（人教版）高中英语选修八：Unit 4 Pygmalion复习过去分词及语法讲解2

复习过去分词2（作状语）
概念引入
在上一单元我们已经复习了过去分词作定语、表语和补足语，本单元我们继续复习过去分词作状语的用法，并小结非谓语动词的做题技巧。
先看下面句子：
1. Now once taught by me, she’d become an upper class lady...
2. Once educated to speak properly, that girl could pass herself off in three months as a duchess.
3. Placed inside the rooms, statues of Gods seem to guard the large sleeping Buddha.
4. Bitten by the snake in the bush, Susan was sent back to the camp.
这些句子中斜体词部分都是过去分词短语作状语，其中句1和句2是条件状语，句3是方式状语；句4是原因状语。那么用过去分词作状语时要注意什么呢？作状语时与动词-ing形式和不定式有什么区别呢？下面我们将就这些问题进行讨论。
用法讲解
过去分词作状语1
【非谓语动词之过去分词---作状语】
过去分词或短语作状语时，表示被动和完成，在句子中一般可表示时间、原因等。
1. 时间状语
Told that his mother was ill, Li Lei hurried home quickly.
知道了他母亲病了，李雷赶紧回了家。
Seen from the moon, the earth looks green. 从月球上看，地球是绿色的。
2. 原因状语
Broken down on the highway, his car was carried away by the police.
他的车在公路上出了故障，被警方拖走了。
Satisfied with what he did, the teacher praised him in class.
老师对他做的很满意，在班上表扬了他。
3. 条件状语
Given a few minutes, I’ll finish it. 给我几分钟，我就会完成它。
Compared with you, I still have a long way to go. 与你相比，我仍然有很长的路要走。
4. 让步状语
Explained a hundred times, he still can’t understand it.
给他解释了上百次，他仍然不明白。
Trained ten hours a day, he will still be a fool. 一天训练10小时，他也还是个蠢人。
5. 结果状语
He fell off a tall tree, his leg broken. 他从一棵很高的树上掉了下来，腿骨折了。
The cup fell down to the ground, broken.? 杯子落到地上，碎了。
注意：
有些非谓语动词短语已经游离出来，成为单独的短语，在句子中作状语。如：
1. exactly / honestly / frankly / generally speaking 准确地说/老实地说/坦率地说/一般说来
Exactly speaking, he got here at eight fourteen this morning.
确切地说，他今天早晨8点14分到这里的。
Generally speaking, a snake won’t attack a man unless it is bothered.
总的来说，蛇如果没被搅扰就不会咬人。
2. judging from / by... 从/ 根据某东西判断
Judging by his accent, he is from Hunan. 从他的口音判断，他是湖南人。
Judging from what he said, he is very honest. 根据他的话判断，他很诚实。
3. providing / provided …假如/ 如果
Providing he follows our advice, we can help him. 如果他听我们的建议，我们可以帮助他。
Provided he is free, he is sure to come. 假如他有时间，他肯定会来。
4. considering... 考虑到
Considering he was just a little boy, we didn’t punish him.
考虑到他只是个小孩，我们没有惩罚他。
Considering it was late, we didn’t discuss the question.
考虑到时间晚了，我们没有讨论这个问题。
5. thinking of... 想到/ 考虑到
Thinking of the environment we live in, the waste can’t be thrown away around directly.
考虑到我们所生活的环境，废物不能随手扔掉。
6. talking of... 谈到/ 说到
Talking of math, he became excited. 说到数学，他非常激动。
7. 其它常见短语：
taking...into consideration 把某事考虑进去 calculating roughly, 粗略地计算 supposing... 假定
to tell you the truth 实话告诉你； to be frank 坦白地说
to begin with 首先要做的是 so to speak 可以这么说

taken as a whole 从整体上来看 put frankly, 坦率地说
given that 鉴于…… ■
过去分词作状语2
1. 逻辑主语与独立主格结构
1）过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语一般是主句的主语，此时应注意人称一致。
When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.
当那个男孩被问到为何来这里时，他沉默不语。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.
由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。
2）如果主句的主语不是分词的逻辑主语，而是前面的名词或代词，此结构属于独立主格结构。注意此时代词必须是主格，而且只用于作状语。
The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出，汽车就开动了。
（the signal是 given的逻辑主语）
Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去。
（her head是 held high的逻辑主语）
2. 过去分词与从句
过去分词作原因状语、时间状语或条件状语时相当于谓语是被动语态的状语从句，而过去分词作伴随状语相当于and+并列谓语/并列句。
Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。
(=Because he was caught in a heavy rain 原因状语从句)
Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。
( = If these seeds are grown in rich soil条件状语从句)
The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs. 训练员出现了，后面跟着六条小狗。
(= and he was followed by six little dogs)
3. 连接词+过去分词
根据需要，过去分词前也可加上when, while, until, once, though, although, as long as, unless, as if, even if等词。
When given a medical examination, you should keep calm.
当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。
He sat there reading as if tied to the chair. 他坐在那里读书，好像被绑在椅子上。
注意：
在before，after，without后必须用being done代替过去分词。
Before being called, remain where you are. 叫你之前，待在原地别动。
The boy left the playhouse without being seen. 一个男孩没被发现就离开了游戏室。
4. 表示主动的过去分词
有些过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表被动而表主动。常见的有：lost （迷路）； seated（坐）；hidden（躲）；stationed（驻扎）；lost / absorbed in（沉溺于）；born（出身于）；dressed in（穿着）；tired of（厌烦）等。
Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn’t hear the sound.
因为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音。
Dressed in a jacket, he walked out of the house. 他身穿一件夹克走出了那幢房子。
非谓语动词做题七原则
1. 用作目的状语，多用不定式
When asked why he went there， he said he was sent there _____ for a space flight.
A. training B. being trained C. to have trained D. to be trained
解析：由于进行航空飞行训练是他被派往那儿的目的，所以要用不定式，因此可排除 A 和 B。另外，由于“他”与“训练”为被动关系，选D。
2. 用作伴随状语，多用动词-ing形式
As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not_____, and asked myself what I was going to do.
A. moved B. moving C. to move D. Being moved
解析：move与主语“I”是主动关系，与stood同时进行，用动词-ing形式，选B。
3. 用作结果状语时，可用-ing形式或不定式
不定式多表示意料之外的结果，而合乎逻辑的结果，即意料之中的结果多用-ing形式。
1）The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance，_____ in the natural light during the day.
A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let
解析：此处用-ing形式表示自然而然的结果，选B。
2）He hurried to the booking office only _____ that all the tickets had been sold out. 　　
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
解析：不定式表示出人意料的结果，tell与主语是被动关系，选B。
注意句型：... never to do/ to be done
He left his hometown 20 years ago, never to return. 他20年前离开了 ，再也没有回来。
4. 有被动意义时，多用过去分词
但是，所涉及的动作尚未发生，则用不定式的被动式；强调所涉及的动作正在进行，则用-ing形式的被动式。
1）The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _____.
A. to be heard B. to have heard C. hearing D. being heard
解析：根据句意，此处指的是“被听见”，故要用被动式，排除B和C；另外，“设法被听见”为目的状语，动作在当时尚未发生，故用不定式，选A。
2）At the beginning of class, the noise of desks ______ could be heard outside the classroom.
A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closed
C. being opened and closed D. to open and close
解析：of 后应接-ing形式，desks 与open and close 之间存在逻辑上的被动关系，又因could be heard，所以选-ing形式的被动式表示正在被进行的动作。答案为C。
5. 强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，要用完成式。
根据句子要求选用不定式的完成式或-ing形式的完成式。
1）_____ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other countries in the world.
A. Being separated B. Having separated
C. Having been separated D. to be separated
解析：强调完成，与逻辑主语是被动关系，用-ing形式的完成被动式。选C。
2）—Li Ming is said ____ abroad. Do you know what country he studied in?
—Yes. In London.
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying
解析：句型“sb. +be said+ to do sth.”表明空白处要加不定式，因为studied在“is said”之前发生，用不定式的完成式。选A。如果studied改成“will study”，选B；studied改成“studies”，可以用C。
6. 非谓语动词作状语，逻辑主语应与主句主语保持一致。
Faced with a bill for $10,000，__________.
A. John has taken an extra job B. the boss has given John an extra job
C. an extra job has been taken D. an extra job has been given to John
解析：及物动词face表示（困难、死亡、毁灭等）面临（某人），某人作主语一般用（be） faced with...，所以faced的逻辑主语，即句子的主语是人，排除C、D；是John面临着要付的账单，而不是老板，排除B。所以选A。

7. 作定语时的原则：
表示动作尚未发生，用不定式；表示动作正在进行，用-ing；表示完成、被动，用过去分词。
注意：1. 动词-ing形式的完成式（having done, having been done）不用作定语。
2. 受the first，the second ... the last修饰的名词或代词后多要用不定式作定语。
1) There will be more than three hundred scientists attending the meeting _____ the day after tomorrow.
A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held
解析：因the day after tomorrow可知选D。
2) There are hundreds of visitors _____ in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Gogh’s paintings.
A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. wait
解析：waiting强调正在进行。选C。
3) “Things _____ never come again!” I couldn’t help talking to myself.
A. lost B. losing C. to lost D. have lost
解析：过去分词表示被动和完成。选A。
非谓语动词的做题步骤
1. 判定是谓语还是非谓语。
方法：找谓语动词。
如果句子已经有了谓语动词，要用的动词有下列情况：
1）并列谓语（应有连词and，but，or等）；
2）并列句或从句谓语（应有从句、连词或分号“；”）；
3）非谓语动词（作主、宾、表、定、状、补等成分）。
2. 找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。
1）一般是句子的主语；
2）定语的逻辑主语是所修饰词；
3）宾语补足语的逻辑主语是宾语；
4）独立主格结构的逻辑主语是分词前名词或代词。
3. 判断主被动关系。
方法：确定非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动还是被动关系。
4. 判断时间关系。
方法：分析句子，看非谓语动词动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前常用 done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing。
注意：
这些只用于一般情况，注意特殊情况，如：有些动词只接不定式作宾语，而有些动词只能接动词-ing形式作宾语。再如：judging from等一类短语已是固定结构。
例如：
1）The storm left, _____ a lot of damage to this area.
A. caused B. have caused C. to cause D. having caused
分析：
（1）判断是谓语还是非谓语:句中left是谓语，cause要用非谓语形式,排除B项；
（2）找逻辑主语：cause是“The storm left”的结果状语，逻辑主语是句子主语the storm；
（3）判断主被动：cause a lot of damage是由the storm发出的,所以是主动,排除A（caused 作非谓语时是过去分词,表被动）；
（4）判断先后关系:cause damage与谓语动词left前已经发生,要用表示动作已经发生的having done。
答案：D。
2）______many times, he still couldn’t understand it .
A. Having been told B. Being told
C. He had been told D. Though he was told
分析：
（1）判断是谓语还是非谓语:句中couldn’t understand是谓语，没有并列句连词and、but、so等，排除C；选项D是让步状语从句，但是many times经常用完成时表示强调，排除D。所以told要用非谓语形式。
（2）找逻辑主语：tell要作状语，逻辑主语是句子主语he；
（3）判断主被动：根据句意，he是被别人告诉的，所以he和tell是被动关系，用be told；
（4）判断先后关系: be told是在couldn’t understand前发生,要用表示动作已经完成的having been told。
答案：A。
巩固练习
Ⅰ. 用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. Tom returned from the manager’s office, _______ (tell) me that the boss wanted to see me at once.
2. The news meeting, _______ (hold) in that hall in half an hour, has already been crowded with reporters.
3. _______ (reach) the very peak of the Everest, the climbers cheered against the fierce north wind.
4. As soon as she entered the room, the girl caught sight of the flowers _______ (buy) by her mother.
5. The old man sat on the sofa _____ (listen) to someone ______ (climb) the stairs.
6. She reached the top of the hill and stopped there _________ (rest) on a big rock．
7. It _______ (be) a hot day, we’d better go swimming.
8. _______ (take) everything into consideration, they ought to have another chance.
9. Everything ______ (take) into consideration, they ought to have another chance.
10. The sun was setting when my car ______ (break) down near a remote and poor village.
11. While she was getting me ______ (settle) into a tiny room, her husband was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to the village.
12. Being too anxious to help an event develop often _______ (result) in the contrary to our intention.
13. Look over there— there’s a very long, winding path _______ (lead) up to the house.
14.“You can’t catch me !” Jane shouted, _______ (run) away.
15. _____ (lose) in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.
Ⅱ. 根据汉语提示用非谓语动词完成句子。
在事故中受伤很重，她立刻被送进医院了。
_________________, she was sent to hospital at once.
一旦工程开始了，就不会改变了。_______________, the project won’t be changed.
虽然他受到大家的嘲笑，但却得到了我的同情。
__________________, he had my sympathy.
不管翻译得多好，我们都不喜欢这首诗。____________________, the poem is not liked by us.
他被浓烟呛（choke）了，几乎不能呼吸了。___________________, he could hardly breathe.
因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。_________________________, he was all wet.
受到夜晚响声的惊吓，那姑娘不敢睡在她的房间。
_______________ in the night, the girl didn’t dare to sleep in her room.
8. 一般来说，人们都相信他所说的。
_________________, people all believe what he has said.
9. 进行了几次讨论后，终于做出了决定。
_________________, the decision was finally made.
10. 人们相信这位探险家发现了这条河，建造了纪念碑来纪念他。
The monument was built in honor of the explorer who ___________ the river.
Ⅲ. 单项选择。
1. _________by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm.
A．Attracting　　　B．Attracted 　　　C．To be attracted　　　D．Having attracted
2. ______in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.
A. Dressed　　　　 B. To dress 　　　　C. Dressing　　　　 D. Having dressed
3. _____ several times, but unfortunately, the boy still couldn’t smooth away the problem on his own.
A. Having been explained 　　　　　　　B. The problem having been explained
C. The problem had been explained　　　D. Although the problem had been explained
4. ______ by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses.
A. Driven　　　 B. Being driven　　　C. To drive　　　D. Having driven
5. _____in 1636，Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States．
A．Being founded　　　 B．It was founded　　　 C．Founded 　　D．Founding
6. It shames me to say it，but I told a lie when ________at the meeting by my boss．
A．questioning 　　B．having questioned 　　C．questioned　　 D．to be questioned
7. Generally speaking, ______ according to directions, the drug has no side-effect.
A. when taking 　　　B. when taken 　　　C. when to take 　　D. when to be taken
8. Though ______, the boys still played in the street.
A. was warned 　　B. warning　　 C. to be warned　　 D. warned
9. The monitor had to shout ________ above the noise of the students opening and closing their desks.
A. making herself hear　　　　　B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard 　　　　D. to make herself heard
10. The flu is believed ________ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
A. causing　　　　 B. being caused 　　　　C. to be caused　　　　 D. to have caused
11. ________ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. To wait　　B. Have waited 　　C. Having waited 　　D. To have waited
12. My grandma still treats me like a child. She can’t imagine me _________.
A. grow up B. grown up C. growing up D. to grow up
13. ________ little of each other’s language, so they have to express themselves with the aid of all interpreters.
A. Knowing B. Having known C. That they know D. They know
14. _________ what would happen, none of them could find a way out.
A. Having left wondering B. Leaving to wonder
C. Having left to wonder D. Left wondering
15. Dinosaurs have completely died out on the earth，never _________ again.
A. to be seen B. being seen C. seen D. having been seen
16. We must take all possible measures ___________ to improve working conditions.
A. tend B. tending C. tended D. being tended
17. An offer of a reward has caused many students in our school _________ actively in the competition.
A. participate B. participated C. participating D. to participate
18. —She should not have done that sort of thing.
—Whatever she did was reasonable, _________ to what you had done. Besides, It’s none of your business. Get down to __________ your lessons.
A. compared; doing　 B. comparing; doing C. compared; do D. comparing; do
19. _________ him before, I didn’t recognize him.
A. Having never seen B. Never seeing C. Not seeing D. Having not seen
20. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _________ all four people on board.
A. killed B. killing C. kills D. to kill
21. Doctor, I’m a lady of 48 _________ 80 kg. Can I lose weight by breathing exercise?
A. weighs B. weighing C. is weighed D. weighed
22. The 8.8 quake in central Chile caused widespread damage, destroying lots of buildings and hundreds of thousands of people _________.
A. to affect B. affecting C. affect D. affected
23. ___________ a little money, Jimmy was able to buy his mother a lovely birthday present.
A. To save B. Saving C. Having saved D. Saved
24. There is a great deal of evidence _________ that music activities engage different parts of the brain.
A. indicate B. indicating C. to indicate D. to be indicating
25. When he was a boy, he used to go there and watch _____.
A. to repair bicycles????? B. bicycles to be repaired
C. bicycles being repaired? D. repairing bicycles
26. I’m examining the article he has just finished _____ the possible mistakes in it.
A. being corrected ???????? B. to correct???? 　 C. corrected???? ????????? D. having corrected
27. And there, almost _____ in the big chair, sat her little brother, who never had to be told to keep quiet.
A. having lost?? ? ?B. losing??????? C. to be lost?? ?? ?D. lost
28. The old farmer, _____ the badly injured and burnt soldier, came out of the burning farmhouse, calling continuously for help.
A. supporting?????? B. having supported????
C. being supported by???? D. being supported
29. You can’t imagine what great trouble they have _____ the problem _____.
A. to solve; being talked about???? B. solving; discussing
C. to solve; to talk about??? D. solving; being discussed
30. The sun was shining brightly, _____ everything there _____ more beautiful.
A. making; look??????? ??? B. to make; looked????
C. and made; looking? ?? D. and making; be looked
答案与解析：
Ⅰ. 用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. telling 2. to be held 3. Having reached 4. bought 5. listening; climb/climbing
6. to rest 7. being 8. Taking 9. taken 10. broke
11. settled 12. results 13. leading 14. running 15. Lost
疑难解析：
5. listen是伴随sat而同时由主语he发出的，所以用-ing形式作伴随状语；listen to 后跟不带to的不定式/-ing形式作宾语补足语。
8. take与逻辑主语they是主动关系，用动词-ing形式。
9. take的逻辑主语Everything是被动关系，用过去分词。
10. break作when引导时间状语从句的谓语，用一般过去时broke。
11. “我”是“被安置”的，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。
12. results是谓语动词，Being too anxious to help an event develop是主语。
Ⅱ. 根据汉语提示完成句子。
1. Injured badly in the accident 2. Once begun
3. Laughed at by everyone 4. No matter how well translated
5. Choked by the heavy smoke 6. Caught in a heavy rain
7. Frightened by the noise 8. Generally speaking
9. Having been discussed several times
10. was believed to have discovered（注意was believed是谓语部分）
Ⅲ. 单项选择。
1. B。女孩儿是被自然的美景吸引（attract）的，所以用过去分词作原因状语。不定式的一般式表示将来，排除C选项。
2. A。动词dress是及物动词，意思是“给某人穿衣服”，表示“穿着”的状态，一般用dressed。
3. C。注意句子中间的but，连词but要连接两个并列成分或并列分句，所以but前面也应该是一个句子（分句），与but后的分句一起构成并列句，所以选C。英语中although与but不能同时使用，排除D。　　　
4. A。农民们被对蔬菜的需求所“驱使（drive）”，用过去分词作状语。因为不强调“正在被驱动”，不用B。句意：受对蔬菜的大量需求的驱使，农民们建了更多温室。
5. C。句中无连词，逗号前只是句子的一个成分，排除B。动词建立（found）与“剑桥大学”是被动关系，且已经完成，所以用过去分词作状语。
6. C。“I”与“questions（查问）”是被动关系，而且在told前发生，所以用过去分词作状语。
7. B。药（drug）是被“服用”的，而且应该在“有副作用”前发生，所以用过去分词表示条件。
8. D。男孩们被警告……，而且在played之前发生，所以用过去分词作状语。
9. D。表示“班长喊”的目的要用不定式，排除选项A、C；“使她自己被学生听到”，用过去分词heard作不定式的宾语补足语，排除B。
10. C。sb./ sth. + be believed +to do sth. 是固定句型，意思是“大家都相信......”；因为不定式
的动作是一般状况，不强调已经完成，所以选C。
11. C。句子的主语Tom与“wait”是主动关系，且在句子的谓语动词“realized”之前已经完成，所以用动词-ing形式的完成式。
12. B。由语境可知“她不能想象我已经成年了”，短语形容词grown up(成年的，成熟的)作宾补。
13. D。考查并列句，由于两句由so连接，排除A、B；前面应该是一个独立的分句，故选D项。C是that引导的从句，不合题意。
14. D。考查非谓语动词的逻辑主语，由于none of them作leave(使处于某状态)的逻辑主语，它们之间是被动关系（被置于不知道会发生什么事的状态），故选D项，其他几项都是主动形式。
15. A。考查不定式短语（never to do）作结果状语的用法。never to be seen again，意为：结果再也没有人见过。
16. B。考查现在分词短语作定语的用法。tend to do 倾向于做某事。tending to improve ...作定语，修饰measures，它和measures之间是主动关系。
17. D。考查不定式短语作宾语补足语的用法。即：cause sb. to do导致某人做某事。
18. A。get down to意为“着手做某事”。to是介词，其后加动词-ing形式。类似的词组有be used to，pay attention to，devote ...to ...等；compare与whatever she did是被动关系，用compared作状语。
19. A。考查分词的完成时作原因状语。句意为：由于以前从来就没见过他，所以我不认识他。
20. B。考查非谓语动词作状语的用法。现在分词killing在句中作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果，only to do表示出乎意料的结果。
21. B。句意：医生，我是一名48岁的重约80公斤的妇女。weigh（重量是）是不及物动词，与其修饰词a lady是主动关系，用现在分词作定语。
22. D。由句意“8.8级地震使得人们受到了影响”可知此处用过去分词affected,与people之间构成动宾关系,故选D。
23. C。由句中的“was able to”可知动作已完成。此处考查分词的完成时形式作方式状语的用法。句意为：通过攒了一点点钱，吉米才能够给妈妈买了一件可爱的生日礼物。
24. B。考查非谓语动词作定语的用法。现在分词indicating在句中作后置定语，修饰evidence，二者之间为主动关系。
25. C。watch后接宾语bicycles及宾语补足语，自行车是被修理的，而且强调“watch（观看）”时正在进行，所以用动词-ing形式的被动式。
26. B。he has just finished是定语从句，修饰the article，省略的引导词that/which在从句中作finished的宾语，而检查文章的目的是“修改错误”，所以选B。
27. D。lose一般是及物动词，lose oneself in 表示“迷路于，消失于，全神贯注于”，所以用过去分词作状语。句意：她的小弟弟陷坐在那张大椅子里，几乎看不见了。他从来不需要别人告诉保持安静。
28. A。农夫扶着伤员，the farmer做了“support”这一动作，是主动关系，所以用-ing形式作伴随状语。句意：那个老农夫扶着受伤严重而且被烧伤的士兵，从正在燃烧的农舍走出来，不停地喊着救命。
29. D。have trouble (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难；注意they have是trouble的定语从句，trouble是have的宾语，符合上述短语，所以solve用动词-ing形式，排除A、C；“the problem”是被讨论的，排除B。是动词-ing形式的被动式作定语。
30. A。make与主语the sun是主动关系，而且与谓语动词was shining brightly同时进行，所以用-ing形式作结果状语；make sb. do sth.使某人做某事，所以C项looking应去掉-ing。