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九年级英语语法专项系列导学案6:
专题6: 名词
一、命题趋势
名词为历次大型考试必设考点,主要考查名词在具体语境中的运用或词义的辨析。设题形式多为简单句,一个句子提供语境,另一个句子设题;对名词的辨析运用及数的考查也会出现在完形填空、单词拼写和篇章性词汇运用中。
随着“淡化语法,注重语言运用和交际”这一理念的广泛认同,预计会加大对名词辨析运用的考查。
二、考点梳理:
考点1:名词的分类/数
(1)名词的分类
名词,表示人或事物名称的词,可分为专有名词和普通名词。具体分类如下图所示:
类别 意义 例词
专有名词 表示人、地方、组织、机构等名称的词; China
普 通 名 词 可数 名词 个体名词 表示个体的人或物的词; pen
集体名词 表示一群人或一些事物的词; family
不可数 名词 物质名词 表示构成物体的材料或物质的词; air
抽象名词 表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念的词 hunger
(2)可数名词的数
可数名词所表示的人或物可以用数表示,有单、复两种形式。表单一概念时,用单数,可用a/an修饰;表两个或两个以上概念时,用复数。名词的复数构成可分为规则与不规则变化。
可数名词复数的规则变化:
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
一般情况 加?-s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps
浊辅音/元音后读?/z/ bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加?-es 读?/iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加?-s 读?/iz/ license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 读?/z/ baby---babies
以元音字母+y 结尾 直接加s 读?/z/ monkeys/ holidays
以f或fe 结尾 变f/fe为v再加es 读 /vz/ life---lives/ halves/ wolves
加s 读?/s/ beliefs/roofs/chiefs
以o 结尾 加s 读?/z/ photos/ pianos/ radios/ zoos
加es 读?/z/ potatoes/ tomatoes/heroes
?可数名词复数的不规则变化:
1) child---children ?????foot---feet ???? ?tooth---teeth
mouse---mice ??man---men ?????woman---women
提示:由一个词加?man或woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women,如an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;
2)单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。如:people/police等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,应改为a person,a policeman;
4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词:maths, politics,physic, news
5)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:fishes(各种)鱼,goods货物,waters水域。
练一练,辨一辨:
1. Many ____ are playing an active part in making Kunming a civilized city.
A. man B. woman C. volunteer D. volunteers
答案:D
解读:考查可数名词的复数表达。many用于修饰可数名词的复数形式,其他均为单数。
2. There are a lot of ____ on the grassland. ____ sheep-dog is sitting next to them.
A. sheep; The B. sheep; A C. sheeps; The D. sheeps; A
答案:B
解读:考查可数名词的复数表达。sheep单复数同形;一只牧羊犬正坐在旁边,泛指牧羊犬中的一只。
(3)不可数名词的数
不可数名词通常没有复数形式,没有词形变化,也不能a/an直接修饰,其计量方法如下:
情况 方法 例句
具体数量 a/an/数词+计量名词+of+不可数名词 three kilos of rice
大约数量 some/much/a little/a lot of…+不可数名词 some water ;lots of money
(4)名词作定语
名词作定语时,一般用单数,如:two apple trees,但也有以下例外:
1) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如:men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
2)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。如:two-hundred trees 两百棵树
?a five-year plan. 一个五年计划
3)用复数作定语。如:sports meeting 运动会????students reading-room 学生阅览室
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1. ---Can I help you?
---I'd like ____ for my twin daughters.
A. two pair of shoes B. two pairs of shoe C. two pair of shoe D. two pairs of shoes
2. ---How time flies! It is two ____ since we met last.
---So it is. I miss you so much
A. months’ B. monthes C. months
?考点2:名词的所有格
名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种形式:一种是's所有格,另一种是of所有格。一般情况下,有生命的名词后加’s,如:Tom's leg;无生命的名词常用of所有格,如:the leg of the desk。名词所有格的构成规则如下:
1)一般情况下,直接在词尾加’s;以s结尾的名词复数要加s’,如:the teachers’ desk the boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所。
2)分别拥有/共同拥有某物。
A与B分别拥有某物,应表达为A’s and B’s…(某物),如:John's and Mary's rooms(两间);
A与B共同拥有某物,应表达为A and B’s…(某物),如:John and Mary's room(一间)
3)表示某些具体场所时,所有格后面的名词可省略。如:the doctor’s (office)
4)表时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,也可加's构成名词所有格,如:two weeks’ time;
5)双重所有格的两种形式:①of+名词所有格②of+名词性物主代词
练一练,辨一辨:
1. ---It's easy to travel from Urumqi to Lanzhou by taking high-speed railway
---Yes. It's only _______.
A. eight hours ride B. eight hour's ride C. eight-hours ride D. eight hours’ ride
答案:D
解析:考查名词所有格。八小时首先是复数概念,hours应该先加s,再加所有格。数词+名词所构成的复合形容词作定语时名词用单数。
2. Katherine was excited to receive a dozen roses from her husband on _______ Day.
A. Woman B. Women C. Woman's D. Women's
答案:D
解析:考查名词所有格。
??????????????????????????????????学以致用??????????????????????????????????
1. Yesterday for dinner I had a piece of beef, _______ vegetables and _______
A. some rice B. a few rice C. a little rices D. a rice
2. Mickey Mouse is one of the most famous _______ in American _______.
A. symbol; culture B. symbol; cultures C. symbols; culture D. symbols; cultures
3. I am so hungry. Please give me _______ to eat.
A. three bread B. three pieces of bread C. three pieces of breads D. three piece of bread
考点3名词词义辨析
1. 语境运用
分析近几年的选择填空和完形填空可知,名词辨析侧重于对语境辨析的考查,并减少对单复数和固定搭配的考查。做题时,首先要读懂句意,提取题干中的关键信息,分析各个选项的意思,结合日常生活中的常识及语境,即可选出正确答案。如:我们口渴了就需要水( water)和饮料(tea,coffee, juice等);饿了就需要食物( bread,rice,meat, noodles等);我们邮寄东西就要去邮局( post office)等。
2.近义名词辨析
(1) house, family home
house指供一家人居住的房子,侧重于具体的建筑物。
family指由父母、子女所组成的家庭,是集体名词,既可把它看成单数名词(指整体概念),也可视为复数名词(指家庭成员)。
home指一个人出生或居住的地方,是有抽象意义上的“家”。
(2) sound, noise voice
sound“声音”,指可以听到的任何声音。
noise常指太响或人们不愿听到的声音,多指嘈杂声,噪音”等。
voice指“说话声,唱歌声,嗓音”等。
(3)job与work
job是可数名词,指一项具体的工作,多指“零工”或“短工”;
work是不可数名词,指“工作,劳动,努力,用功”。
(4) problem与 question
problem总是与困难相联系,它可以指社会问题、教学问题,这种问题是“有待解决的”,与其搭配的动词是solve;
question总是与“疑问,质问,询问”相联系,这种问题”是“有待回答的”。
练一练,辨一辨:
1. --- My father bought me a new mobile phone as a birthday gift, but I don’t know how to use it.
---Why not read the ____ first before using it.
A. invitation B. instructions C. interview D. information
答案:B
解读: 形似名词词义辨析题。根据句意得知,在使用新手机之前为什么不先读一下说明呢?
2. ---I have great _____ in learning English and I’m so worried. Could you help me?
--- Sure. I'd be glad to.
A. trouble B. interest C. joy D. fun
答案:A
解读: 考查名词在语境中的具体运用。根据句意得知,我英语学习有困难,对此我感到很焦虑。
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1. ---Do you like to listen to “Mozart”?
---Yes. Listening to ____ is my favorite, especially when I am alone.
A. songs B. music C. concerts D. operas
2. Work hard, and you'll get good _____.
A. lessons B. notes C. grades D. answers
3. ---Do you think the ____ of this skirt suits me?
---Of course! You always look beautiful in red.
A. size B. design C. price D. color
三、真题感悟练:
1. Would?you?teach?me?how?to?use?to?cut?the?food, Uncle?
A. glass B. knives C. pencils D. fruit
2. ---Do you know about the scientist Tu?Youyou?
---Yes,?she?won?the?2015?Nobel?Prize?in?Medicine?because?of?her _____.
A. surprise B achievement C. education D satisfaction
3. Scientists?are?doing?a?lot?of ______ to help pandas produce more babies.
A. research? B.?experience? C.?competition? D. operation
4. ---Tourists?should?have?good ______ while traveling abroad.
---I can’t?agree?more.
A.?minds? B.?manners? C.?matters D. memories????????????????????????
5. ---Do you like playing the piano?
---No. I know nothing about _______.
A. instructions? B.?information? C.?instruments? D.?improvement
6. ---Carl?was?born?with?a?good _______
? ---?His?parents?wish?him?to?be?a?famous?singer?like?Jay?Chou?????????
?A.?wealth?????B.?luck C. voice
7. I’m?lucky?enough?to?have?a _____ to?work?as?a?volunteer?in?a?Children's?Home?????????
A. chance B. advice C. secret D. business
8. ---I think dragons are the ______of China. Do you think so?
---I agree with you.
A. symbol B. situation C. promise D. shape
9. --- Do you know about the scientist Tu Youyou?
---Yes, she won the 2015 Nobel Prize in medicine because of her great _____.
A. surprise B. achievement C. education D. satisfaction
10. ---What a good _____you’ve given me! Thanks a lot.
---My pleasure.
A. information B. news C. suggestion D. advice
参考答案:
考点1: 1. D 2. C
考点2: 1. A 2. C 3. B
考点3: 1. B 2. C 3. D
真题提升练:1. B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. C 7. A 8. A 9. B 10. C
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