（人教版）高中英语必修2：Unit 2 The Olympic Games将来时的被动语态及语法讲解

被动语态及其将来时
概念引入：
被动语态是动词或动词短语所涉及到宾语作主语时所使用的形式。先看下面句子：
The Mid-Autumn Festival is celebrated by Chinese people all over the world.
全世界的中国人都过中秋节。
In one story, lanterns were lit to celebrate the power of light over darkness.
在一个故事中，点灯笼来颂扬光明战胜黑暗的威力。
The theatre is being built in the centre of the city.
这家剧院正在市中心建造。
We shall be punished if we break the rule.
如果我们违反规定，我们将要受到惩罚。
The meeting won’t be held tomorrow. 明天不再举行会议。
Won’t water be turned into ice, it is below freezing?
如果气温在冰点之下，水难道不会变成冰吗？
When will these books be published? 这些书将在什么时候被出版？
这些句子都是被动语态，其中第一句是一般现在时，第二句是一般过去时，第三句是现在进行时，其它四个句子都是一般将来时，时态和语态是英语中最重要的语法项目之一，也是英语学习必须学会的难点，本单元我们将复习和学习被动语态的有关知识。
语法点拨
被动语态：概念和使用
I. 概念
1. 英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者，谓语动词用主动语态；主语是动作的承受者，谓语动词用被动语态。英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。
他为孩子买了一些铅笔。
He bought his children some pens.（谓语buy的动作是由主语He做的，主动语态）
Some pens were bought for his children by him.
(主语Some pens是动词buy的承受者，被动语态)
2. 被动语态常用by引出动作的执行者或施加者，以强调动作的执行者。
By whom is the book written? 这本书是谁写的？
The children were driven indoors by the rain. 孩子们被雨赶进了室内。
II. 使用被动语态的场合
1. 当关注的是事情或事物本身而不是动作的执行者，或者根本不知道动作的执行者时。
My mobile phone has been stolen. 我的电话被偷走了。
2. 动作的执行者很明确时或强调承受者时。
I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
我有十分钟来决定是否接受这个提议。
3. 当动作的执行者是“people”或 “one” 时。
He is believed to have lied to the police. 人们都认为他向警察撒了谎。
4. 为了更好地安排句子。
The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.
那个名人上了公交车，立刻被人们认了出来。（只需一个主语）
被动语态的构成和时态变化
I. 基本结构
1. be + 过去分词
Such songs are usually sung by girls. 这些歌通常是女孩子们唱的。
The window was broken by my son. 窗子是我儿子打破的。
2. 变化的原则
被动语态的所有的变化中done必须是保留的，而时态要通过be的变化而体现的。
Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday 昨天山上种了许多树吗？
When shall we be given a lecture on the Internet 什么时候给我们作有关因特网的讲座？
The classroom is being cleaned now. 教室现在正在被打扫。
3.被动语态的时态变化（谓语动词）：
一般
进行
完成
现在
am/is/are done
am/is/are being done
has/have been done
过去
was/were done
was/were being done
had been done
将来
shall/will be done
shall/will be being done
shall/will have been done
记住：把be做相对应的变化来改变时态。
例句：
(2018 天津模拟) No pets except fish are permitted in student rooms. （一般现在时）
除了鱼以外，宠物不允许带进学生的房间。
Are the babies being taken care of by this nurse （现在进行时）
这些婴儿正由这个护士照看吗？
How much money was stolen in all （一般过去时）
一共被偷了多少钱？
The classroom looks tidy. It has been cleaned. （现在完成时）
教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫了
(2018 北京模拟) The streets are clear，and many homes have been rebuilt．（现在完成时）
大街清理过了，许多房子已经重建了。
She asked whether their plan would be considered with great care. （过去将来时）
她问他们的计划会不会得到仔细的考虑。
4. 被动语态的否定句和疑问句
1）被动语态的否定形式是在第一个助动词、情态动词或be动词后加not。
2）被动语态的疑问句形式是把第一个助动词、情态动词或be动词提前。
Has a new training centre been set up in our town? 我们镇上新的培训中心建好了吗？
This task won’t be finished next month. 下个月这项任务不会完成。
一般将来时的被动语态
I. 使用的场合
如果一个动作在将来某个时间发生或持续，且句子的主语又是该动作的承受者，那就要用一般将来时的被动语态。一般将来时中常有tomorrow, next year, in two hours, after three o’clock等时间状语。
1. 表示根据计划或者安排将要发生的被动性动作。
This work will be done at once. 这项工作将立即完成。
Those books will be published next month. 那些书将于下月出版。
The bridge will be finished next month. 这座桥将于下个月完工。
The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting. 那个问题将在会上讨论。

2. 表示有固定性条件就有规律性被动结果。
Heated to 100℃, water will be turned into steam.
加热到100度时，水将会变成蒸汽。
If you speak in class, you will be punished.
如果你在课堂上讲话，你将会受到惩罚。

II. 四种主要形式：
1. will/shall+ be done：
The new film will be shown next Thursday. 这部新电影将在下周四上映。
This building will be finished next year. 这幢楼将于明年完工。
2. be going to +be done（表示按计划、安排等即将发生的被动行为）：
The sports meeting is going to be held on April 10. 运动会将于四月十日举行。
A new factory is going to be built in our city. 一个新工厂将在我市建成。
3. be to +be done（表示按计划中的约定或责任、义务和要求必须做的被动动作）：
The problem is to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow. 这个问题将在明天的会上讨论。
4. be about to be done（表示某事马上就要发生，后不接时间状语）
An answer is about to be given to you. 马上给你答复。
注意：
1. 在时间、条件状语从句中, 也用一般现在时的被动语态代替一般将来时的被动语态。
If I am given enough time, I will go to Japan for my holiday.
如果我有足够的时间，我要去日本度假。

2. 一般将来时的被动语态的否定式、疑问式
1）上述四种形式的中的第一种：直接在will/ shall 后加not或将will/shall提前构成一般疑问句，其简略回答保留will/ shall。
This bridge will be built soon, won’t it? 这座桥很快将被建成，是吗？
Won’t water be turned into ice, if it is below freezing?
如果气温在冰点一下，水难道不会变成冰吗？
2）后三种形式：be后直接加not。
Is my homework to be finished in ten minutes? 我的家庭作业必须在10分钟内完成吗？
【被动语态:主动变被动】
主动变被动：一般规律和有情态动词的情况
I. 一般规律
All the people laughed at him. 所有人都嘲笑他。
→He was laughed at by all the people. 他被所有人嘲笑
They make the bikes in the factory. 他们在工厂生产自行车。
→The bikes are made by them in the factory. 这些自行车被他们在工厂生产。
They sold out the tickets. 他们卖完了票。
→The tickets were sold out. 票被卖光了。
规则：
1. 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
2. 把谓语变成被动结构（be＋过去分词）
3. 把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后做宾语，将主格改为宾格。

II. 含有情态动词的被动语态
构成：情态动词＋be＋过去分词
We can repair this watch in two days. 两天内我们能修好这钟表。
→This watch can be repaired in two days. 这块钟表两天内能修好。
They should do it at once. 他们应该立即做这件事。
→It should be done at once. 这件事应该马上去做。
I have to finish it. 我得完成它。
→It has to be finished. 它得被做完。
主动变被动：双宾语和复合宾语
I. 含有双宾语的情况
动词give, lend, pass, cook, buy, sing等可以接双宾语，改为被动句时，应将其中一个宾语改为被动结构的主语，另一个宾语仍保留在原处。
1. 间接宾语(指人)变为主语，直接宾语(指物)不变。
2. 把直接宾语(指物)变为主语，间接宾语(指人)不变，这时，间接宾语前通常加介词to，有时加for。
My father gave me a new book on my birthday. 父亲在我生日送我一本新书。
→I was given a new book on my birthday (by my father).
→A new book was given to me on my birthday (by my father).

My sister passed me salt during lunch. 午餐期间姐姐给我递盐。
→I was passed salt during lunch (by my sister).
→Salt was passed to me during lunch (by my sister).
The bike was bought for me by my parents as a birthday present.
这台自行车是我父母亲买给我作生日礼物的。
II. 含有复合宾语的情况
1. 一般情况
把宾语变为被动语态的主语，原来的宾语补足语不动。
His teacher found him a very good pupil.
→He was found a very good pupil by his teacher.
他的老师发现他是个好学生。
2. make, see, hear变被动
在主动句中，使役动词let, make, 和感官动词see, hear, notice, listen to等后作宾语补足语的动词不定式常省略to，但在被动句中，则要保留to。也就是说，变成被动句时，要加上to。
Linda’s parents make her practice the piano every Sunday. 琳达的父母让她每周日练钢琴。
→Linda is made to practice the piano every Sunday.
I often hear him sing in his room. 我经常听见他在房间里唱歌。
→ He is often heard to sing in his room.
主动变被动：动词+介词/副词
“动词+介词”、“动词+副词”等短语变被动语态时要切记不能丢掉介词或副词。
1. 她照顾她奶奶。
She looks after her grandmother.
→Her grandmother is looked after (by her).
2. 我们写作文应该注意什么？(pay attention to)
What should be paid attention to when we write a composition?
3. 他是叔叔养大的。(bring up)
He was brought up by his uncle.
4. 许多新单词需要查。(look up)
Lots of new words have to be looked up.
5. 他经常被人嘲笑。(make fun of)
He is often made fun of.◆
被动结构与系表结构的区别
“be＋过去分词”这个结构并不都是被动语态，也可能是系表结构。区别是：被动结构表示一个动作，而系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态。比较下列句子：
The play is well written. (强调特点，系表结构)
这剧本写得很好。
The play was written with great care. (强调动作，被动语态)
这剧本是非常用心地写出来的。
The thief was soon surrounded by the people in the neighbourhood. （强调动作，被动结构）
不久小偷就被街区里的人包围了。
The house is surrounded by trees. （表示房子的特点或状态，系表结构）
那座房子周边都是树。
She was bitten by the dog in the darkness. （被动结构）
在黑暗中，她被那只狗咬了。
I was frightened at the sudden noise. （系表结构）
听到那突然的噪音，我感到很害怕。
注意下列表示状态的短语：
be determined 决心 be pleased 感到高兴 be graduated (from) 毕业于
be finished 完成 be prepared (for) 准备好 be occupied (in) 忙于
be married 结婚 be concerned about 关心，烦恼 be covered with 覆盖着
被动语态要注意的几个句型
1. It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句 ? 主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.
表示“据说”或“相信”的动词，如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于这两个句型中。如果to do ...的动作发生在 “be+过去分词”之前，要用不定式的完成式，即to have done。
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.
＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam.
据说这个男孩已经通过了这次全国性的测试。
常用句型：
It is said/ reported /suggested that… 据说/据报道/据建议......
It is believed/ hoped/ thought that…大家相信/希望/认为
It is well known that…众所周知
2. be supposed to do 被推想/期望做某事，应该做某事
You are supposed to clean the blackboard, for you are on duty today.
你应该擦黑板，因为你今天值日。
The train was supposed to arrive at 11:30, but it was 40 minutes late.
火车应该11:30到达，但是晚点了40分钟。
(2018 湖南模拟) The inspections were supposed to be a surprise, but keeper sometimes had advance notice. 视察本应该是出其不意的检查，但是管理员有时得到提前通知。
3. get + done
在被动句中，get常可以代替be，get多用在口语中，有时表示行为不是计划之中，而是意外发生的。
The boy got hurt when he was riding to school. 那孩子骑车上学时受伤了。
Did your email get answered 你的电子邮件收到回复了吗？
Finally his bike got repaired. 最后他的自行车得到了修理。
As I passed by, my skirt got caught on a nail. 我经过的时候，我的裙子被钉子挂住了。
巩固练习：
一、单项选择
1. —Did you enjoy the party? (2018 北京模拟)
—Yes. We ________ well by our host.
A. were treated B. would be treated C. treated D. had treated
2. —Good morning. Doctor Brown’s office.
—Hello, this is Tom Smith. Could you please tell Doctor Brown I _______？My car _____ start.
A. was delayed; doesn’t B. will be delayed; won’t
C. am delayed; didn’t D. would delay; mustn’t
3. (2018 北京模拟) The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts ________ with success in the end.
A．rewarded B．were rewarded C．will reward D．will be rewarded
4. Mr. Li said those who had failed _______ further training and a second chance to pass the exam the next week.
A. were given B. had given C. were to give D. would be given
5. According to the art teacher, the painting _____ to go for at least a million dollars.
A. is expected B. expects C. expected D. is expecting
6. These films ______ until tomorrow morning.
A. can’t develop B. aren’t developing C. won’t be developed D. won’t develop
7. Hundreds of jobs ______ if the factory closes.
A. lose B. will be lost C. are lost D. will lose
8. The water will be further polluted unless some measures ______.
A. will be taken B. are taken C. were taken D. had been taken
9. The problem ______ in the coming meeting.
A. is discussed B. is discussing C. is being discussed D. will be discussed
10. The sports meeting ______ .
A. is put off B. is to put off C. is to be put off D. puts off
11. Hurry up! Switch over to Channel 8. The TV series __________ immediately.
A．is shown B．will be shown C．was shown D．is being shown
12. Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where _____ yet. A. hasn’t been decided B. haven’t decided C. isn’t being decided D. aren’t decided
13. Although the causes of cancer ______, we do not yet have any practical way to prevent it.
A. are being uncovered B. have been uncovering
C. are uncovering D. have uncovered
14. Millions of pounds’ worth of damage ______ by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.
A. has been caused B. had been caused C. will be caused D. will have been caused
15. Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which ______ the Pacific, and we met no storms.
A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called
16. —Why did you leave that position?
—I ______ a better position at IBM.
A. offer B. offered C. am offered D. was offered
17. —George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding?
—No, I ______. Did they have a big wedding?
A. was not invited B. have not been invited
C. hadn’t been invited D. didn’t invite
18. When I got there, the house _________ white.
A. has painted B. was being painted C. has been painted D. had painted
19. It is reported that the old coins _____ under the earth for about 500 years by the time they were discovered.
A. had buried B. had been buried C. buried D. were buried
20. A new cinema _____ here. They hope to finish it next month.
A. will be built B. is built C. has been built D. is being built
21. The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four fifths of the tickets ______.
A. was booked B. had been booked C. were booked D. have been booked
22. The hero’s story differently in the newspapers.
A．was reported B．was reporting C．reports D．reported
23. Hundreds of jobs______ if the factory closes.
A．lose B．will be lost C．are lost D．will lose
24. I can’t see any coffee in this cupboard. ?
A. Has it all been finished B. Was it all finished
C. Has it all finished D. Did it all finish
25. Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge? It will fresh for several days.
A．be stayed B．stay C．be staying D．have stayed
26. (2018 广东广州执信中学期末) That book ______ into at least 20 foreign languages.
A. has been said to have translated B. has said to be translated
C. is said that it had been translated D. is said to have been translated
27. I need one more stamp before my collection ______.
A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed
28. All the employees except the manager ______ to work online at home.
A. encourages B. encourage C. is encouraged D. are encouraged
29. Visitors______ not to touch the exhibits.
A. will request B. request C. are requesting D. are requested
30. This is Ted’s photo. We miss him a lot. He ___________ trying to save a child in the earthquake.
A. killed B. is killed C. was killed D. was killing
二、主动句变被动句
1. We shall discuss the question at the next meeting.
2. I shall give you the book tomorrow.
3. The chairman will ask us to attend the meeting.
4. He will soon decide when we shall have the meeting.
5. If the weather permits, we will complete the works on time.
6. If you give me more time, I’ll work out the problem.
7. I see him running on the road every morning.
8. He asked me to go to his birthday party.
9. We heard her sing this song last night.
10. Father often makes me study all day.
11. The nurse takes good care of the children.
12. She tried on the new dress yesterday.
13. They will show a lot of stamps in the museum next week.
14. They have finished the project.
15. If you do so, someone may laugh at you.
三、用动词的正确时态和语态填空。
Our desks and chairs ______1______ (make) of wood. The paper of books and newspapers __2___ also ________ (make) from wood. Even some kinds of cloth __3____________ (make) from it. Many people _____4_____ (burn) wood to keep themselves warm in winter. Indeed, wood _5_____ (be) important in our everyday life.
Where ____6___ wood _______ (come) from? It ______7_______ (take) from trees which ___8_______ (grow) in the mountains. __9_____ you ____ _____ (know) how it ___10_____ (get) to us from the mountains?
First of all, trees ___11____ (cut) down when they _____12______(grow) big enough. Then their branches _____13_______ (cut) off, and logs ______14______(make). These heavy logs _______15____ (put) together in different ways and ____16________ (take) down to the foot of the mountains. Some of them ______17______ (float使漂流) down the small rivers and others ___18________ (carry) down on trains.
Big trees ____19________(cut) down in the mountains every year. Then young ones ________20________ (must, plant) so that we __21___ always ________________ (can, have) enough wood. We have to take good care of mountains so that they ___22____ always _________________ (may, cover) with growing trees.

答案与解析：
一、单项选择
1. A. 问句中的时态为过去时，问的是过去的情况，答语中“被好好款待”也应该是过去的事情，用一般过去时的被动语态。
2. B. 句意：—你好，布朗医生的办公室。—你好，我是汤姆·史密斯。能请你告诉布朗医生我会迟到吗？我的车发动不了。考查将来时的被动语态和情态动词的用法。won’t 不肯做，不愿做……。如The window won’t open. 这窗户打不开。
3. D。句意：学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力(将来)一定会得到回报。根据句意可知，回报是将来要发生的事情，应该用将来时；efforts和reward是被动关系，应该使用被动语态，故选D。
4. D. 句意：李老师说那些考试没及格的人在下周要接受进一步训练并考试。句中的said和定语从句的had failed 提供了时间背景，暗示了句子的主句要用过去将来时。
5. A. 句子的主语是the painting，不能发出“预料”的动作，只能是“被预料”，“被期望”。
6. C. 根据句子时间状语tomorrow，排除A， B项；因为胶卷只能“被冲洗”，排除D项。
7. B. 本题考查的是主句的被动语态，符合“主将从现”的句型结构，并且对于句子主语jobs是“被失去”，选用被动语态。
8. B. 本题考查的是状语从句的被动语态，根据“主将从现”的句型结构，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时，并且对于从句主语measures是“被采取”，选用被动语态。
9. D. 根据句中in the coming meeting判断“讨论问题”是在将来时间，并且问题是“被讨论”，故选择D项。
10. C. 句意：（按照安排，）运动会将被推迟，所以选择将来时的被动语态。be to do的被动形式为be to be done。
11. B. 句意：快点！调到8频道，那部电视剧马上就开始了。从immediately可知电视剧将要放映，所以用将来时的被动语态。
12. A. 根据题干的语境，詹姆士教授将给我们做西方文化方面的演讲，但是在什么时候、什么地点还没有“被”确定，判断时间状语为“到现在为止”，所以用现在完成时的被动语态。
13. A. 根据现实情况以及题干主句部分的时态，判断对癌症的原因的研究“正在进行”，所以用现在进行时的被动语态be being done。
14. A. 根据题干定语从句的谓语swept及时间状语last night判断暴风雨在昨天晚上发生，damage的发生应该是“到现在为止被造成”，所以用现在完成时的被动语态。
15. B. 本题考查的时态有些特殊。题干的主句部分是过去时态sailed and met，但定语从句部分陈述的是一个客观事实，被叫做“太平洋”是一个长期的事实，所以用一般现在时的被动语态。
16. D. 本题考查的是承接问话应采取的时态。问句的时态是过去时“为什么离职”，答语也应该针对过去的情况进行回答，用过去时“过去被提供了一个更好的职位”，用一般过去时的被动语态。
17. C. 根据题干， Lucy和George结婚是在过去时间，根据常识，“我被邀请”应该是在“过去的过去”，所以用过去完成时的被动语态。
18. B. 句意：我到那里的时候，那座房子正在粉刷成白色。从When I got there可知“房子粉刷”是在过去某一时间正发生的动作，而且是“房子”与“粉刷”是被动关系，所以用过去进行时的被动语态。
19. B. 题干中主语从句的时间状语为by the time they were discovered，主句“被埋藏”应该在“过去的过去”，用过去完成时的被动语态。
20. D. 句意：人们正在这儿修建一座新的电影院，他们希望下个月能够竣工。根据next month可知这座电影院现在还没有修建完成，由此可排除C项；一般现在时的被动语态多指经常被做的事情，排除B项；由于是下个月竣工，因此现在“正在被修建”，用现在进行时的被动语态。
21. B.本题考查book作为动词的用法和过去完成时被动形式（had been done）。book预定（房间、票等）,这里票与预定是被动关系。根据本题语境：经理进入办公室，很高兴获悉五分之四的票已经被预定了，票被预定是在进入办公室之前，所以用过去完成时被动形式。
22. A.本题考查一般过去时被动形式（was /were done）。本题语境：英雄的故事在报纸上的报道各不相同。故事与报道是被动关系，而且故事已经被报道，所以用一般过去时被动语态。
23. B 本题考查一般将来时被动形式（will be done）。本题语境：如果工厂倒闭，数百个工作将会失去。if条件句中用一般现在时表示将来动作，所以失去工作是将来的事，而且工作与失去是被动关系，所以用一般将来时被动语态。
24. A 本题考查现在完成时被动形式（have / has been done）。本题语境：我在橱里看不见咖啡，它喝完了吗？咖啡与喝是被动关系，而且表示到讲话时为止是否喝完，所以用现在完成时被动形式。
25. B 本题考查不能使用被动语态的一种情况。表示状态的动词, 如：have, belong to, lack, fail, remain（剩下），以及系动词，如：look, feel, smell, taste, sound, prove, remain, stay等都不能使用被动语态。
26. D 句意：据说那本书已经被译成了至少20种外国语言。“sb. / sth. + be said to do”表示“据说”，不定式的动作如果在“be said”之前发生，要用完成时；而“据说”是现在经常的事，用一般现在时，所以D是正确答案。
27. C. 本题语境：我还需要一张邮票后，我的收藏就全了。表示收藏将来会被完成，在before引导的时间状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作。
28. D 本题语境：除了经理外，所有的员工被鼓励上网在家工作。主语是employees，谓语要用复数形式。
29. D. 展览馆要求游客不要触摸展品。所以visitor与request是被动关系。
30. C. 根据语境我们非常想念他，表明他已经在救小孩的过程中丧生了，而且他与kill之间是被动关系，要用一般过去时被动形式。
二、主动句变被动句：
1. The question will be discussed at the next meeting.
2. You will be given the book tomorrow. / The book will be given to you tomorrow.
3. We shall be asked to attend the meeting (by the chairman).
4. When we shall have the meeting will soon be decided.
5. If the weather permits, the works will be completed on time.
6. If more time is given to me, the problem will be worked out.
7. He is seen running on the road by me every morning.
8. I was asked to go to his birthday party.
9. She was heard to sing this song by us last night.
10. I am often made to study all day by father.
11. The children are taken good care of by the nurse.
12. The new dress was tried on yesterday by her.
13. A lot of stamps will be shown in the museum next week by them.
14. The project has been finished by them.
15. If you do so, you may be laughed by someone.
三、用动词的正确时态和语态填空。
1. are made 2. is, made 3. are made 4. burn 5. is
6. does, come 7. is taken 8. grows 9. Do, know 10. gets
11. are cut 12. grow 13. are cut 14. are made 15. are put
16. are taken 17. are floated 18. are carried 19. are cut 20. must be planted
21. can, have 22. may, cover