（人教版）高中英语必修4：Unit 4 Body languag动词-ing形式作定语和状语的概念及语法讲解

动词的ing形式作定语和状语
概念引入
我们在前两个单元已经学习了动词-ing形式一些知识：动词-ing可以作主语、宾语，这时相当于名词；动词-ing形式可以作定语、表语，这时有时相当于名词，相当于形容词、副词；动词-ing形式可以作宾语补足语，这时是宾语所做的动作或所处的状态、特点等。本单元我们将复习动词-ing形式作定语，学习此形式作状语。看下面句子：
Do you know the boy playing basketball? 你认识那个正在打篮球的男孩儿吗？
They lived in a house facing south. 他住在一所朝南的房里里
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿。
4. Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.
我们已经作好充分准备了，现在可以考试了。
句1、句2中的动词-ing形式作定语，用于修饰或限制所修饰的名词，即说明“什么样的人或物”。句3、句4是动词-ing形式作状语，说明句子的主语做谓语动作的时间（句3）和原因（句4）等。
语法讲解
动词-ing 形式作定语----小结
1. 动词-ing形式作定语时，其逻辑主语是所修饰词。
sleeping students 正在睡觉的学生（sleep的动作是students做的）
boiling water 沸水（“沸腾”的动作是水做的）
a boring lesson 枯燥的课程（课程的特点是“使人枯燥”）
2. -ing形式作定语既可表示动作正在进行，此时相当于一个定语从句；又可表示所修饰名词的性质或用途。
(1) a walking man =a man who is walking 一个走路的人
(2) a walking stick = a stick for walking 一支手杖
3. 单个的-ing形式作定语，放在所修饰的名词前面；-ing短语作定语则放在所修饰的名词之后。
the expert coming from London 伦敦来的专家
an opening speech 开幕词
a booking office 售票处
an exciting evening 激动人心的夜晚
4. 动词-ing形式作定语，常相当于一个定语从句。
They are visitors coming from several countries. （=who come from several countries）
Three days later I received a letter offering me the job. (=which offered me the job)
The girl standing there is my classmate. (=who stands there)
动词-ing形式作状语---作用
1. 动词-ing形式作状语时，是现在分词。
2. 现在分词在句中作状语，修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的原因、时间、方式、结果、条件、伴随状况等。
3. 现在分词一般不用作表目的的状语（通常用不定式表目的状语）。
1）表时间
Walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.
=When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.
我走在街上时，遇到了一个老朋友。
Waiting for the bus, he read a copy of China Daily.
=While he was waiting for the bus, he read a copy of China Daily.
他等公共汽车时，读了一份《中国日报》。
2）表原因
Being ill, he didn’t go to school.
=as he was ill, he didn’t go to school.
既然你是一个学生, 你就应该努力学习。
Being a student, you should study hard.
=Since you are a student, you should study hard.
由于想到它或许在家, 所以我就给他打了电话。
Thinking he might be at home, I called him.
As I thought he might be at home, I called him.
3）表方式、伴随情况：
作伴随状语的分词表示的动作，必须是主语的一个动作，或是与谓语所表示的动作(或状态)同时发生，或是对谓语表示的动词(或状态)作进一步地补充说明。
He sat on the sofa, watching TV. 他坐在沙发上看电视。
(=He sat on the sofa, and watched TV.)
Laughing and talking, they went into the classroom. 他们笑着谈着走进了教室。
He stood leaning against the wall. 他斜靠着墙站着。
(＝He stood and leaned against the wall.)
4）表结果
Her mother died in 1990, leaving her with her younger brother.
(=Her mother died in 1990, and left her with her younger brother.)
她妈妈1990年过世了，留下她和她的小弟弟。
The song is sung all over the country, making it the most popular song.
全国到处在传唱这首歌曲, 使它成了一首最受欢迎的歌曲。
(2018 天津高考) The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, making air conditioning unnecessary.
冷风从我们卧室的窗户吹进来，使得没有必要开空调了。
5）表条件
Using your head, you will find a way. 动动脑筋，你就会找到方法的。
(=If you use your head, you will find a way.)
Walking ahead, you will see a white house.
一直往前走, 你就会看到一座白色地房子。
6）作独立成分
这时句子的主语与动词-ing形式没有语法关系，常看成固定结构。常见结构：
generally/ strictly / exactly speaking 大体/严格/准确来说
judging from/by... 根据……判断
considering (that)... 考虑到
concerning 关于
Generally speaking, women are more patient than men.
一般来说，女性比男性更有耐心。
Judging from (by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看, 他一定是个演员。
动词-ing形式作状语---注意
1. 现在分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语，分词必须和句中的主语含有逻辑上的主谓关系, 否则不能用现在分词作状语。
Entering the classroom, I found nobody in it.
进了教室，我发现里面没有人。（Entering的逻辑主语是I）
Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.
我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。（Having made的逻辑主语是we）
Not mastering the way of studying, he didn’t get a good result.
因为不懂学习方法，他没有得到好的分数。（“he”不懂学习方法）
The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.
大火持续了近一个月，几乎没剩下什么值钱的东西。（大火留下……）
注意：有时动词-ing形式有自己的逻辑主语，这样就构成了独立主格结构。
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard．
我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果时间允许, 我们将做另两个练习。
2. 为了是动词-ing形式作状语所表达的时间、条件、让步等意思更加明确，在动词-ing形式前加上适当的连词，如when, while, if, though, unless等。如：
Don’t talk while having dinner. 吃饭时不要说话。
Once losing this chance, you can’t easily find it. 一旦失去这次机会你就很难找回。
Though setting off early, they were still late.
虽然动身的早，他们仍然迟到了。
3. 如何选择动词-ing的形式
1）时间上，对比动词-ing形式的动作与谓语动词的动作先后
同时或几乎同时发生-----doing
动词-ing形式的动作在谓语动作之前----having done
2）语态上，看动词-ing形式的动作与逻辑主语是主动还是被动关系
同时发生，且与逻辑主语是被动关系----being done
在谓语动作前发生，且与逻辑主语是被动关系----having been done
Hearing the bell, the students began to enter the classroom.
听见铃声, 学生们开始走进教室。 (“听见”和“进入”两个动作同时发生)
Having done the work, he went home.
已经做完了工作，他就回家了。（“做完工作”在“回家”之前完成）
Being scolded by his mother, the boy hung his head.
被妈妈批评了，男孩垂下了头。（“批评”与the boy的被动关系，且同时发生）
Having been told many times, he finally understood it.
已经告诉他许多次了，他最后明白了。
（“告诉”与he是被动关系，且在understood之前完成）
作定、状、补与不定时的区别
【非谓语动词之-ing形式，ing形式的各种形式的用法】
-ing 形式与动词不定式在句中作定语 的区别。
-ing 形式作定语用时，其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生，而动词不定式作定语时，其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后。如：
The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well.
I have three letters to write.
-ing 形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。
（1）不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，如：
I have told them to come again tomorrow.
（2）在 see, watch, hear, feel 等之后，如果用 -ing 形式作宾补，表示没有听到或看到动作的结束；而用不带 to 的不定式作宾补时，不定式表示听到或看到了动作的结束。如：
I hear her singing in the room.
I hear her sing in the room.
-ing 形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。
-ing 形式在句中作状语表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况，而动词不定式一般式在句中作状语时，一般是作目的或结果状语，如：
Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again.
I looked into the window to see what was going on inside.
巩固练习
完成句子
1. The teacher mixed three different liquids, ___________ (结果发现混合物呈现出红色).(find)
2. The leader stayed up all the night, ___________ (思考第二天做什么).(think)
3. _____________ (挨了批评以后)by his classmates, he didn’t go to the internet bar to play computer games anymore. (criticize)
4. _____________ (由于年龄太小)， Li Ming can’t join the party.(young)
5. Be careful ____________ (过街时)。 （cross）
6. The boy ____________ (躺在地上的) is a student. (lie)
7. ___________ (没收到答复)，he decided to write another letter. (receive)
8. ____________ (由于看不见)， how could they see an elephant? (blind)
9. _____________ ( 从学校回到家)， I was filled with excitement. (come)
10. The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and ____________ ( 不超过四十磅) must be in a child safety seat. ( weigh)
11. (2018 吉林长春十一高中期末) During this period, those _________ (传播) false news should be severely punished.
12. (2018 吉林省吉林一中期末) So many section managers ______________ (缺席),the board meeting had to be put off until next week. (absent)
13. (2018 吉林省吉林一中期末) It’s no use ___________________(quarrel) over the matter.
14. (2018 吉林省吉林一中期末) The discovery of new evidence led to ________________ (小偷被抓).（catch）
15. (2018 吉林省吉林一中期末) ______________________ （暴露在阳光下）for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.
单项选择
1. （2018 届福建省高三毕业班质量检查）Jack Ma is ambitious about his firm’s future, ______ that Alibaba’s achievements will one day top Walmart.
A. says B. to say C. saying D. said
2. A terrible earthquake with tsunami happened in Japan, more than 10,000 deaths.
A．causing
B．to cause
C．caused
D．having caused
3. (2018 北京西城二模) ______ full preparations, Tony was quite confident about the coming interview.
A. Make B. Made C. To make D. Having made
4. The rare fish, ______ from the cooking pot, has been returned to the sea.
A．saved
B．saving
C．to be saved
D．having saved
5. More highways have been built in China, _____ it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
A．making
B．made
C．to make
D．having made
6. _______ that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest.
A．Not realized
B．Not to realize
C．Not realizing
D．Not to have realized
7. Instead of ________sights, Edison would spend the time ________in the public library.
A．seeing, to read
B．see, read
C．to see, to read
D．seeing , reading
8. The old man, ________ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.
A．to work
B．working
C．to have worked
D．having worked
9. Though ____ money, the parents of the twins managed to send them to university.
A．lacked
B．lacking
C．lacking of
D．lacked in
10. “XiJinping's report,” a smile on his face, he continued, “_____ to several hot topics, discusses how to increase peasants' income.”
A．referring
B．refers
C．having referred
D．referred
11. ____of danger in the street at night, she had to go home, with a friend ___ her.
A．Warned; accompanied
B．Warning; accompanying
C．Having warned; accompanied
D．Having been warned; accompanying
12. ＿＿many times, he still didn’t make sense of it.
A．Having been told
B．Then he was told
C．Being told
D．He was told
13. He sent me an e-mail,_________ to get further information.
A．hoped
B．hoping
C．to hope
D．hope
14. The police at Denver International Airport examined a bomb threat against a United Airlines flight to San Francisco,____________ the flight for hours.
A．delayed
B．to delay
C．delaying
D．had delayed
15. ________ the program, they have to stay there for another two weeks.A Not completing B Not completed C Not having completed D Having not completed
16. John rushed out in a hurry, ____ the door ____.
A．leaving ; unlocking
B．left; unlocked
C．leaving; unlocked
D．left; unlocking
17. An investigation group _________ five men and two women has been sent to the spot to look into the matter.
A．consists of
B．is consisted of
C．consisting of
D．consisted of
18. The girl came ______ to school, extremely ______and quite out of breath.
A．running; tiring
B．run; tired
C．running; tired
D．run; tiring
19. _________ his work , he can’t play with his friends.
A．Not finishing
B． Finishing not
C． Not finish
D． Not finished
20. （2018 湖南省高三十三校联考第二次考试）Every morning Jack's wife will stand before the mirror, _______________herself before leaving home．
A．admired B．being admired C．to admire D．admiring
答案解析：
完成句子
1. finding that the mixture was red 2.thinking of what to do the next day
3. Having been criticized 4. Being too young
5. when crossing the street 6. lying on the ground
7. Not being received an answer 8. Being blind
9. Coming home from school 10. weighing less than 40 pounds
11. circulating/spreading 12. being absent
13. quarreling 14. the thief being caught
15. Being exposed to sunlight
单项选择
1. C。本题考查现在分词作状语，因为逗号前的句子已经有了相当于谓语系表结构is ambitious...，say需要用非谓语动词，因为与Jack Ma是主动关系，所以用saying。
2. A。考查现在分词做结果状语。现在分词做结果状语表示意料之中的结果；不定式与only连用表示意料之外的结果。本题日本的地震加海啸导致很多人死亡。这是正常的意料之中的结果，故使用现在分词的形式。D项是现在分词的完成式，表示在谓语动词之前已经完成的事情。故A正确。
3. D。考查非谓语动词的现在分词做状语。现在分词的完成式having done.先于谓语动词发生，题意为已经做好成分的准备，Tony对自己的面试非常自信。
4. A。非谓语动词作后置定语。fish与save之间构成被动关系，排除ＢＤ，Ｃ不定式表将来，故排除。句意，那条从热锅里救出来的稀有鱼儿已放回了大海。
5. A。考查非谓语动词作结果状语。不定式做结果状语，表示出乎意料，令人惋惜的结果，排除C。highways与make之间构成主动关系，排除B。现在分词作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。符合句意，更多的高速公路在中国的修建，使人们从一个地方到另一个地方旅行更容易了。D答案是现在分词的完成式，表示发生在修建之前，故排除。
6. C。考查分词做状语，分词做状语相当于一个原因状语从句，句子意思“因为没有意识到他处于危险之中，埃里克向森林深处走去”，所以选C
7. D。句意为：爱迪生没有外出去看风景，他倒是常常把时间花在图书馆里。固定短语：instead of +V-ing,而不是干--；spend +时间/钱+V-ing ，根据题意可知，此题D选项符合题意
8. D。句意为：那个老人，在海外已经工作了20年了，现在正在返回祖国的路上。动词的非谓语形式也有时态和语态的变化。结合句意可知，空白处句法上相当于结果状语的功能，应用非谓语形式的完成时，主语和谓语为主动关系，结合句意：D为最佳选项
9. B。lack 表缺少的意思，是及物动词，即lack sth.,另此题考察的非谓语动词的用法，lack的逻辑主语为the parents of the twins，表主动，故用lacking ,
10. A。考查现在分词做定语，Xijnping's report和refer to是主动关系，用现在分词做定语，句意：他脸上带着微笑他继续说：关于几个热点话题的习近平的报告是讨论怎么增加农民的收入的。选A。
11. D。考查非谓语动词用法。Warn与she之间构成被动关系，所以使用过去分词表示被动，排除BC。Warned和Having been warned都可以，第二空的friend与accompany构成主动关系，故使用现在分词的形式，故D正确。
12. A。考查现在分词的完成被动式做状语，因为是先被告知很多次，还是不懂，所以用现在分词的完成式做状语，句意是：被告知很多次，他还是不理解它。选A。
13. B。考查现在分词做伴随状语，因为he和hope之间是主动关系，用现在分词做结果状语，相当于and he hoped to …句意是：他给我们发了份电子邮件，希望得到更多的消息。
14. C。考查分词，现在分词做状语，名词The police和动词delay是主谓关系，所以用现在分词做状语，所以选C
15. C。考查现在分词的完成式做状语，句意是：没有完成计划，他们只好再呆两星期。因为是先没有完成计划，才要呆在那里。用现在分词的完成式，否定not放在having的前面。选C。
16. C。考查分词，分词做状语，动词unlock和名词the door是动宾关系，所以用过去分词，句子意思“约翰急忙地跑出去，门没锁”
17. C。考查现在分词，现在分词作后置定语，名词An investigation group和动词consist of是主谓关系，所以用现在分词做后置定语，句子意思“包括五个男士和两个妇女的调查小组已经被派到现场调查事情”
18. C。第一空考查现在分词做方式状语，the girl和run是主动关系，用running，第二空考查形容词做状语，句意：女孩跑到学校，累得上气不接下气。选C。
19. A。考查现在分词的否定做状语，he和finish是主动关系，用现在分词，句意: 没有完成作业，他不能和朋友去玩。现在分词的否定，用not doing选A。
20. D。每天早晨，出门前，Jack的妻子将会站在镜子前，欣赏自己。admiring作stand的伴随状语。故选D。