（人教版）高中英语必修3：unit 4 Astronomy_the science of the stars主语从句及语法讲解

主语从句
概念引入
That you will win the medal seems unlikely.
你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。
Whether she is coming or not doesn’t matter too much. 她来不来都无关紧要。
What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这事。
When the plane is to take off has not been announced .飞机何时起飞还没有宣布。
观察上面四个句子可以看出，黑体词部分都有连接词连接，后面都是一个谓语动词，黑体词部分都是整个句子论述的主体部分，它们就是我们本单元要学习的主语从句。
语法讲解
什么是主语从句？
【主语从句】
在复合句中由一个句子作主句的主语的从句叫主语从句。
What matters is not winning but participating.
I don’t know why he is always finding fault with me.
My hometown is no longer what it used to be ten years ago.
He expressed his hope that he would come to Chengdu again.
其中划横线的部分就是名词性从句。
主语从句引导词：
1. 由what等代词引导的从句,表示“所……的(东西)”，实际上等于一个先行词加上一个定语从句，也可以由-ever等代词引导。
比如:
What they are talking about is nothing valuable.
What I really want is to have a good rest.
Whatever she did is wrong.
比较：Whatever she did, she is wrong.
Whoever passes the exam can get 50 yuan.
比较：Whoever passes the exam, I will give him 50 yuan.
比较：Who passes the exam is still not clear.
2. 由that引导的主语从句,通常用形式主语it来代替。
That he has disappeared worries his parents.
(It worries his parents that he has disappeared.
It is not likely that he can win the lottery.
It is a big surprise that he is still alive.
3. 由连接代词、连接副词或whether引导的从句。
When she will be back is still a question.
Where they had put the files troubled the spy.
Whether he will take part in the play is unclear.
Whether or not he will go to Japan is up to her.
主语从句的连接词----详述
(1) 连词that、whether：
这两个词是从属连词，在从句中不作任何成分，that没有意思，只起标志和连接作用；whether意为“是否”。
That price will go up is certain. 价格会上升是肯定的了。
That the wounded soldier is still alive is a wonder. 那个伤员还活着真是个奇迹。
That Mr. Zhou will come makes us excited. 周先生要来这个事使我们很激动。
Whether we go by train or by boat makes no difference. 我们乘火车或船没有什么不同。
Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他来不来这里还不清楚。
Whether we can go to picnic tomorrow is still a question.
我们明天是否去野餐还是个问题。
Whether the work can be completed on time is doubtful. 这项工作能否准时完成还难以预料。
(2) 连接代词what, who, whom, whose, which；whoever, whatever, whichever等
连接代词都有各自的意思，在从句中充当主语，宾语，表语或定语，一般表示疑问。
a. what的意思有两个：……的东西/事情等，什么。
b. whoever相当于anyone who；whatever相当于anything that。
What she did is not yet known. 她做了什么还不知道。
Who will write the poem has not been decided yet. 谁来写这首诗还没有定。
Who will go makes no difference. 谁去都一样。
Whatever he did is right. 他无论做什么都是对的。
Whoever breaks the rule should be punished. 无论谁违反规则都应该受惩罚。
Whom she loves is clear enough . 她爱的是谁已经够清楚了。
Whose wallet was stolen must be made clear.谁的钱包被偷了必须被搞清楚。
(2018 上海高考) What makes the game unique is that it helps children learn how to cope with problems in real life. 这个游戏的独特之处在于它让孩子学会如何应对现实生活中的问题。
（3) 连接副词：when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等。
这些词有各自的意思，在句中充当状语，不能省略。
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事如何发生的任何人都还不清楚。
When he will be back depends on the weather. 他什么时候回来取决于天气。
How the pyramids were built is still a mystery. 金字塔怎样建起来的还是个谜。
Whatever she says will not make any difference to our arrangements.
无论她说什么，都是不会对我们的安排有影响。
主语从句后置与形式主语it
主语从句后置：
为了避免主语冗长，句子头重脚轻，经常用it作形式主语，把主语从句放在后面作真正的主语。例如：
1. That the earth goes around the sun is known to us all.
→It is known to us all that the earth goes around the sun. 众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。
2. That he knows nothing about it is strange.
→It is strange that he knows nothing about it. 奇怪这件事他什么也不知道。
3. When flood stuck the western areas wasn’t reported.
→It wasn’t reported when flood stuck the western areas.
什么时候洪水袭击了西部地区没有报道。
4. Whether he can come or not depends on his parents.
→It depends on his parents whether he can come or not. 他来不来取决于他的父母亲。
5. That he didn’t attend the meeting surprised us.
→It surprised us that the he didn’t attend the meeting. 他没有参加会议使我们很吃惊。
6. Whether Class Five can defeat Class Four isn’t known yet.
→It isn’t known yet whether Class Five can defeat Class Four. 还不知道五班是否能打赢四班。
常用句型
1. It+系动词+形容词+that从句。
常用形容词：obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, unlikely, certain, probable, necessary, right, wrong, important, certain, clear, strange，etc.
It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 她考试能考好是肯定的了。
2. It +系动词+名词词组+that从句
常用名词词组：no wonder, no wonder, an honor , a good thing, a pity, no surprise, a shame, good news, a fact ,etc.
It’s no wonder that you have achieved so much success. 难怪你取得了这么多的成功。
It’s a pity that you didn’t attend the lecture yesterday. 真可惜你没出席昨天的讲座。
(2018 江苏模拟) It is often the case that anything is possible for those who hang on to hope．
通常情况下，对于那些心存希望的人一切皆有可能。
3. It +be+过去分词 (said, told, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, heard, suggested，etc.)+that从句，意为“据……(说/报道/认为/预测/决定/通知/安排/听说/建议）。
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。
4 .It +特殊不及物动词（seem, appear, happen等）+that从句
It seems that you are against the plan. 你似乎反对这个计划。
It happened to me that I had been away when you called.
碰巧你打电话时我不在。
5. It + doesn’t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 他来不来没有关系。
注意：在主语从句中用来表示 “惊奇，不相信，惋惜，理应如此，要求，建议”等语
时，谓语动词用“should+ do”，should译成“竟然”或“应该”，should可以省略。
常用句型：
It’s necessary /important / strange /natural/+that sb. should do sth.
It is a pity ( a shame, no wonder, etc.) that sb. should do sth.
It is suggested (requested, proposed提议，desired请求 ) that sb. should do sth.
学生上课认真听讲是很重要的。
It is important that the students should listen carefully in class.
It’s strange that he should have missed the train. 他竟然没有赶上火车，真奇怪。
It’s suggested that we (should) put on a short play at the party.
有人建议我们在晚会上演一个短剧。
主语从句需注意的问题
1.主语从句中用陈述语序。
2.主语从句的 “that”一般不能省。
3.“what”引导主语从句时，谓语动词：
1）常与其后的名词作表语一致 2）根据句子的语境而定。
What you left are only several old books. 你留下的只有几本书。
（根据表语可知，what从句是复数概念，谓语用复数）
What you said is of great importance. 你说的话很重要。
（what从句是不可数名词的概念，谓语用单数）
Whether he’ll come here is not clear. 他是否来这里不清楚。
（whether引导的从句表示一件事，谓语用单数）
4. if /whether 引导的主语从句
表示“是否”意义时whether引导的主语从句可以放于句首、句末，主语从句不位于句首时，也可以用if引导。
Whether the work can be completed on time is doubtful.
It’s doubtful whether /if the work can be completed on time.
5.Wh –类连接副词或连接代词引导的主语从句可放于句首，也可放句尾。
When the new road is open to traffic has not been made clear.
It has not been made clear when the new road is open to traffic.
6. wh-ever 引导的让步状语从句及名词性从句。
除了引导名词性从句外，wh-ever类的引导词也可以引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter wh-。比较下列句子：
He believes whatever his wife says. 他相信他妻子说的任何事情。
( whatever= anything that 名词性从句)
He believes his wife whatever she says. 无论他妻子说什么，他都相信。
(whatever= no matter what 让步状语从句)
Whoever breaks the school rules should be punished. 违犯学校规定的人应该受到惩罚。
( whoever= anyone who 名词性从句)
Whoever breaks the school rules，he will be punished. 无论谁违犯了学校的规定，他都会受罚。
( whoever= no matter who 让步状语从句)
巩固练习：
选择正确的引导词
It doesn’t matter ________ she will come or not. (whether/that)
________ we will start hasn’t been decided. (when/which)
________ team will win is unknown to us. (which/that)
________ they can solve the urgent problem is under discussion.(that/how)
________ comes here first will be given a book.(who/whoever)
________ I can find my lost wallet is troubling me. (where/in which)
________ they passed the exam is true. (which/ that)
________ they really like is a peaceful world. (whatever/ what)
翻译，根据中文意思在横线部分填上合适的内容：
1. _________________________remains a question. 他是否能来还是问题。
2. ________________________surprised me greatly. 他的发现使我非常吃惊。
3. ______________________________is certain. 他之前学过英语是肯定的。
4. _______________ will remain a puzzle forever. 他为什么这样做将永远是一个谜。
5. __________________________________ is unknown. 他生于何时还不知道。
6. ______________________he has stolen the car. 很可能他偷了那辆小车。
7. __________________________ is known now. 大家都已知道他昨天生了病。
8. _____________________________is unknown. 谁打破了玻璃现在还不知道。
9. _______________________________ is all here. 他所要的东西都在这里。
10. ____________________are TV sets. 他们在工厂里所做的东西就是电视机。
11. ________________________is that I can go up to him and thank him.
我想做的事是走到身边去感谢他。
12. _______________ they have different views. 他们看法不同是很自然的。
13. __________________________ he will not come. 很肯定的是他不会来了。
14. ____________________________5 people were killed in the accident.
据说5个人在那场事故中死了。
15. ________________ you should wash your hands before dinner. 饭前要洗手是常识。
16. ___________________________________ 遗憾的是他们输掉了比赛。
17. ________________________________________________________________
我们觉得奇怪她昨天没来参加会议。
18. _________________________________________________________
（2018 浙江湖州中学期中）很显然，平衡的饮食和有规律的锻炼有利于健康。（obvious）
19. _________________________________________ 他希望的事终于成为现实。
20. __________________________________________ 她看到的情况吓了她一跳。
单项选择
1.Thinking that you know _________ in fact you don’t is a serious mistake.
A．what B．that C．when D．however
2. -----Did Mr. Black resign his post as principal?
-----No, ________ was telling a lie.
A．whoever told you that B．those who told you that
C．No matter who told you D．Anyone told you that
3. ______ surprise us most is that she doesn’t even know ______ the difference between the two lies.
A．What; where B．All; which C．What; that D．That; where
4. ____ I want to know is ____ I can master English in the shortest possible time.
A．What; how B．How; what C．Which; what D．What; what
5. ______ made her put on weight so quickly was ______ she never limited her diet.
A．Which; / B．What; when C．What; that D．That; what
6.It is no longer a problem _______ the poor children in this district can go to school.
A．that B．whether C．so D．because
7. ---- Is it high time that we _____ on the school building?
---- Yes, it _____.
A．do some repairs; is B．do some repair; is
C．did some repairs; is D．did some repair; was
8. ___ he was ill, I was expected to take his place greatly surprised me for I didn't have much working experience.
A．If B．That if C．That D．If that
9. ______could be judged from her eyes that she was terribly sorry for what she ______.
A．It; had done B．That；did C．As；did D．As；had done
10. ______fashions differ from country to country may reflect the culture difference from one aspect.
A．What B．That C．This D．Which
11. _____ this instrument should have put its work permit number on the box.
A．Who checked B．Whoever inspected
C．No matter who examined D．Those who estimates
12. Many of the animals in Rowling’s word are not real, and much of_____ _happens is strange.
A． which B． that C． what D．it
13. __seems easy to some people seems difficult to others .
A．Which B．That C．What D．Whatever
14. It is no longer a question now_______ man can land on the moon．
A．that B．if C. whether D. what
15. ______ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.
A．It requires B．It is required C．What requires D．What is required
16. After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth, _______ our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.
A．where B．what C．that D．how
17. ______ needs further discussion to decide whether we will _______ the war operation.
A．It; join in B．This; take part in
C．That; join in D．There; attend
18. (2018 天津市一中期末) With the interpersonal communication, the American students get to know ______ they read in reports back in the US about China is not necessarily true.
A. that what B. what that C. that that D. that
19. __________ some medals came to live in the sea is not known.
A．Which B．Since C．Although D．How
20. It’s no long a question now ____men can land on the moon.
A．that B．which C．whether D．what
21. (2018 江苏模拟) _____ Li Bai, a great Chinese poet, was born is known to the public, but some won’t accept it.
A. That B. Why C. Where D. How
22. (2018 北京高考) _____we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
A. Where B. How C. Why D. When
23. (2018 北京朝阳期末) ________ makes the book so impressive is the creative imagination of the writer.
A. That B. Which C. Who D. What
24. _________ has a good education can apply for the job.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Whomever
25. It worried her a bit _________ her hair was turning gray.
A. whether B. that C. what D. when
答案与解析：
选择正确的引导词
1.whether 2.when 3.which 4.how 5.whoever 6.where 7.that 8.what
翻译，根据中文意思在横线部分填上合适的内容：
1. Whether he will be able to come
2. What he had found
3. That he learnt English before
4. Why he did it
5. When he was born
6. It is possible that
7. That he was ill yesterday
8. Who has broken the glass / Who breaks the glass
9. What he wants
10. What they make in this factory
11. What I want to do
12. It is natural that
13. It is certain that
14. It is said that
15. It is common knowledge that
16. It is a pity / a shame that they lost the match.
17. We found it strange that she didn’t come to attend the meeting yesterday.
18. It's obvious that a balanced diet and regular exercise benefit our heath.
19. What he had hoped at last came true.
20. What she saw surprised her.
单项选择
1. 答案： A? 解析： 本题考查学生对主语从句和宾语从句的穿插理解。在that you know _________ in fact you don’t宾语从句中缺少一个能承前启后的联系；同时又作know和you don’t know的宾语,因此只有A项,what疑问代词最充分。
2. 答案： A 解析：Mrs. Black 辞去校长职务了吗？没有，不管谁告诉你的，他都在说谎。Whoever引导的主语从句，相当于anyone who。如果选B，则those作主语，谓语应用were。 C项引导让步状语从句，不能引导主语从句；D项错误，应改为Anyone who told you that。
3. 答案： A 解析： 本题考查主语从句和宾语从句。句意：使我们感到惊异的是，她甚至不知道两者的区别在那里。第一个空所选之词引起主语从句且在句中作surprise的主语，故用what；第二个空所选之词引起宾语从句且在句中作lie的装语，故用where；
4. 答案： A 解析： 考查名词性从句。第一格是名词性从句中缺少宾语，故用what；第二格，表语从句缺引导词，由于从句中不缺少主要成分，所以不能用what，根据意思，我想知道的是我怎么能够在短时间内掌握英语。
5. 答案： C 解析： 考查名词性从句。第一空填what，引导主语从句，what在从句中作主语；第二空填that，引导表语从句，that在从句中不做成分。
6. 答案： A?? 解析： 句中it是形式主语，代替 that引导的主语从句。
7. 答案： C 解析： 在It is high time that…句型中，所跟的that引导的定语从句应该用虚拟语气，谓语动词应该用过去式，所以排除A、B选项。do some repairs和during repairs中常用repair的复数形式，但常说beyond repair, in good/bad repair, out of repair, under repair。
8. 答案： B?? 解析： That引导的是主语从句，而 if 从句是that主语从句中的条件状语。
9. 答案： A 解析： 考查主语从句。it作形式主语，而that从句为真正的主语。
10. 答案： B 解析： what在引导的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句中充当句子成分，而that在引导的上述从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。that引导的主语从句常可用it充当形式主语。例如：It is well-known that Taiwan is part of China. （众所周知，台湾是中国领土不可分割的一部分。）
11. 答案： B 解析： whoever引导主语从句，失去疑问含义，表示强调"无论谁；谁……谁就……"等于 anyone who；而who引导名词性从句时， who保留疑问含义"谁"。
12. 答案： C 解析： 考查主语从句的用法。what 引导主语从句，并在从句中作happens的主语。
13. 答案： C 解析： 这是一个主语从句，意思是：对某些人来说容易的事对别的人可能是难的。
14. 答案： A? 解析： it这里是形式主语，that 后面是实际主语，人类到达月球现在已不再是问题了。
15. 答案： B 解析： 这是It is +P.P(过去分词) that的句型。
16. 答案： B 解析： 在题干中，谓语desire to do 之后又出现了谓语动词is,说明is 之前是主语从句。能够引导主语从句并在其中充当主语的只有what。
17. 答案： A 解析： “whether we will join in the war operation” 是主语从句，放在句末时，要用it作形式主语。
18. 答案： A 解析：句意：随着人与人之间的交流，美国学生逐渐知道了他们在美国的报告中所读的有关中国的内容未必是真的。分析句子成分和意思可知，get to know后面是宾语从句，what引导的从句是动词know的宾语从句中的主语；再分析宾语从句，句子不缺少任何成分，可以用that引导，也可以省略。所以，应该选A。
20. 答案： A 解析： It在句子中作形式主语，that引导的从句充当真正主语。
21. 答案：C 解析：句意：伟大的诗人李白出生在哪里大家都知道，但是一些人不愿意接受。分析从句缺少的是地点状语，所以选C。
22. 答案：B。解析：句意：我们如何理解事情与我们所感受的有很大关系。 本题考查主语从句。根据句意可知，缺少方式状语，因此选择“how”。
23. 答案：D 解析：在从句中作主语，而且意思为“……的东西”，要选what引导主语从句。句意：使这本书如此吸引人的是作者创造性的想像力。
24. 答案：B 解析：分析句子可以看出_________ has a good education是主语从句。要填的词在从句中作主语，表示“……的人”，whoever相当于anyone who，表示“……的任何人”，符合题意。主语从句中who表示“谁”，不合题意；Anyone是不定代词，不能引导从句。whomever只用作宾语。
25. 答案：B。解析：分析句子可知，it是形式主语，代替的是后面的真正的主语从句。从句中不缺少成分，句意也完整，所以选that。句意：她头发白了这件事使她有点担心。