（人教版）高中英语必修3 Unit 3 The Million Pound Bank Note宾语从句和表语从句及语法讲解

宾语从句和表语从句
概念引入
She doesn’t know (that) her father is seriously ill. 她不知道她父亲病得很严重。
Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?
你可以告诉我怎么去火车站吗？
The problem is when they can get there. 问题是他们什么时候能到那儿。
The problem is whether we can replace her. 问题是我们能否替换她。
看到宾语从句四个字，你一定想“我学过了”，那么从上面4个句子中，你能够很容易地判断出前两个句子含有宾语从句，而后两个句子的黑体词部分就是表语从句了吧？本单元我们就从复习宾语从句开始，开始对名词性从句中的位置很相似的这两个从句进行一下小结吧。
语法讲解
认识名词性从句
1. 名词能作什么成分
研究下面这个简单的句子：
Lily, my sister, is a good girl, and she likes music.
主语 同位语 系动词 表语 主语 谓语 宾语
分析：此句是and连接的一个并列句，含有两个小句子，and前的句子的结构是“主系表”结构，and后是“主谓宾”结构。其中主语、表语、宾语和同位语都是名词或名词词组（如a good girl）充当的，当然主语she是代词，而代词是用来代替名词，从而避免重复的词。
换句话说，名词在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。
2. 名词性从句的定义：
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
现在，再次研究“概念引入”中的句子，你对名词性从句有了很清晰的认识了吧？
3. 判断下面的名词性从句（划线部分）是什么从句。
1）The question is what we can do to save her.
2）We heard the news that our team had won.
3）I doubt whether he will succeed.
4）Whether it is true remains a problem.
5）They told us once again that the situation was serious.
6）The trouble is that I have lost his address.
7）Whoever comes is welcome.
答案：
1）表语从句。跟在系动词后面的是表语。
2）同位语从句。说明前面的名词news的内容，因为和news是一个位置，叫同位语。
3) 动词doubt的宾语从句。
4）主语从句。
5）宾语从句，动词told的宾语。
6）表语从句。
7）主语从句。
4. 从上面从句中总结一下引导这些从句的连接词是什么。如句1）的连接词是what。
5. 特别注意：语序
名词性从句都要用陈述句语序，无论是whether/if引导的原来是一般疑问句的从句，还是疑问代词、疑问副词引导的从句。
The problem is what he has done to the little boy. 问题是他对这个小男孩做了什么。
对比：What has he done to the little boy? 他对这个小男孩做了什么？
I am not sure whether he still works here. 我不确定他仍然在这里工作。
对比：Do he still work here? 他仍然在这里工作吗？
宾语从句的用法-----总述
1. 宾语从句定义
在另一个句子中作宾语的句子叫宾语从句，谓语动词、介词、动词不定式，v-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句，有些形容词（afraid, sure, glad等）之后也可以带宾语从句。
2. 宾语从句的三类引导词：
连词：that, whether, if
代词：who, whose, what ,which
副词：when ,where, how, why 等。
3. 宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序，即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。例如：
I don’t know what they are looking for. 我不知道他们在找什么。
Could you tell me when the train will leave? 你能告诉我火车什么时候开吗？
Can you imagine what kind of man he is? 你能想象他是什么样的人吗？
4. 宾语从句的时态
1）主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。The headmaster hopes everything goes well. 校长希望一切进展顺利。
2）主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的相应形式。She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
她很抱歉她没有按时完成工作。
3）当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound. 老师告诉我们光比声音运行得快。
that引导的宾语从句
1. 连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义，不充当句子成份，多数情况下可以省略。
2. 可跟that从句作宾语的动词有：
say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。例如：
The boy believes (that) he will travel through space to other planets.
这个男孩相信他会在太空旅行，到其它行星上去。
I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that. 我认为他那样对待你是不对的。
【宾语从句和表语从句】
3. 由that引起的从句，在believe, think, suppose后常不加that。
4. 否定转移：
在think, believe, suppose, expect, guess等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时尽管谓语是否定意思，也只将前面的think等词否定。
I don’t think you can beat me. 我认为你不能打我。
He doesn’t expect we need worry. 他认为我们不需要担心。
5. 有时在宾语和谓语之间可以插入一个间接宾语或状语。
She reminded me that I had a meeting to attend. 她提醒我有个会我需要参加。
They explained to us that they didn’t mean to make us angry.
他们对我们解释说他们不想惹我们生气。
6. 形式宾语it
带有复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）的句子中, that引起的宾语从句常常移到后面，前面用it作为形式宾语。
I thought it very impossible that she would come. 我原来以为她不可能来。
They took it for granted that the singer was coming. 他们想当然地认为那个歌手会来。
7. 在以下情况中that不能省略
1）当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。例如：
He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.
他说你太小了不会明白这件事，他被要求不告诉你。
2）当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap. 刚才我注意到，第一次，我们的老师穿着精致的绿外套，带着黑绸帽。
3）当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。I can’t tell him that his mother died. 我不能告诉他他母亲去世了。
whether, if 引导的宾语从句
I. whether, if 引导的宾语从句
由whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的，whether和if常译成“是否”。一般说来，在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用。
注意：宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
I wonder whether (if) they will come to our party. 我想知道他们是否会来参加我们的聚会。
(2018 浙江模拟) I am not going to ask you questions to find out whether you understand the books or not. 我不会问你们问题看你们是否理解这些书。
II. 只能用whether，不能用if引导的情况
1. 在介词的后面引导宾语从句时。
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我担心是否伤了她的感情。
2. 直接与or not连用时。
I will write to you whether or not I can come. 我能不能来，我将写信告诉你。
3. 在某些动词后(如 discuss 等)的宾语从句时。
We discussed whether we should hold a meeting. 我们讨论了是否要开一个会。
4. 与 or 连用分别引导两个从句时，此时whether...or意为“是……还是……”。
I don’t know whether he is wrong or she is wrong. 我不知道是他错了，还是她错了。
5. 在带to的不定式前。
I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。
6. 引导宾语从句且放在句首时。
Whether he is single I don’t know. 他是否单身，我不知道。
7. 引导其他从句，如主语从句、表语从句或状语从句时。
Whether he will come is still a question. 他是否会来还是个问题。
The question is whether we should go on with the work.
问题是我们是否应该继续进行这项工作。
Whether he agrees or not, I shall do that.（状语从句，whether译成“不管……”）
不管他同意与否，我都要那样做。
III. 只能用if不能用whether引导的情况
1. if引导否定概念的宾语从句时。
I don’t care if it doesn’t rain. 我不在乎天是否下雨。
2. if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”。
The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny. 如果天气晴朗，学生们会去野餐。
3. 引导状语从句even if（即使）和as if（好像）时He talks as if he has known all about it. 他谈话好像他已经知道了所有的事情。
连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句
此类宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
连接代词有：who ,whom ,whose ,which ,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。
Can you tell me whom you are waiting for? 你能告诉我你在等谁吗？
In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。
And it’s easier to start again if you fail, because you know exactly what you need to do. 而且失败后重新开始很容易，因为你确切地知道你需要做什么。
连接副词有：when ,where ,why ,how，在句中担任状语的成分。
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
我们中没有一个人知道这些新零件在哪里能买到。
拓展：whoever, whatever, whenever类连接词
此类词就是上述连接代词或连接副词+后缀ever，如whatever意为“无论什么”，wherever意为“无论哪里”。
The club will give whoever wins a prize. 俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。
She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
表语从句-----总述
1. 定义：表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。
2. 可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，seem，sound，appear等。
China is no longer what she used to be. 今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。
The question remains whether they will be able to help us.
问题还是他们能否帮我们。
At that time，it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word.
当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。
It seems（that）he was late for the train. 看来他没搭上火车。
It appears to her that he wants to teach us all he has.
在她看来，他似乎要把他所会的都教给我们。
3. 连接表语从句的连接词
1）wh-疑问词
2）whether
3）that
4）because，as，as if，as though
4. 使用虚拟语气的表语从句
在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用“should+动词原形” 表示，should可省略。常见的词有：advice，suggestion，order，proposal，plan，idea等。
My suggestion is that we （should） start early tomorrow.
我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
表语从句的连接词的用法
1. 从属连词that，间或可以省略。
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
(2018 北京高考) The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is that one can be entirely free from dust. 雨季最让人高兴的事情是人可以完全远离尘埃。
2. 从属连词whether
My question is whether he left（or not）。 我的问题是他是否离开了。
注：if不能引导表语从句。
3. as，as if / as though
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。
It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door. 听起来好像有人在敲门。
Things are not always as they seem to be. 事物并不总是如其表象。
4. because，why引导的表语从句。
That's because he didn't understand me. （That's because…强调原因）
那是因为他没有理解我。
That's why he got angry with me. （That's why…强调结果）
那正是他对我生气的原因。
注意：reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because。
The reason why I was sad was that he didn't understand me.
我难过的原因是他没有理解我。
5. 连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever
连接副词 where，when，how，why
The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.
那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
What I wonder is when he left. 我想知道他是何时离开的。
This is where they once lived. 这就是他们曾经住过的地方
巩固练习
选择适当的引导词
You’ll have to decide _______ car we’ll use, yours or mine. (which/whose)
You’ll have to decide _______ car we’ll use, the old one or the new one. (which/whose)
You’ll have to decide _______ we’ll use the new car for .(what/which)
You’ll have to decide _______ we’ll use the new car. (whether/what)
I believe _______ he said is true. (what/which)
Make sure_______ the door is licked before you leave the lab. (that/which)
I wonder ______ it is true or not. (whether/which)
She doesn’t know _______ she should stay at home. (whether/that)
用所给动词或动词短语的适当形式填空。
After a careful examination, Doctor Johnson asked me what I ______ (have)for the breakfast.
The voyage proved that the earth ______ (be) round.
Our teacher suggested he ______ (hand in) his homework before class.
The teacher demanded that we ______ (go) home before hand in the exercise books.
I insisted that Tom _______ (do) the work at once.
– My father will be here tomorrow.
– Oh, I thought that he _____ (come ) today.
Have you decided when you _____ (leave) Canada?
I really don’t know when she _____(come).If she ______ (come), I will tell you at once.
He said he ______ (come) if he had time.
完成句子
1. Jill was ill. That was ___________________________(她为什么没来上课). (fail)
2. We have not lost the hope __________________________(他总有一天会出现). (turn)
3. The question is _____________________________(这本小说是否值得一读). (worth)
4. ______________________________(谁会去参加会议) is a question. (attend)
5. I have no idea ______________________(我们如何开始这项工作). (start)
6. I find it difficult _________________________(任务应该被完成) in two days. (fulfill)
7. It was suggested ___________________________(推迟会议). (put)
8. The professor gave us a report on _________________________(我们如何学好英语). (learn)
9. ________________________(玛丽将嫁给约翰) is certain. (marry)
10. I am wondering ____________________________(我的室友去哪里了). (go)
11. (2018 北京东城期末) Tell your friend _________________. 跟你的朋友表示你关心他。
12. (2018 北京东城期末) It is important _________________.我们应该遵守诺言，这很重要。
单项填空
1． — I flew to New York for the talk show on TV last week．
— Is that ______you had a few days off?
A． why B． when C． what D． where
2． I ask her _____ come with me．
A． if she will B． if will she C． whether will she D． will she
3． It was a matter of _______ would take the position．
A． who B． whoever C． whom D． whomever
4． Can you tell me ________?
A． who is that gentleman is B． that gentleman is who
C． who that gentleman is D． whom is that gentleman
5． Can you tell me ________ the railway station?
A． how I can get to B． what can I get to
C． where I can got to D． where can I get to
6． It is generally considered unwise to give a child ________ he or she wants．
A． however B． whatever C． whichever D． whenever
7．—I rang you at about ten, but there was no reply. (2018 江苏清江中学期中)
—Oh, that was probably ________ I was seeing the doctor.
A. when B. why C. how D. that
8． I am sure ________ he said is true．
A． that B． about that C． of that D． that what
9． You can’t imagine ________ when they received these nice Christmas presents．
A． how they were excited B． how excited they were
C． how excited were they D． they were how excited
10． Why the explosion occurred was ________ the laboratory attendant had been careless．
A． for B． because C． since D． that
11. What impresses me most is _________ he appears in front of others, he wears a sincere and c harming smile.
A. which B. that C. where C. that whenever
12. Our school is no longer ____ it was 10 years ago, _____ it was not well equipped.
A．what, which B．that , which C．what, when D．that, where
13. The little girl who got lost decided to remain _________she was and wait to her mother.
A．where B．what C．how D．who
14. The reason Beethoven went away to the country is ______.
A．that he was gradually going deaf
B．because he was gradually going deaf
C．on account of the fact that he was gradually going deaf
D．since he was gradually going deaf
15. We students got lost in the forest and decided to remain ____we were and waited for the guide
A．where B．what C．how D．who
16. If you feel tired and sick of fat food , that is _______ you have to go to the hospital for a medical examination.
A．why B．when? C．whether D．what?
17. The question is ______ we can help him out of the trouble
A．that B．how C．why D．what
18. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ______ I disagree.?
A．why B．where C．what D．how
19. We agreed to accept _______ they thought was the best professor in the college.?
A．whatever B．whomever C．whichever D．whoever
20. As a new diplomat, he often thinks of_____- he can react more appropriately on such occasions.
A．what B．which C．that D．how
21. The best moment for the football star was _______ he scored the winning goal.
A. where B. when C. how D. why
22. It is difficult for us to imagine_____ life was like for slaves in the ancient world.
A. where B. what C. which D. why
23. —How about camping this weekend, just for a change?
—OK, _______ you want.
A．whichever B．however C．whatever D．whoever
24. (2018 北京朝阳区期末) We must find out _________ Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.
A. when B. how C. where D. why
25. —Can we get everything ready by the weekend?
—It all depends on _______ we can get Mr. Green’s cooperation.
A. that B. what C. whether D. if
答案与解析
选择适当的引导词
1.whose 2. which 3. what 4. whether 5. what 6. that 7. whether 8. Whether
用所给动词或动词短语的适当形式填空。
1.had 2. is 3. hand in 4.go 5.do 6. would come 7. will leave
8. will come, come 9. would come
完成句子
1. why she failed to come to school
2. that he will turn up someday
3. whether the novels worth reading
4. Who will go to attend the meeting
5. how we can start the work
6. that the task should be fulfilled
7. that the meeting should be put off
8. how we could learn English well
9. That Mary will marry John
10. where my roommates have gone
11. that you are concerned about him
12. that we should keep our word
单项填空
1． A 由句子结构得知，空白处应选能在表语从句中作状语的连接副词，A、B、D．三个答案均能满足这一要求，但根据句意应选A，why为连接副词，在表语从句中作原因状语。
2． A 宾语从句作ask的直接宾语，应用陈述句语序。
3． A 空白处在宾语从句中做主语，因而可首先排除C、D两项。whoever ＝ anyone who与题意不符，故答案为A。
4． C 宾语从句应用陈述句语序。“你能告诉我那位绅士是谁吗?”
5． A 问路应该说How can I get to…，宾语从句应用陈述句语序，故选A。
6． B 空白处为want 的宾语，应选用连接代词，而whichever常用作定语，whatever ＝ anything that，故答案为B。
7． A when引导表语从句，叙述的是时间的概念。句意：——我大约在10点钟打电话给你，但没有人接电话。——那时也许我去看病了。故A正确。
8． D 在作表语的形容词后的宾语从句中的that不可省略。
9． B 这是一个由how引导的宾语从句，在宾语从句中要用陈述句语序，故答案为B。
10． D 表语从句中的that不可省略。
11. D 考查表语从句和状语从句。从语境看，本题需要两个连接词，一个是表语从句的连词that，此时that只起连接作用，不在从句中做任何成分，而且一般不省略；表语从句中还有一个状语从句，表示“无论他在什么时候出现”，用从属连词whenever。
12. C 本题考查表语从句和定语从句。no longer后面的表语从句不完整，it was 后面还缺少表语，根据意思是“20年前的样子”，后面一个句子是对20年前的补充说明，是一个非限制性定语从句，20年前学校设备条件不好，when 在定语从句中作时间状语。
13. A 本题考查连词，remain是系动词，后加表语从句，由句意可知，从句缺地点状语，所以选A。
14. A 语法结构题。本句的难点是：如果主语是reason，那么后面作表语的从句应由that引导。本句的意思是：贝多芬去乡下的原因是他的耳朵正在逐渐变聋。
15. A （remain在此表示系动词，where she was做它的表语从句。）
16. B? 本题考查表语从句引导词的用法。本句话的意思为“如果你对油腻的食品感到厌恶，那是你该去医院接受检查的时候了”。句型That’s when...表示“那是该做……的时候了”。
17. B 考查表语从句，表语从句中不缺少主语和宾语，排除D，句意为问题是我们如何才能帮助他，所以选择B
18. B 考查表语从句。disagree是不及物动词，后面不要直接跟宾语，所以排除连接代词C。根据句意应该是B。句意：你说人人平等，这正是我不同意的地方。
19. D? 本题考查宾语从句中连接词whoever的用法。连接代词whoever在从句中既起连接作用又作主语。A、C两项虽为连接代词，但与句意不符。B项只能作宾语，故排除。?
20. D 考查宾语从句用法。句意“作为一个新的外交家，他常常想到在这样的场合下，他如何才能作出更恰当的反应”。可知选D符合。
21. B。句意：对这位球星来说最好的时刻就是他射门得分的时候。where表示地点，how表示方式，why结果；只有when表示的是时间。故B正确。
22. B。句意：对我们来说很难想象古代的奴隶的生活。what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作为介词like的宾语。where和why不能在从句中作宾语，which 表示疑问的意思“哪一个”。故B正确。
23. C。句意：“这个周末野营怎么样，来点新鲜的？”“好啊，按你的意思吧！”根据语境分析出后者支持前面的提出的观点，而从句中少宾语，所以选whatever表示“无论什么”。这个从句是个省略句，whatever引导的可以是主语从句或宾语从句。
24. A。句意：我们必须弄明白卡尔什么时候来，以便给他预订个房间。根据句意，选A。
25. C 本题考查介词宾语从句, 根据上下文意思 该处应该是我们是否能得到Green先生的。