（人教版）高中英语选修七Unit 5 Travelling abroad复习非限制性定语从句及语法讲解

复习非限制性定语从句
概念引入
上一单元我们学习了限制性定语从句的有关知识，本单元将继续学习非限制性定语从句使用时注意事项以及作定语从句题的解题步骤等。
先看下面句子：
1. Xie Lei, who is 21 years old, has come to our university to study for a business qualification.
2. She is halfway through the preparation year, which most foreign students complete before applying for a degree course.
3. “You have to get used to a whole new of life, which can take up all your concentration in the beginning,” explained Xie Lei, who had lived all her life in the same city in China.
4. Living with host families, in which there may be other college students, gives her the chance to learn more about the new culture.
5. Cuzco is a lively city with many hotels and inns, where both Indian and Spanish culture and art can be seen.
这些句子中斜体词部分都是非限制性定语从句，有关系代词who/ which引导的，如句1、句2和句3；有介词+which引导的，如句4；也有关系副词引导的，如句5。另外as也能引导非限制性定语从句。那么用关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句有什么需要注意的呢？as和which引导非限制性定语从句有什么区别呢？怎样做能把定语从句题都答对呢？下面我们就一一梳理学习。
用法讲解
两种定语从句
1. 区别
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
不用逗号与主句隔开
与主句之间通常用逗号分开
是先行词不可缺少的部分
是先行词的附加说明
去掉主句意思往往不明确
去掉不影响主句的意思
常译成先行词的定语，“……的……”
常译成主句的并列句
在从句中作宾语的关系代词可省
在从句中作宾语关系代词的不能省略
不可修饰句子
可修饰句子，用as和which引导
不用that和why引导
People who often take physical exercise live longer.
经常锻炼身体的人长寿。 (限制性：起限制作用，不能去掉)　
His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week.
他的女儿现在在波士顿，下周要回来了。（非限制性：补充说明，译成并列句）
2. 用非限制性定语从句的情况：
1）关系代词指代整个主句的内容
She said she had finished her work, which I doubted very much.
她说她已经完成了这项工作，我对此深感怀疑。
2）先行词是世界上独一无二的事物或专有名词
The moon, which is 384,400 kilometers away from the earth, creates many beautiful stories.
月球，这个离地球384,400公里远的星球，给人们留下很多美好的故事。
3）先行词指的是某人的惟一某个亲属
对比：
His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college. （限制性）
他那个现在是律师的哥哥总是鼓励他上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥)
His brother, who is now a lawyer, always encourages him to go to college. （非限制性）
他的哥哥，现在是律师，总是鼓励他上大学。(他只有一个哥哥)
4）“名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词”结构中
此结构常见的有：some (several, a few, many, most, part, the largest) of which/ whom等形式。有时of which/ whom可以提前到名词/代词等前。
I bought a dozen eggs, six of which (=of which six) broke when I dropped the box.
我买了一打鸡蛋，六个在我失手掉了盒子时摔碎了。
He went with a group of people, few of whom were correctly equipped for such a climb.
他和一队人一起去了，其中没有几个人配有进行这样一次登山的适当装备。
You’ve made many mistakes, most of which were due to your carelessness.
你犯了很多错误，大多数是由于你的粗心。
【复习定语从句-----which与as引导定语从句的区别】
which与as引导定语从句的区别
Ⅰ. 限制性定语从句中
限制性定语从句的先行词前有as, such, the same时，引导定语从句的关系代词用as不用which。例如：
1. There are as many dictionaries as are needed.
词典你需要多少有多少。
2. I have never heard such stories as he tells.
我从没有听过像他讲的这样的故事。
3. He is not such a man as I expected.
他并不是我期待的那样一个人。
4. We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.
我们面对着几年前（所面对的）同样的问题。
5. This is the same wallet as I lost. 这个钱包和我丢的那个一样。
注意：是否用as取决于先行词前是否有某些固定的词（as, such, the same）修饰。
Ⅱ. 非限制性定语从句中
在非限制性定语从句中，as和which都可以表示一句话、一个整个的情况。
1.which只放在主句后面，而as可在主句前，中，后。
As he realized, I was very useful to him. (在前)
正如他所认识到的那样，对他来讲，我还是能帮忙的。
Air, as we know, is gas.（在中）
空气，就像我们知道的那样，是气体。
He is a foreigner, as I know from his accent. (在后)
他是外国人，我从他的口音中可以听出来。
2. as有“如同…… ,正如……”的含义。
Things will turn out contrary to one’s wishes, as is often the case.
结果往往与愿望是相悖的，正如经常发生的那样。
注意：下面这些从句，我们经常放在句首。
as we know我们都知道 as has been said above/before 如上所述
as has been pointed out 如上所述 as is known to all 众所周知 ■
from which还是from where
这是两个许多同学都困惑的结构，它们到底有什么区别呢？
1. from which用法比较好理解，可以引导限制性和非限制性定语从句。
There are several books about this on the shelf, from which I chose one and began to read it.
那个书架上有好几本有关的书，我选了一本开始读起来。
（from which相当于and from the books）
2. from where常用于引导非限制性定语从句，在意义上相当于 and from there（从那儿）。
He hid himself in a tree, from where he could see the enemy in the distance.
他躲在一棵树上，从那儿他可以看到远处的敌人。（from where相当于from in the tree）
对比分析：
He hid himself under the bed, from where he could hear what they were talking.
他躲在床下面，他可以从床下听到他们谈话。
分析：from where 可理解为 from under the bed，意思是“从床下面”。
但是：
He hid himself under the bed, where he could hear what they were talking.
他躲在床下面，在床那儿他听到他们谈话。
分析：where可指为“在床边”“在床上”“在床下”等，意思不够明确。不能用from which。
定语从句的特殊结构
一般定语从句紧跟着先行词，但实际运用时，具有较强的灵活性，下面是常见的特殊定语从句。
1. 分隔式：与先行词分离的定语从句
The professor entered the hall who had just presented two lectures.
刚刚作完两场报告的教授走进了大厅。
2. 混杂式：
先行词后插入I think, I believe, I guess, I expect, I am sure, they say等。
James is the only one who we expect will win. 詹姆斯是我们认为唯一能获胜的人。
3. 省略式：
有些定语从句在不引起歧义的情况下，可以省略一些成分，变成“介词+关系代词+不定式”的形式，从而使语句更加明快。
I have saved a sum of money with which to buy (=with which I’d like to buy) a new computer for myself.
注意：此时主句的主语必须与不定式的逻辑主语一致。如：
I was trying to find a place in which to live (in which I could live).
我正在找一处我可以住的地方。
I was trying to find a place in which my brother could live. （不能改为省略式）
我正在找一处我弟弟可以住的地方。
定语从句中的主谓一致
1. 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词一致。
I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.
我，你的好朋友，当你陷入困境的时候会帮你的。
2. 先行词是“one of+复数名词”时，从句谓语动词用复数；
而先行词是“the (only) one of＋复数名词”时，从句谓语动词用单数。
Harry Potter is one of the best-sellers that are popular with teenagers.
《哈利?波特》是最受青少年欢迎的畅销书之一。
Harry Potter is the only one of the best-sellers that makes the author a billionaire.
《哈利?波特》是唯一一本让作者成为亿万富翁的畅销书。
3. 非限制性定语从句中，as或which代替整个主句时，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
He has passed the exam, which makes us surprised. 他通过了考试，这使我们很惊讶。
定语从句与同位语从句
1）定语从句说明名词的性质、特征、来源等；同位语从句说明名词的具体内容。
The plane that has just taken off is for London. （定语从句）
刚刚起飞的那架飞机是去伦敦的。The fact that he has been dead is clear.? （同位语从句）
他死了这一事实很明显。
2）that引导定语从句在从句中作句子成分，常可以用which或who替换，作宾语时可以省略；而that引导同位语从句，只起连接作用，不作任何成分，且不可省略。
The news he told me is true. （定语从句）
他告诉我的消息是真的。The news that he has married that film star is true. （同位语从句）
他娶了那个影星的消息是真的。
注意：
同位语从句可以改成“The news/ fact/... +is/ was +that...”句型，可以用这种方法判断定语从句和同位语从句。如上句可改成：The news is that he has married that film star.
3）wh-类词引导定语从句时，指前面的先行词所表示的人、物、时间、地点、原因等，而在同位语从句中，wh-类词表示疑问。
I have found the book which I lost. （which指the book，从句是“丢了书”，定语从句）
我已经找到了我丢的那本书。
I have no idea which one he will choose. （which表示“哪一个”，同位语从句）
我不知道他会选哪一个。
选择关系词的步骤和技巧
Ⅰ. 找出定语从句，确定先行词指人还是指物或时间、地点、原因。
Ⅱ. 还原法：将先行词放入定语从句中，找到它的原有位置，判断它作什么成分。
注意：
① 是否需加介词 ② that和which的限制
Ⅲ. 如果是疑问句时，有时变成肯定句更容易判断，如：
1）Is this museum ______ you visited a few days ago?　A. which　 B. that　 C. on which　 D. the one
2）Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.　A. where　　 B. that　 C. on which　 　D. the one
分析：
1）变成肯定句：This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago. 从肯定句中可以看出主句缺少表语，which引导表语从句表示疑问，不合题意。定语从句缺少先行词，只有the one既作了主句的表语，又可作为从句的先行词，省略的that代替the one作从句的宾语，所以选D。 　　
2）变成肯定句可以看出先行词是the museum，在从句中作地点状语（展览在这家博物馆举行），用where，或in + which。所以选A。
Ⅳ. 注意与其它从句或并列句的区别：
1. — He wrote a lot of novels, none of ______ were popular.
— It’s the same with his wife. She wrote some plays, but none of ______ was a success.
A. these; them B. which; which C. those; which　 D. which; them
分析：注意第一句中逗号后没有并列连词，说明是非限制性定语从句，所以填which；而第二句的逗号后有一并列连词but，说明它是并列句，所以其后填them。此题应选 D。很容易误选A、B。选对该题的关键是：要注意连词的出现，如and, but, for等。
2. 1）_____ is known to all, the moon travels around the earth.
2）_____ is known to all that the moon travels around the earth.
3）_____ the moon travels around the earth is known to all.
4）_____ is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth.
分析：
1）As。注意句子中间的逗号，主句的主语是the moon，as引导的是非限制性定语从句；
2）It。注意that引导的从句才是主句的主语，It是形式主语；
3）That。注意主句的谓语动词is，That引导主语从句；
4）What。注意主句的谓语动词is（第二个）和that引导表语从句，what引导主语从句。
3. 1）When you read the book, you’d better make a mark in the place ______ you have any questions.
2）When you read the book, you’d better make a mark ______ you have any questions.
分析：
1）填where，引导定语从句修饰place;
2）填where，引导地点状语从句。
4. 1）It was this small village _______ we got to know each other.
2）It was in this small village ______ we got to know each other.
3）It was 1914 ______ the war broke out.
4）It was in 1914 ______ the war broke out.
5）It was 1914, ______ the war broke out.
分析：
1）where/ in which引导定语从句，表示“在村子里”，it代替上文提供的地方，译成“它”；
2）/4）都填that，是强调句，分别强调地点in this small village和时间in 1914。把被强调部分和that去掉后，句子仍然正确。
3）填when，引导时间状语从句，it指时间。
4）填when/ in which，注意逗号后when/in which引导非限制性定语从句，解释说明在1914年发生的事。
5）1）The great white shark is so fierce a fish _____ it eats most of the others.
2）The great white shark is so fierce a fish _____ eats most of the others.
分析：
1）填that，从句不缺成分，that引导结果状语从句；句意：这条大白鲨是如此凶残的鱼，它吃了其它鱼中的大多数。
2）受so影响，用as并引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语；句意：大白鲨是以大多数鱼为食的一种凶狠的鱼。
巩固练习
Ⅰ. 用所给的连接词填空。
that , which ,whose, whom, who, why, when, where
1. Is there anything else _______ you want to say?
2. This is the most impressive TV play ______ has never been put on show before.
3. He often speaks of the role he played in the play, _______ made others upset.
4. He opened the door, in front of _______ sat a boy in a red coat.
5. The man to _______ I spoke is a famous scientist.
6. The boy _______ mother is dead was brought up by his father.
7. It was in the small house _____was built with stones by his father _____he spent his childhood.
8. I don’t know the reason ____ you were absent from the meeting, and I am not sure that someone will tell me the reason ____ you haven’t told me.
9. Do you still remember the day ________ we first met?
10. ______ was pointed out, this kind of substance is poisonous.
Ⅱ. 根据汉语提示完成句子。
1. We were talking about the persons and things _________________ (我们记得的) in our school.
2. That is the only way ____________________ (通向你成功的).
3. It rained hard yesterday, _________________________ (这阻止了我去公园).
4. The wolves hid themselves in the places _______________ (猎人找不到的).
5. I have bought the same dress _________________ (她正穿着的).
6. He has lost the key to the drawer ______________(试卷在里面保存的).
7. He has two sons, ________________ (他们俩都) work as chemists.
8. He is a man of great experience, __________ (从他那里) much can be learned.
9. I have many books, __________ (其中一些) are on the universe.
10. The hotel _____________ (我们住过的) during our holidays stands by the seaside.
Ⅲ. 单项选择。
1. The school shop, ________ customers are mainly students，is closed for the holidays.
A. which 　　　　B. whose 　　　　C. when 　　　　D. where
2. You can find whatever you need at the shopping centre, _________ is always busy at the weekend.
A. that　　　 B. where　　　 C. what 　　　D. which
3. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _______ are sold abroad.
A．of which 　　　　B．which of　　　　C．of them　　　　D．of that
4. Mr. Black will pay a visit to Beijing this autumn, ________ he will teach in Beijing University for two years.
A. where 　　　B. when　　　 C. which　　　 D. how
5. ________ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
6. Alice received an invitation from her boss, _______ came as a surprise.
A. it　　　　　 B. that　　　　 C. which 　　　　D. he
7. The humans are destroying nature day by day, ________ of course, will cause severe punishment from it sooner or later.
A. who　　　 B. when　　　 C. on which 　　　D. which
8. Jack’s mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but _______ didn’t help.
A. he　　　　　 B. which 　　　C. that 　　　　　D. it
9. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point ________ he can walk correctly and safely.
A. when 　　　B. where 　　　C. which 　　　D. whose
10. He graduated from a local school, _____ he went abroad to receive a higher education.
A. after that 　　　B. after which　　　 C. in that 　　　D. in which
11. He made another wonderful discovery, ________ of great importance to science.A. which I think is?? B. which I think it is? C. which I think it??? D. I think which is
12. The owner wanted to charge $5,000 for his car, _____ I managed to lower to $3,500.
A. since B. what C. which D. that
13. I’ll never forget the days ____ I learned hard in my senior high school, ____ changed my whole life.
A．that; which B．when; which C．which; when D．that; that
14. In Australia, surfing is a popular sport among young people ____ they can seek excitement and adventure.
A．that B．which C．where D．how
15. The news spread quickly through the village _____ the war had ended, ______ made villagers wild with joy.
A. which; that B. that; what C. that; which D. what; which
16. John as well as the other children who______ no parents _____ care of in the village.
A. have; is well taken B. have; are well taken
C. has; is well taken D. has; are well taken
17. He’s got himself into a dangerous situation _______ he is likely to lose control over the plane.
A. where B. which C. while D. why
18. Alec asked the policeman he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.
A. with him B. who C. with whom D. whom
19. They have succeeded in finishing the bridge，______ is announced in today’s newspaper.
A. for B. it C. this D. as
20. People spoke highly of the driver _____, in spite of the terrible weather, had saved his passengers from danger.
A. which B. who C. whom D. as
21. Students are sure to benefit from every minute _______ the best of to study their lessons.
A. which makes B. what they make C. that is made D. when is made
22. The fire started on the first floor of the hospital, ______ patients were elderly people.
A. many of whose B. whose many C. many whose D. many of whom
23. Metals are very strong and can be made into any required shapes, _____ it possible for them to be widely used in industry.
A. which make B. which makes C. that make D. that makes
24. We will be shown around the city museum and some other places, ______ other visitors seldom go.
A. what B. which C. where D. when
25. I was very surprised at the way _____ he spoke at the meeting.
A. which B. by which C. where D. 不填
答案与解析：
Ⅰ. 用所给的连接词填空。
1. that。先行词是anything，用that不用which，在从句中作宾语。
2. that。先行词有形容词最高级修饰，用that不用which，在从句中作主语。
3. which。which引导非限制性定语从句，代替主句在从句中作主语。
4. which。介词提前，which代替the door作介词宾语。
5. whom。介词提前，whom代替the man作介词宾语。
6. whose。作从句的定语，相当于the boy’s。
7. which；that。整个句子是强调句，强调in the small house _____was built with stones by his father，所以第二空填that；第一空要填的词要代表house在从句中作主语，是定语从句，所以填that或which，为了避免重复，选填which。
8. why; that/which。先行词都是reason，第一空填why，代表reason在从句中作原因状语，相当于for which；第二空填which/that或省略，在从句中作宾语。
9. when。代表先行词the day在从句中作时间状语。
10. As。引导非限制性定语从句，表示“正如”。
Ⅱ. 根据汉语提示完成句子。
1. (that) we remembered
2. that leads to your success
3. which prevented me from going to the park
4. that couldn’t be found by the hunters
5. as she is wearing
6. in which/ where the papers are kept
7. both of whom
8. from whom
9. some of which
10. (that/ which) we stayed in/ in which we stayed/ where we stayed
Ⅲ. 单项选择。
1. B。whose代替所修饰词the shop在非限制性定语从句中作定语，即“商店的顾客”。
2. D。which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the shopping centre，且在从句中作主语。
3. A。80% of which修饰先行词half a million pairs of shoes，还可以这样说“…，and 80% of the shoes”。
4. A。从“for two years”可知，定语从句修饰的是Beijing而不是this autumn所以用where，表示“在北京”。　
5. B。as引导的非限制性定语从句，表示“正如”。
6. C。which代表前面整个主句，在定语从句中作主语。
7. D。先行词是前面整个句子，且在从句中作主语，所以用which。of course是插入语。句意：人类正日复一日地破坏自然，这一点，当然，迟早会受到严重的惩罚的。
8. D。注意but是连词，连接两个分句组成的并列句，所以用it代替前文提过的事情。此句中没有定语从句。
9. B。因为point表示“某一治疗阶段”，用where引导定语从句，表示“在这个阶段”，在从句中作地点状语。　
10. B。因为介词after放在了关系代词前，所以用which，不用that；after which 表示在“毕业”之后。
11. A。I think是插入语，一般放关系词的后面；which代表先行词discovery在定语从句中作主语，不需it，所以选A。
12. C。考查定语从句的关系词。关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中充当lower的宾语，而that不能用于非限制性定语从句。
13. B。第一空引导限制性定语从句，先行词为 the days，引导词在从句中充当时间状语，用 when；第二空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面整句话，用关系代词 which，所以选B项。
14. C。考查定语从句。本题的先行词是 sport，在从句中充当状语，因此选择 where，相当于 in which，表示“在这项运动中”。
15. C。考查同位语从句和定语从句。第一空that引导的从句与the news构成同位关系，说明the news的内容；第二空是which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子。所以应该选C项。
16. A。who引导的定语从句修饰children，且在从句中作主语，从句谓语用复数，排除B、C；主句的谓语动词应与as well as前的主语John一致，所以选C。
17. A。把先行词放回从句中可知，situation需在从句中作地点状语看，即in the situation（在这种情况下），所以选where连接从句。
18. C。把先行词the policeman放回定语从句he worked中可知，缺少介词with，所以选C。
19. D。as引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句在从句中作主语；注意空前的逗号，如果选B需加and；如果选A，for后分句缺主语it，这是单纯从语法分析，不符合实际应用。
20. B。in spite of the terrible weather是插入部分，选择who代表先行词在定语从句 ______ had saved his passengers from danger.中作主语。
21. C。make the best of 表示“充分利用”，关系词代替先行词every minute作其宾语，即被动关系，所以选C。句意：学生们一定会得益于他们充分利用来学习的每一分钟。
22. A。定语从句修饰的是the hospital，要表示“医院的患者”，要用whose引导定语从句；要表示“这些人的许多”，在关系代词前加many of，所以选A。
23. B。which代替整个主语在定语从句中作主语，谓语动词用单数，所以选B；that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
24. C。where代表先行词在定语从句中作go的地点状语，也可以用to which；注意如果go后面有to，此先行词就作介词to的宾语，那时选which。
25. D。先行词way表示“方式”，关系词代替way在从句中表示“以......方式”时，用in which, that或省略都可以。