Unit 1 Advertising Grammar and usage(2)To-infinitive and Verb-ing form as a noun课件（46张）
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课件46张PPT。 Module 4 Unit 1 Grammar and usage
To-infinitive and
Verb-ing form as a nounPart 1
To-infinitive
1.to do as a subject
The cat said, “To take roller coaster is terrible ”.
不定式短语作主语时，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情况下，尤其是在疑问句和感叹句中，往往放在谓语之后，而用先行代词it作形式主语。
The cat said, “It’s terrible to take roller coaster.”
How long did it take you to take roller coaster?
How terrible it is to take roller coaster!
过山车. wmv不定式作主语常见句型： a) It is + adj. (easy, important,
difficult…) + 不定式b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, one’s duty, a shame…) + 不定式c) It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience…) + 不定式It requires patience to be a good teacher.It’s my duty to teach you how to
be a student of Nanjing No.3 Middle School. 2.to do as a predictiveOur most important task now is to make a plan.当句子的主语是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含内容。注：作表语的不定式都带to，但当主语部分有实义动词do时，to可以省略。
Now the only thing we can do is wait.
3.to do as an object
The cat said “Remember not to
take it next time!” (Tips:不定式否定为not to)a) 可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，如agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish
2005年天津卷12题：I don’t want _____ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair.
A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded
当不定式短语比宾补长时，往往将
不定式放到宾补后，而用先行代词it
作形式宾语，常用动词有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。The cat felt it terrible to take roller coaster.b) 只有少数介词如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作宾语。一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都带to，但如果but或except所在句子里的谓语动词含有do, does, did时，通常省略to。We have no choice but to wait.Cf. We can do nothing but wait.4. to do as an object complementYou should get them to help you .
(They will help you.)They believed him to be honest.
(He was honest.)(常用谓语动词有: get,ask,force, order, tell, invite, allow, wish, want,like ,expect,advise , beg等。)但在谓语动词believe, find , think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove 等后面 跟to be…作宾补,不跟to do…The boss made her work long hours.
主语 谓语 宾语 宾补She
主语was made
谓语to work
主补long hours (by her boss).
2005全国卷(I)No.18
While watching television, ______.
A. The doorbell rang
B. The doorbell rings
C. We heard the doorbell ring
D. We heard the doorbell rings2005福建卷No.23
If anyone happens to drop in while I’m out, _____ him or her leave a message.
A. have B. get C. ask D.tellTips:有些动词后面须接不带to
的不定式做宾语补足语,常用的动词有:make,let,have,see; hear,watch,notice,feel; look at, listen to; help, observe 等,但是句子变成被动语态后, 不定式成为句子的主语补足语,需带to.I would rather ____ (go) swimming.You had better ______ (tidy) your bedroom.Why not ______ (visit) your cousin in Japan?gotidyvisitTips:有些句型后面须接不带to的不定式。She told me _______(be) cheerful and ______(look) on the bright side.We had nothing ______(do) but _____(watch) TV.to belookto dowatchTips: 当两个不定式and, or, expect, but, than或rather than连接起来时，第二个不定式符号省略。5. to do as an attributive①能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语。常见的有
attempt, decision, promise, plan等
He has not kept his promise _________(write) to his parents regularly.不定式可以在句子充当后置定语，修饰名词。以下几类情况常用不定式作定语：She made a decision ______(go)abroad for a year.to writeto go②常与不定式搭配的形容词，其
同源名词一般可以用不定式作定语。常见的有ability, determination, anxiety, eagerness等His eagerness to finish his
homework was quite clear.③序数词,形容词最高级或被only, last, next等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。She was the only person to survive after the earthquake.Tips: 不定式在作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词有意义上的主谓关系、同位关系、动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，它后面需要加上适当介词。He’s always the first to come and
the last to leave. (=The first comes and the last leaves.)(主谓关系)I have no time to listen to your excuse. (同位关系)She has a meeting to attend. （=attend a meeting)There’s nothing to worry about. (=worry about nothing)(动宾关系) 6. to do as an adverbial不定式可以作状语，
表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。①so as to (不能放句首), to, in order to作目的状语2005年辽宁卷22题：All these gifts must be mailed
immediately _____ in time for Christmas.
in order to have received B. in order to receive
C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving②在so…as to, such…as to, only to …结构中不定式作结果状语，其中only to…用于表示意想不到的结果。He hurried to the station only ___ that the train had gone.
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found③enough to, too…to结构The boy isn’t old enough to go to school.
= The boy is too young to go to school.④形容词（glad, happy , lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever等）+ 不定式结构作原因状语I’m glad to meet you.7. 作插入语，用来说明说话人的
态度、看法、对整个句子进行解释，
如to be frank（坦白地说），to be sure（确实）等。To tell you the truth, I hate you.8. 作同位语The order to start the general attack soon came.不定式复合结构:以it为形式主语或形式宾语引导的复合结构，如前面的形容词指行为的性质就用：for sb. to do sth.这种复合结构在句中可作主、表、宾、定、状等。It is necessary for us to go there.(主语)There is no need for him to leave.(定语)My suggestion is for you to do the job.(表语)如果该形容词是指行为的性质，同时又指行为的人，则用of sb. to do sth.。这种句式中的常用形容词有：right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。
It’s very kind of you to come to see me.It was foolish of him to believe her.I think it wise of her not to accept their offer.Tips:连接代（副）词+不定式（包括whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, （不包括why/if），在句中起名词作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain等动词后作主、宾或表语。No one can tell me where to find John.When to the exam is still unknown.The problem is how to get enough money.不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式①不定式的进行式：to be + V-ing, 用来表示谓语动词动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行。Some students pretended to be reading
English when the teacher came in.
②不定式完成式：to have + V-ed
构成，用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。2005年江苏卷No.25
--- Is Bob still performing?
--- I’m afraid not. He is said _______ the stage already as he has become an official.
A. to have left B. to leave
C. to have been D. to be left
2006年四川卷No.26
The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games _____ in Beijing in 2008.
A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be heldThe book is said to have been translated into many languages.
当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示
的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动语态。
③不定式的被动式分为一般式被动to be V-ed和完成式被动to have been V-edThe question is difficult to answer.
=The question is difficult for me to answer.=It is difficult for me to answer the question.He is hard to get along with.
=It is hard to get along with him.表语主语宾语不定式宾语补足语定语状语Homework:
P.9 Fill in the blankets, using to-infinitives.
P.92 C1 Answer the questions using to-infinitives.
Thank you for attention Part 2
Verb-ing form as a noun1.动名词的句法功能：动名词由动词加ing构成，与现在分词的形式相同。动名词主要起名词作用，在句中担任主语、表语、宾语和定语。①作主语，可以直接放在句首，也可以用先行代词it作为形式主语，而把动名词后置。Seeing is believing. (眼见为实)Collecting stamps is a good hobby. (单个动名词短语作主语时，动词用单数)动名词作主语还有以下两个习惯表答法：It is no use (good) + 动名词：做某事没用(不好)It’s no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水难收)
It’s no good spitting in public.There is no + 动名词 (= It is impossible to do sth.)
There is no knowing what may happen.（未来的事无法知道）②作表语：通常是说明主语的内容，注意它与谓语动词进行时的区别His hobby is collecting stamps.
(此句为SVC结构) 可改为：Collecting stamps is his hobby.Cf. He is collecting stamps. (is collecting是谓语动词进行时，此句为SVO结构) 不能改为：Collecting stamps is he.2005年上海卷No.32
He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he could not risk _____ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost2006年北京卷No.35.
I can’t stand _____ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _____ talking while she works. A. working; stopping
B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop
D. To work; to stop③作宾语
A.作及物动词的宾语
(stand, admit, dislike, imagine, delay, consider, mind, understand, avoid, enjoy, practise, miss, finish, keep, suggest, appreciate, escape, miss)
2006年江苏卷N0.32
---There is a story here in the paper
about a 110-year-old man.
---My goodness! I can’t imagine ___ that old.
A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been Tips:有些动词（ continue, prefer,begin, hate, like, start,love）后面既可以接不定式作宾语，也可以接动名词作宾语，意义差别不大。通常认为用动名词泛指一般的倾向性，用不定式则表示特定或具体某一种动作。I like swimming but I don’t like to swim
in winter.I prefer to drive rather than to be driven.I prefer driving to riding.有些动词，如forget, remember, regret等，后面接动
名词表示的动作先于谓语动词动作，不定式表示的动
作后于谓语动词。2005年北京卷No.30
When asked by police, he said that
he remembered _____ at he party, but not ______.
A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leave
C. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave在下列句型中动名词作真正宾语：
动词+it（形式宾语）+宾补+动名词（真正宾语）B. 作介词的宾语 2005年浙江卷No.3
The president spoke at the business
meeting for nearly an hour without ______ his notes. A.bringing up B. referring to
C. looking for D. trying onbe used to doing 习惯于做；look forward to doing 盼望做；devote one’s life to doing 致力于做；spend time (in) doing 花时间做；be fond of doing 喜爱做；be good at doing 擅长做；be proud of doing 为做…而自豪；be tired of doing 对做…感到厌倦；feel like doing 欲想做；go on doing 继续做（原来的事）；
keep on doing 不停地做；what about doing 做…怎么样；think of doing 考虑做；be interested in doing 对做…感兴趣；have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing 做某事有困难；be busy (in) doing 忙于做；instead of doing 做…而不做…2005年江苏卷No.23
Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and ______ jokes.
A. turning up B. putting up
C. making up D. showing up
④作定语动名词可作前置定语，表示所修饰的词的用途或目的，可用for改写；而现在分词作定语时，可用定语从句改写。swimming pool, waiting room, walking sticka sleeping car =a car for sleepinga sleeping child=a child who is sleeping⑤作同位语That’s the queen’s full-time job, laying eggs.这就是蚁后的专职工作——产卵。2．动名词的逻辑主语①人称代词做逻辑主语时应用所有格，即形容词性物主代词。Do you mind my smoking here?②逻辑主语是不定代词或指示代词时，很少用所有格，而用普通格。He was awakened by someone knocking at the door.There’s no need for that being done.③逻辑主语是名词时，用所有格，
但是如果名词为无生命物体时，则用普通格。Mary’s laughing made Tom angry.There is no hope of the factory making profit.④在口语中，动名词如果不在句首，可以用名词普通格或人称代词宾格作逻辑主语。2005年安徽卷No.34
I really can’t understand _____ her like that. A. you treat B. you to treat
C. why treat D. you treating3. 动名词的完成式(having done)、
一般式被动(being done)和完成式
被动(having been done)。After having finished his work, he went home.He attended the meeting without being asked.She never told me about her having been interviewed by the police.表语主语宾语动名词定语Homework:
1. P.11 Fill in the blank, s using verb-ing form.
2. P.92 Fill in the blanks using the correct forms in blanks. Thank you for attention
To-infinitive and
Verb-ing form as a nounPart 1
To-infinitive
1.to do as a subject
The cat said, “To take roller coaster is terrible ”.
不定式短语作主语时，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情况下，尤其是在疑问句和感叹句中，往往放在谓语之后，而用先行代词it作形式主语。
The cat said, “It’s terrible to take roller coaster.”
How long did it take you to take roller coaster?
How terrible it is to take roller coaster!
过山车. wmv不定式作主语常见句型： a) It is + adj. (easy, important,
difficult…) + 不定式b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, one’s duty, a shame…) + 不定式c) It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience…) + 不定式It requires patience to be a good teacher.It’s my duty to teach you how to
be a student of Nanjing No.3 Middle School. 2.to do as a predictiveOur most important task now is to make a plan.当句子的主语是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含内容。注：作表语的不定式都带to，但当主语部分有实义动词do时，to可以省略。
Now the only thing we can do is wait.
3.to do as an object
The cat said “Remember not to
take it next time!” (Tips:不定式否定为not to)a) 可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，如agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish
2005年天津卷12题：I don’t want _____ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair.
A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded
当不定式短语比宾补长时，往往将
不定式放到宾补后，而用先行代词it
作形式宾语，常用动词有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。The cat felt it terrible to take roller coaster.b) 只有少数介词如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作宾语。一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都带to，但如果but或except所在句子里的谓语动词含有do, does, did时，通常省略to。We have no choice but to wait.Cf. We can do nothing but wait.4. to do as an object complementYou should get them to help you .
(They will help you.)They believed him to be honest.
(He was honest.)(常用谓语动词有: get,ask,force, order, tell, invite, allow, wish, want,like ,expect,advise , beg等。)但在谓语动词believe, find , think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove 等后面 跟to be…作宾补,不跟to do…The boss made her work long hours.
主语 谓语 宾语 宾补She
主语was made
谓语to work
主补long hours (by her boss).
2005全国卷(I)No.18
While watching television, ______.
A. The doorbell rang
B. The doorbell rings
C. We heard the doorbell ring
D. We heard the doorbell rings2005福建卷No.23
If anyone happens to drop in while I’m out, _____ him or her leave a message.
A. have B. get C. ask D.tellTips:有些动词后面须接不带to
的不定式做宾语补足语,常用的动词有:make,let,have,see; hear,watch,notice,feel; look at, listen to; help, observe 等,但是句子变成被动语态后, 不定式成为句子的主语补足语,需带to.I would rather ____ (go) swimming.You had better ______ (tidy) your bedroom.Why not ______ (visit) your cousin in Japan?gotidyvisitTips:有些句型后面须接不带to的不定式。She told me _______(be) cheerful and ______(look) on the bright side.We had nothing ______(do) but _____(watch) TV.to belookto dowatchTips: 当两个不定式and, or, expect, but, than或rather than连接起来时，第二个不定式符号省略。5. to do as an attributive①能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语。常见的有
attempt, decision, promise, plan等
He has not kept his promise _________(write) to his parents regularly.不定式可以在句子充当后置定语，修饰名词。以下几类情况常用不定式作定语：She made a decision ______(go)abroad for a year.to writeto go②常与不定式搭配的形容词，其
同源名词一般可以用不定式作定语。常见的有ability, determination, anxiety, eagerness等His eagerness to finish his
homework was quite clear.③序数词,形容词最高级或被only, last, next等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。She was the only person to survive after the earthquake.Tips: 不定式在作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词有意义上的主谓关系、同位关系、动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，它后面需要加上适当介词。He’s always the first to come and
the last to leave. (=The first comes and the last leaves.)(主谓关系)I have no time to listen to your excuse. (同位关系)She has a meeting to attend. （=attend a meeting)There’s nothing to worry about. (=worry about nothing)(动宾关系) 6. to do as an adverbial不定式可以作状语，
表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。①so as to (不能放句首), to, in order to作目的状语2005年辽宁卷22题：All these gifts must be mailed
immediately _____ in time for Christmas.
in order to have received B. in order to receive
C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving②在so…as to, such…as to, only to …结构中不定式作结果状语，其中only to…用于表示意想不到的结果。He hurried to the station only ___ that the train had gone.
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found③enough to, too…to结构The boy isn’t old enough to go to school.
= The boy is too young to go to school.④形容词（glad, happy , lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever等）+ 不定式结构作原因状语I’m glad to meet you.7. 作插入语，用来说明说话人的
态度、看法、对整个句子进行解释，
如to be frank（坦白地说），to be sure（确实）等。To tell you the truth, I hate you.8. 作同位语The order to start the general attack soon came.不定式复合结构:以it为形式主语或形式宾语引导的复合结构，如前面的形容词指行为的性质就用：for sb. to do sth.这种复合结构在句中可作主、表、宾、定、状等。It is necessary for us to go there.(主语)There is no need for him to leave.(定语)My suggestion is for you to do the job.(表语)如果该形容词是指行为的性质，同时又指行为的人，则用of sb. to do sth.。这种句式中的常用形容词有：right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。
It’s very kind of you to come to see me.It was foolish of him to believe her.I think it wise of her not to accept their offer.Tips:连接代（副）词+不定式（包括whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, （不包括why/if），在句中起名词作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain等动词后作主、宾或表语。No one can tell me where to find John.When to the exam is still unknown.The problem is how to get enough money.不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式①不定式的进行式：to be + V-ing, 用来表示谓语动词动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行。Some students pretended to be reading
English when the teacher came in.
②不定式完成式：to have + V-ed
构成，用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。2005年江苏卷No.25
--- Is Bob still performing?
--- I’m afraid not. He is said _______ the stage already as he has become an official.
A. to have left B. to leave
C. to have been D. to be left
2006年四川卷No.26
The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games _____ in Beijing in 2008.
A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be heldThe book is said to have been translated into many languages.
当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示
的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动语态。
③不定式的被动式分为一般式被动to be V-ed和完成式被动to have been V-edThe question is difficult to answer.
=The question is difficult for me to answer.=It is difficult for me to answer the question.He is hard to get along with.
=It is hard to get along with him.表语主语宾语不定式宾语补足语定语状语Homework:
P.9 Fill in the blankets, using to-infinitives.
P.92 C1 Answer the questions using to-infinitives.
Thank you for attention Part 2
Verb-ing form as a noun1.动名词的句法功能：动名词由动词加ing构成，与现在分词的形式相同。动名词主要起名词作用，在句中担任主语、表语、宾语和定语。①作主语，可以直接放在句首，也可以用先行代词it作为形式主语，而把动名词后置。Seeing is believing. (眼见为实)Collecting stamps is a good hobby. (单个动名词短语作主语时，动词用单数)动名词作主语还有以下两个习惯表答法：It is no use (good) + 动名词：做某事没用(不好)It’s no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水难收)
It’s no good spitting in public.There is no + 动名词 (= It is impossible to do sth.)
There is no knowing what may happen.（未来的事无法知道）②作表语：通常是说明主语的内容，注意它与谓语动词进行时的区别His hobby is collecting stamps.
(此句为SVC结构) 可改为：Collecting stamps is his hobby.Cf. He is collecting stamps. (is collecting是谓语动词进行时，此句为SVO结构) 不能改为：Collecting stamps is he.2005年上海卷No.32
He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he could not risk _____ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost2006年北京卷No.35.
I can’t stand _____ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _____ talking while she works. A. working; stopping
B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop
D. To work; to stop③作宾语
A.作及物动词的宾语
(stand, admit, dislike, imagine, delay, consider, mind, understand, avoid, enjoy, practise, miss, finish, keep, suggest, appreciate, escape, miss)
2006年江苏卷N0.32
---There is a story here in the paper
about a 110-year-old man.
---My goodness! I can’t imagine ___ that old.
A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been Tips:有些动词（ continue, prefer,begin, hate, like, start,love）后面既可以接不定式作宾语，也可以接动名词作宾语，意义差别不大。通常认为用动名词泛指一般的倾向性，用不定式则表示特定或具体某一种动作。I like swimming but I don’t like to swim
in winter.I prefer to drive rather than to be driven.I prefer driving to riding.有些动词，如forget, remember, regret等，后面接动
名词表示的动作先于谓语动词动作，不定式表示的动
作后于谓语动词。2005年北京卷No.30
When asked by police, he said that
he remembered _____ at he party, but not ______.
A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leave
C. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave在下列句型中动名词作真正宾语：
动词+it（形式宾语）+宾补+动名词（真正宾语）B. 作介词的宾语 2005年浙江卷No.3
The president spoke at the business
meeting for nearly an hour without ______ his notes. A.bringing up B. referring to
C. looking for D. trying onbe used to doing 习惯于做；look forward to doing 盼望做；devote one’s life to doing 致力于做；spend time (in) doing 花时间做；be fond of doing 喜爱做；be good at doing 擅长做；be proud of doing 为做…而自豪；be tired of doing 对做…感到厌倦；feel like doing 欲想做；go on doing 继续做（原来的事）；
keep on doing 不停地做；what about doing 做…怎么样；think of doing 考虑做；be interested in doing 对做…感兴趣；have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing 做某事有困难；be busy (in) doing 忙于做；instead of doing 做…而不做…2005年江苏卷No.23
Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and ______ jokes.
A. turning up B. putting up
C. making up D. showing up
④作定语动名词可作前置定语，表示所修饰的词的用途或目的，可用for改写；而现在分词作定语时，可用定语从句改写。swimming pool, waiting room, walking sticka sleeping car =a car for sleepinga sleeping child=a child who is sleeping⑤作同位语That’s the queen’s full-time job, laying eggs.这就是蚁后的专职工作——产卵。2．动名词的逻辑主语①人称代词做逻辑主语时应用所有格，即形容词性物主代词。Do you mind my smoking here?②逻辑主语是不定代词或指示代词时，很少用所有格，而用普通格。He was awakened by someone knocking at the door.There’s no need for that being done.③逻辑主语是名词时，用所有格，
但是如果名词为无生命物体时，则用普通格。Mary’s laughing made Tom angry.There is no hope of the factory making profit.④在口语中，动名词如果不在句首，可以用名词普通格或人称代词宾格作逻辑主语。2005年安徽卷No.34
I really can’t understand _____ her like that. A. you treat B. you to treat
C. why treat D. you treating3. 动名词的完成式(having done)、
一般式被动(being done)和完成式
被动(having been done)。After having finished his work, he went home.He attended the meeting without being asked.She never told me about her having been interviewed by the police.表语主语宾语动名词定语Homework:
1. P.11 Fill in the blank, s using verb-ing form.
2. P.92 Fill in the blanks using the correct forms in blanks. Thank you for attention