（人教版）高中英语必修3：Unit 5 Canada--The True North：同位语从句及语法讲解

同位语从句
概念引入：
我们已经学习了名词性从句中的其它三个从句：主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，本单元我们将较详细地了解一下同位语从句的用法，并梳理名词性从句的几个常用连接词使用时的需注意的一些方面。下面先研究一下这些句子：
1 I have a dream that one day, all roads will be made plain.
我梦想着总有一天所有的道路都是平坦的。
2 We hold this truth to be self-evident that all men are created equal.
我们认为这些真理都是不言自明的，所有的人生来都是平等的。
3 Some people hold the opinion that the Internet is a curse.
有些人持这种观点，互联网是一种诅咒。
4 Museums play a role of education for the simple reason that they provide people with a good opportunity to have a deeper understanding of their own country's tradition and cultures. 博物馆发挥教育的作用，原因很简单，他们为人们提供一个很好的机会，对自己国家的传统和文化有更深的了解。
这些句子中都含有一个同位语从句，你找到了吗？而且都是that引导的从句，说明前面的名词，如句1中的dream，句2中的truth。
语法讲解
同位语从句
1. 在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。
I heard the news that our team had won．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come？你在哪儿听说我不能来？
2. 可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等抽象名词。
I’ve come from Mr. Wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon．
我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。
(2018 陕西模拟) There is the belief that, if you arrive at an appointment late, you will be considered important. 有这样一种观点：如果你约会迟到，别人会认为你很重要。
(2018 天津模拟) The manager put forward a suggestion that we should have an assistant.
经理提出一个建议：我们应该找个助手。
3. 英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有连词that，whether，连接代词what，who。连接副词how ,when ,where等。（注：if ,which 不能引导同位语从句。）
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
4. 在suggestion，advice，request，order等意为“建议；命令；要求”的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should +动词原形”的虚拟语气结构，句中的should可以省略。
Our teacher gave us some advice how we (should)use the computer.
老师给我们提出了一些如何使用电脑的建议。
There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.
有一项建议是布朗应该离队。
5. 有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.
她突然想起可能在她离开家时没把门关上。
同位语从句-引导词
同位语从句的引导词，引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that，whether，连接代词和连接副词等。
1. 连词that引导同位语从句（注：that不能省略）
The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.
你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。（作idea的同位语）
注意：引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略，但在非正式文体中也可以省去。
He grabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane.
他拿起了手提箱，给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。
2. 连词whether引导同位语从句（注：if不能引导同位语从句）
The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor.
我们是否请专家由家庭医生来定。
3.连接代词what ,who ,whom ,whose，引导同位语从句
1) I have no idea what size shoes she wears.我不知道她穿几号的鞋。（what作定语）
2) The question who will take his place is still not clear. （who作主语）
4. 连接副词引导同位语从句
连接副词when ,where ,how ,why
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
【同位语从句】
同位语从句与定语从句的区别
1．意义的不同
同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，与被修饰词通常可以划等号；而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的，其作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开：
We are glad at the news that he will come. 听到他会来的消息我很高兴。
（that从句说明news的内容，是同位语从句）
We are glad at the news that he told us. 听到他告诉我们的消息我们很高兴。
（that从句说明是哪一天消息，是定语从句）
2. 引导词的不同
what, how, if, whatever 等可引导名词性从句，但不引导定语从句。
3. 被修饰词语的区别
同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限，通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等，而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。
4. 引导词的功能上的不同
that引导同位语从句时，不充当句子成分；而引导定语从句时，作为关系代词在定语从句中作主语或宾语。如上例中that he told us中的that就充当told的宾语。
5. 引导词when，where，why
1）when和where 引导定语从句时，通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词，代替先行词在从句中作时间或地点状语；而引导同位语从句时却不一定，在从句中表示“在什么时候”和“在哪里”。
I have no idea when they will come. 我不知道他们什么时候会来。
I’ll never forget the days when I lived there. 我不会忘记我住在那里的日子。
2）why引导定语从句，通常只修饰名词the reason，在从句中代替作原因状语；而why引导同位语从句时则不一定，译成“为什么”。
Can you tell me the reason why you won’t go there?
你能告诉我你不愿意去那里的原因。
He repeated the question again why I wouldn’t go there.
他又重复了那个问题：为什么我不愿意去那里。
3）引导定语从句时，它们叫做关系副词，在从句中充当状语，可以转换成"介词+关系代词"的形式；引导同位语从句时，它们叫做连接副词，在从句中充当状语，但不能转换成"介词+关系代词"的形式。
例如：
①I will never forget the day when I joined the army．
我永远也忘不了我参军的那一天。
②We have no idea when she was born．
我们不知道她是什么时候出生的。
在句①中，划线部分是定语从句，when在从句中作状语，可以转换成on which的形式；
在句②中，划线部分是同位语从句，when在从句中充当状语，但不能转换成“介词+关系代词”的形式。
③This is the house where I lived two years ago．
这是我两年前住的房子。
④He put forward to the question where the meeting would be held．
他提出会议将在哪里举行的问题。
在句③中，划线部分是定语从句，where在从句中作状语，可以转换成in which的形式；
在句④中，划线部分是同位语从句，where在从句中充当状语，但不能转换成"介词+关系代词"的形式。
⑤This is the reason why she will not attend the meeting．
这就是她不会参加那个会议的原因。
⑥The teacher had no idea why Jack was absent．
在句⑤中，划线部分是定语从句，why在从句中作状语，它可以转换成for which的形式；
在句⑥中，划线部分是同位语从句，why在从句中充当状语，但不能转换成“介词+关系代词”的形式。
6. 引导词who，whom
①The boy who is playing football is my classmate．
正踢球的男孩是我的同学。
②Those whom I work with will come to my party．
和我一起工作的那些人会来我们的聚会。
③I have no idea who will give us a lecture.
我不知道谁会给我们作报告。
句①中，划线部分是定语从句，其先行词是名词boy，who代替the boy在从句作主语。
在句②中，划线部分也是定语从句，其先行词是代词those，whom在从句中作with的宾语。
在句③中，划线部分是同位语从句，说明idea的内容，who译成“谁”。
细品：几个名词性从句的引导词
I. 引导词what
1. 引导主、宾、表语从句时，what要充当主语、宾语或表语等句子成分。
This is what she wanted to show us. （what在从句中作宾语）
这是她想让我们看的东西。
After months of voyage, Columbus arrived in what later proved to be a new continent.
几个月的航线后，哥伦布到了后来被证明是新大陆的地方。（what在从句中作主语）
After what seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.
似乎过了几个小时他才苦笑着出来。（what在从句中作主语）
2. what的词义：
1）表示“什么”，带有疑问意味。
(2018 北京高考) Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions? 你能想象没有这样的观点和发明我们会生活在什么样的世界吗？
2）表示“……的东西，事情或状态等”相当于the things that…（先行词+关系代词），所以其前不能有先行词。例如：
They’ve done what they can to help her. 他们已经尽力帮助了她。
He is no longer what he was. 他已经不是以前的那个样子。
You can have what you like. （相当于：You can have everything that you like.）
你喜欢什么就拿什么吧。
II. 引导词when, where
1. when引导名词性从句时，表示“什么时候，……的时候”。
That’s when I knew you were the one. 那就是我知道你就是那个人的时候。
When she'll be back depends much on the weather.
她何时回来在很大程度上取决于天气。
2. where引导名词性从句时，表示“什么地方，……的地方”。
The problem is where we should stay.
问题是我们应该呆着哪里。
That’s where you are wrong. 你的错就在这儿。
III. 引导词whatever，whoever，whichever
1. whatever 意为“无论什么，所……的一切事或东西”，相当于anything that，从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语。
He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么，他就做什么。
I will just say whatever comes into my mind. 我想到什么就说什么。
Goats eat whatever food they can find. 山羊找到什么食物就吃什么食物。
2. whoever意为“无论谁，任何……的人”，相当于any person who。
Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. 谁违反这些规则都将受到处罚。
I’ll give the ticket to whoever wants it. 请想要这票，我就把它给谁。
3. whichever意为“……的那个人或事物”，相当于 the person or the thing that，在从句中可用作主语、宾语或定语。
We’ll eat at whichever restaurant has a free table. 哪个饭馆有空桌我们就在哪儿吃吧。
Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking.
我们当中无论哪个先到家，哪个就先开始做饭。
IV. 感叹句作名词性从句
用作名词性从句的感叹句还用引导感叹句的what或how。
1. 一般情况下，what 与 how 引导感叹句时，what加名词或中心词是名词的短语，how多加形容词和副词。
2. what和how都可以接中心词是单数名词的名词短语，其结构为：
What + (a) + (adj.) + n.
How + adj. + (a )+ (n.)
You can’t imagine how happy I am to meet you here!
你想像不出在这里碰到你是多么地高兴！
You see what a good couple they are! 你看他们是多好的一对夫妻啊！
名词性从句考查要点和做题技巧
I. 考查要点
1.关联词的选择
2.语序—陈述句语序
3.时态问题（宾语从句：主句过去时，时态一致，普遍真理）
实例讲解：
1. The photographs will show you _______.
A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like
C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like
分析：名词性从句一般要用陈述句语序，排除A、C。句意：这些照片会告诉你我们村子是什么样。要作介词like的宾语，表示“……的样子”，用what而副词how排除D。故选B
2. Scientists think that the continents _____ always where they_____ today.
A. aren’t; are B. aren’t; were C. weren’t; are D. weren’t; were
3. —Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
—Oh! I thought they ______ without me.
A．went B．are going C．have gone D．had gone
分析：当主句的动词为现在和将来时态时，名词性从句中的动作根据所发生的时间来定，可以有各种时态；当主句的动词为过去时态时，从句中的动词一般都要使用相应的过去时，除非表示客观真理。因此第2小题选C，第3小题选D。
II. 如何确定正确的连接词
1. 从意思上来看，缺什么补什么，什么都不缺，看意思上是否应该加“是否”的意思，是，用whether或if；不是用that。
2. 看句子成分，如谓语动词是及物的，看有没有宾语；是否缺少主语；是否缺少时间、地点等。
实例讲解：
1. Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and _____ it is rough or smooth.
A. 不填 B. whether C. how D. what
分析：空后从句不缺少主语，但是从意思上看，少“是……（还是）”，所以用whether。句意：大象有自己的方式来判断物体的形状及是光滑还是粗糙。B正确。
2. ______ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who
分析：whoever 引导名词性从句时表示“无论哪一个”，相当于 anyone who；who 引导名词性从句时表示带有疑问的“谁”。根据题意，选C。选项A, B后都缺少了who来引导定语从句。
3. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer ______ it was 20 years ago, _____ it was so poorly equipped.
A. what; when B. that; which C. what; which D. which; that
分析：第一个空考查的是that与what的区别。that 在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，而 what 可充当名词性的成分。前句的表语从句中还缺少表语，故只能用what。后句是定语从句，修饰 20 years ago，所以须用 when。
巩固练习
用适当的连接词填空：
1. It worried her a bit _____ her hair was turning gray.
2. I have no idea _____ we can do with these waste materials.
3.____the doctor really doubts is ____my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
4. It is hoped ____nature will never be destroyed.
5. ____do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?
6. -- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
-- Is that ____ you had a few days off?
7. Word came ____I was wanted at the office.
8. (2018 湖南长郡中学期中) The discovery ______ Chinese was such a difficult language to learn really worried her.
9. The teacher didn’t tell me ____we were wrong.
10. It’s generally considered unwise to give a child ____he or she wants.
完成句子
1. People have the belief_______________________________ (我们能够除去这种致命的疾病).
2. We got the news that_____________________________（无论谁有音乐才能都将上这节课）.
3. They have some doubt____________________________________（我们能否爬上这座高山）.
4. The fact that a new kind of virus threats people’s life_______________（使人们很担心）.
5. They expressed their wish_______________________（他们能够买一座大房子并定居下来）.
句型转换
1. We might succeed. The thought excited us.
The thought _________________ excited us.
2. The idea is worth considering. They should try a second time.
The idea______________________ is worth considering.
3. The plan should be delayed. The suggestion will be discussed tomorrow.
The suggestion _________________________________________ tomorrow.
4. The government gave a order. All these houses should be pulled down in three weeks.
The government gave the order __________________________________________
5. She raised a question. Where could we get the fund?
She raised the question ________________________________
单项选择
1. He told me the news_____, believe it or not, he had earned $1,000 in a single day.?
A．that B．which? C．as D．because
2. The question ______ we will hold the sports-meet next Sunday will be decided very soon.
A．that B．whether C．if D．why
3. Have you noticed the problem ___ he is now in low spirit? ____ come?
A．where, What B．that, How C．in which, For D．what, As
4. ___ a terrible storm would take place in Hainan.
A．Word came which B．Word came that C．Word which came D．Word that came
5. There is a common belief among them ___rubbish can and should be put to good use.
A．which B．if C．whose D．that
6. A story goes _______ Elizabeth Ⅰ of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.
A．when B．where ? C．what D．that?
7. The problem ___ we should put off the sports meet ___ at the meeting yesterday.
A．whether, came up B．if, came up C．that, mentioned D．if, was referred to
8. Father made a promise _______ I passed the examination he would buy me a bicycle.?
A．that B．if C．whether D．that if?
9. (2018 北京东城期末) There is no doubt _______ young students will benefit from volunteer work.
A. that B. when C. whether D. how much
10. One of the men held the view ____ the book said was right.
A．what that B．what C．that D．that what
11. There is no possibility, I guess, ________ our exam will be put off.?
A．what B．Which C．that D．whether?
12. They have no idea at all______.
A．where he has gone B．where did he go
C．which place he has gone D．where has he gone
13. Word has come ____ some excellent students will go on a study trip to Chicago next month.
A．that B．what C．when D．whether
14. Many newspapers printed the governor’s statement _________ would support a tax cut.?
A．and he B．was that he C．which he　 D．that he ?
15．The fact ___ he had said so much ___ everybody.
A．what… started up B．that..surprised C．that…surprising D．which…started up
16. (2018 湖南模拟) You have to know ________ you're going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.
A. what B. that C. where D. who
17. (2018 湖南三十三校联考) As many as 20 dishes are provided in the dining hall today, choose _____ suits you best．
A．whatever B．whenever C．whichever D．wherever
18. (2018 陕西西安八校联考)Before the sales start, I make a list of ______ my kids will need for the coming season．
A．why B．how C．what D．which
19. I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize ________ silly mistakes I had made.
A. what B. that C. how D. which
20. Parents are taught to understand ______ important education is to their children’s future.
A. that B. how C. such D. so
答案解析
用适当的连接词填空
1. that 2. what 3. what, whether 4. that 5. who
6. why 7. that 8. that 9. where 10. Whatever
完成句子
that we can manage to get rid of the deadly disease
whoever has a gift for music will attend the class
whether we can climb the high mountain
worries people much
that they could buy a big house and settle down
句型转换
that we might succeed
that they should try a second time
that the plan (should) be delayed will be discussed
that all these houses (should) be pulled down in three weeks
where we could get the fund
单项选择
1. A。此题容易误选B，误认为这是非限制性定语从句。其实此题应选A，that引导的是一个用以修饰名词the news的同位语从句。不少同学之所以误选B，正是believe it or not（信不信由你）这个插入成分惹的祸。
2. B。引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时用whether而不用if。?
3. B。that引导同位语从句，是problem的内容。后面的how come 意思是“怎么会那样？”符合上下文的意思。
4. B。此句Word作“消息”、“音讯”解，只有单数，也不加冠词。that引导同位语从句。从句太长，所以把从句置在谓语之后。
5. D。“_that__ rubbish can and should be put to good use .”是a common belief的同位语从句，从句中意思完整,结构完整。
6. D。that是连词，不作成分只起连接作用，在这里引导同位语从句，说明story 的详细内容。
7. A。whether引导同位语从句。Came up被提出，是固定搭配。
8. D。that引导同位语从句，对promise进一步说明或解释，that引导的同位语从句中，if引导的是条件状语从句。句意是“父亲许下诺言说如果我考试过关，他给我买一辆自行车”。?
9. A。that引导同位语从句，表示doubt的内容。句意：毫无疑问，年轻人会从志愿者工作中得到益处的。
10. D。that引导同位语从句;what the book said是同位语从句中的主语。
11. C。考查同位语从句,用来解释possibility。
12. A。第一个原因与第4题一样；至于疑问词的选择，因为go是一个不及物动词，如果要表示“去哪里”，就要用“go+副词”或“go+介词+名词/代词”结构，因此如果选C的话，gone后应加介词to。故使用连接词where。
13. A。that引导同位语从句,解释说明主语word(消息)的内容。??
14. D。本题考查由that引导的同位语从句的用法。that在同位语从句中不作成分,但一般不省略。
15. B。that引导同位语从句。
16. C。know之后为宾语从句，从句部分不缺主语，不需要宾语，排除what；缺少的是go的地点，排除that，选where。句意：如果你打算计划去一个地方的最佳路径，你就要知道你要去哪里。
17. C。句意：今天餐厅提供了多达20多道菜，选择适合你的任何一道菜。whatever不管什么；whenever无论何时；whichever无论哪一个；wherever无论何时。根据前文设定了20道菜，应是选择“哪一个”。故选C。
18. C。句意：大减价开始之前，我为我孩子们在即将到来的季节所需要的东西列个清单。空后的of的宾语从句中缺少need的宾语，故用what引导，表示“……的东西”。故选C。
19. A。what 与 how 引导感叹句时，what加名词，how 多加形容词和副词。其结构为： What + (a) + (adj.) + n.，如果是单数名词，也可以用How + adj. + (a )+ (n.)。此题中空后是复数名词， 只能用 what。
20. B。从句的正常语序是 …education is important to their …，要修饰形容词important要用how，所以选B。