人教版高中英语必修2：Unit 3 Computers现在完成时的被动语态及语法讲解

现在完成时的被动语态
语法点拨
概念引入
1. Over time I have been changed quite a lot.
经过一段时间我已经变了很多。
2. Since the 1970s many new applications have been found for me.
自从20世纪70年代，已经为我（计算机）找到了许多应用。
3. I have also been put into robots and used to make mobile phones as well as help with medical operations. 我（计算机）已经被植入机器人，应用于制造手机，协助进行内科手术。
上述句子中的谓语都用了被动语态的完成时，这就是本单元我们要讲的语法项目。

用法讲解
【被动语态】
Ⅰ.被动语态的概念
语态
1. 英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
2. 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。如：
Many people speak Chinese.
3. 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受着。如：上句可变为
Chinese is spoken by many people.
为什么要用被动语态？
当关注的是事情本身而不是动作的执行者，或者根本不知道动作的执行者时。如:
The meeting was put off. 会议被延期了。
My car has been moved. 我的车被人移动了。
动作的执行者很明确时或强调承受者时。
The ceremony was reported in the news last night.
那个仪式在昨天晚上的新闻中报道了。
If you break the school rules, you will be punished.
如果你违背了法律，你将受到惩罚。
当动作的执行者是“people”或 “one” 时。
He is believed to have invented the computer.
大家都相信他发明了计算机。
Advertisements are seen everywhere.
广告随处可见。
修辞的需要，为了使句子更加简练、匀称。
II. 被动语态常用的各种时态
1) 一般现在时的被动语态：am/is/are+ 过去分词
I’m often asked to do this work. 我常常被派做这项工作。
2) 一般过去时的被动语态：was/were+ 过去分词
He was sent to the hospital immediately after the accident.
事故后他立刻被送往医院。
3) 一般将来时的被动语态：will/shall + be + 过去分词或 + be going to + be + 过去分词
The work will be finished soon. 这项工作不久就会完成。
4) 现在进行时的被动语态：is/am/are + being+ 过去分词
The bridge is now being constructed. 那座桥正在建造。
5) 现在完成时的被动语态：have/has +been + 过去分词
The radio has been repaired when we phoned the shop.
我们给那家店打电话时，收音机已经修好了。
6) 带情态动词的被动语态 (情态动词 + be + 过去分词)
This can be done in a few minutes. 这个可以几分钟后做。
7) 动词不定式的被动式 (to be + 过去分词)
It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here. 很荣幸被邀请在这里发言。
边讲边练：翻译句子
1. 全世界越来越多的人讲汉语。
Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world.
2. 1949年中华人民共和国成立。
People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.
3.明天将对这个问题进行讨论。
The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
4. 纸张一直被认为是中国最重要的发明之一。
Paper has been considered as one of the most important inventions in China.
5.我的自行车正在修理。
My bike is being repaired.
6.我到了图书馆时,那本书已经借出去了。
The book had been borrowed when I got to the library.
III. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时
1.现在完成时(have/has + 过去分词)
1）现在完成时的动作或情况虽然发生在过去，但它强调的是与现在的关系，用来说明现在的情况。
2）现在完成时常用时间状语：
A. 不能与表示确定的过去时间的状语连用, 如yesterday, two weeks ago, in 1978, when I got there 等；
B. 常与 already, always, often, ever, never, yet, not...yet, just等不表示明确的时间副词连用；
C. 可以和表示时间一直延续到目前的带since, for 的状语及包括现在在内的词连用，如now, today, this month, this year, recently, these few days 等。
(2018 陕西模拟) Successfully, I have lent a helping hand to her in several English activities of my class, which have been appreciated by both teachers and classmates.
在班里的几次英语活动中，我都成功地给了她帮助，这得到了师生们的赞赏。
3）对比：一般过去时只表示过去某时发生的动作或情况，与现在毫无关系。
(2018 北京模拟) One Sunday, Nicholas, a teenager, went skiing at Sugarloaf Mountain in Maine.
星期天，尼古拉斯，一个十几岁的男孩，去了缅因州的苏格洛夫山滑雪。
对比：过去完成时（had +过去分词）
过去完成时主要体现过去发生的两动作的先后，表达的是“过去的过去”，即比过去发生的某动作都还要“过去”，两动作中先发生的就用过去完成时，后发生的则只用一般过去时。运用过去完成时的句子往往有两个过去的时间或动作。
Mr Green had lived in New York for ten years before he came to China.
格林先生来中国之前在纽约住了十年。
("来”中国已过去，而先前“住”在纽约更过去！）
（另外注意：“住”在纽约可没有持续到现在哟！）
We had learned 1000 words by the end of last term.
到上学期末位置，我们已经学了1000个词了。
（“上学期期末”已过去，而是在此前“学”就更过去了！，即过去的过去）
2.现在完成进行时 (have/has + been + 现在分词）
1）现在完成进行时指动作发生在过去一直持续到现在还有可能继续进行下去，强调动作持续的过程。
Her eyes are red. She has been crying. 她眼睛红了，她一直在哭。
He's been watching television all day. 他看了一天电视了。
2）现在完成进行时一般不用于被动语态，如果需要，可用现在完成时的被动语态代替。
The house has been painted for a month. 这房子已漆了一个月。
The problem has been studied for five days. 这个问题已研究了五天。
IV. 现在完成时的被动语态
现在完成时的被动语态表示动作发生在过去, 到现在已经完成或对现在仍有影响, 其构成是: have/has been + done。
补充：过去完成时的被动语态的构成：had been +done
The dirty clothes have been washed.
脏衣服都已经洗了。
The plan has been studied by the experts for three times.
这项计划已经由专家研究过三次了。
The child has been taken care of by Grandma Wang all these years.
这些年来，这个小孩一直由王奶奶照料。
温馨提示：
注意现在完成时被动态和现在完成进行时形式上的区分，两者结构的区别在最后的动词上，被动态接的是过去分词形式，现在完成进行时接的是现在分词（动词-ing）形式。
The book has been translated into many languages.
这本书已被译成多种语言。
Your father has been translating the novel all this morning.
你父亲一上午都在翻译那篇小说。
使用现在完成时的被动语态的情况
1. 主语是行为动作的承受者。如：
The Temple of Zhang Fei has been rebuilt.
张飞庙已经过重建。
2. 说话时已经完成的动作或出现的结果。如:
The door has been locked.
门已经被锁上了。（我或别人现在进不去）
3. 动作或状态始于过去, 持续到现在, 并可能持续下去。如：
He has been told about it for many times.
有人告诉他这事很多次了。（可能还会有人告诉他）
4. 用在时间和条件状语从句中, 表示将来某时已完成的动作。如：
We’ll start as soon as the work has been finished.
工作一完成我们就立即动身。
注意:
1. 副词的位置
often, usually, always, never, hardly, seldom等副词置于have/has和been中间。如:
[误] Such a man has been hardly believed.
[正] Such a man has hardly been believed.
2. 一些特殊动词, 如borrow, finish, begin, buy, start, return, marry, open, join等构成的现在完成时的被动语态不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。若要表达相应的意思， 则需改换动词或时态。如：
My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
How long has this book been bought?
How long ago was this book bought?
V. 不用被动语态的情况
1. 不及物动词和短语，尤其是表示“发生、进行”的动词，没有被动语态，如happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等。
After the fire, nothing remained. 那场大火之后，什么也没留下来了。
How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何出现的呢？
The storm has lasted for three hours. 暴雨已经持续了三个钟头了。
2. 有的及物动词或短语也没有被动语态，如cost, leave, enter, reach, suit, have, wish, hold, own, lack, fit, resemble, jump, mind，agree with, arrive at/in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, walk into, belong to等。
She entered the room just now. 他刚才进过房间。
Tom jumped the queue. 汤姆插队。
I don’t agree with him. 我不同意他的看法。
3. 有些动词如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当用来描述主语的特征时，常看成不及物动词，用主动语态，这时主语通常是物。
This kind of cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。
The book sells well. 这本书卖得不错。
The window won’t open. 窗子打不开了。
This shirt will wear very long. 这衬衫可以穿很久。
This cheese doesn’t cut easily. It’s too soft. 这乳酪不容易切，太软了。
4. 系动词，如feel, sound, taste, look, feel等没有被动形式。
Your reason sounds reasonable. 你的理由听起来很合理。
Silk feels soft and smooth. 绸子摸起来柔软光滑。
5. 宾语是反身代词、相互代词、同源宾语、不定式、v-ing形式及抽象名词等，都不能变为被动句子的主语，如：
I taught myself French. 我自学法语。
They love each other. 他们相爱。
We live a happy life. 我们过着幸福的生活。
VI. 非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义
1．在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing（=to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。
2．形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。
The book is well worth reading．（＝The book is very worthy to be read．）
这本书值得一读。
(2018 北京模拟) Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward，the risk seems worth taking．
有时我们认定一点多余的危险是值得的，因为我们衡量所冒的险和得到的回报时，危险似乎值得去冒的。（take a risk 冒风险）
3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系，但句中另一名词或代词是此动作的施行者时，不定式用主动形式。
I have a lot of things to do this afternoon． (to do与things是动宾关系，I做to do的动作。)
今天下午我有许多事要做。
4. 在某些“形容词＋不定式”作表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）
这个题很难做出来。
5．在too… to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式。
This book is too expensive (for me) to buy. 这本书太贵，我不能买。
6. 在be to do结构中下列动词rent, blame, let常用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
Who is to blame for starting the fire? 谁应该为引起火灾而受到责备？
巩固练习
把下列句子变成被动语态
Mary has locked the door.
___________________________________________________
She has told me about the story.
________________________________________________
3. I have read this book many times.
________________________________________________
4. We have completed all the preparations for the task, and we’re ready to start.
___________________________________________________
5. This company has produced new types of computers
________________________________________________________
6. They have interviewed several teachers for the job.
___________________________________________________
7. George has sent some texts and pictures to his friend’s cell phone.
___________________________________________________
8. They have developed some programs for the human resource department of their company.
___________________________________________________
9. Someone has put the book under the bench for more than two days.
___________________________________________________
10. The typhoon has damaged the bridges because of its strong wind.
_________________________________________________
句子翻译(用被动语态)
1. 我们已经被告知运动将会被推迟。
______________________________________________
2. 问题还没有被解决。
______________________________________________
3. 我朋友刚刚买了一台新个人电脑。
______________________________________________
4. 商店很快就修好了我的电脑
______________________________________________
5. 一种不知名的病毒袭击了我的电脑。
______________________________________________
6. (2018 重庆南开中学期末) 昨天在我父母到家之前，我就已经做好饭了。（by the time）
______________________________________________
改错
1. A personal computer has bought by us.
____________________________________________________________
2. Many problems has been found with our new computer.
____________________________________________________________
5. The computer was used every day since we bought it.
____________________________________________________________
4. It’s said that this book has translated into Chinese.
____________________________________________________________
5. The new theater has been designing recently.
_________________________________________________________
单项选择
1. ----Flight 302 to London_______ until 7:30 tomorrow morning.
-----No wonder I hear so many complaints from the passengers.
A．has been delayed B．delay C．delayed D．will be delayed
2. —The window is dirty.
— I know. It ________ for weeks.
A. hasn't clean B. didn't clean C. wasn't cleaned D. hasn't been cleaned
3. Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the money-making jobs they ________ before leaving their hometowns.
A. promised B. were promised C. have promised D. have been promised
4. —_____ David and Vicky_____ married?
— For about three years.
A. How long were; being B. How long have; got
C. How long have; been D. How long did; get
5. Millions of pounds' worth of damage_____ by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.
A. has been caused B. had been caused
C. will be caused D. will have been caused
6. Paper money _______ for over a thousand years.
A .used B .has been used C .has used D .is using
7. —We want to sit at the table near the window.
—I’m sorry, but it ______ already.
A .has taken B. took C. was taken D. has been taken
8. --_______the letter _______to Mr. .Black?
--No .It’s still on the desk.
A. Has; given B. Will; be given C. Was; given D .Has; been given
9. Great changes _______in my home town and a lot of factories_______.
A. have been taken place; are being set up B. have taken place; have been set up
C. are taken place; had been set up D. had taken place; will be set up
10. So far, the moon ________ by man already.
A. is visited B .will be visited C. has been visited D. was visited
11. With the help of high technology, more new substances ________ in the past years.
A. discovered B. have discovered
C. had been discovered D. have been discovered
12. I got caught in the rain and my suit __________.
A has ruined B. had ruined C has been ruined D. had been ruined
13.--Why does the lake smell terrible?
--Because large quantities of water________.
A have polluted B is being polluted C has been polluted D have been polluted
14. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday ________ yet.
A. are not decided B. have not been decided
C. is not being decided D. has not been decided
15. In recent years many football clubs _______as business to make a profit
A. have run B. have been run C. had been run D. will run
16. —I hear a Tibetan student in your school______ and that you’ve raised money for him.
—Well, the doctors are considering a conservative therapy. (2018 江苏南通二模)
A. was operated on B. will be operated on
C. is being operated on D. has been operated on
17. (2018 重庆模拟) In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat____ cut.
A. will have been B. will be C. was D. has been
18. This page needed ___ again.
A. being checked B. checked C. to check D. to be checked
19. (2018 浙江余姚中学期中) His sister left home in 1998, and _________ since.
A. had not been heard of B. has not been heard of
C. had not heard of D. has not heard of
20. (2018 重庆南开中学期末) Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the money-making jobs they ______ before leaving their hometowns.
A. promised B. were promised C. have promised D. have been promised
短文改错
（2018 模拟全国卷I）假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1．每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2．只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
When I was a child．I hoped to live in the city．I think I would be happy there．Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside．There the air is clean or the mountains are green．Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization，the environment has been polluted．Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem．The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. Much rare animals are dying out．We must found ways to protect your environment．If we fail to do so，we’ll live to regret it．
答案与解析
将以下句子的主动形式改为被动形式
1. The door has been locked.
2. I have been told about the story.
3. This book has been read many times .
4. All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we’re ready to start.
5. New types of computers has been produced.
6. Several teachers have been interviewed for the job.
7. Some texts and pictures have been sent to George’s friend’s cell phone.
8. Some programs for the human resource department of their company have been developed.
9. The book has been put under the bench for more than two days.
10. The bridges have been damaged by the typhoon because of its strong wind.
句子翻译(用被动语态)
1. We have been told that the sports meet will be put off.
2. The problem has not been solved yet.
3. A new personal computer has been bought by my friend.
4. My computer has been repaired very quickly.
5. My computer has just been attacked by an unknown virus.
6. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I had cooked the dinner already.
改错
1. A personal computer has been bought by us.
2. Many problems have been found with our new computer.
5. The computer has been used every day since we bought it.
4. It’s said that this book has been translated into Chinese.
5. The new theater has been designed recently.
单项选择
1. A。确定首句时态的关键信息在于----No wonder I hear so many complaints from the passengers.既然听到了乘客的抱怨，说明航班已经被推迟。也就是说，推迟这一动作发生在过去且已对现在产生影响，所以用现在完成时。
2. D。根据时间状语for weeks可知道用现在完成时，表示已经有好几周没擦窗了，并且主语It (即the window)与clean 是被动关系，故选D项。
3. D。根据上文所用时态，下文应该用现在范畴的时态，排除A、B两个答案，再考虑语态，选D项。4. C。根据该对话中的时间状语for about three years该题问的是动作持续了多久，用现在完成时，排除A、D两项。get married 强调的是结婚这一动作，不能延续，故排除B项。be married表示已婚的状态，可以延续。故本题答案为C项。5. A。句意：昨晚横扫英格兰北部的暴风雨已经造成了上百万英镑的损失”，这里强调发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响，故选A。
6. B。该题的时间状语for over a thousand years.，该问题已持续很长时间，用现在完成时。Money是被使用的因此用被动语态，所以其他选项不完整。7. D。该对话的意思是“---我要坐那个靠窗户的位置，---对不起，那个位置已经有人了”。说的是那个位置已经被别人事先预定了，位置预定需要用被动，而预定这个动作已经完成，故用D。
8. D。根据对话答语的副词still on the desk 说明该动作还没有完成，所以问句问的是动作看是否已经完成？letter 和given 之间又是被动关系，故选D
9. B。这句话的意思是说目前家乡已经发生了很大的变化，建起了很多工厂。这些动作都已经完成故用完成时态，变化和工厂做主语需要用被动语态，而take place 无被动形式，所以选B
10. C。so far 是和现在完成时连用的时间状语，方位月球，月球做主语要用被动语态，所以选C。
11. D。in the past years 是和想在完成时态连用的时间状语，more new substances 做主语是被发现的，因此用现在完成时态的被动语态。故选D.
12．C。这句话的意思是：我被困在大雨里，衣服被毁坏了。强调的是动作发生在过去对现在造成的影响，用完成时态。衣服是被雨水毁坏的，要用被动雨天，一次选C。
13. D。这句话的大意是：湖水的味道难闻是由于大量的水污染造成的。水是被污染的，而这一结果到目前已经完成，故选D。
14. D。yet 是和现在完成时连用的副词，二时间和地点的决定是人为的，因此要用被动语态，所以选D。
15. B。in recent years 是和想在完成时连用的时间状语，而足球俱乐部是由人来经营管理的要用被动语态，所以选B。
16. B。句意：我听说你们学校一名西藏的学生将进行手术，你们为他募捐了。----哦。医生们正在考虑一种保守治疗的方法。根据答语判断手术还没有进行，应是将来发生的动作，student是operate的动作承受者，故选B。
17. D。句意：在我的家乡，农民们在收完麦子之后都会吃一顿丰收晚餐。整个句子描述的是常态，主句是一般现在时，从句用一般现在时或用现在完成时表示完成。故D正确。
18. D。句意：这一页需要再检查一遍。need后接动词-ing形式的主动形式或者不定式的被动形式表示被动。所以选D。
19. B。句意：他妹妹1998年离开家，此后再也没有消息了。hear of意思是“听到有关……的消息，知道”，与His sister是被动关系，应该用被动语态；since常指“自此以后，到现在”，常与现在完成时连用。因此应该用现在完成时的被动语态。故选B。
20. D。句意：每年，大量的农民工涌入深圳找他们离家前曾经被许诺的挣钱的工作。这个句子说的是现在平时的情况，而“promise”是在谓语动作“arrive”之前发生的，对现在的情况有影响，所以用现在完成时；且promise和定语从句的主语they是被动关系，因此用现在完成时的被动语态。所以选D。
短文改错
When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city. I think I would be happy there. Now I am
thought
living in a city, but I miss my home in ∧ countryside．There the air is clean or the mountains
the and
are green. Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization，the environment has been
with
polluted. Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very
seriously problem．The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. Much rare animals are
serious air Many
dying out．We must found ways to protect your environment．If we fail to do so，we’ll live to
find our/ the
regret it．