小升初英语 金钥匙 专项语法讲义（无答案）

小升初英语
-------专项语法讲义

Unit1名词
一．名词的定义
表示人或物，地点，行为，感情以及抽象概念的词。它既可以是具体的，也可以是抽象的。
二．名词的分类
名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。
1. 专有名词
表示具体的特定的人，地名，月份，星期，节日，报刊杂志等的名称。
特征：（1）书写时第一个字母通常要大写。（2）一般情况不需要冠词（a/an/the）修饰，个别需要定冠词the 修饰。
人名
Mr Zhang 张先生 Liu Dehua 刘德华
地名
Italy 意大利 Beijing 北京 the Summer Palace 颐和园
其他
July 七月 Saturday 星期六 New Year’s Day 元旦 Christmas Day圣诞节 Children’s Day 儿童节 English Weekly 英语周报 Olympic Games 奥运会
2. 普通名词
表示一类人,事物或者抽象概念的名词。
特征：前面可以加上不定冠词a/an或者定冠词the,也可以不加冠词。
普通名词可分为四类：
个体名词
表示某类人或事物中的个体
bird bear student tree
物质名词
表示无法分为个体的实物
air milk ice water tea bread
集体名词
表示若干个个体组成的集体
team family group class people army police
抽象名词
表示动作，状态，品质，情感，心理等抽象概念
health danger death work love cold
名词的数
名词又可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。
1. 可数名词
(1)定义和特征
可数名词表示可以计算数目的人或事物。
特征：（1）有单数和复数两种形式。（2）单数名词和冠词a/an连用，表示数量为一。（3）复数名词表示数量大于一。可以用数词来修饰复数名词，来表示名词具体的数量。如果要表示可数名词的不确切的数量，可以用some,many,a lot of等修饰。
(2)名词复数构成的规则变化
情况
构成方法
读音
例词

一般情况
直接加-s
清辅音后读/s/
浊辅音后读/z/
map-maps(地图）flag-flags（旗帜）
book-books（书）car-cars（小汽车）
以-x, -s , -sh, -ch, 结尾的单词
直接加-es
/iz/
box-boxes （盒子）
bus-buses （公交车）
glass-glasses（玻璃杯）
class-classes（班级）
boss-bosses（老板）
watch-watches（手表）
brush-brushes（刷子）
喜（x)事(s)吃(ch)食(sh)有意思(+es)
以o结尾的单词
多数加-es

/z/
Negro-Negroes（黑人）
hero-heroes（英雄）
tomato-tomatoes（番茄）
potato-potatoes（土豆）
黑人英雄爱吃番茄土豆
一些外来词
/以“元音+o”或“oo”结尾的词
加-s
/z/
photo-photos（照片）
piano-pianos（钢琴）
kilo-kilos （公斤）
tobacco-tobaccos（烟草）
radio-radios（收音机）
bamboo-bamboos（竹子）
zoo-zoos（动物园）

以y结尾的单词
以辅音字母+y结尾的单词
变y 为i, 再加-es

/iz/
baby-babies（婴儿）
family-families（家庭）
factory-factories（工厂）
story-stories（故事）
lady-ladies（女士）
fly-flies（苍蝇）
country-countries（国家）
city-cities（城市）
difficulty-difficulties（困难）
以y结尾的
专有名词
直接加-s
/z/
Henrys
Germanys
Marys
以f/fe结尾的单词


大多数
变f/fe为ves

/vz/
wife-wives（妻子）
knife-knives（小刀）
wolf-wolves（狼）
thief-thieves（小偷）
shelf-shelves（书架）
self-selves（自己）
life-lives（生命）
half-halves（一半）
leaf-leaves（树叶）
(妻子拿刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌，
躲在架后保已命，半片树叶遮目光。
少数变复数
直加-s

/s/
roof-roofs（屋顶）
chief-chiefs（首领）
belief-beliefs（观念）
proof-proofs（证据）
(3)名词复数构成的不规则变化
A. 男人女人，a变e.
man-men(男人）, woman-women（女人）, policeman-policemen（男警察）,
policewoman-policewomen（女警察） ,milkman-milkmen（牛奶的人）
B. 鹅脚牙，oo变ee.
goose-geese（鹅） foot-feet(脚） tooth-teeth（牙）
C. 鼠孩儿牛便士
mouse-mice（鼠）child-children（孩儿）ox-oxen（公牛） penny-pence（便士）
D. 鱼鹿羊，单复同形.
fish(鱼） deer（鹿） sheep（绵羊）
E. 表示“国家人”的复数形式:(中日不变，英法变，其他s 跟后面）
单复数同形: Chinese（中国人）, Japanese（日本人），Swiss（瑞士人）
变man为men：Frenchman-Frenchmen（法国人）, Englishman-Englishmen（英 国人）, Dutchman-Dutchmen（荷兰人）
直接加-s： German-Germans（德国人）, American-Americans（美国人）, Russian-Russians（俄国人）, Roman-Romans（罗马人）, Australian-Australians（澳大利亚人）, Indian-Indians（印度人）
(4)复合名词的复数构成
A. 把复合名词中的主体变复数：son-in-law sons-in-law(女婿）,
passer-by passers-by（过路人）, looker-on lookers-on（旁观者）
B. 如没有主体名词，则在词尾加-s：grown-up grown-ups（成年人）,
go-between go-betweens（中间人）
C. 分开写者，通常在第二部分加复数词尾：boy student – boy students（男学生）,
girl friend – girl friends（女朋友）
若第一部分为man/woman，两部分都变复数：man teacher – men teachers（男老师）, woman doctor – women doctors（女医生）
2. 不可数名词
(1)定义和特征
不可数名词表示不可以计算数目的人或事物。
特征：（1）没有复数形式，在句子中一般被视为单数。（2）不与a/an连用，可以和the连用。（3）不可数名词的确切数量可以在不可数名词前加上单位词。如果要表示不可数名词的不确切的数量，可以用some,mnuch,a lot of等修饰。
不可数名词的分类
A:肉类: 牛肉beef 猪肉pork 羊肉mutton 羔羊肉lamb 鸡肉chicken
鱼肉fish 肉（食品）meat 肉馅mince 牛排steak
B:液体类：water水 milk牛奶 tea 茶 juice果汁 coca-cola可口可乐
coffee 咖啡 orange 橘子汁 beer 啤酒 wine 白酒
C:自然现象类：wind 风 snow 雪 rain 雨 fog 雾 weather 天气 air 空气 D:食物类：bread 面包 rice 大米 chocolate 巧克力 jam 果酱 soup 汤
butter 黄油 cheese 奶酪 sugar 糖 food 食物 cake 蛋糕
E:其他类：soap 香皂 tobacco 烟草 news 消息 work 工作 information 信息
hair 头发 money 钱 paper 纸 sand 沙子
不可数名词的用法
A. 一些物质名词或抽象名词变为复数后意义放生变化：wood-woods树林, sand-sands沙滩, time-times时代, good-goods商品, work-works著作/工厂, cloth布-clothes衣服, snow-snows积雪，water-waters 水域，green-greens蔬菜
B. 不可数名词可借助单位词表示数量：a cup of tea(一杯茶）, a glass of water（一杯水）, two pieces of paper/news/cheese（两张纸/两条新闻/两块奶酪）, five bags of rice（五袋大米）, a pair of trousers（一条裤子）, a pound of sugar（一磅糖）, a quarter of cake （1/4蛋糕）
C. 经常以复数形式出现的词：scissors（剪刀）, glasses（眼镜）, trousers（裤子）, gloves（手套）, shoes（鞋子）, shorts（短裤）, stockings（长筒袜）
名词的所有格
1. 可数名词
(1)定义和两种形式
名词所有格是名词中表示所有关系的形式，意为“......的”。所有格的构成有两种形式：一是由名词加’s构成，通常用来表示有生命的东西；二是of 加名词构成，通常表示没有生命的东西。
(2)'s所有格形式
单数
复数
单数
复数
共有
都有
店铺/家
特殊
名词
boy
boys
child
children
Tom and Jerry
Tom and Jerry
butcher
doctor
uncle
时间
距离
国家
机构
所有格形式
boy’s
boys’
child’s
children’s
Tom and Jerry’s
Tom’s and Jerry’s
butcher’s
doctor’s
uncle’s
today’s
China’s
world’s
特别注意的共有/所有：表示几个主语共有一样东西，所有格的构成方法是：在最后一个主语后加’s；表示几个主语各自拥有一样东西，所有格的构成方法是： 在每个主语后都加’s. Eg: Andy and Susan’s mother 安迪和苏珊的妈妈
Eg: Andy’s and Susan’s mothers 安迪的妈妈和苏珊的妈妈
特别要注意的节日：the Teachers’ Day(教师节）, the Children’s Day（儿童节）,
the Mother’s/ Father’s Day（母亲节/父亲节）
特别要注意的表达方式：men’s shoes（男鞋）, women’s suits（女套装）
（3)of所有格形式：名词+ of + 名词
the colour of the wall（墙的颜色）, the window of the room（房间的窗户）, the cover of the book（书的封皮）, the top of the mountain(山顶）, a picture of my mother（我妈妈的一张照片）, the title of the text（课文的标题）
(4)双重所有格形式
“of +’s” 结构或 “of +名词性物主代词”结构，表示许多中的一个（或一部分）
a teacher of my brother’s（我弟弟的一位老师）, a friend of hers（她的一位朋友）, a photo of Tom’s（Tom的一张照片）, some students of Sarah’s（Sarah的一些学生）

小升初专项练习—名词
一．写出下列名词的复数形式
1. computer_______ 2. animal _______ 3.sandwich _______
4. mouth _______ 5.country _______ 6.knife _______
7 story _______ 8.sheep _______ 9 .zero _______
10. foot _______ 11.piano _______ 12.German _______
13.man doctor ________ 14.child _______ 15.Chinese _______
16.tomato _______
二．将下列短语译成英语
1.今天的报纸____________ 2.四年级（4）班 ____________
3.吉姆的一张相片 ____________ 4.中国的首都 ____________
5.三箱苹果 ____________ 6.两杯牛奶 ____________
7.她姐姐的朋友 ____________ 8.Tom 和 Jack 的房间 ____________
三．单项选择题
1．_______ are going to England for a holiday.
A. The Wang B. Wang’s C. The Wang’s D. The Wangs
2. There are many ______ in this school.
A. women teachers B. woman teachers C. women teacher D. woman teacher
3. ______ turn yellow in autumn
A. leaf B. leaves C. leave D. leafs
4. Will you please show me the way to the ______ shop?
A. shoe B. shoes’ C. shoes D. shoe’s
5. Help yourselves to some _______, dear children!
A. fishs B. fishes C. fish D. the fish
6. ______ hard work it is!
A. What a B. How C. What D. How a
7. Do you believe that there are two _______ in my class?
A. Maries B. Marys C. Mary’s D. Marys’
8. His family _______ a happy one.
A. be B. are C. is D. was
9. I met two _______ in the street yesterday morning.
A. German B. Australian C. American D. Japanese
10. My grandparents like _______ very much, so they grow some in their ______ garden every year.
A. vegetable, vegetable B. vegetable, vegetabes
C. vegetables, vegetables D. vegetables, vegetable
11. The friend of ____ lives in the town.
A. my brother B. my brothers’ C. my brother’s D. my brothers
12. My mother went to the supermarket and bought _____ for me yesterday.
A. a couple of shoes B. a pair of shoes C. a set of shoes D. two shoes
13. There are five _______ on the table.
A. tomatos B. pinaoes C. radioes D. photos
14. Tom has two _____.
A. brother in law B. brothers-in-law C. brothers in law D. brother-in-laws
15. The chair over there is ______.
A. Mary’s and Joy’s B. Mary’s and Joy C. Mary and Joy D. Mary and Joy’s
16. There are a lot of ______ down there but hardly any______
A. sheeps, people B. sheep, people C. sheeps, peoples D. sheep, peoples
17. –How far is it form here?
--About _____ walk.
A. ten minute’s B. ten minutes C. ten minutes’ D. ten minutes’s
18.There is only a little _____ in the fridge. That’s not enough for breakfast.
A. cakes B. bread C. eggs D. sandwiches
19. His full name is Jim Auan Green. So his family name is ______.
A. Jim B. Auan C. Jim Auan D. Green
20. Whose ruler is it? It’s _____.
A. he’s B. She’s C. Wang Li’s D. me
21. She is from ______. She is ______.
A. Germany; a Germany B. the Germany; German C. German; a Germany D. Germany; a German
22. _______came to our school last week.
A. The William’s B. Williams C. The Williams D. The William
23. We are going to ______ to buy some rulers.
A. the stationers’s B. the stationer’s C. the stationers’ D. the stationer
24. These ______ sell well in this bookstore.
A. child’s B. book of children’s C. children’s books D. books of children
25. _______ room is very nice.
A. Tom’s and John’s B. Tom’s and John C. Tom and John’s D. Tom and John
26. ---What can I do for you?
---I’d like some _______.
bottle of orange B. bottle of oranges
C. bottles of orange D. bottles of oranges
27. This is James Allan Green. We can call him _______.
A. Mr Green B. Mr Allan C. Mr James D. James Green
28. Mr Black has a ________.
A. ten year old boy B. ten-years old boy C. boy of ten year old D. boy of ten
29. Many western festivals are very popular in China, but _____ is still the most important for the Chinese.
A. April Fool’s Day B. Christmas Day C. Halloween D. Spring Festival
30. In England, the last name is the ______.
A. family name B. middle name C. given name D. full name
编者的话:
亲爱的同学们:
学完了名词你的收获是什么呢?你最迷惑的是什么呢？你认为最重要的考点是什么呢？赶快写下你自己的收获与老师一起分享一下吧！记住：不懂的一定要问哦！

Unit2冠词
一．冠词的定义和分类：
冠词是一种虚词，不能独立使用。只能置于名词或名词词组前，用来说明该名词的含义。冠词分为：不定冠词 a/an; 定冠词the; 零冠词（不用冠词的情况）。
不定冠词a/an：
不定冠词用在名词单数前，表示“一个，一”
不定冠词
位置
例词
特别注意
a
辅音音素开始的单词前
a bag/cat/dog/fly
a university/unit
an
元音音素开始的单词前
an animal /apple /egg /English teacher /ice cream / Island / Italian car /orange/office/
an hour
an unhappy day
an honest boy
an A/E/F/H/I/L/M/N/O/S/X（Mr. Li has one fox.)
带不定冠词的短语：catch a cold,（感冒） have a fever（发烧）, take a bath（洗 澡）, have a look（看一看）, have a good time（玩的开心）, have a rest （休息一下）
三．定冠词the：
双方都明白的人或物
上文提到过的人或物
世上独一无二的事物：the sun/ sky/ earth/ moon/ east/ west
与形容词连用表示一类人：the rich/ young/ old /poor/ living/ dead
用在序数词和形容词最高级前：the first/ second/ best/ biggest
用在乐器前：play the piano/the violin/ the guitar
用在姓氏的复数名词前表示一家人：the Greens/ the Lis.
用在由普通名词组成的专有名词前：the United States, the People’s Republic of China, the Great Wall, the Yellow River
介词短语中常用定冠词：in the box, behind the chair, in the morning (afternoon/evening), the day after tomorrow, the next morning, in the rain, in the sky, in the country, in the middle of, in the end, by the way等等。
10，在same 前。the same class, look the same.
四．零冠词：
洲名、国名、人名的名词前不使用冠词：Asia, Europe, Africa, Australia, America, China, Japan, Tom, Mary
节日、假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前不使用冠词：National Day, summer holiday, January, Autumn
三餐，球类，棋牌，体育活动前不使用冠词：have lunch，play football, in Spring, play chess, paly cards
习惯用语：by bus/bike/train…, on foot, after class, after school, day and night（日日夜夜）, for example（例如）, in trouble（陷入困境）, in danger( 处于危险中）, in fact（事实上）, at noon, at night, at home, on duty（值日）,
当名词前已有this, that, my, his, her, any, every, some, those 等限定词修饰时不必再使用冠词。
特别注意：有冠词和无冠词意义不同。有the 通常表示具体的场所，无the 表示在该场所从事的事情。
go to school 去上学
go to the school 去学校
in hospital 住院
in the hospital在医院
at table 吃饭
at the table在桌子旁
小升初专项练习—冠词
一．在需要填入冠词的地方填入适当的冠词，不需要的画 “/”。
1, Is Canada _____ English-speaking country?
2, _____ Great Wall is _____ longest wall in _____ world.
3, January is _______ first month of the year.
4, Is your uncle ______ athlete or ______ manager?
5, Do you know ______ moon move round ______ earth?
6, We should be kind to ______ old.
7, I often stay at ______ home to do some reading on ______ Sundays
8, Tina, Could you please play ______ piano for me while I’m singing?
9, ______ China is ______ old country with ______ long history.
10, We have three meals _______ day, We have _______ breakfast at seven.
二．单项选择。
Do you like playing _______ tennis or _______ piano?
A. the; the B. the; x C. x; x D. x; the
2. ---Where is Tom?
--- I think he’s still in _______ bed, but he might just be in _______ bathroom
A. x; x B. the; the C. the; x D. x; the
3. He wondered when the doctor could finish _______ operation.
A. a B. an C. the D. any
4. The pictures have been on show for _______ hour and _______half.
A. an; an B. a; a C. an; a D. a; an
5. Mary likes music, but she doesn’t like _______ music of that film.
A. the B. a C. some D. x
6. It _______ me _______ hour to do homework.
A. took; an B. take; a C. take; an D. took; the
7. Sunday is _______ day of the week.
A. one B. the first C. first D. the one
8. Which is _______, the sun, the earth or the moon?
A. bigger B. biggest C. the biggest D. big
9. There is a desk in his bedroom. On _______ desk there is _______ pencil-box.
A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a;a
10. What _______ good idea it is!
A. a B. an C. the D. /
11. Yesterday I went to _______ school on _______ foot.
A. the. The B. /; / C. a; / D. the;/
12. There is _______ “U” in the word “useful”.
A. a B. / C. an D. the
13. Though he is rich, he has _______ friend.
A. a little B. a few C. a lot of D. few
14. There is a tall tree _______ our classroom.
A. in the front of B. in front C. in front of D. a front the
15. September 10th is ________ in China.
A. Teachers’ Day B. Teachers’s Day C. Teacher’s Day D. the Teachers’ Day
16. People often go skating in _______ winter.
A. / B. a C. an D. the
17. Would you like _______ bread for breakfast?
A. any B. the C. some D. a
18. Li Tao’s father is _______ old worker.
A. an B. a C. the D. /
19. Are you _______ university student or a middle school student?
A. an B.a C. the D. /
20. I’m very sorry to keep you waiting for me for _______ hour.
A. the B. an C. a D. /
21. _______ man in the black car is _______ driver.
A. The; the B. The; a C. A; the D. A; a
22. We had _______ in the park last Sunday.
A. good a time B. time good a C. a time good D. a good time
23. My son studies at _______ universiy in _______ England.
A. a; / B. an; / C. an; the D. a; the
24. Peter showed me _______ unusual watch.
A. / B. an C. the D. a
25. She plays _______ piano well while she plays _______ football badly.
A. the; the B. a; / C. a; a D. the;/
26. We had better send him to ______ hospital at noce.
A. / B. a C. the D. an
27. Gates enjoys playing ______ golf, but Beethoven liked playing _____ piano.
A. /;the B. a;the C. the; / D. /;/
28, It’s very cold outside. Don’t play _____ snow over there.
A. the B. / C. with D. a
29, They have _______ information about the accident that happened yesterday.
A. a B. an C. a few D. a little
30. ---What’s the matter with you?
--- I caught ____ bad cold and had to stay in ____ bed.
A. a;/ B. a;the C. a;a D. the; the
三．单句改错。
1. John studied at an university. ________
2. Wang Lin is a honest boy. ________
3. You will find a word on a second page. ________
4. The girl in a white is a nurse. ________
5. This is tree. _________
四．阅读下面短文，填入恰当的冠词，使短文意义完整，不需要冠词处画 “/”。
_______ other day, when my father and I were visiting _______ art exhibition, we met Mr. Brown, _______ old friend of my father’s. They hadn’t seen each other for about ten years, ever since they were in _______same company. They were glad to see _______ each other. Mr. Brown told us he had come here to attend ______ meeting. He said he was staying in _______ hotel near _______ railway station and asked my father to go to see him in _______ hotel. My father said he would as soon as he had _______.
编者的话：
亲爱的同学们：
在这一章冠词的学习中，你会很惊喜的发现，冠词学习起来会比名词轻松多了。但是冠词的学习也是非常重要的，占到小升初考试的3%-4%，尤其是固定短语的使用，如：球类不加the,乐器类要加the.等是历年小升初考试的重点。赶快拿出手中的笔总结出来吧！
Unit3数词
一．数词的定义和分类
在英语中表示数目或顺序的词称为数词。表示数目的词称为基数词，如1,2,3......。表示数目顺序的词成为序数词，如第一，第二，第三........。还有以基数词和序数词合成的分数词。
基数词：
1. 1-12（独立的基数词）
1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten
11 eleven 12 twelve
2. 13-19（有对应的个位数加后缀teen构成，但要注意13,15,18
的基数词构成）
13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen
3. 20-99
(1)20-90整十位数（由2-9加后缀ty构成，注意20-50整十位数构成）
20 twenty 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety
(2)21-99非整十数（由整十位数+个位数构成，十位数和个位数之间用-连接）
22 twenty-two 33 thirty-three 44 forty-four 55 fifty-five 67 sixty-seven
71 seventy-one 88 eighty-eight 96 ninety-six
4. 100--999
(1)100-900整百位数（由1-9后面加hundred构成）
100 a/one hundred 200 two hundred 300 three hundred 400 four hundred 500 five hundred 600 six hundred 700 seven hundred 800 eight hundred 900 nine hundred
(2)101-999非整百数（由整百位数+整十位数+个位数构成。百位数
和十位数之间用and连接。十位数和个位数之间用连字符-连接。如果没有十位数，则百位数和个位数之间用and连接）
101 one hundred and one 232 two hundred and thirty-two 320 three hundred and twenty 444 four hundred and forty-four 507 five hundred and seven 621 six hundred and twenty-one 796 seven hundred and ninety-six 811 eight hundred and eleven
5. 千以上的基数词：英语中没有专门表示“万”“亿”的说法，但是却有专门表示“百万”“十亿”的说法，分别是million,billion.
一千 a/one thousand 五千five thousand 一万 ten thousand 六万 sixty thousand
一百万 a/one million 四百万 four million 十亿 a/one billon 二十亿 two billon
特别注意：hundred, thousand, million 表示具体几百，几千，几百万时不能加s. 但是在下面词组中常加s, 后面还要跟介词of. 表示约数。hundreds of（数以百计的）; thousands of（数以千计的）, millions of（数以百万计的）, thousands and thousands of 成千上万的
三．序数词：
1. 序数词的构成
变化方式
举例
备注
第一，第二，第三
特殊变化
first ( 1st ) second ( 2nd ) third (3rd )

第四至第十九
在基数词后面加上后缀-th
fourth ( 4th ); fifth; sixth; seventh; eighth; ninth; tenth; eleventh; twelfth; thirteenth; fourteenth; fifteenth; sixteenth; seventeenth; eighteenth; nineteenth
这类序数词共有16个
特别关注：5；8； 9；12的序数词！
第二十至第九十(整十位数）
变y为i加eth
twentieth; thirtieth; fortieth; fiftieth; sixtieth; seventieth; eightieth; ninetieth
共8个，全是十位整数。
第二十一至第九十九(非整十位数）
十位不变，仅把个位上的基数词变成序数词，表示“第几十几”。
twenty-first thirty-first;
forty-third sixty-second;
eighty-seventh; ninety-eighth
2. 序数词的用法
序数词做定语时一般要加定冠词：the first time, the second day; 但当表示“再一”“又一”时，通常加不定冠词 ：Will you try a second time? 要不要再试一次？
事物的“编号”可用序数词，也可用基数词，当数字较长时多用基数词：the first part—part one; the tenth lesson—lesson ten; the eighth page—page eight; Room 4038; 175 Daxue Road; Number 5; bus No, 3;
日期中的“几号”可用基数词，也可用序数词，要注意读法：Oct. 1 或 Oct. 1st 读作：Oct. (the) first. 或the first of Oct.
“the first +可数名词复数”表示“前几个…” “头几个…” : the first two pages 前两页。
四．分数词：
1.分数词由基数词和序数词构成，分子由基数词表示，分母由序数词表示，当分
子大于“1”时，分母中序数词要用复数形式：(子基母序）
1/3—one-third; 2/3—two-thirds
2. “百分比” 的表达法由“基数词+percent” : 50%--fifty percent
3. 带“小数点”的数只能用基数词，“点”用point表示：3.1415926读作：three
point one four one five nine two six
五．年月日，时刻和四则运算：
1. 2008年8月8日：Oct. 8, 2008或Oct. 8th, 2008
2000年：the year two thousand
20世纪80年代：1980’s 或nineteen eighties
2. 表示时间：
(1) 整点：用基数词表示，o’clock可以省略 9:00 nine (o’clock)
(2) 几点过几分：30分钟以内，包括30分钟，可以用介词past,
即分钟数+past+小时数
9:10 nine ten/ ten past nine
9:15 nine fifteen / a quarter past nine
9:30 nine thirty / half past nine
(3) 几点差几分：30分钟以上，不包括30分钟，可以用介词to,
即（60-分钟)+ to+ (小时+1)
8:40 eight forty /twenty to nine
9:45 nine forty-five / a quarter to ten
10:50 ten fifty/ ten to eleven
3. 数学运算，这时谓语动词用单数
1+2=？ 读做：How much is one plus two? It’s three.
1+2=3 读做：one plus/and two is/makes three.
9-5=4 读做：nine minus five is/makes four.
8x9=72 读做：Eight times nine is/makes seventy-two
10÷2=5 读做：Ten divided by two is/makes five.
4. 几个与数目有关的词语的英语表达方式如下：
几个—several; a few
一打—a dozen ( two dozen:两个)
二十—score (two score:四十)
好几十、许多—scores of, dozens of
几百—several hundred, a few hundred
一半--half
5.介词in + one’s +整数数词的复数 表示年龄：in his twenties. 在他20多岁的时候。
6.货币表示法：
￥4.50: four yuan fifty fen
￡ 9.35: nine pounds thirty-five pence
＄19.20: nineteen dollars twenty cents
小升初专项练习—数词
按要求变化下列单词
five ( 序数词 ) ___________ twelve ( 序数词)　___________
eight ( 序数词)____________ nine ( 序数词　)____________
thirty ( 序数词　)____________ eighty-three( 序数词　)____________
first (缩略形式)___________ twenty-second (缩略形式)__________
sixth (缩略形式)___________
二、写出下列节日的准确日期
1, Children’s Day is on the ___________ of June.
2, The Women’s Day is on the _________ of March.
3, New Year’s Day is on the __________ of January.
4, National Day is on the first day of __________.
5, The Olympic Games will be opened on the eighth day of _________ in Beijing.
三、单项选择
1, His uncle has lived at _______ for ten years.
No. 103 Xinhua Street B. 103 Xinhua Street
C. Xinhua Street 103 D. Xinhua Street No. 103
2, There are ______ students in the park.
A. hundreds of B. hundred of C. hundreds D. hundred
3, ---How far is the small village from London?
--- It’s about _______ kilometers.
seven hundred and twenty two B. seven hundred and twenty-two
C. seven hundreds and twenty-two D. seven hundred twenty two
4, Look! There are _______ in sky.
A. thousand stars B. thousand of stars C. thousands of stars D. thousands of star
5, 365 reads _______.
three hundred sixty five B. three hundreds sixty five
C. three hundred and sixty five D. three hundred and sixty-five.
6, Lucy and Lily are in ______.
A. Row Fourth B. the Row Four C. Row Four D. Four Row
7, September is ______ month of the year.
A. nine B. nineth C. the ninth D. the nineth
8, _________ is the most difficult in this book.
A. Lesson ninth B. The ninth lesson C. Ninth Lesson D. The nine lesson
9, The Yellow River is ________ longest river in China.
A. the first B. the second C. first D. the third
10, __________ of the students are Young Pioneers in our class.
A. Two three B. Two threes C. Two thirds D. Second three
11, ---How many times have you been to Japan?
--- _________.
A. For the third time B. Three times C. a third time D. For three times
12, ---How soon will you finish reading the book? ---In _______.
A. one or two weeks B. one week or two C. a week and two D. a or two weeks
13, Mary was born ________.
A. in 1985, June 1 B. on June 1, 1985 C. at June 1, in 1985 D. in June 1, 1985
14, How old is your father? He is _______.
fourty-one B. fouty one C. forty-one D. forty one
我的收获：

Unit4代词
代词的定义和分类
英语中用来代替名词、数词或上、下文的词、句等的词称为代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。

二．人称代词
人称
单/复数
人称代词
主格
宾格
第一人称
单数
I
me
复数
we
us
第二人称
单数
you
you
复数
you
you
第三人称
单数
he
him
she
her
it
it
复数
they
them
第一人称单数I 必须大写。
当句中有几个人称代词出现时，一般是按照you, he, I 排列，如：
He and I are deskmates. (此时I 后谓语动词用复数)
You and he both enjoy music.
人称代词做主语时用主格，做宾语时用宾格，做表语时用宾格居多。（傻瓜记忆法：主格用在动词前，宾格用在动词后）如：
He is a doctor.
Give me a book.
Who is there? It’s me.
it 的用法
代替上文提到的东西：Where is my pen, I can’t find it.
代替事件、情况：It’s a good idea.
代替婴儿和未知的人：Is it a boy or a girl? It is a boy. Who is knocking the door? Is it Tom?
代替this 或that: What’s this? It’s a guitar.
表示时间、距离和天气：It’s very hot. What time is it?
物主代词
物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。
人称
单/复数
物主代词
形容词性
名词性
第一人称
单数
my
mine
复数
our
ours
第二人称
单数
your
yours
复数
your
yours
第三人称
单数
his
his
her
hers
its
its
复数
their
theirs
形容词性物主代词具有形容词性质，只能做定语。（后面通常要有名词）
与own 连用表示强调：This is my own car.
名词性物主代词具有名词性质，可以做主语、表语和宾语。后面不需要再加名词：（空后有名用形容，空后无名必用名）
This is your pen, (This pen is yours) Mine is on the desk. Come and look at mine.
反身代词
人称
单/复数
反身代词
第一人称
单数
myself
复数
ourselves
第二人称
单数
yourself
复数
yourselves
第三人称
单数
himself
herself
itself
复数
themselves
做宾语：He can help himself：
做表语：The girl was myself.
做同位语：I myself had to go there/ I had to go there myself (译为“亲自”)
固定习语：by oneself enjoy oneself help oneself say to oneself
指示代词

单数
复数
用法
近
this 这个
these 这些
后面的谓语动词要用单数形式
远
that 那个
those 那些
后面的谓语动词要用复数形式
介绍别人时通常用句型：This is…
(2)电话用语中在介绍自己和询问对方时通常用句型：This is Mary, Who is that?
疑问代词
Who ( whom ), whose, what, which 称为疑问代词，用来构成特殊疑问句。
1, who, what
who 多指姓名关系等，what 多指职业地位等
Who is the woman? She is my mother.
What is your mother? She is a doctor.
2, what, which
what 指的事物无范围限制，侧重于种类，which 指的事物有范围限制，侧重于哪一个或一些。
What sport do you like best? 你最喜欢什么运动？
Which sport do you like best? 你最喜欢哪一项运动？
3，whose, whom
Whose是who 属格，用于指示所有者，whom 是who 的宾格，用于指示对象
Whom are they talking about?
Whose is that umbrella?
4, what, whose 同时具有形容词性质，修饰名词。如：
What colour / size/ nationality/ class/ grade/ …?
Whose umbrella…?
相互代词
相互代词是表示相互关系的代词。each other; one another 两者基本无差别。
help each other 互相帮助
look at each other 对视
learn from each other 相互学习
talk to each other 彼此说话
关系代词
关系代词有who, whose, whom, that, which, as 等 （whatever, whoever, whichever）
不定代词
不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫不定代词。小学中学到的不定代词有any, some, one,everyone, much, many, other等。
肯定
否定
all
everybody
no
nobody
none
both
either
neither
everything
some
nothing
none
no
somebody
someone
no one
nobody
none
something
nothing
a little
a few
little
few
1, both, all 谓语动词用复数，either, neither, every, each谓语动词用单数。
2, many, few修饰可数名词，much, little修饰不可数名词，some, any, no既可修饰可数也可修饰不可数名词。
3，some 用于肯定句中，（表示请求，邀请并想得到对方肯定回答时可用于疑问句中。Would you like some water?）
4, any 用于否定句和疑问句中。（表示任何的，任何一个的可用于肯定句中。You may come here at any day
5, one是对可数名词单数的代替，ones 是对可数名词复数的代替。
6，how many+可数名词复数, ?how much+不可数名词
7, other 泛指。限定词（量词/数词等）+other + 名词复数：five other boys; my other balls; some other girls; two other days
another 泛指, “不同的，另… 再…”。another + 名词单数/复数：another room; another two days
the other 特指，两者之间。one … the other…: I have two sisters, one is Lily, the other is Jane.
8, 不定代词的修饰语后置：something new, nothing serious
小升初专项练习—代词
一，请将下面表格填充完整
人称
单/复数
人称代词
物主代词
反身代词
主格
宾格
形容词性
名词性
第一人称
单数
复数
第二人称
单数
复数
第三人称
单数
复数
二，单项选择
1, That’s not _______ , it is _______. I bought it _______.
yours… mine…myself B. your…mine…yourself
C. yours…her…herself D. yours…her…myself
2, A friend of _______ came yesterday.
A. my B. his C. her D. your
3, ---Hello, is that Mrs Black speaking?
---Yes, who’s that?
---_______Mary.
A. I’m B. That’s C. She’s D. This is
4. ---How many students are there in the classroom?
---_______.
A. No one B. None C. Nobody D. Nothing
5. ______ school is much larger than _______.
A. Their; our B. Their; ours C. Theirs; ours D, Theirs; our
6. _______ were the only people who went swimming yesterday.
A. I, you and he B. I, he and you C. You, he and I D. He, you and I
7, --- Is your mother ill?
--- No, _______, only a little cold.
A. serious anything B. serious nothing C. nothing serious D. anything serious
8, This is not my watch, Do you know _______ it is?
A. what B. which C. who D. whose
9, ---Why is there _______ noise outside?
--- The workers are pulling down the old houses.
A. much too B. so much C. much more D. very much
10, Tom and _______ will go to see our teacher, for ______ is ill.
A. I; she B. me; she C. I; her D. me; her
11, ---Have you a computer?
--- Yes, I have a good ____.
A. some B.one C.it D. that
12, The bed in his room is smaller than _____ in yours.
A. / B. it C. one D. that
13, --- Do you have enough students to carry the boxes?
---- No, I think we need ______ students.
A. another B. two others C. more two D. two more
14, ---Who taught _____ French?
--- Nobody, She learned all by ______.
A. herself; her B. she; herself C,. her; herself D. her; she
15. ______ is the best season of the year?
A. When B. Who C. Which D. What time
16. ______ is necessary to tell him when to start our trip.
A. That B. This C. It D. One
17.Look! _______ are good friends.
A. You and I B. I and you C. You and me D. I and him
18. Your watch is quite nice. Where did you buy ____? I want to buy ______, too.
A. one; one B.it; it C. it; one D. one; it
19, Who taught _____ English last term? Was ______ Mr. Smith?
A. you; it B. you; he C. your;it D, your; that
20, we need some books. Could you give ______ a book?
A. our B. us C. we D. ours
三，根据口号内的提示，写出适当的英语代词。
1, Let _____ (我们) go and tell ______ (她) about ______ (它).
2, Look, how nice these pictures are! ______ （它们）were drawn by _______ (他)
3, These are _______ (我们的) exercise books. _______(他们的) are in the teachers’ office.
4, The bird has hurt _______ (它的) wing.
5, Li Ming is an old classmate of ______ （我的）.
四，根据句意，在空白处填写适当的代词。
1, ---Is ______ here today?
--- No, Han Mei isn’t here.
2, ---Is this purse yours?
---- No, It is quite different from_______.
3, The old woman never helps ______. So ______ people like her.
4, --- ________ is the woman in blue?
---- _______ is our new teacher.
5, ---Who is knocking at the door?
---It’s _______.
6, Tom hasn’t been to America. Jim hasn’t, _______.
7, ---Hello, I’d like to speak to Mary, please.
--- Speaking. Who’s calling, please?
--- Hi, Mary, _______ is Tom.
8, ---Tom and Mike, did you enjoy _________ yesterday?
---Yes, we did.
9, There sweaters are too small for me, Please show me _______ one.
10, Mike, don’t swim in the river by ________. It’s very dangerous.
我的收获：
Unit5形容词
形容词的定义
英语中用来表示人或事物的性质, 特征或状态的词称为形容词. 大多数形容词有比较等级的变化, 即原级, 比较级和最高级.
二．形容词的位置
形容词在句子中通常位于名词之前或系动词之后（形容词+名词/名词+系动词+形容词）。当有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰名词时，这些形容词有一定的排列顺序。(限观形龄色国材）
冠词或物主代词，指示代词，不定代词
数词
一般的描绘形容词
物体大小，长短，高低及形状的形容词
年龄大小，长幼，新旧的形容词
颜色的形容词
国籍的形容词
物质材料，类别，用途的形容词
中心词
a great green Olympics 伟大的绿色奥运
the tall young man 那个高个子的年轻人
two old Chinese stone bridges 两座古老的中国石桥
形容词的比较级和最高级
1. 形容词等级的构成形式
(1) 规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er, -est 来构成比较级和最高级。
构成法
原级
比较级
最高级
直接加-er, -est
tall
great
taller
greater
tallest
greatest
以不发音e结尾的单音节和少数以-le结尾的双音节词直接加-r, -st
nice
large
able
nicer
larger
abler
nicest
largest
ablest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er, -est
fat thin
big hot
wet
胖瘦大热潮
fatter thinner
bigger hotter
wetter
fattest thinnest
biggest hottest
wettest
辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词，改y为i, 再加-er, -est
easy
busy
easier
busier
easiest
busiest
少数以-er, -ow结尾的双音节词末尾加-er, -est
clever
narrow
cleverer
narrower
cleverest
narrowest
其它双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more, most, less, least来构成比较级和最高级。
原级
比较级
最高级
important
more/less important
most/ least important
beautiful
more/less beautiful
most/least beautiful
expensive
more/less expensive
most/least expensive
interesting
more/less interesting
most/least interesting
(2) 不规则变化(好坏多少远）
原级
比较级
最高级
good/well (好）
better 更好的
best 最好的
bad/badly/ill（坏）
worse 更坏/糟的
worst 最坏/遭的
many/much（多）
more 更多的
most 最多的
little（少）
less 较少的/较小的
least 最少的/最小的
far（远）
farther 更远的
further
farthest 最远的
furthest
形容词比较级的用法
形容词的比较级是用于两个人或者事物之间的比较，表示“比…..更…一些”的意思。结构：主语+be+形容词比较级+than+比较对象。
Tom is taller than Jack.(Tom比Jack高。）
Shanghai is larger than any other city in China.(上海比中国的任何城市都大。）
Xiao Lu is more outgoing than her sister.（小璐比她姐姐开朗。）
（2 )有时比较前可以用many, much, far, even, a little 等等表示程度的壮语。
Yao Ming is far/much taller than me.（姚明比我高得多。）
My sister is two years older than me. （我的姐姐比我大两岁。）‘
She is a little fatter than me.（她比我胖点。）
(3) 同几比较用 “as + 形容词原级+as”结构, 否定形式为”not as ..as…”
She is as busy as a bee. (她像蜜蜂一样忙。）
It is not as cold as yesterday.（今天不像昨天那样冷。）
形容词最较级的用法
形容词最高级的前面通常要加定冠词the, 后面跟一个短语或从句来表示比较的范围， 但在一定的上下文中，表示“比较范围”的短语或从句可以省略。
结构：主语+be+the+形容词最高级+（名词）+比较范围。
Andy is the youngest boy in his class. Andy是他班级里最小的学生。
（2）有时在形容词最高级前可以有序数词以及much, by far, nearly, almost等。
Canada is the second largest country in the world. 加拿大是世界上的第二大国。
(3) 有时最高级形式后面可以不跟名词。
This one is the fastest. （这个是最快的.)
(4) 比较范围通常用“in…” “of…” 短语或从句表示。
She is the cleverest student in our class. 她是我们班级里最聪明的学生。
She is the cleverest student of them all. 她是她们中最聪明的学生。
She is the cleverest student that I have ever seen. 她是我曾经见过最聪明的学生。
(5) 有时用比较级表示最高级
I can’t find a taller man than Yao Ming in China.在中国，我找不到比姚明更高的人。
= Yao Ming is the tallest man in China. 在中国，姚明是最高的人。
小升初专项练习—形容词
一．写出下列形容词的比较级和最高级
old _______ _______ 2. big _______ _______
hot _______ _______ 4. brave _______ _______
well _______ _______ 6. good _______ _______
bad _______ _______ 8. soft _______ _______
heavy _______ _______ 10. large _______ _______
clever _______ _______ 12. difficult _______ _______
happy _______ _______ 14. much _______ _______
far _______ _______ 16. little _______ _______
17. thin _______ _______ 18. busy _______ _______
19. sad _______ _______ 20. wet _______ _______
21. late _______ _______ 22. tidy _______ _______
23. few _______ _______ 24. fat _______ _______
25. easy _______ _______ 26. important _______ _______
二．用所给词的适当形式填空
1, The street is as _______ ( long ) as that one, but it is _______ ( wide ) than that one.
2, This is the _______ ( short ) way to Tian’an men Square.
3, My brother is 3 inches _______ ( tall ) than I.
4, The Nanjing Road is the _______ ( crowded ) street in Shanghai.
5, Every morning I get up _______ ( early ) than my brother, but my sister gets up _______ (early ).
6, Lesson 5 is _______ ( easy ) than lesson 6, but it is not so _______ ( interesting ) as lesson 6.
7, Do you have anything _______ ( much, more, most ) to say?
8, This is the_________ ( large ) power station that we have ever seen.
9, Which is the _______ ( high ) mountain in the world?
10, I can walk _______ (far) than a young man.
11, I was five minutes_________ ( late ) for the train.
三．单项选择
1.This bike is _______than that one
A. twenty yuan dear B.twenty yuan dearer C.dear twenty yuan D.dearer twenty yuan
2. Do you like those _______-?
A. beautiful two big new green boxes B. beautiful two new green big boxes
C. two beautiful green new big boxes D. two beautiful big new green boxes
3.We had better do the work with _______money and _______people.
A.little ,fewer B. little ,few C.less, fewer D. less ,few
4. You study English_______as your brother,but you don’t speak English _______much as he.
A.as hard, such B.as harder, such C.as hard ,so D. as harder , so
5.He had never seen a _______film.
A.more interest B.most interesting C.more interesting D. more interested
6.A _______person is sometimes easier to be cheated than a child.
A.growing-up B.grown-up C.up-growing D.grew-up
7.Of the two children,the boy looks _______than that one.
A.the taller. B.the tallest. C.a little tall D.taller
8.The river is _______than that one.
A.wide and deep B.wider and deeper C.widest and deepest D.wide and deeper
9.The air in Beijing is getting much ___ now than a few years ago.
A.clean B.cleaner C.cleanest D.the cleanest
10.My cousin is very busy with his work. He has ___ time to read newspapers.
A.little B.few C.a little D.a few
11.Who has ___ apples now, Jim, Lily or Lucy?
A.much B.biggest C.better D.the most
12.We all hope that there’s ___ pollution in the world.
A.more B.much C.less D.fewer
13.I’m fourteen. My friend is sixteen. So I’m ___ him.
A.as old as B.not younger than C.not as young as D.two years younger than
我的收获：


Unit6副词
副词的概念
副词是表示时间，场所，状态及程度等的词。可以修饰动词，形容词，其他副词，还可以修饰整个句子。
二．副词的种类
时间副词：表示事物发生的时间
before 以前 now 现在 early 早地 today 今天
地点副词：表示事情发生的地点，位置
here 这里 upstairs 楼上 somewhere 某处 away 远离
程度副词：表示程度的深浅
much 很 very 非常 almost 几乎 enough 足够 hardly 几乎不
频度副词：表示事情发生的频率
always 总是 often 经常 once 一次 ever 曾经
方式副词：表示事情进行的方式
quickly 快地 loudly 大声地 happily 幸福地 angrily 愤怒地
疑问副词：主要用来引导特殊疑问词
when 何时 why 为什么 where 哪儿 how 如何
三．副词的位置
副词修饰形容词时，一般放在形容词前面。
副词修饰其他副词时，一般放在这个副词的前面。
副词修饰动词时，一般放在行为动词的后面。
句子中有助动词或be动词时，副词一般位于助动词或be 动词之后。
四．副词的形式
形容词+ly构成：slow-slowly quick-quickly hurried-hurriedly
beautiful-beautifully cheap-cheaply sudden-suddenly bad-badly
以y结尾的，变y为i+ly: thirsty-thirstily happy-happily
lucky-luckily angry-angrily
五．副词比较等级的构成和用法
规则的副词的变化形式和形容词的变化形式一样
副词比较级的用法和形容词比较级的用法相同，但副词最高级前可以不加定冠词the （有时加也可以）
She sings best in her class. 她在她们班唱得最好。
3, 副词比较级和最高级的其它用法
（1）表示“越来越……”, 用 “比较级+and+比较级”结构或“more and more ?+原级”，
He runs faster and faster. 他跑得越来越快。
The girl grows more and more beautiful. 女孩儿变得越来越漂亮。
(2) 表示“越…, 越…,” 用 “the +副词比较级， the+副词比较级” 结构
The sooner, the better. 越快越好。
The harder she studied, the more progress she make.她学习越努力，进步就越大。
小升初专项练习—副词
讲下列形容词变成副词。
good _________ 2. bad ___________ 3. easy ___________
happy_________ 5. loud ___________ 6. slow____________
deep __________ 8.careful__________ 9. sad____________
quiet_________ 11. angry_________ 12. real___________
correct________ 14. honest________ 15. clear__________
quick__________ 17. lucky_________ 18. heavy_________
二．根据中文意思，连词成句，注意副词的位置和顺序。
莉莉每天7点起床。（at,every day,Lily,gets up,seven o’clock)
_____________________________________________________________
刚才他飞快地跑上楼去。（he,ran,just now,fast,upstairs)
_______________________________________________________________
我妹妹每天早上都会在花园里愉快地唱歌。
（sings,in the garden,my sister,every morning,happily)
_______________________________________________________________
这个女孩来自美国华盛顿。（the,Washington,comes from,USA,girl)
_______________________________________________________________
他上周日在公园玩得很开心。（last Sunday,played,He,in the park,happily)
_______________________________________________________________
三．用所给词的适当形式填空。
1, My job is to serve customers _______ ( good ).
2, The teacher should be listened to _______ ( care ).
3, S.H.E. sing so _______ ( beautiful ) that many people like them.
4 , Look! She is running _______ ( fast ) and _______ (fast).
5, We have to stay at home. It is raining _______ (heavy ) outside.
6, He does not play basketball as _______ (good ) as his brother.
四．选择填空。
--How was the weather yesterday?
--It was terrible. It snowed _______. He could ______ come back in time.
A. hard , hard B. heavy, hardly C. heavily, hardly D. hard, heavily
--Do you wash clothes by hands?
--_________. I usually use washing machine.
A. Much B. Often C. Seldom D. Little
Jane is a _______ dancer and she dances ______________.
A. good, well B. well, well C. good, good D. well, good
4. ______you take ，_______healthy you’ll be.
A.More exercise, more B.Most exercise, most
C.The more exercise, the more D.The most exercise, the most
My mother had to work last night, so she went to bed ________ me.
A. as earlier as B. as early as C. earlier than D. later than
6. _____ I read, ___ ___I’ll be.
A.The much; the happy B.More; happier
C.The more; the happier D.The most; the happiest
7. Both Andy and I drive slowly. Tom drives fast. So Tom drives _____ of all.
A. slower B. the slowest C. faster D. the fastest
8. Would you please say it _______? I still can’t follow you.
A.loudly B.slowly C.more loudly D.more slowly
我的收获：
Unit7介词连词
一．介词的定义
介词是一种虚词，是英语中最活跃的词类之一。特别是一些常用介词的搭配用来表示种种不同的意思。英语里大部分用语都是由介词和其他词构成的，因此掌握好介词是学好英语的关键之一。
二．各个介词的用法
in, on, at的用法
in, on, at 这三个介词用法非常广泛，既可表示地点，又可表示时间。
表示地点
表示时间
in +大地点/国家/年份/月份/季节
表示在…之内
in the room; in a village; in
China; in the tree; in the sky; in Hongkong
表示在一段时间内
in an hour(month; year); in spring(winter; autumn);in February; in the morning;
in 的固定 搭配
in English（用英语）; in time（及时）; in class（在课堂上）; in hospital（住院）; in trouble; （遇见麻烦）；in a hurry（匆忙地）; in fact（实际上）; in front of（在...前面）
on +星期/年月日（有日on,无日in)/具体某一天的早，中，晚
表示在....之上
on the desk on the wall
表示在某日
on Saturday on Apr. 11th
on的固定搭配
on time（准时）; on one’s way to（在去...的路上）; on TV（在电视山）; on the left（在左边）; on show（展览）; on line（在线的）; spend..on..（在..方面花费...); depend on…
(取决于/依靠于....)
at
表示地点：在……(小的地点) at railway station; at 403 Daxue Road.
表示时间：在…(时刻) 在…岁时 at 7 o’clock; at the weekend;
表示价格、速度：以… He bought it at the price of 200yuan.
He drove at the seventy kilometers an hour.
表示动作方向：朝，向 look at; shout at; throw at
在（某方面）She is good at English. He is clever at drawing.
at first（首先/起初）; at last（最后/最终）; at once（立刻/马上）; at school（在学校）; look at（看着）; arrive at（到达）; knock at（敲..); at the same time(同时）; shout at（对...大喊）; at the end of(在...末端）; at home（在家）; at present（目前)
about
关于；有关
The book is about food; Don’t worry about it.
大约 与around近义
about ten o’clock.
above
位置、职位、年龄、数量等：在…上面 （above可超出垂直面积; over不超出垂直面积）
above the woods; above sea level.
above all. 以上皆可
across
表示动作方向、位置：穿过，横过 （区别through）
across the bridge/ street
表示地点：在…对面：across the road 在马路对面
after
表示时间、顺序：在…之后
after school/ lunch
固定短语：look after; run after after all到底，终究； one…after another一个接一个; day after day日复一日
against
表示位置：倚着，靠着
The ladder was against the wall.
反对
fight against
along
沿着：along the river/street
among
在…中间；在…之中（三者或三者以上）
around
表示位置：在…周围，环绕
The earth moves around the sun.
在…范围内：Let me show you around our school
表示数目：大约=about
before
表示时间：在..以前
表示位置：在…前面（较抽象）before difficulties
behind
表示位置：在…后面
beside
在….旁边 besides 除…之外
between
在两者之间
by
表示地点：在…旁边 The house is by the river. The river is passing by the house.
表示方式、手段、用、靠：by bike/bus; by hand/machine
表示时间：到…时候为止。by the end of.
短语：day by day一天天地；one by one 一个个的； by the way顺便说一句 by chance 偶然
down
表示动作方向：沿着…往下He runs down the hill
during
在…期间
except
除…以外
for
表示目的、对象：为… The flower is for you. Smoking is bad for your health.
表示一段时间或距离：达到 for a long time
表示方向、目标：向；去 the train for Beijing
表示原因：因为 Thank you for helping me.
当作；作为What do you want for your birthday?
短语 for example; for ever; for sale; look for; for a while暂时; for free; wait for
from
表示来源、起点：自；从 borrow from; learn from; from 1 to 10.
表示距离、间隔：离开 Far from eye, far from heart. 眼不见，心不烦。
表示原材料：用…制成 be made from
短语: from beginning to end; from now on; stop … from doing sth.
into
表示时间或动作的方向:到….里; 进入….
表示变化或进入某种状态: change into, translate into; break into
like
像…一样 do like that; look like
常和what 连用, 是什么样子; 怎样 What the weather like?
near
表示时间或空间: 靠近,接近,在附近.
of
表示所属关系:…的, 属于… 的.
短语 of course; first of all; a kind of; instead of; plenty of; think of; be tired of; be afraid of; be proud of
off
自…离开，脱离. jump off; fall off; keep off the grass勿踏草坪
knock off 下班
since
从某时间起, ….以来.
till/ until
直到…为止
over
表示地点, 地位,职位: 在上面,高于. (有跨越的意思,不接触表面)
表示数目,程度:在…以上,超过. He is over fifty
短语all over the world; be over; over again; over there
through
表示空间:穿过，通过
表示时间:从头到尾,从开始到结束 sometimes he works through the nitht.
表示方式, 手段，原因等 He learnt Englsh through TV.
to
表示方向,距离: 到 go to school
短语 to one’s surprise(令某人惊讶的是）; listen to（听...); look forward to(期盼/期望）;
pay attention to（注意/关注...); get to(到达）
under
表示位置: 在…下, 在…正下方
表示级别，数量，标准，年龄，价格等:低于;少于 She must be under 12.
with
表示共同关系: 和…一起; 同… be with somebody.
表示工具，手段等: 被；用. We listen with our ears.
短语 catch up with赶上；go on with继续干下午; help … with帮助;
be angry with对…人生气
without
不; 没有
三．连词的定义
连词是虚词,不能单独充当句子成分. 只能起连接词与词, 短语与短语或句子与句子的作用. 它分为并列连词和从属连词.
1. 并列连词是连接平行的词, 短语或句子的.常见的并列连词有: and; both…and…; but; either…or…, for, neither…nor…; nor, not only…but also; or; so; still; yet等.
2, 从属连词是用来引导主从复合句中的从句的. 常用的从属连词有:after; as..as..; as; as soon as; because; before; if; since; so that; than; though; till; when; whether; while等
四．常用连词的用法
1, and 和both… and… 两者都(谓语动词用are或动词原形）
Both she and I are interested in ice cream. 她和我都喜欢吃冰淇淋。
2, but 但是；然而(表示转折关系)
3, either…or… 或者…或者…; 不是…就是… (表示选择关系)
neither...nor… 既不…也不… (表示并列否定关系, 谓语动词与第二个主语保持一致)
Neither she nor I am interested in Talk Shows.
她和我都不喜欢脱口秀节目。
not only…but also… 不但…而且… (表示并列肯定关系, 谓语动词与第二个主语保持一致)
Not only Jane but also her parents like cooking .
不仅是简，她的父母也喜欢烹饪。

小升初专项练习—介词连词
一．用适当的介词填空
1, He wants to know everything _______ his school.
2, He usually goes out for a walk _______ supper.
3, We have lunch _______ half past twelve.
4, Please look _______ the blackboard.
5, His family had a hard life _______ liberation. But _______ liberation they began to live a happy life.
6, Children like to hear stories _______ animals.
7, They finished the work _______ ten o’clock..
8, When do you get up _______ the morning?
9, Will you go _______ bus or _______foot?
10, The story took place _______ the Second World War.
11, We have learned a lot _______ you.
12, The cup was broken _______ her.
13, --Where are you _______?
--I’m _______ Guilin.
14, We are working _______ the people.
15, It is time _______ supper.
16, Class begins _______ eight.
17, We come _______ different parts of China.
18, She lives _______her mother.
19, He usually gets up _______ half past six _______the morning.
20, They stayed here _______ six months.
21, They are leaving _______ Wuhan tomorrow.
22, Great changes have taken place _______ 1986.
23, They usually have League meetings _______ Saturday.
24, Beijing is the capital _______ China.
25, The woman is _______ the right _______the policeman.
二，单项选择
1. Why were your parents angry _______you yesterday evening?
A .to B.on C.for D.with
2. In England, people usually call me Tom_______short.
A .for B.to C.on D.at
3.--Where are you from?
--I’m from the USA,what_______you?
A.for. B.about. C.in D.on
4.Who sits _______the middle _______the classroom?
A.at,of B.in ,of. C.on, in D.at,for
5.We usually go to school _______Monday_______Friday.
A.to ,from. B .from,on C.from,to D.on,to
6.He usually has an egg and a bottle of milk_______breakfast.
A.to B .on C.for D. of
7.Please turn _______all the lights in the room,
A.down B.on C. for. D. in
8.It was raining ,but the farmers still went _______working in the fields.
A.for B.on C. with D.from
9.Please take your dirty clothes away _______here.
A.from B. off. C. of D. at.
10.---May I speak _______Becky ,please?
---Hold on _______a moment ,please.
A.to,for B. for ,to C. to,of D.to ,at
They teach us English _______we teach them Chinese,we help each other.
A. but B.and .C. or. D. as.
12.It was late.She took off her clothes _______went to bed.
A,or B. so C. and D. but.
13.The students should know _______what _______why.
A.so, as B. both,and. C.either, or D. neither, nor.
14.The ground must be just right,_______too wet_______ too dry.
A.ether,or B.both,and C.between,and D.neither,nor
15.Would you like rice_______noodles?
A.or B.but C.because D.so
16.You must eat less food and take more exercise,_______you’ll be very fat.
A.but B.and C.so D.or
17.If you don’t hurry up ,_______you’ll be late for the meeting.
A./ B.or C.so D.but
18.Paul comes from Canada,_______he can speak very good Chinese.
A.if B.so C,but D.because
19. _______ your help, we couldn’t finish the work on time.
A. Under B. With C. Without D. Except
20. I was born _______ August, 1988.
A. at B. on C. in D. to
亲爱的同学们：
介词的学习是不是让你很烦恼呢？把你的烦恼写下来吧。看看下面的图片是不是可以解决你的苦恼呢！考试的时候只要你的脑海中有下面的图片是不是就很轻松了？加油吧！
Unit8动词（一）
实义动词，系动词，助动词，情态动词
一．动词的定义
表示动作、状态或性质的词称为动词。
二．动词的分类
按照其在句子中的功能和意义，动词可以分为实义动词，系动词，助动词和
情态动词四大类别。
实义动词
1. 实义动词又称行为动词，在句子中能独立做谓语。
2. 实义动词又分为可以后面直接跟宾语的及物动词和后面不需要跟宾语的
不及物动词。
Eg: He sends me a rose. (他送我一朵玫瑰花。）
send是及物动词，后面直接跟宾语。
Eg: The sun rises in the east. (太阳从东方升起.)
rise是不及物动词，后面不需跟宾语。
系动词
1. 系动词不能单独作谓语，而必须和表语（名词，形容词等）一起构成谓
语部分，形成系表结构。
常用的系动词：
（1）be动词（am/is/are/was/were)
（2）5个感官系动词：look 看起来 smell 闻起来 taste 闻起来
sound 听起来 feel 摸起来 （后+形容词）
Eg: She looks beautiful today. 她今天看起来很漂亮。
The flowers smell sweet. 这些花闻起来很香。
That sounds good. 那听起来不错。
（3）get/become/turn/go 表变化，后加形容词。
Eg: It gets warmer and warmer. 天气变得越来越暖和。
In fall, the leaves turn yellow. 秋天树叶变黄。
The food goes bad easily in summer. 食物在夏天很容易变坏。
助动词
1. 助动词本身没有词义，不能单独做谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，
表示否定、疑问、时态、语态等语法形式，或用来加强语气。常用的助动词
有：be, do, have, shall, will。
2. 助动词be
可用于构成时态，主要是进行时：I am looking at you.
可用于构成被动语态: You are being looked.
可与动词不定式构成谓语: My job is to look at you every minute.
3. 助动词have
(1) 构成完成时态：We have learned English for many years.
(2)　和动词不定式构成谓语，表示因客观环境促使不得不做的事情：
We have to learn English very well.
4. 助动词do
(1) 构成疑问句和否定句：Dose he do his homework after school?
(2)　用来加强语气：I do want to buy a new car.
(3)　用来代替动词词组：Write a letter “L” as I do.
5.　助动词shall
　构成将来时态，单纯表示未来情况：Shall I begin?
6.　助动词will
　构成将来时，用于第一，二，三人称。They will go to England for a holiday.
六．情态动词
1. 情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，或表示主观设想。
2. 情态动词有自己的词义，但不能单独做谓语，必须和不带to 的动词不定式
（即动词原形）连用，没有人称和数的变化。
3. 常用的情态动词有：can, may, must, will, shall, should, would, need.
现在形式
过去形式
否定式
疑问式
用法
may
might
may not
May sub.
1表示允许或征询对方的许可，有“可以”的意思：
May I come in? You may begin.
2回答may引导的疑问句时，有mustn’t 表示否定：
May I smoke here? No, You mustn’t.
3 Might 不一定代表过去，而是表示更加委婉的口气：
Might I ask you to dance?
can
could
can not
Can sub.
表示能力，有“能”“会”的意思：
I can swim.
2 表示允许，在口语中代替may:
Can I ask you a question?
“can”和?“be able to” 的比较：主要是时态。Can 只能用于现在时和过去时，其它时态要用be able to。
must
had to
must not
Must sub.
1 表示必须，应该：Students must do the homework.
2 否定形式表示禁止：You mustn’t eat at class.
3 在回答must 疑问句时，否定式常用needn’t, 或don’t have to, 表示“不必”、“用不着”。
4 must 与 have to 的比较：must 表示说话人的主观看法，have to 表示客观需要，must 只有现在时，要表示过去时或将来时需要用had to 和will have to.
will
would
will not
Will sub.
1用于疑问句，表示请求，邀请：
Will you come with us?
表示意愿：I’ll tell you a story.
表示预料或习惯性的动作：He will come tonight.
shall
should
shall not
Shall sub.
用于第一人称，征求对方的意见或指示：
Shall I open the door?
need
need not
Need sub.
1. 作为情态动词主要用于否定句和疑问句:
Need I answer this question? You needn’t answer it.
2. 作为及物动词，注意否定及疑问形式需要助动词do
need to do; don’t need to do; Do I need to do
4. can, may, must 表示推测，猜测。
现在
过去
肯定
must/may be (状态，后接形容词，名词等)
一定.../可能.....
must/may be doing (动作)
一定正在..../可能正在....
must have V p.p
那是一定....
may have V p.p
那是可能....
否定
can’t be
不可能....
can’t be doing
不可能正在....
can’t have V p.p.
那是不可能....
部分情态动词后接完成时：
should have done 本应该做…(实际上没做) You should have finished your homework before sleeping.
shouldn’t have done 本不应该做…（实际上做了）His mother was very angry. He shouldn’t have said that.
needn’t have done 本没必要做…( 已经做完了) You needn’t have paid for it because it was for free.
小升初专项练习—实义动词，系动词，助动词，情态动词
写出下列句子中划线动词的种类。
I am studying in No. 1 Middle School.
This little child can speak English well.
Will you please go to the cinema with me?
He did his homework by himself yesterday.
I have been learning English for many years.
Spring is here. The trees turn green
May I go to the cinema with you, Dad?
I usually get up at six on weekdays.
-- Who broke the window, boys?
-- I did, Miss Gao.
10. He plays football after school. ___________
11. I was late yesterday. ___________
12. She must be hungry. __________
13. He looks very young. _________
14. They went swimming yesterday evening. __________
15. I don’t have any sisters. ___________
单项选择。
1. --Let’s go to Taishan Park by taxi. –It’s not far. We ______ take a taxi.
A. needn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. couldn’t
–I think Miss Gao must be in the library. She said she would go there.
--No, she ______ be there. I have just been there.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. wouldn’t
You ______ play with fire, Tom. It’s very dangerous.
A. needn’t B. may not C. mustn’t D. wouldn’t
As we know, fish ______ die out of water.
A. may B. is going to C. can D. will
–Can you answer my question, Lily? –Yes, I ______.
A. may B. need C. must D. can
–Excuse me, ______ you tell me the way to the nearest bus station?
--Sorry, I can’t. I’m a stranger here.
A. can B. need C. must D. may
--______ I have to show the school rl report to my parents, Miss King?
--Yes, you do.
A. Must B. Do C. Can D. May
8. When autumn comes, some tree leaves ______ red.
A. sound B. turn C. smell D. taste
9. --______ we swim in that river?
–No, you ______. It’s dangerous to swim there.
A. Must, can’t B. Can, may not C. Shall, don’t D. May, mustn’t
After such a long journey, the children ______ be very tired now.
A. can B. must C. have to D. need
You’ve made the same mistakes again. You ______ be more careful next time.
A. can B. may C. had to D. should
12. --______ I fill in the check-in form right now, sir?
--No, you needn’t. You can complete it this afternoon.
A. May B. Can C. Would D. Must
13.–Must I finish reading the book today?
--No. You ______ if you have something else to do.
A. mustn’t B. couldn’t C. can’t D. don’t have to
14. You look tired now. You ______ stay at home and have a rest.
A. had to B. had better C. would like to D. would rather
–Could I look at your pictures? –Yes, of course you ______.
A. could B. can C. will D. might
16. Look at those big black clouds. It ______ rain. Let’s hurry.
A. must B. will C. would D. is going to
–Mum, may I watch TV now
--Sure, but you ______ help me with my housework first.
A. can B. may C. must D. could
18. –Would you like to go swimming with me this afternoon?
--I’d love to. But I’m afraid I ______. I have too much work to do.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. may not
19. --______ you like to go shopping with me? –Yes, I _____
A. Would, would B. Will, will like C. Would, would love D. Would, would love to
–I was told to be here before seven. --Oh, you ______.
I’m sorry for not telling you that we have changed the plan.
A. must B. can’t C. may D. needn’t
选用选用选用选用may, must, can, can’t, should填空：
1. “______ your brother speak English very well, too?” No, he ______.”
2. “______ you play tennis?” “Yes, I ______.”
3. The box is very heavy. Tom ______ move it.
4. “What about seeing a new film this evening?”
“I’m afraid I ______. I ______ finish my English exercises this evening.”
5. This fish won’t keep fresh, we ______ eat it now.
6. You ______ do it, so ______ I.
7. You ______ start now, or you’ll be late.
8. Excuse me, sir. ______ I ask you a question, please?
9. I’m not sure about the news. It ______ or ______ not be true.
10. Lily isn’t here.
She ______ have gone to the school library, or she ______ have gone .
四．用mustn’t , needn’t 填空：
1. You ______ write to me if you don’t have the time.
2. You ______ hurry. I’m sure you won’t be late.
3. You ______ forget to write to me when you arrive there.
4. Jane, you ______ play with the knife. It’s very dangerous.
5. –Must I get there on time today? –No, you ______.
6. Time is flying. We ______ waste our time.
7. You ______ be afraid of the difficulty. We’ll give you a helping hand.
8. –“Must I hand in the maths exercises tomorrow?”
--No, you ______. You may hand it in the day after tomorrow.
9. Tom, you ______ read in the sun. It’s not good for your eyes.
10. You ______ worry so much. I’m sure he’ll be well soon.
五. 用适当的情态动词填空：
1. Nobody ____ live without air and water．
2. -- _____ he speak Chinese? --Yes，a little．
3. The book _____ be returned before Saturday．
4. -- _____ I come in? -- Yes，please．
5. You ____ give up smoking at once．It's bad for your health．
6. Excuse me，____ I ask you a question?
7. ____ you tell me where the station is?
8. The train will leave at half past six，so I ____ get there fifteen minutes earlier．
9. You don't ____ worry about her．She is much better now．
10. If you want to pass the exam，you ____ work hard.
11. A: ______ I finish my homework now?
B: No, you ______. You ______ do it tomorrow.
12. A: This pencil is very short, ______