) later generations and the country.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。作者通过采访一位出身贫苦、清华大学毕业的张先生，说明了知识能够改变命运、改变家庭。
1．be seen 考查被动语态。that引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词footsteps，并且在从句中作主语；定语从句中主语与动词see之间是被动关系，所以要用被动语态；因空前为情态动词can，故填be seen。
2．deeply 考查副词。空处修饰形容词poor，要用副词。deep作副词讲时意为“在深处，深深地”；deeply作副词讲时，意为“非常”，根据语境可知，此处应填deeply。
3．farmers 考查名词复数。他的父母都是种植小麦的农民，根据语境可知空处应用名词；再根据空前的His parents were可知，空处应用名词复数。
4．had graduated 考查动词时态。根据and之后的gotten可知，这里要用完成时；大学毕业的动作是在“interviewed”这个过去的动作之前发生的，所以要用过去完成时。
5．keeping 考查非谓语动词。keep与主语His success之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故此处用现在分词短语作状语，对谓语动词had changed进行补充说明。
6．and 考查连词。此处是“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”固定句型，故空处应填and。
7．a 考查冠词。此处泛指一个国家，要用不定冠词，且forward?looking的发音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。
8．what 考查名词性从句。空处引导表语从句，并在表语从句中作become的宾语，表示“什么”，所以要用what。
9．better 考查形容词的比较级。根据空前的much，并结合语境可知，此处要用比较级。
10．his 考查代词。空处作定语，修饰后面的名词later generations，所以要用形容词性物主代词。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2018·贵阳监测)There was a farmer who sell a pound of butter to a baker. One day the baker decided to weigh the butter to see that he was getting a pound and he was found that he was not. This angered him and he took the farmer from court. The judge asked farmer if he was using any measure. The farmer replied, “Your Honor, I am innocently. I don't have a proper measure, and I do have a scale (秤)．” The judge asked, “Then how do you weigh the butter？” The farmer replied, “Your Honor, long before the baker started buying butter from me, I have been buying a pound of breads from him.Every day when the baker brings the bread, I put it on the scale and give her the same weight of butter. If anyone was to blame, it is the baker.”
答案：第一句：sell→sold
第二句：that→if/whether; 去掉第二个was
第三句：from→to
第四句：asked后加the
第五句：innocently→innocent
第六句：and→but
第八句：breads→bread
第九句：her→him
第十句：was→is
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1.不定冠词a, an后用名词单数形式。(如题10)
2.有数词或these, those, several, many, all, both等词修饰时名词用复数形式。(如题1,2,3,7,9)
3.名词前有one of 时用名词复数形式。
4.如果空格处作主语，且谓语动词是单数形式，则空格处应填名词单数形式；若谓语动词是复数形式，则空格处应填名词复数形式。
5.不可数名词没有复数形式。(如题8)
作句子的主语、宾语(包括介词的宾语)时，一般设空处填名词。(如题5)
3.派生为名词
1.单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加's。
2.以s或es结尾的名词复数，形式为s'或es'。
3.复合名词中，一般在最后一个词的词尾加's，如her brother?in?law's character。
解题规则
思考趋向
2.填名词的所有格
提示词为名词时，如果作定语表示“……的”，则一般考查名词的所有格。(如题6)
解题规则
思考趋向
1.名词一般在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
2.作表语时，与主语构成同位关系一般用名词，形容词一般是对主语的描述。
3.在冠词、所有格或介词后一般用名词。
1.可数名词前由不定冠词a或an修饰，一般用单数形式，由数词、量词修饰一般用复数形式。
2.不可数名词没有复数形式。
3.有些词既可用作可数名词也可用作不可数名词，应注意具体语境。
4.表示“……的”意义时应用所有格形式。
1.名词的数与格的错用
根据名词前的修饰成分或者名词本身，判定名词的数与格是否正确。
2.名词与形容词、名词与动词的错用
结合语境分析句子成分，由所充当的句子成分判断词性的正误。
