选修6 Unit 2 Poems虚拟语气（2）讲解及练习

虚拟语气（2）
概念引入
上一单元我们学习了虚拟语气中与现在、将来事实相反的虚拟条件句及宾语从句的虚拟语气。本单元要继续学习虚拟语气中与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，及虚拟语气在其它从句中的应用。
首先，我们先看下面含虚拟语气的句子：
1. We would have won, if Jack had scored that goal.
2. We would have won if we hadn’t stayed up so late the night before.
3. We would have won the championship, if we had got Mr Han to coach us.
4. If she had studied harder, she would have got the diploma.
这些句子都是与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。下面我们就来学习这部分内容。

用法讲解
与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句
虚拟条件句的动词形式
假设类型
条件从句（if从句）谓语动词
主句的谓语动词
与现在事实相反
一般过去式(be用were)
would/should/might/could +动词原形
与将来事实
可能相反
1）一般过去式(be只用were)
2）were to + 动词原形;
3）should + 动词原形
would/should/might/could+动词原形
与过去事实相反
had done
would/should/might/could + have过去分词
从表格可知，虚拟条件句与过去事实相反时，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时，而主句的谓语用would/should/might/could加现在完成时形式。
If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.
如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。
（事实：没有听我的话---he didn’t take my advice）
If you had come a few minutes earlier，you would have met him.
要是你早来几分钟的话，你就见到他了。（事实：来晚了---you came late）
If She hadn’t been so strict with herself, she wouldn’t have made such great progress.
她要是对自己要求不严格，她就不会有这样大的进步。
（事实：她对自己很严格---she was strict with herself）
虚拟语气中的倒装
条件从句中的were，had, should可放句首，省略if，条件句成为倒装句。
Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.
如果你邀请我们了，我们会参加你的聚会的。
Were I ( If I were ) you, I would do more practice.
如果我是你，我会做更多的练习。
Should she ( If she should) lend us a helping hand, we would succeed.
如果她帮助我们，我们会成功的。
注意：
条件句或省略的条件句可以放句尾。如：
We would have lost our lives had it not been for the policeman.
如果没有这位警察，我们就没命了。
千变万化的表现形式
if虚拟条件句的三个公式的倒装我们说完了，那是不是就这一种变化呢？我们接下来看看它的千变万化的表达形式。
含蓄虚拟语气
有时假设的条件不通过条件从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些介词短语（如without，but for等）或上下文中。
1. I was very tired. Otherwise, I would have gone to the party with you last night.
我太累了。否则，我昨晚就同你去聚会了。
（otherwise代替了条件句“If I hadn’t been very tired”）
2. Life without any friends or family would be lonely for me.
如果生活既没有朋友也没有家庭，那对我来讲就太孤独了。
（without短语代替“If there were no friends or family”）
3. If only we had done as we were told. 如果我们按照被告知的去做，该多好呀。
4. If only I had known the answer before the test. 考试前就知道答案，那该多好呀。
（if only表示“要是......该多好呀”，表示假设的内容成立时的感受，但是并没有明确说出这种感受）
5. But for the rain, we should have had a pleasant journey.
要不是下雨，我们本来会有一个愉快的旅行的。
（But for the rain，代替的是“If it hadn’t rained”）
混合虚拟语气
什么混合了呢？从下面例句中我们看出是时态方面的混合，即主句与从句所指的时间不一致，这时主从句的时态根据实际的时间概念确定。
1. If I had eaten breakfast several hours ago, I would not be hungry now.
如果我几小时前吃了早餐的话，我现在就不会饿了。
（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反）
2. If I were you, I would have gone to the theatre. 如果我是你，我就去剧院了。
（从句与经常的状况相反，属特殊用法，主句与过去事实相反）
3. If you hadn’t helped me, I would be still working now.
如果当时你没有帮我的话，现在我还在工作呢。
（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反）

分裂虚拟语气
在这种句型中，虚拟语气通常省略条件句，只保留主句，后面再加上真实的情况。
1. He would gain weight but he doesn’t eat much. 他会增加重量的，但是他吃得不多。
（=If he ate much, he would gain weight, but he doesn’t eat much.）
2. I would go to visit them but I don’t think they are anxious to see me.
我本来是会看他们的，但是我想他们不会急于见我。
（=If they were anxious to see me, I would go to visit them.）
3. I would have invited her to the party but I didn’t know her well.
我本来想邀请她来聚会的，但是与她不怎么熟。
注意：这种句型的关键词but。■
虚拟语气在其它从句中的用法（1）
主语从句的虚拟语气
这种主语从句由连词that引导，虚拟语气为“（should）动词原形”。其中should可省略。should 常译成“应该、必须、竟然”。注意下面句型：
1．It is／was + 形容词+ that从句
当形容词为important, necessary，strange，natural，appropriate, proper, right, desirable, essential, surprising, unthinkable等或名词短语a good idea时。
如：It is important and necessary that we (should) master a foreign language．
我们精通一门外语是重要而且必要的。
It is proper that an independent inquiry (should) take place. 进行独立调查很合适。
It is strange that he (should) refuse your help．
他竟然拒绝你的帮助真是奇怪。
It is surprising that you (should) not understand me! 你竟然不理解我，真令人吃惊！
2. It is／was + a pity/a shame / a surprise / no wonder + that从句
It’s a pity that you (should) miss a good chance. 你竟然错过一个好机会真是遗憾。
3. It is demanded/suggested/ordered/required/ ….that-clause
It is suggested that he (should) not spend too much time watching TV.
有人建议他不应该花太多时间看电视。
It is proposed that the plan (should) be delayed. 有人建议推迟这项计划。
表语从句的虚拟语气
1. 在名词“suggestion, proposal, idea, plan，order, advice, desire, requirement, request, command, decision, recommendation等”后面的同位语从句或表语从句中，用“should+动词原形”，其中should可省略。
My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference．
我的建议是我们应该让更多的人参加会议。
2. as if ( as though)引导的表语从句中的虚拟语气。
It seems as if the meeting would never end. 看来会议没完没了。（与将来相反）
It seems as though he had been there many times. 好像他已经去过那里好多次了。
（与过去事实相反）
It seems as if nobody knew what happened. 好像没有知道发生了什么事。
注：详细用法见上一单元的《虚拟语气（1）》。
同位语从句中的虚拟语气
与表示“决定、主张、要求、建议、命令”的动词相对应的名词构成的同位语从句中常用“（should）+do”结构。
The requirement that students (should) learn to protect themselves is successfully carried out in most schools. 学生必须学会保护自己，这一要求在大多数学校都能顺利实施。
I made a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week．
我提议我们应该下周开个会。
虚拟语气在其它从句中的用法（2）
定语从句中的虚拟语气
It is (high) time+ (that) 从句
此句型的虚拟语气结构是：从句的谓语动词一般用过去式或“should + 动词原形”等虚拟结构，意为“该做某事了”。注意should不省略。
It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.
早该对闹市区的交通问题采取点措施了。
It is high time that we put an end to this discussion. 我们现在该结束讲座了。
It’s time we should have a discussion. 我们应该讨论讨论。
状语从句中的虚拟语气
1. 由as if和as though等引导的方式状语从句中：
Holding his head high，he walked past the pole and the soldiers as if they didn’t exist． （与walked同时发生的动作相反）
他高高地昂着头走过柱子和士兵，好像他们不存在一样。
Everything in my childhood crowded upon my mind as if they had just happened.
（与在crowded之前发生的动作相反）
我童年的一切一下子涌进我的大脑，仿佛刚刚发生的一样。
注：详细用法见上一单元的《虚拟语气（1）》。
2. so that, in order that（为了，以便）, for fear that （生怕，以免）, in case （万一）, lest （唯恐）等引导目的、条件状语从句中，从句的谓语动词形式为“should (may, might, can, could, would等) + 动词原形”
The teacher explained the law once more in order that we might understand it better.
为了我们可以更好地理解，老师再次解释了这条法律。
Some people eat so that they may live. Others seem to live in order that they may eat.
一些人为了活着而吃饭，而另一些人为了吃饭而活着。
Bring some money in case you (should) use it. 带点钱备用。
简单句中虚拟语气
表示责备及批评的虚拟语气
1）should/ ought to/ could/ may/ might + have + done
此句型表示“应该/能够/可能做而没做到”，否定形式则表示“过去不该应该/能够/可能做的事却做了”，是一种委婉的责备，语气最强的是should，最弱的是might。
You are late again. You could have come earlier. 你又来晚了，你本来能早来一些的。
I have told you many times. You should have done it better.
我已经告诉你很多遍了，你应该做得更好些。
2）needn’t have done 本不需要做某事，却做了
You needn’t have ordered so much food, only five guests came.
你当时本没有必要订这么多饭的，只来了五个人。
表示委婉、客气的虚拟语气
这类虚拟语气用“should/ would/ could/ might + 动词原形”。
I don’t think he could be so careless. 我想他不会这么粗心。
Might I have your bike for a moment? 借你的自行车用用好吗？
Would you mind turning off the TV? 关上电视好吗？
表示“本打算做而未做成” 的虚拟语气
1. had hoped (wanted, planned, meant, intended, expected) 或
hoped (wanted, planned, meant, intended, expected) + to have done
这两个句型表示“未曾实现的希望、打算和意图”。
I had meant to phone you (I meant to have phoned you), but I forgot your phone number.
我本打算给你打电话，可把你的号码忘了。
2. 下面表示法表示“本想、本该做而未做成”：
would/should like to have done
was/ were to have done
was/ were supposed to have done
had better have done
would rather have done
I would like to have gone with you, but I got up late. 我本来想和你一起走，但起晚了。
表示祝愿的虚拟语气
表示祝愿时常用动词原形或“May+主语+动词原形”结构。
God bless you! 上帝保佑你！
Long live the people! 人民万岁！
May you succeed. 祝你成功。
So be it! 但愿如此！
虚拟语气做题技巧：
1. 记住各种虚拟语气的形式。
如虚拟条件句的三种句式，“建议”类虚拟形式“（should）+动词原形”，wish和as if的从句的形式等。
2.找题中表示需用虚拟语气的词语。
1）if条件句，或虽没有if从句，可以看出省略了条件句，而用without等短语代替了条件句的含蓄条件句。
2）“建议”类动词、名词或过去分词，如：advise, demand, command, suggestion, proposal，suggested等。
3) wish, as if, would rather 等
4) 特殊句式，如：
It is + 形容词+ 从句
It is time + 从句
3. 分辨句子是陈述事实，还是表示虚拟语气。
Should green plants disappear some day, _____ on the earth.
A. there will hardly be any life B. there will be no life
C. there must have been no life D. there would hardly be any life
分析：应选D。从句子的形式和内容（植物消失，生命绝迹）来看，是省略了if用倒装的对未来情况作出假定和推测的句子，其主句部分应该使用与将来事实相反的虚拟语气的谓语形式。
4. 区别时间。
判断句子所叙述的情况发生在何时（现在、过去或将来），如果句子是复合句，要仔细确认从句和主句叙述的情况是否发生在同一时间层面，然后选择相应的谓语动词的虚拟形式。注意时间副词、从句或前后句的暗示。
1）If the city had built more homes for the poor in 2008, the current housing problem there _____ so serious.
A. is not B. would not be C. will not have been D. would not have been
分析：选B。从题干的形式和语义看，是非真实条件句，由从句中的时间状语in 2008和过去完成时谓语动词可以知道从句与过去事实相反，由主句中的current（现在的）可知主句表示的是与现在事实相反的情况。
2）But for the old woman, he ________ of hunger fifteen years ago.
A. would have died B. would die C. must have died D. must die
分析：应选A。因为but for (要不是因为、如果没有) 通常要与虚拟语气连用，由fifteen years ago 可知，这是与过去事实相反的情况，所以选would have died。
5. 根据句意，区分选择项中的情态动词。
一般而言，would, could, might, should都可以用于虚拟语气主句中的谓语结构，但是意义略有不同。
特别提醒：在表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气时，从句只能用情态动词should。
如：
_______me tomorrow, I would let him know, but he doesn’t often call back on Monday.
A. Would he call B. Should he call
C. Could he had called D. Might he have called
分析：选B。这道题是虚拟条件句的倒装。虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were, should或had时，可省略if，再把were, should或had提前。但是表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气时，从句只能用should。
巩固练习
Ⅰ. 翻译句子：
1. 我们有必要出去散散步。
____________________________________________________
2. 如果他早起，他就不会上学迟到。
____________________________________________________
3. 如果他开车更小心点，他昨天就不会出车祸了。
____________________________________________________
4. 要是我们的父母能和我们住在一起就好了。
____________________________________________________
5. 真遗憾你竟然错过了一个好机会。
____________________________________________________
6. 你真该去上学了。
____________________________________________________
7. 你本不应该告诉她真相。
____________________________________________________
8. 我没有足够的钱，否则我会买那本书的。
____________________________________________________
9. 如果我们国家每个人都懂急救，就会有许多生命被救。
____________________________________________________
10. 我宁愿你现在付我钱。
____________________________________________________
Ⅱ. 请改正下列句子中的错误。
1. The doctor ordered that she stayed in bed for a few days.
2. I’d rather you will go to the concert with me this evening.
3. If you had worked hard, you would have been very tired now.
4. It is high time that we leave for our hometown.
5. If only I can speak several foreign languages!
6. I wish I didn’t do such a foolish thing yesterday.
7. What would have happened if you didn’t help her?
8. But for your great efforts, the work couldn’t be finished on time.
Ⅲ. 单项选择。
1. ________more careful, his ship would not have sunk.
A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been
C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been
2. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ________ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.
A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen
C. should fallD. were to fall
3. _______ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you be D. Might you be
4. —Pity you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution.
—I _______ it, but I was busy preparing for a job interview.
A. attended B. had attended C. would attend D. would have attended
5. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he ________ our chairman now.
A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be
6. ________ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
7. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I ________ your advice.
A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed
8. If you hadn’t taken such a long time to get dressed, we _______ there now.
A．would be B．would have been C．have been D．will be
9. It is time that the government ________ measures to protect the rare birds and animals.
A. takes B. took C. has taken D. taking
10. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he ______ to the meeting.
A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come
11. Without electricity human life ______ quite different today.
A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be
12. If he ______ to the teacher attentively, he ______ the answer to the problem now.
A. had listened, would have known B. listened, would know
C. listened, would have known D. had listened, would know
13. I would have come earlier, but I ________ that you were waiting for me.
A. didn’t know B. hadn’t know C. would have known D. haven’t known
14. Everything ______ if Albert hadn’t called the fire brigade.
A. will be destroyed B. will have been destroyed
C. would be destroyed D. would have been destroyed
15. ______the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easily.
A. Had it not been B. If it were not C. If it had not been for D. Were it not for
16. He _______ busy yesterday, or he _______ you with your experiment.A. was, had helped?? B. was, would have helped??????
C. had been, would have helped? D. were, would have helped
17. But for water, it _______ impossible to live in the earth.A. is? B. would?? be C. were??? D. wouldn’t be
18. The thief closed his eyes ________ he ________dying. A. even if；was? B. though；would be????? C. even；had been??? D. as if；were
19. —Will you read me a story, Mummy?
—OK. You ________ have one if you go to bed as soon as possible.
A. might B. must C. could D. shall
20. I __________ through that bitter period without your generous help.
A. couldn’t have gone B. didn’t go
C. wouldn’t go D. hadn’t gone
21. What the customers_______ from the company is that the goods _______ right to their homes.
A. requested, deliver B. demand, be delivered
C. request, should deliver D. demand, delivered
22. If the doctor had been available, the child _______.
A. would not die B. would not have died C. could not die D. could not have died
23. I was really anxious about you. You ________ home without a word.
A. mustn’t leaveB. shouldn’t have left
C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave
24. Mr Li required the computer equipment referred ________ used in every classroom.
A. should be B. have to be C. to be D. to being
25. —Yang Liwei has won great honour for our country.
—Who is Yang Liwei?
—What a question! It is surprising ________ the first spaceman in China.
A. you didn’t know our national hero B. to you not to know him
C. you should know nothing about D. you knew nothing about
答案与解析：
Ⅰ. 翻译句子：
1. It’s necessary that we should have a walk now.
2. If he had got up early, he would not have been late for school.
3. If he had driven more carefully, he would not have had the car accident yesterday.
4. If only our parents could live with us!
5. It’s a pity that you (should) miss a good chance.
6. It is high time that you went / should go to school.
7. You shouldn’t have told her the truth.
8. I didn’t have enough money. Otherwise I would have bought that book.
9. If everyone in our country knew first aid, many lives would be saved.
10. I would rather you paid me now.
Ⅱ. 请改正下列句子中的错误。
1. stayed → (should) stay。order的宾语从句的谓语用“（should）+ 动词原形”的虚拟结构。
2. will go → went。would rather后的宾语从句中，用过去时表示现在或将来要做的事情。
3. would have been → would be。从句说的是过去，所以用过去完成时，而主句指的是现在，即现在的虚拟结果，所以用“would + 动词原形”。
4. leave → left/should leave。在“It is （high）time that …”句型中，从句的谓语动词一般用过去式或should+动词原形，should不可省。
5. can → could。if only引出的句子要用虚拟语气,谓语动词用一般过去时表示目前的愿望。
6. didn’t do → hadn’t done。wish后的宾语从句谓语用过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反的愿望。
7. didn’t help → hadn’t helped。主句用“would / should + have + 过去分词”，表示过去时间的虚拟条件从句要用过去完成时。
8. couldn’t be → couldn’t have been。句意：要不是你那么努力，工作就不会准时完成了。从but for（要不是）短语中的“great”可知，“你”已经付出了努力，是暗含的条件，所以后面句子相当于虚拟条件句的主句，而且与过去事实相反，应该用couldn’t have been。
Ⅲ. 单项选择。
1. B。考查if条件的虚拟语气，与过去事实相反，条件句省略了if，把had提前。
2. B。考查混合虚拟语气，根据at the age of seven可知从句为对过去的假设，须用过去完成时。
3. B。虚拟条件句中含有were或had，should时， if可省,将were, had, should提到主语前面，从句是与将来事实相反的假设，所以用should，实际上“you”也不会被解雇。而主句说明的事实，所以用了will。
4. D。从上下文可知，说话人没有参加讲座，省略了从句“if I hadn’t been busy”，主句与过去事实相反，因此选D。
5. D。前句是省略了if的与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，而由now可知主句与现在事实相反，所以用would be。
6. B。从句子的后半部分“I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.”可知用了虚拟语气形式，所以前面用but for（要不是）引出相当于条件句的介词短语。In spite of 尽管；Because of 因为；As for 就......而言。
7. C。If only引出的句子是一个条件句，要用虚拟语气；从上文可知说话人后悔没有听从对方的建议，应该用与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。
8. A。此句是混合虚拟条件句，前面是与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，后面的结果句受now影响应该与现在事实相反，所以选A。
9. B。句型“It is time that...”从句的谓语动词用一般过去时表示虚拟。
10. C。从“He was very busy yesterday”可知，谈论的是过去的事，otherwise相当于“如果昨天不忙的话”，所以主句用would have done。
11. D。“Without electricity”相当于条件句，从today可知句子与现在事实相反，所以谓语动词用would be。句意：如果没有电，人类今天的生活会完全不同了。
12. D。句意：如果他认真听老师讲课了，他现在就会知道问题的答案了。从句与过去事实相反，用had listened；主句与现在事实相反，用would+动词原形。
13. A。前面的分句是与过去事实相反的主句形式，but引出了过去的事实，而省略了与过去事实相反的条件句“if I had known that...”。即：如果我知道你在等我，我早就来了，但是我不知道你正在等我。“不知道”是过去的事实，用didn’t know。
14. D。从if从句中可知谈论的是与过去的事实相反的假设，主句应该用would have done。所以选D。
15. D。主句是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，从而排除A、C；if it is not for... 要不是因为......，此短语用于虚拟语气，省略了if，is变成were提前。句意：如果不是因为那些云彩，你会很容易地看到空中的飞机。
16. B。第一空是昨天发生的事实，用过去时was；因为有了or，省略了条件从句“如果昨天不忙的话”，所以主句与过去事实相反，所以选B。
17. B。But for water（要不是有水）相当于“If there were no water”,从句意可知句子与现在事实相反，所以句子的谓语是would be。
18. D。句意：那个小偷闭上眼睛，好像要死了一样。根据句意第一空应该选as if（好像），even if （即使）和though（虽然）不合题意；be dying是closed...发生同时的状态，用一般过去时，be用were。
19. D。根据答语中if从句的谓语及情景可知主句是很有可能发生的事，不用虚拟语气，用shall与第二人称连用，表示许诺。句意：你如果快点上床，我就给你读一个故事。
20. A。介词短语without your generous help相当于虚拟的条件句，从“慷慨的（generous）”可知，事情已经发生了，是与过去事实相反，因此选A。
21. B。从is可知what从句中的谓语动词request或demand用一般现在时，表示一般状况；而动词request/remand有关的表语从句用虚拟语气：（should）+动词原形。第二空动词deliver与主语the goods是被动关系，省略should后，填be delivered。
22. B。从句意和前面条件句中可知，主从句都与过去事实相反，所以选B，would可译成“会”，表示预测结果，could表示能力，不合题意。句意：如果医生当时在，那个孩子就不会死了。
23. B。shouldn’t have left表示“本不应该（不说一声就）离开”，表示“过去不该做却做了”。
24. C。句中referred to是过去分词短语，作the computer equipment 的定语，意为“被提到的计算机设备”；在表示“要求”的require, request, ask, demand等动词后的宾语从句的谓语要用“(should+)动词原形”，所以从句的谓语动词是be used，省略了should。
25. C。在it is surprising后的that从句中，谓语要用“should +动词原形”，其中should 含“竟
然”之意，是最佳答案。