（人教版）高中英语必修4：Unit 5 Theme parks“构词法”的概念及语法讲解

构词法
概念引入：
Let's go out for a walk .我们到外面去散散步吧。
Did you book a seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗?
We will try our best to better our living conditions. 我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
The old in our village are living a happy life. 我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。
上述四个句子看似没有什么特殊之处，也没有什么联系。但是我们一一细看，就会发现句子中的小词似乎有点特殊。如：
句1中的walk，一般是动词，但是在此句中前面有不定冠词a修饰，作介词for的宾语，变成了名词；句2的book是一般是名词，这里却作了谓语，变成了动词；句3中的better本来是形容词，却也接了宾语，成为动词不定式；而句4竟然old是形容词当名词用了。这就是我们本单元要学的“构词法”中的一种——转化法。
下面内容中把简单的词汇的汉语意思略去。
语法讲解：
英语构词法种类
英语构词法主要有：合成法，转化法，派生法，混成法，截短法和词首字母缩略法。
定义与精讲---合成法
１. 合成: 有两个或更多的词合成一个词。
复合名词
class + room = classroom (名词+名词)
black+ board= blackboard (形容词+名词)
复合形容词
warm + heart + ed = warmhearted 热心肠的
good + looking = good-looking 相貌好看的
world +wide= worldwide 世界性的
hard+ working=hard-working 努力工作的
复合动词
over + come = overcome克服 (副词+动词)
复合数词
fifty+ four= fifty-four
复合代词
everyone ,somebody, anything, nobody
( 不定代词+名词)
复合副词
down+ stairs = downstairs在楼下　( 形容词+名词)
whole+ heartedly =wholeheartedly
全神贯注地　(副词+副词)
定义与精讲--- 派生法
派生:是通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词。
happy --- unhappy 不高兴的
develop --- development 发展
前缀:一般只引起意思上的变化而不造成词类的变化，只有少数能引起词类的变化。
mis- 错误的 + understand v. 理解--- misunderstand v. 误解
en + large adj. 大的 --- enlarge v. 扩大
后缀：一般只引起词性上的变化而不造成意思的变化。
care v. 照料 --- careful adj. 细心的
work v. 工作 --- worker n. 工人
常见的前缀
(A)表示否定的前缀：
un---unfair 不公平, unknown 未知的
non----nonsmoker 不吸烟的人 (常用在n. adj. adv. 前)
in----inactive 不活跃的 (常用在adj.前
dis----disagree 不同意, disappear 消失, dislike 不喜欢
im----impolite 不礼貌的, impossible 不可能的 (用在b,p,m 开头的词前)
(B).表示错误或失误的前缀:
mis---mistake 弄错, misdirect 误导
(C)表示两个,双边的前缀：
bi- bicolor 双色的, bicycle
(D)表示相互,　交互,　在一起的前缀
　 inter—interview 面试，会谈, international 国际的, internet 互联网
(E)表示又,再,重新的前缀
re—review 回顾, return, rewrite
(F)表示远的前缀
tele– telephone, television
(G) en- 表示“使……”的前缀
enrich 使丰富 enlarge 使变大
(H) multi-表示“多”的前缀
multicultural 多文化的 multichannel 多渠道的，多频道的
(I) kilo-表示“千”的前缀
kilometer 千米 kilogram 千克
常见的后缀
动词变名词：
-tion
educate--education, invite---invitation,
predict---prediction 预测
-ment
development,
movement, 活动
disappointment 失望
-er 表示“人”
teacher, worker, runner, singer
-or表示“人”
visitor, sailor 水手, tutor 家庭教师, actor
名词后缀补充:
-ist ( 人, 名词后缀)
science--scientist, terror 恐怖—terrorist 恐怖分子
-ese( 民族,语言,名词后缀)
Chinese, Japanese
形容词变名词
-ness
good—goodness, happy-happiness,
busy-business , care—careless--carelessness
-ity
able--ability, possible--possibility
名词变形容词：
-y: windy, rainy, healthy, cloudy, funny, sunny
-ish: foolish, childish, girlish
-some: handsome, troublesome
-ous: dangerous, humorous
-ful: helpful, careful, peaceful, colorful
-less: homeless, helpless, careless ,useless
-al: traditional, international, nature—natural
动词变形容词
-ed: surprised, bored ,excited ,relaxed, interested
-ing: surprising, boring ,exciting ,relaxing, interesting, outstanding
名词、形容词变动词：
-ify: beauty-beautify, simple—simplify 简化
-ize: realize
-en: quicken 变快, sharpen 使锐利, widen 放宽
构成副词的常用后缀：
-ly ：angry生气的→angrily生气地
-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)
to到→towards朝……，向……
east东方→eastward向东
考例展示：
1. I cannot control my body well. My legs become ______ (pain).
答案：painful。系动词become用形容词painful。
2. (2018 广东高考) ______ (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day.
答案：Luckily。用副词luckily修饰整个句子。
3. (2018 高考全国I卷) Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia’s biggest building，and fancy new hotels．But for tourists like me，pandas are its top 1 (attract).
答案：attraction。句意：……，熊猫是最吸引人的东西。用attract的名词作表语，表示“引入注意的东西，有趣的东西”。注意its（它的），后面要接名词。形容词（top）修饰名词，也可以是答题的标志词。
定义与精讲---转化法与其它
1. 转化:
是指有一种词类转化为另一种词类。单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切.
常见的转化形式：
动词 --- 名词
名词 --- 动词
形容词---动词
动词-----------名词
stop v. 停止 ------- n.车站
watch v. 观看 --- --------n. 手表
look v. 看　----have a look n. 看
walk v. 散步,走---take a walk n.散步
love v. 爱---　your love n. 爱water n. 水 ------ water vt. 浇水
名词 -------动词
hand n. 手 --- vt. 上交
seat n. 座位--- vt. 坐
nurse n. 护士--- vt. 护理
oil n. 油--- vt. 上油
time n. 时间--- vt. 定时，测时
show n. 展示,秀—--vt. 表演,秀-
形容词---------动词
open (adj. 开着的)—open( v.开)
clean(adj. 清洁的)-----clean(v.打扫)
slow( adj. 慢的)---slow ( v. 放慢) 　
【构词法，其它构词法 】
2.截短法(缩略法)
截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
1)截头
telephone → phone aeroplane → plane
omnibus → bus
2)去尾
mathematics → maths co-operate → co-op 合作
examination → exam kilogram → kilo
laboratory → lab 实验室 taxicab → taxi
3)截头去尾
influenza → flu 流感 refrigerator → fridge 冰箱
prescription → script 处方
3.混合法(混成法)
混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。
news broadcast → newscast新闻广播
television broadcast → telecast电视播送
smoke and fog → smog烟雾
helicopter airport → heliport 直升飞机场
4.首尾字母缩略法
首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。
very important person→ VIP (读字母音)要人;大人物
television → TV (读字母音)电视
Testing of English as a Foreign Language →TOEFL 托福
巩固练习
完成句子
1. Speaking of all his songs, I think this is his _________ (最著名的一首)。（know）
2. It took us quite a long time to get together. It was _________ (一个三个小时的旅行). (journey)
3. The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients , so he has ___________ (一个非常好的名声) . (repute)
4. Many students signed up for _____________ (800 米赛跑) in the sports meeting to be held next week. （long）
5. He found a lot of passers-by were _________ ( 成年人) . ( grow)
6. They dug a hole ___________ (三米深) ， and then put the jar in it.(depth)
7. Society is made up of ____________ (各种各样的)people; some are good ,others are bad, and still others are in between. ( various)
8. This boy _____________ (带坏了) by bad companion. (lead)
9. The immediately took action to ___________ (抢救伤员). ( wound)
10. The area was struck by ___________ (爆发力霍乱). (break)
单项选择
Many students signed up for the ________ race in the sport meeting to be held next week.
800-meter-long B. 800-meters-long C. 800 meters length D. 800 meter length
Speaking of all the songs he has written , I think this is probably his _______ one.
better-known B. well-known C. best-known D. most-known
It’s said that this is the _________ book on the market this year.
best-sold B. best-selling C. good-selling D. good-sold
We have two _________ in our town and a new chemical _________ is to open soon.
ironworks; works B. ironworks; work C. ironwork; work D. ironwork; works
Two _________ and three ________ attend the meeting .
Englishmans; German B. Englishmen; German
C. Englishman; Germans D. Englishmans; Germans
6. ---Who cooked the _________ dishes?
A. nice-smelled B. nice-smelling C. well-smelled D. well-smelling
7. To give up such a chance would be an _________ decision.
A. ill-advised B. ill-advising C. well-advising D. well-advised
8. My brother is really ________ . He often works in his office far into the night.
A. open-minded B. hard-working C. self-confident D. warm-hearted
9. `________ of the students in our class are from the north.
A. Two-nineth B. Two-ninth C. Two-ninths D. Two-nineths
10. My sister has two __________.
A. tooth-brushes B. tooth-brush C. teeth-brushes D. teeth-brush
11. He found a lot of ________ were________.
A. passers-by; grown-ups B. passer-bys; growns-up
C. passer-bys; grown-ups D .passers-by; growns-up.
12. She took several deep breaths to quiet her ________.
A. nervousness B. nervously C. nervous D. nerves
13. What is the ______ of your argument?
A. basic B. base C. basial D. basis
14. The bank has a copy of your ________
A. signal B. sign C. signing D. signature
15. We walked ________ into the forest and lost our way ; we _______regretted it.
A. deep; deeply B. deep; deep C. deeply; deeply D. deeply; deep
语法填空
1. (2018高考课标卷II) Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat______ (slow) during cool nights，thus warming the house.
2. (2018高考 课标卷I) As _____ (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly ______ thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
3. (2018高考 课标卷I) Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong，says it _______ (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people __ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong．
4. (2018 上海高考) I ________ (empty) my purse change into the hands of a homeless man and helped a struggling woman reverse park.
5. While there are _______ (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the _______ (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.
6. (2018 高考全国I卷) From tomorrow，I will be their UK ambassador．The title will be _______ (official) given to me at a ceremony in London．
7. (2018 四川高考) She was a very (care)mother．For 25days，she never left her baby，not even to find something to eat!
8. When I returned the kitchen with the knife, I found the boy _______ (eye) the chocolate cake hungrily.
翻译句子。(注意词类发生转换的词)1. Have you booked the ticket? _____________________________________2. She nursed her husband back to health. _____________________________________3. We will try our best to better our living conditions. _____________________________________4. We don’t belong to the rich, but we don’t belong to the poor either. _____________________________________5. She shaded her eyes against the sun. _____________________________________
答案解析：
完成句子
1. best-known one 2. a three-hour journey 3. a very good reputation
4. the 800-meter-long race 5. grown-ups 6. three meters deep 7. a variety of
8. was misled 9. save the wound 10. an outbreak of cholera
单项选择
答案：A 解析: 800-meter-long 是由“数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词，其中名词只能用单数形式
答案：C解析: well-known 的比较级与最高级分别为better-known 和best-known, 因“提到在他写的所有的歌曲中，这可能是最好的”，因此此处应用最高级。
答案：B 解析: 句意：据说这是在今年市场上最畅销的书。表最畅销的用最高级，best-selling 可看作固定搭配，表示“最畅销的”。
答案：A 解析: work 意为“工厂”，通常用复数形式，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数。
答案：C 解析: Englishman 是由English 和man构成的合成词，其复数为Englishmen; 而German 的复数是Germans.
答案：B 解析: 表示主语的性质。smell 为系动词，用形容词修饰，而动词smell本身无被动语态，故用nice-smelling.
答案：A 解析: ill-advised “不明智的”
答案：B 解析: 句意：我的哥哥的确很勤奋，他经常在办公室里工作到深夜。Hard-working 勤奋的，刻苦的；open-minded 开通的，无偏见的；self-confident 自信的；warm-hearted 热心肠的。
答案：C 解析: 考查分数的表示方法。其构成规则为：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，若分子大于一时，其序数词后加-s ，两次之间的连字符可有可无。
答案：A 解析: tooth-brush的复数形式在brush上变化，加-es 。
答案：A 解析: Passer-by 的复数是在中心词passer 后加-es； grown-up 的复数形式是在up 后加-es。
答案：D 解析：nervousness 指“惶恐不安”；nerves 指“神经”
答案：D解析：base 所指的“基础”是具体的； basis 是抽象的。
答案：D解析：signature作名词表示“签名”； sign 作动词，表示“签名”
答案：A解析：句意：我们走进森林深处并迷路了。我们对此深感懊悔。deep 指具体的深；deeply 指抽象的深。
语法填空
1. slowly。用副词修饰动词。
2. natural。用形容词修饰名词architects。
3. regularly；living。用副词修饰动词；第二空是定语，因为live与people是主动关系，用动词-ing形式。
4. emptied。empty这里不是形容词，而是动词，意为“倒空”，从下文helped可知，用一般过去时。
5. amazing, changes。第一空修饰名词stories，表示性质，用动词-ing形式；第二空根据下文的are可知用复数形式。
6. officially。所填词修饰动词be given，应用副词。
7. caring／careful。此处用形容词作定语修饰名词，且根据句意可知，应填caring (关心体贴的) 或careful。
8. eyeing。eye在此句中用作动词，根据句意“我发现男孩儿正巴巴地望着巧克力蛋糕”，填eyeing作宾语补足语。
翻译句子
你订好票了吗?
她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。
我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
我们不是有钱人，但我们也不是穷人。
她遮着眼睛,以避开阳光。