（人教版）必修4：Unit 2 Working the land单元语言点整理及其练习

B4 Unit 2 Working the land语言点
目标认知
重点词汇
struggle，expand，check，enough，compare，provide，confuse，damage，affect，reduce，method，avoid，every
重点短语
thanks to，rid sb./ sth. of sb. /sth.，care about，would rather，too much，lead to，build up，in addition，turn to，focus on，keep...free from
重点句型
so that可以引导目的状语从句
even though
have been doing
as用法小结
知识讲解
重点词汇
【词汇精讲】
struggle
【原句回放】Indeed, his sun burnt face and arms and his slim, strong body are just like those of millions of Chinese farmers, for whom he has struggled for the past five decades.
【点拨】struggle (vi.& n.)
(1)fight (with sb.) （与某人）争斗, 搏斗, 打斗
(2) move one's body vigorously, trying to get free 挣扎
(3) try to overcome difficulties拼搏；努力；
struggle against/with 与……斗争
struggle for/to do sth. 努力争取……
with a struggle 费劲地
without a struggle 未经努力地
struggle to one's feet 挣扎地站起来
struggle through the snowstorm 冒着风雪前进
a life and death struggle 生死搏斗
expand
【原句回放】Dr. Yuan searched for a way to increase rice harvests without expanding the area of the fields.
【点拨】expand (vt. &vi. )
(1)become greater in size, number or importance变大; 扩大; 增强
Metals expand when they are heated.
Why not try to expand your story into a novel?
(2)spread out 伸展
The petals of the flowers expanded in the sunshine.
易混辨析：stretch, spread, extend，expand
这几个词的共同意思是“扩展”。
(1)stretch指把有弹性的物体拉长或拉宽。
(2)spread意思较为广泛：
①把某物体展开，铺平。
②把许多物体铺撒在一定的面积上。
③指某事物在人与人之间传播，越传越广。
(3)extend指在空间或时间上延伸，一般有一个大致的延伸方向。
(4)expand本义指在面积、体积上的扩大，一般是从中心向四周扩 大。用作比喻义时，可以指各种事物的增长、扩大等。
check
【原句回放】Then skim the passage to check if you were right．然后浏览短文。检查一下你是否正确。(P9)
【点拨】check vt．检查；核对；制止；阻挡；寄存；托运
常用搭配：check in(旅馆、飞机等)登记；报到
check up调查
Will you please check these figures？
你把这些数字核对一下好吗？
Doctors are trying to check the spread of the disease with drugs．
医生正试图用药物阻止这种疾病的蔓延。
They have checked the enemy’s advance．他们已阻挡住敌人的攻势。
He checked his coat as he went in．他进去时把外衣寄存起来。
【拓展】易混辨析：check与examine的区别
①examine表示为了解某种情况而仔细“检查”、“审查”。
Yesterday the firemen examined the ground carefully，but were not able to find any broken glass．
昨天，消防队员们仔细地检查了地面，但未能找到任何碎玻璃。
My suitcases were examined at the Customs when I entered the country．
入境时，我的提包在海关受到了检查。
②check表示“检查”、“核对”，以查明是否正确。
How does his story check out with the facts？他的说法经核实过后真实程度有多大？
Please check over the speech draft and correct the mistakes，if any．
请把讲演稿检查一遍，如果有错误，请改正过来。
enough
【原句回放】One dream is not always enough，especially for a person who loves and cares for his people。一个梦想总是不够的。特别是对于一个热爱和关心人民的人来说更是如此。(P10)
【点拨】enough adj. 充分的，足够的
adv. 足够地，充足地，十分，很
pron. 充分，足够
I. 常用搭配：can’t/can never do ... enough 无论怎么做都不为过
I can never thank you enough. 我对你感激不尽。
He is such a good engineer that we cannot praise him enough.
他是个很好的工程师，我们再称赞他也不为过。
II. 用法注意：
1. enough常与for或to do连用。
(2018 江苏高考) Sometimes her family didn’t have enough to eat．
有时她的家人没有足够的食物吃。
Are there enough seats for ten persons? 有没有足够十人的座位？
2. enough作副词时，充当形容词或副词的修饰词，但必须后置。
She isn’t good enough for (=to pass) the exam.
她的功课还不够好，还考不及格。
I don’t know him well enough to ask him for help.
我和他不够熟，不能请他帮忙。
3. 作代词时，既可以代表可数名词，也可以代表不可数名词。
Enough has been said about this subject. 关于这个问题已说得够多了。
If enough of you are interested, we'll organize a trip to the theatre.
如果你们中有足够多的人感兴趣，我们就组织去看一场戏。
4. 作形容词时，可修饰可数名词或不可数名词，可放在被修饰的名词前，也可以放在后面, (但前置多见)。
I have enough time(time enough) to finish the work．
我有足够的时间来完成这项工作。
compare
【原句回放】Write out your idea and then compare it with your partner．写下你的观点，然后与你的同伴进行比较。(P11)
【点拨】compare vt. ＆ vi. 比较，对照
常用搭配：compare ... with(to) 和……比较
compared ... to 把……比作
If you compare this book with that one，you will find this one much more interesting．
如果你把这本书和那本比较一下，你就会发现这本书有趣多了。
Please compare your translation with the model translation on the blackboard．
请把你的翻译和黑板上的范文比较一下。
Young people are compared to the sun in the morning．
人们把年轻人比作早晨的太阳。
Two concert hails that just do not compare．无法比较的两个音乐厅。
【拓展】compared with(to) 和……比起来 （过去分词短语，通常在句中用作状语）
Compared to/with many people，she was indeed very fortunate．
和许多人比起来，她确实很幸运。
It was a small place then compared to/with it is now．
和现在比起来，那时它还是一个小地方。
provide
【原句回放】to provide with things necessary for a certain purpose为了特殊目的而提供必需的东西(P12)
【点拨】provide vt. 提供；供应；供给
常见结构：provide sth. for sb. /provide sb. with sth. 给某人提供某物
provide against sth. 防备发生某事；预防某事
provide for sb. 供应某人所需
provide for sth. 为某事的发生做准备
The company offered to provide anything we needed most．
这家公司主动提出向我们提供我们最需要的任何东西。
The firm has provided the manager with a new car．
这家公司已经向这位经理提供了一辆新的汽车。
(2018 天津高考) Students are provided with a combination for their room door locks upon check-in. 签到时学生会得到一个房间门锁的组合密码。

confuse
【原句回放】It is important to explain this again or we will confuse the students．把这再解释一遍是很重要的，否则的话我们就会使学生们犯糊涂。(P13)
【点拨】 confuse vt. 使糊涂，使迷惑；混淆，混同；使更难于理解
They confused the teacher by having the same names．
他们同名同姓，这把老师搞糊涂了。
Her unexpected arrival confused all our plans．
她的突然到来把我们所有的计划都打乱了。
I always confuse the twin sisters．They look so alike．
我总是分不出这对孪生姐妹，她们看上去简直一模一样。
(2018 重庆高考) Imagine the first days in a new time zone．Slow to respond to the change，your body clock is confused．
想象在一个新时区的第一天。回应这种变化慢的话，你的身体生物钟就紊乱了。
【拓展】
confused adj. 糊涂的，迷乱的
confusedly adv. 迷乱地，糊涂地
confusing adj. 莫名其妙的，难以理解的
confusion n. 迷乱，迷惑
damage
【原句回放】First，they damage the land by killing the helpful bacteria and pests as well as the harmful ones．首先，化肥在杀死病菌和害虫的同时也会杀死有益的细菌和昆虫，从而破坏土地。(P14)
【点拨1】damage n. 损失；损害，损坏；(前面与the连用)价钱；(pl) 赔偿费；
vt. 损害，损坏；使受损失
The storm did a lot of damage to the crops．暴风雨使庄稼受到了很大损失。
What are the damage for the wash job of my car? 清洗我的车要多少钱?
The court awarded ￡500 in damages to the injured．法庭判给受伤者500英镑的赔偿费。
The earthquake damaged several buildings．地震使一些建筑受到了破坏。
温馨提示：damage作“损坏”讲一般用作不可数名词。
易混辨析：damage，destroy与ruin的区别
①damage指“损坏”，一般暗示损坏后价值或效益会降低，这种损坏是部分性的，有时该词也用于借喻。
Her head was slightly damaged as a result of her long illness．
长期生病使她的心脏受到轻度损伤。
What they said and did damaged the relations between the two countries．
他们的言行损害了这两个国家之间的关系。
②destroy意为“破坏；摧毁；消灭；毁灭”，指完全彻底地破坏，含有无法修复之意，也可用于借喻。
The building was completely destroyed by the fire．这座房子被大火烧光了。
③ruin可以表达“毁坏”，也可以用于引申意义。
He ruined his prospects by carelessness．他因疏忽大意而断送了前途。
The rain will ruin the crops．这雨会把庄稼毁掉的。
It poured with rain and my dress was ruined．大雨倾盆，我的连衣裙已淋得不成样子了。
【点拨2】as well as
①用于比较，表示“和……一样好”。
He plays football as well as，if not better than，that man．
他足球踢得要是不比那人好，起码是一样好。
②连词词组，表示“同，还有，不但……而且”。
Einstein was a violinist as well as a physicist．
爱因斯坦不仅是物理学家，而且还是一位小提琴手。
We shall travel by night as well as by day．
我们不仅白天旅行而且晚上也旅行。
注意：①as well as连接两个名词或代词作主语时，后面部分可视为插入语，因此，谓语动词应和前一名词或代词保持人称和数的一致。
The manager as well as the workers wishes for an outing．
经理和他的工人们都希望去远足。
②as well as连接两个动词时，后面的动词用-ing形式。
He hurt his arm as well as breaking his leg．他伤了胳膊，又弄断了腿。
affect
【原句回放】This affects crops and therefore，animals and humans，since chemicals get inside the crops and cannot just be washed off．这会影响到庄稼，进而影响到动物和人类，因为化学成分会进入到农作物中。并且不能被冲洗掉。(P14)
【点拨】 affect vt.影响；感动，触动（相当于move）；感染，侵袭（感染疾病）
The rise in prices will affect all classes．物价的上涨将会使各阶层的人都受到影响。
Some plants are quickly affected by cold．有些植物很快就受到了寒冷的影响。
I was too much affected to answer．我感动得回答不出话来。
This disease affects millions of people in the world every year．
这种疾病每年都使全世界数百万人受到感染。
【拓展】易混辨析：affect，effect与influence的区别
(1)affect指“产生的影响之大足以引起反应”，着重“影响”的动作，有时含有“对……产生不利影响”的意思。
This article will affect my thinking．这篇文章将会影响我的思想。
(2)effect指“实现”、“达成”，着重“造成”一种特殊的效果。
This book effected a change in my opinion．这本书使我的看法起了变化。
(3)influence指“通过说服、举例等对行动、思想、性格等产生不易觉察到的，潜移默化的影响”。
Influenced by a high-school biology teacher，he took up the study of medicine．
在一位中学生物教师的影响下，他从事医学研究。
reduce
【原句回放】A healthy soil reduces disease and helps crops grow strong and healthy．健康的土壤会减少病虫害并且帮助农作物茁壮成长。(P14)
【点拨】reduce vt. ＆ vi. 减少，缩小(尺寸、数量、价格等)；使陷入(更坏的)境地，使沦落
常用搭配：reduce...to...(把……)减少到……
reduce...by...(把……)减少了……
reduce sth. to...使……变为(某个状态)
reduce sb. to(doing) sth. 迫使某人陷入(不佳状态)；使某人不得不……
The great fire reduced the forest to a few trees．大火将森林烧得只剩下几棵树。
The price has been reduced to $5．价格已经降到了5美元。
Enemy’s bombers reduced the city to rubble．敌人的轰炸机把城市夷为了平地。
The Depression reduced many。people to begging on street cornets．
大萧条使许多人沦落到街头乞讨。
The store has drastically reduced winter coats．商店对冬装大减价。
method
【原句回放】These many different organic farming methods have the same goal：to grow good food and avoid damaging the environment or people’s health．这些不同的有机耕作的方法有着同样的目标：种植好的粮食，避免损害环境或者人们的健康。(P14)
【点拨】method n．(系统的、逻辑的)方法、办法；秩序；条理；规律
Try the new method, and maybe you’ll succeed．
试试这种新方法，或许你会成功。
We must get some method into our office filling．
我们必须把公文归档工作弄出些条理来。
【拓展】易混辨析：way，method与means的区别
①way为可数名词，后接不定式或of+动名词。
We must find a way to solve this kind of problem．我们必须找到解决这种问题的方法。
I’m not happy with this way of working．我不喜欢这种工作方式。
②method也是可数名词，常指系统的、逻辑的方法、办法，后接of+ 动名词，不接不定式。
He is a man of accuracy and strict method．他是个精细而严谨的人。
③means单复数形式相同，其前有a，one，this，that，every等时表单数意义，其前有such，these，those，all等时表复数意义，其多指抽象或概括性的意思，也可以指(交通等)手段，后可接不定式，也可接of +动名词／名词。
There is no means of finding out what happened．
无法搞清楚发生了什么事情。
注意三个词的不同搭配：
with methods of用……方法 with this/that method用这/那种方法
in this/that way用这种/那种方法 in the same way用相同的方法
in different ways用不同的方法
by this/these means用这种/这些方法
avoid
【原句回放】These many different organic farming methods have the same goal：to grow good food and avoid damaging the environment or people’s health．这些不同的有机耕作的方法有着同样的目标：种植好的粮食，避免损害环境或者人们的健康。(P14)
【点拨】avoid vt．避开；避免；逃避
常用搭配：avoid doing ... 避免做……
I crossed the street to avoid meeting him，but he saw me and came running towards me．
我横穿马路以便避开他，但他看到了我并朝我跑过来。
To avoid confusion，the teams wore different colours．
为避免混淆，两队分穿不同颜色的衣服。
Are you trying to avoid me? 你是不是想避开我?
【拓展】avoidable adj. 可避免的
avoidably adv. 可避免地
avoidless adj. 无法避免的
every
【原句回放】They often change the kind of crop in each field every few years，for example，growing corn or wheat and then the next year peas or soybeans．在同一块地里，他们经常每隔几年就换种农作物。例如，种玉米或小麦后来年再改种豌豆或大豆。(P14)
【点拨】 every每(每隔)……（不可换成each）
常用搭配：
every+基数词+复数名词
every+序数词+单数可数名词
every + other+单数可数名词
every + few+复数名词（不能接a few，some，several，many等）
I go there every two weeks．我每两周(每隔一周)去那儿一次。
They move on to a new place every two or three years．
他们每两到三年就搬到一个新地方。
He comes to see his parents every third week．
他每三周就来看他的父母一次。
Every fourth day he goes to have a swim．
每四天他就去游一次泳。
He goes to town every other day(every two days=every second day)．
他每两天(每隔一天)就去镇上一次。
【拓展】every指时间时，对every...短语提问用how often。
He goes to that school to see his old teacher every other week．
How often does he go to that school to see his old teacher?
prefer
【原句回放】would prefer to
【点拨】prefer vt.更喜欢（双写字母r，然后加-ed或-ing）
常用搭配：
prefer A to B 与B相比，更喜欢A （to是介词，后接名词、代词或动名词）
prefer to do...rather than do... 宁愿做……而不做……
prefer to do/ doing 更喜欢做……
prefer sb．to do… 更希望某人干……
—Which would you prefer，coffee or tea？咖啡和茶，你更喜欢哪一种?
—I prefer tea．我更喜欢茶。
She prefers dancing to singing．跳舞和唱歌相比，她更喜欢跳舞。
He said he preferred the country to the city．他说城市和农村相比，他更喜欢农村。
People in the south prefer rice while those in the north prefer food made from flour．
南方人爱吃米饭，而北方人较喜欢吃面食。
He chose Spain，but personally I'd prefer to go to Greece．
他选了西班牙，但就我个人而言，我倒想去希腊。
The soldier preferred to die rather than give in before the enemy．
这位战士宁愿死，也不在敌人面前屈服。
I’d prefer you not to go there alone．我更希望你不要单独去那儿。

重点短语
thanks to
【原句回放】Thanks to his research，the UN has more tools in the battle to rid the world of hunger．由于他的研究。联合国在消除世界饥饿的战斗中有了更多的方法。(P10)
【点拨】thanks to 幸亏；由于，因为（相当于because of ，在句中作原因状语）
Thanks to your help，we were successful．
由于你的帮助，我们成功了。
Thanks to his help，we finished our work on time．
幸亏有他的帮助，我们按时完成了工作。
Thanks to his timely help，the little boy was saved．
多亏了他及时的帮助，这个小男孩得救了。
【拓展】表示“原因”的介词短语有：
because of 因为，由于 due to 由于，因为 owing to 由于，归功于
on account of 由于 as a result of由于 in that因为(由于)……
温馨提示：due to(sb./sth.)引导的原因状语一般不放在句首。
The project had to be abandoned due to a lack of government funding．
这项工程由于缺乏政府的资助而不得不放弃。
rid sb./ sth. of sb. /sth.
【原句回放】Thanks to his research，the UN has more tools in the battle to rid the world of hunger．由于他的研究。联合国在消除世界饥饿的战斗中有了更多的方法。(P10)
【点拨】rid sb./ sth. of sb. /sth. 除掉；去除
Further measures will be taken to rid our streets of crime．
将进一步采取措施来防止街头犯罪。
【拓展】同义短语：
get rid of 摆脱，扔掉 be rid of摆脱
break away from摆脱，脱离
I can’t get rid of this headache．
我不能摆脱头痛之苦。
I was glad to be rid of the car when I finally sold it．
把车卖掉时，我很庆幸终于脱手了。
The robbery suspect broke away from the prison．
抢劫嫌疑犯从监狱逃脱了。
care about
【原句回放】However，he doesn’t care about being famous．但是，他对成名并不在意。(P10)
【点拨】care about忧虑；关心；惦念
People all over the word are caring about the future of Iraq．
全世界的人们都在关心伊拉克的前途。
All she cares about is her social activities．
她所关心的是她的社交活动。
They don’t care(about) what will happen to the family．
他们对于这个家庭将要发生的事情漠不关心。
【拓展】含care的短语
care for喜爱；照顾；重视
take care当心
take care of照料；关怀；处理
take into care(把没人管教的孩子)送进教养院
under the care of由……管理；在……的照料下；在……的保护下
with care小心；慎重
would rather或had rather
【原句回放】He would much rather keep time for his hobbies．他宁愿把时间花在自己的业余爱好上。(P10)
【点拨】
1. would rather/had rather 宁肯，宁愿（接动词原形）
否定形式：would rather(had rather)not do sth．
I would rather stay at home(than go out)．我宁愿待在家里(也不愿出去)。
2. would rather+从句
此句型用虚拟语气：表达与现在事实相反，运用一般过去时；与过去事实相反，运用过去完成时。
I would rather my daughter attended a public school．
我希望我的女儿能上公立学校。
【拓展】表达“宁可做某事，也不愿做某事”还有如下表达法：
①would rather do sth. than do sth.
I would rather die than give in．我宁可死也不投降。
②would do sth. rather than do sth.
I would do it myself rather than advise him to help me．
我宁可自己做也不劝他帮我。
③prefer to do sth. rather than do sth．
I prefer to do something rather than do nothing．
我愿意做点什么，不想什么也不做。
④prefer doing sth．to doing sth．
I prefer staying at home to watching such a dull play．
我宁愿待在家里，也不愿看如此乏味的戏剧。
too much
【原句回放】Indeed，he believes that a person with too much money has more rather than fewer troubles．事实上，他认为一个人有了太多的钱他的麻烦事只会更多而不是更少。(P10)
【点拨】too much太多（指超出正常，可以作表语、宾语、定语或状语）
You have talked too much about it．
关于这件事情你讲得太多了。(状语)
The noise was too much for me；I had to leave the room．
那噪音我受不了，我不得不离开那房间。(表语)
They have eaten too much now；please stop them．
到现在他们吃得太多了，请让他们停下。(宾语)
Americans eat too much meat，in my opinion．
依我看，美国人吃的肉太多了。(定语)
【拓展】much too 实在太（为程度副词，修饰形容词或副词原级）
The question is much too difficult for such children．
这个问题对这些孩子来说太难了。
The students got to school much too late that day．
学生们那天到学校太晚了。
lead to
【原句回放】Not having enough food leads to poor health and，therefore，sickness．没有足够的食物导致身体很差，因此得病。(P12)
【点拨】lead to
(1)相当于cause，意思是“引起；造成；导致”，to是介词，后跟名词、代词或动名词。
His laziness led to his failure in the final exam．
他的懒惰导致了他在期末考试中不及格。
The Car accident led to his being killed．那次车祸致使他死亡。
(2)作“通向”解。
This road leads to the foot of the mountain．这条路通向山脚下。
【拓展】类似短语
result in 导致；结果是
result from 起因于；由……造成；因……而产生
build up
【原句回放】These chemicals in the food supply build up in people’s bodies over time．随着时间的推移。食物中的这些化学成分会在人体中堆积。(P14)
【点拨】build up逐渐增加；增强(体质)；建立，开发；吹捧，赞扬
After 4 o’clock，the traffic begins to build up．
4点钟后，交通开始拥挤起来。
She built the business up from nothing．
她白手起家，生意日渐兴隆。
You need to build up your strength．你需要养精蓄锐。
You need more protein to build you up．
你需要更多的蛋白质来增强体质。
She’s built up a very successful business．
她已经建立了非常成功的生意。
The singer has been built up into a good success．
那个歌星已经被吹捧得很成功了。
in addition
【原句回放】In addition，fruit，vegetables and other food grown with chemical fertilizers usually grow too fast to be full of much nutrition．另外，施过化肥的水果、蔬菜和其他食物通常生长得过快而营养不足。(P14)
【点拨】in addition 此外
注意：此短语是介词短语，作副词用，相当于as well，其后不能跟名词或其他任何成分，一般位于两个句子中间或位于句末。位于两句中间时，常用逗号与句子隔开。
There are many shops around the railway station．In addition，there are some newly-built hotels there．
火车站附近有很多商店。此外，那儿还有一些新建的旅馆。
Aunt Mary gave us sandwiches for our picnic and a bag of cookies in addition．
玛丽阿姨为我们去郊游准备了三明治，另外还准备了一袋甜饼。
【拓展】in addition to 除了……，还
注意：此短语是介词短语，后接名词或代词等作其宾语，大体相当于as well as和besides。
In addition to English，he has to study a second foreign language．
除了英语以外，他还必须学习第二外语．
They have one hour to read newspapers in addition to their ordinary work．
除了日常工作以外，他们有一小时读报的时间。
turn to
【原句回放】With these discoveries，some farmers and many customers are beginning to turn to organic farming．由于这些发现。一些农民和消费者开始转向有机耕作。(P14)
【点拨】 turn to变成；转向；翻到；求助于
His eager face turned to disappointment．
他热切盼望的表情变成了失望。
It’s time to turn to our work．该是我们工作的时候了。
Please turn to page 120．请翻到120页。
Whenever you have difficulty，you can turn to me(for help)．
无论何时你有困难，都可以向我求助。
【拓展】含turn的短语
turn into(使)变成；翻译 turn against背叛
turn away把……打发走 turn down(音量等)调低；拒绝
turn in上交 turn off关上
turn on打开 turn out证明是；结果成为
turn over翻转 turn up开大音量；出席，到场
focus on
【原句回放】hey focus on keeping their soil rich and free of disease．他们关心的是保持土壤肥沃并且免受病害。(P14)
【点拨】focus on集中；把……集中在……
I’m so tired I can’t focus on anything today．
今天我太累了，精神集中不起来。
It is best to focus on your future and leave this sad thing in the past.
如果能集中注意力对待未来、把这件伤心的事留在过去就最好了。
He forced himself to focus his thoughts on work. 他强迫自己把思绪集中在工作上。
【拓展】含focus的短语
be focused on(=concentrate on)集中精力、注意力
come into focus进入焦点
focus one’s attention on集中注意力于
bring...into focus把焦点聚焦于
keep...free from
【原句回放】This also helps the air，soil。water and crops free from chemicals．同时还可以让空气、土壤、水以及农作物免受化学物质的污染。(P14)
【点拨】 keep...free from使……免受……
Constant exercise can keep you free from cold．
坚持体育锻炼会使你远离感冒。
We put our books in bookcase to keep them free from dust.
我们把书放进书柜，免得落上灰。
【拓展】含keep的短语
keep in touch with...与……保持联系
keep sth./ sb. out of sth. 不让某物/某人入内，使某物/某人留在外面
keep out挡住，使进不去
keep back阻挡
keep an eye on sth．注意；看守；照看
keep...in mind牢记，放在心里
keep off使避开；使不要踩(或吃、谈等)；(雨、雪等)暂时不下
keep sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
keep sb. doing sth. 使某人不停地做某事
keep on doing sth. 继续做某事
keep one’s word遵守诺言，履行某人已承担的保证或义务
keep silence保持安静，保持沉默
keep a secret保守秘密，守口如瓶
keep one’s head保持镇静
keep one’s mind on把注意力集中在……上
keep one’s temper不生气，按捺住性子，不发脾气
keep a firm(tight) hold (grip) on牢牢控制
keep up保持，持续
重点句型
so that引导目的状语从句
【原句回放】Now，many years later，Dr Yuan has another dream：to export his rice so that it can be grown around the globe．如今，多年之后，袁博士还有另外一个梦想，那就是看到他的稻谷可以出口并长遍全球。(P10)
【点拨】so that可以引导目的状语从句
1. so that引导目的状语从句时，相当于in order that，但是in order that引导的目的状语从句可以置于句首。
2. so that/ in order that引导的目的从句里常用may, can, might或could等情态动词。
3. so that也可以引导结果状语从句。
He spoke very slowly and loudly so that everyone in the class could hear him clearly．
他说得又慢声音又高，以便教室里的每个人都听得清楚。
In order that he could catch up with other classmates，he often stays up late into the night．
为了能赶上其他同学，他经常熬到深夜。
He got up early every day so that/in order that he could catch the early bus．
他每天都起得很早，以便能赶上早班车。(目的状语从句)
He often came late to school so that he was often punished．
他经常上学迟到以至于他经常受到惩罚。(结果状语从句)
【拓展】目的状语的其它表达
(1)不定式作目的状语
To catch the thief，the police searched the whole mountain．
为了抓住小偷，警察搜遍了整座山。
(2)in order to或so as to引导目的状语
in order to或so as to比to do更能强调目的，其否定形式为in order not to或so as not to。但so as to引导的不定短语不可置于句首。
In order not to be late again，Jenny went to school without breakfast．
为了不再迟到，詹妮没吃早饭就去上学了。
He stopped working so as to /in order to take a rest. 他停下工作，以便能休息一下。
(4)介词for（+名词、代词或动词-ing形式）
Let’s go out for a walk．咱们出去散散步吧。
Many things have been considered for operating the factory．
为经营这家工厂，许多事情都作了充分的考虑。
(5)with the purpose of或for the purpose of 带着……的目的（+名词、代词或动词-ing形式）
He went to the United States with(for)the purpose of getting a doctor degree．
他带着获一个博士学位的目的去了美国。
even though
【原句回放】Yuan Longping thinks he is just a farmer，even though he is one of the greatest scientists in China．即使袁隆平是中国最伟大的科学家之一，但他觉得自己只是一个农民。(P11)
【点拨】even though 即使 （引导让步状语从句，相当于even if）
Even though he lives far away from his parents he manages to see them now and then．
即使他住得远离父母，他也设法不时地去看望他们。
They finally finished the task，even though they were short of money and materials．
即使缺少钱与材料，他们还是最后把任务完成了。
Even though we said sorry to her again and again，she wouldn’t forgive us．
即使我们一次次向她道歉，她也不肯原谅我们。
温馨提示
even though引导让步状语从句时，如果从句的主语与主句的主语相一致，谓语含有动词be，可以省略主语和动词be。
—Will you go to his birthday party？你要参加他的生日聚会吗？
—No，even though invited to．不，即使受到邀请也不去。
【拓展1】形近短语：as though
as though引导的是方式状语从句，意思是“似乎，就像”。
He talked about the life in New York as though(if) he had been living there for many years．
他谈起美国的生活就像他在那里生活了许多年。
【拓展2】带even的短语
never even 连……也不 or even 乃至；以致
even as正当……的时候；恰在……的时候 even now甚至现在还；尽管这样
even so尽管如此；尽管这样 even then甚至那个时候；尽管那样
have been doing
【原句回放】Recently，however，scientists have been finding that long-term use of these fertilizers can cause damage to the land and，even more dangerous，to people’s health．然而，最近科学家发现长期使用这些肥料会造成土地受损。甚至更危险的是，会对人们的健康造成危害。(P14)
【点拨】have been doing现在完成进行时
(1)表示动作从过去开始，一直持续到现在，到现在动作仍在进行之中，或动作刚刚终止。
They have been printing books for us students all the month．
整整一个月以来，他们一直为我们学生印书。
(They began to print books a month ago，and now they are still printing books．)
(2)有些动词，如work，study，live，teach的完成时与完成进行时的意思差不多。
I have worked here for three years．
I have been working here for three years．
我已经在这儿工作三年了。
易混辨析：现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
①现在完成时表示到现在早已终止的动作，现在完成时的动作可能发生在过去，我们运用完成时仅强调对现在的影响或已经形成的结果；而现在完成进行时表示从过去开始到现在一直在进行的动作。
I have written a letter．(已写完)
I have been writing a letter．(还在写)
②非延续性动词，如finish，marry，get up，see，go等可以有完成时态，但不能用完成进行时。
I have seen the film．
不可以说：I have been seeing the film．
as用法小结【原句回放】As a young man，he saw the great need for increasing the rice output．年轻时，他就看到了稻田增产的巨大需求。(P10)【点拨】as用法小结原句分析：As a young man等于When he was a young man。as在这里表示“当……的时候”。I. as prep. 作为，当作；还在……的时候
The news came as a shock. 消息传来，令人震惊。
She had been there often as a child (= when she was a child). 她小时候常去那里。
II. as adv. 像…一样，如同；与……一样
He was as white as a sheet. 他面无血色。
III. as conj.
1. as引导定语从句
①引导非限制性定语从句，as意为“正如，正像”。
She is late，as is often the case．她迟到了，这是经常的事。
② 用于the same...as，such...as，so + adj. +a/an + n.(单数)+as结构中。This is the same book as I read last week．这本书和我上周读的那本是一样的。I don’t like such books as he recommends．我不喜欢他推荐的那些书。
2. as引导方式状语从句（主从句的谓语动词一样，要用助动词或系动词等形式）Leave the boy as he is；don’t trouble him．让那男孩子那样吧，别打扰他。
3. as表示“因为”、“由于”，引导原因状语从句，其语气不如because强，通常为附加说明的理由，且是已知晓的原因，主句与从句没有逻辑上的因果关系。 As she was not well, I went there alone. 因为她身体不好,所以我独自到那里去了。
4. 引导时间状语从句，多表示主从句的谓语的动作相伴随而发生，可以译为“随着，一边……，一边……”。
They were laughing as they were talking．他们边说边笑。He dropped the glass as he stood up．他站起来时，把杯子摔了。
【拓展】引导时间状语从句的when，while
when可以和延续性动词连用，也可以和短暂性动词连用；而while和as只能和延续性动词连用。
Sorry，I was out when you called me．（call为短暂性动词）
对不起，你打电话时我刚好外出了。
While(When) he taught in that small village，conditions in the school were very bad．
当他在那个小村子教学的时候，学校的条件很差。
巩固练习
单词拼写
1. The news from the front is very （令人不安的）.
2. There were several new forms of ________ (细菌) and nobody knew how they would affect humans.
3. It’s said that air e when heated, but it’s really hard to imagine.
4. If you blood (循环) badly, your hands and feet will get cold easily.
5. This food provides the ________ (营养) your dog needs.
6. The average ________ (产量) of the factory is 20 cars a day.
7. We e______ rice but import wheat in our country.8. I bought the shirt because its price was r______ by 40%.
9. Give me a s______ of your report—I have no time to read right through it.
10. The soldiers were e with the latest weapons.
11. (2018 福建福州外国语学校期末) All her energies are ___________ (集中于)on her children.
12. (2018 福建福州外国语学校期末) The bear behaved abnormally, probably because of _____________(饥饿).
根据汉语意思完成句子
1. , his face and arms and his slim, strong body are just like those of millions of Chinese farmers, he has the past five .
的确， 他那被太阳晒得黝黑的脸庞和手臂，以及他那削瘦而又结实的身体，就跟其它千百万的中国农民一样，过去50年来，他一直在努力帮助他们。
2. his hybrid rice, farmers are producing harvests
as before.
多亏了他的杂交水稻，农民们种出的粮食比之前多一倍。
3. Dr Yuan quite his wife. However, he doesn’t
being famous.
袁博士很满意他的生活。但他对自己的成名并不关心。
4. Dr Yuan his dream producing a kind of rice that could feed more people.
袁博士从梦中醒来，希望能种植一种可以养活更多人的水稻。
5. They keeping their soil rich and disease.
他们主要是想坚持土壤肥沃且免受病害。
6. I that I cannot help you.
很抱歉，我不能帮你的忙。
7. (2018 福建八县一中期末)
______ to his research, the UN has more tools in the ______ to _____ the world _____ hunger.由于他的研究，联合国在清除世界饥饿的战斗中有了更多的手段。
8. (2018 广东实验中学期末)
The harmful bacteria in the soil_________ _________ ________ since the temperature reached 25 degrees centigrade.
自从温度达到25摄氏度，土壤里的有害细菌就在不断增多。
同义句转换
1. Better stay with us. If you stay with us, you are much safer.
Better stay with us. If , you are much safer.
2. That was the way he treated his parents.
That was his parents.
3. The weather in Kunming is much better than the weather in Harbin.
The weather in Kunming is much better than in Harbin.
4. As she didn’t know the way to the hospital, she turned to the police for help.
Not the way to the hospital, she turned to the police for help.
5. They went to the supermarket on foot instead of by taxi.
They went to the supermarket on foot by taxi.
单项填空
从A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. We have learned 3,000 words .
A. during past decade B. in the past decade
C. a decade ago D. after a decade
2. Our monitor made it to read English every morning.
A. a habit B. habit C. rule D. a duty
3. Two years ago, I a high school.
A. graduate for B. graduated from C. /left from D. left for
4. the good weather, we can climb the mountain easily.
A. Because B. As C. Thanks to D. Because for
5. The bedroom is twice the kitchen.
A. as bigger as B. bigger than C. big than D. bigger to
6. Seldom what I says.
A. does my mother care for B. my mother cared about
C. my mother care for D. does my mother care about
7. I to him. He is too serious.
A. didn’t use to talk B. am not used to talking
C. am not used to talk D. didn’t use to talking
8. When you are confused about some words in reading, you can the dictionary.
A. refer to B. look up C. check D. have a look at
9. Our country vegetable.
A. is rich in B. are rich in C. was rich on D. rich for
10. We he be present at the meeting.
A. insist on B. insisted C. stuck D. insisted on
11．— ________it is to watch Xiao Shenyang’s performance!
— So it is！Everyone present will burst into laughter.
A．What a fun B．N/o wonder C．No doubt D．What fun
12．—Do you regret________ up your opinion that every child should take part in service learning?
—No. On the contrary，I think it is very necessary.
A．bringing B．to bring C．to be brought D．being brought
13．Progress so far has been very good. We are ________confident that the work will be completed on time.
A．otherwise B．therefore C．however D．somehow
14．Nowadays everyone is responsible for ________a harmonious society in China.
A．making up B．taking up C．opening up D． building up
15．The population of Africa is ________so rapidly as to cause concern of the whole world.
A．expanding B．stretching C．extending D．spreading
16. (2018 浙江镇海中学期中) If you don’t know the meaning of the word, why not ______ the dictionary?
A. consulting B. look up C. referring to D. turn to
17. ---Do you mind if I keep a group of cats in the building? (2018浙江宁波期末)
---________________.
A. I’d rather you didn't B. Of course not, it's not allowed here
C. Great! I love pets D. No, you can't
18. I've tried all kinds of medicine to _____ this bad cold. (2018浙江宁波期末)
A. get rid of B. throw away C. get away with D. get off
答案解析
单词拼写。
1. disturbing 2. bacterium 3. expands 4. circulates 5. nutrition 6. output
7. export 8. reduced 9. summary 10. equipped 11. focused 12. hunger
根据汉语意思完成句子
1. Indeed; sun-burnt ; for whom; struggled for; decades 2. Thanks to; twice as large.
3. is satisfied with; care about 4. awoke from; with the hope of.
5. focus on; free of 6. regret to say.
7. Thanks, battle, rid, of 8. have built up/ have constantly increased/ risen
同义句转换
1. so 2. how he treated 3. That 4. knowing 5. rather than
单项填空
1. 解析：选B。在过去的十年里可以说during the past decade，也可以说in the past decade。
2. 解析：选A。habit为可数名词，意为“习惯”，而duty意为“责任；义务”。
3. 解析：选B。句意为：两年前，我从一所高校毕业。graduate from意为“从……毕业”。
4. 解析：选C。由于空后是短语，因此排除A、B两项，thanks to相当于because of表示原因。意为“由于，幸亏”。
5. 解析：选B。A项有较大干扰性，as...as中间是形容词或副词的原级。
6. 解析：选D。care for意为“关心；照顾”；care about意为“在意；在乎”，后面可以跟宾语从句。
7. 解析：选B。used to表达的是过去的习惯；be used to表达的是现在的习惯，其中to是介词，后跟名词或动名词。
8. 解析：选A。refer to与look up都有“参照；查询”的意思。refer to后跟查询的资料，如书；look up后跟被查询的事情，如单词、数据等。
9. 解析：选A。be rich in为固定搭配，意为：盛产；富有……的。our country为单数形式。
10. 解析：选B。insist在这里表示“坚决要求”，后跟的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，其结构为“should +动词原形”或直接接动词原形；insist on后跟名词或动名词。
11．解析：选D　考查交际用语。根据Everyone present will burst into laughter可知选D。fun是不可数名词，前面通常不用冠词。No wonder难怪；No doubt肯定地，想必。
12．解析：选A　考查动词用法。根据答语“不，正相反，我认为它非常有必要”，可知bring up这一动作已发生，故选A。regret doing表示后悔/遗憾做过…… (已经做过了)；regret to do表示遗憾地要做…… (还未做)。
13．解析：选B　考查副词辨析。therefore因此，所以。otherwise否则，要不然；however然而，可是；somehow以……方式，不知怎么地。
14．解析：选D　考查动词短语词义辨析。句意为：如今每个人都应担负起构建和谐中国的责任。make up表示“弥补”；take up表示“占据，从事”；open up表示“开放，开辟”；build up表示“使强壮，建造”。
15．解析：选 A　考查动词辨析。expand不仅指尺寸的增加，还可指范围和体积的扩大。stretch一般指由曲变直、由短变长的伸展；extend指空间范围的扩大或长宽的向外延伸，也可指时间的延长；spread一般指向四面八方扩大或传播。
16. D 句意：如果你不知道这个词的意思，为什么不查查词典呢？首先why not后面一般要接动词原形，排除A、C。look up表示“查词典”一般要用look up sth. in a dictionary，所以选D。turn to意为“转向”，“向……求助”。consult 咨询，查阅（书、地图）；refer to 涉及，指的是，参考，查阅。
17. A 第一个人问：如果我在楼里养一群猫你介意吗？第二个人的回答，如果介意的话就用A（我宁愿你不这样做）；如果不介意，可以回答“No, of course not.”，注意回答时要前后一致：回答no，表示“不介意，愿意让对方养猫”，选项B、D前后矛盾；选项C不能回答“你介意吗？你在乎吗？”这样的问题，而是回答建议的，如“Would you like to go to the pet shop with me?”。
18. A 句意：我已经尝试了各种各样的要来摆脱这场感冒。get rid of 意为“摆脱，去除，除掉”，符合题意；throw away 扔掉；get away with (做坏事)未受惩罚；（做冒险之事而）未遭遇不测；get off 下（车等），离开。