（人教版）高中英语选修八：Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors话题语言应用——“考古与历史”写作练习
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| 名称 | （人教版）高中英语选修八：Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors话题语言应用——“考古与历史”写作练习 |  | |
| 格式 | zip | ||
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（新课程标准） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2019-08-18 15:42:34 | ||
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话题语言应用——考古与历史
语言积累
交际用语
1．特征
It looks like... 它看起来像......
It could be because... 可能是因为......
How large do you think it is? 你认为它有多大？
Is there any ... on the ...? 在......有什么......吗？
It may be used as / for... 它可能被用作/用来......
Is it in good／poor condition? 它状态良好/不好吗？
It could be made from... 它可能是由......制成的。
What do you think it is? 你认为它是什么？
2．建议
I think that we should... because... 我想我们应该......，因为......
What if ...? 如果......，我们怎么办呢？
If...，then maybe we ought to... 如果......，那时也许我们应该......
Perhaps we should / could... 也许我们应该/可以......
It seems likely / unlikely that... ......似乎是可能的/不太可能的。
I suggest we... 我建议我们......
We must ask for help from... 我们必须向......求助。
3．假定
It is reasonable to assume that... 假设......是合理的。
Our evidence suggests that... 我们掌握的证据表明......
It seems that.... 似乎......
Perhaps there was... 也许有......
We think that.... 我们认为......
It suggests that... 情况表明......
话题语句（1）
Words for archaeology 有关考古的词汇
1. excavate 挖掘 collect 收集 identify and analyze 识别分析
2. clay lamp 粘土灯 Chinese chimes 编钟
stone/ jade axe 石/玉斧 Terra-Cotta Warriors 兵马俑
pottery 陶器 bone needle 骨针
stone tools石制工具（石器） stoneware粗陶，石器，缸瓷
a death mask of an Egyptian Pharaoh 埃及法老死亡面具
3. hunt animals 猎兽 catch fish 捕鱼
rub stones for fires击燧石取火 cut fat and meat from bones 剔骨取肉
collect nuts and fruits 收集坚果和水果
trade with people who have seashells 与有贝壳的人交易
4. primitive people 原始人 skull 颅骨 layers of ash 积灰
有关句子：
Archaeologists study early people by examining the objects they used.
考古学家研究早期人类用过的物品来研究他们。
Being an archaeologist needs a wide range of knowledge. 成为考古学家需要广博的知识。
The earliest people used fire to keep them warm, cook the food and scare wild beasts away.
早期人类用火取暖、烹煮食物、驱赶野兽。
They might have hung animal skins at the cave mouth to keep out the cold.
他们可能把兽皮挂在洞口来御寒。
Perhaps they cut animal skins and sewed the pieces together to make clothes.
也许他们切割兽皮，缝在一起来做衣服。
Did they suffer from cold, starvation or disease？
他们遭受了寒冷、饥荒和疾病吗？
【Meeting your ancestors语言应用】
话题语句（2）
Six discoveries that changed the archaeological world
One of the most exciting things about archaeology is that it is an ever-changing landscape, constantly causing us to reconsider our most firmly-held beliefs about the past and the people. But every so often a truly spectacular discovery emerges（显露）that changes the way we think about a civilization forever.
要点提示：
archaeological 考古学的 landscape 风景 constantly 不断地 civilization 文明
every so often偶尔, 时常
1. Knossos, Crete克里特岛，克诺索斯（遗迹）
Arthur Evans’ excavations in 1900-1905 uncovered a vast Middle Bronze Age palace boasting some 1,300 rooms. The most important discovery, however, was at first glance thousands of slabs (平板) of baked clay. These tablets bore inscriptions (题字) in a never-before seen language. It was another 50 years before Michael Ventris cracked (破解) the code, making it the oldest deciphered (破译) language in Europe.
要点提示：
excavation挖掘 Middle Bronze Age 铜器时代中期
boast 自夸，以有......而自豪 baked clay 被烘烤过的粘土
bear (bore, borne) 忍受，具有
2. Tutankhamun’s tomb, Egypt 埃及，法老墓
Arguably one of the most famous — and spectacular — archaeological discoveries of all time, Howard Carter’s excavation at the Valley of the Kings in 1922 propelled (推进) a short-lived and perhaps rather politically unimportant Pharaoh (法老) into the history books. Tutankhamun may have died while still in his teens but his tomb had been packed with beautiful objects befitting his royal status.
3. Machu Picchu, Peru秘鲁，马丘比丘城
“Rediscovered” by Hiram Bingham in 1911, this monumental Inca（印加人） citadel（城堡） was built in the mid-15th century on a mountain top. Its stunning natural surroundings and awe-inspiring（令人惊叹的）standing remains make this a truly remarkable site – a vivid reminder of the technological capabilities（能力）and power of the Inca Empire at its peak（顶峰）.
要点提示：
monumental 纪念碑的 remarkable 引人注目的
4. The Rosetta Stone, Egypt 埃及，罗赛塔石碑
This is the find that provided the key to our understanding of hieroglyphs (象形文字), more than 1,000 years after knowledge of how to read the ancient Egyptian symbols had faded from memory. Found by Napoleon’s army during the construction of a fort（堡垒）, this slab（厚片）has a trilingual inscription（碑铭）written in Greek, Demotic（通俗文字）and hieroglyphs.
要点提示：
fade 褪去，逐渐消失 trilingual 三种语言的 Greek 希腊语
5. The?tomb of the First Emperor, China 中国，秦始皇墓
Standing to attention in neat rows, some 8,000 soldiers stand guard to protect the tomb of Qin Shi Huang, unifier（统一者）and first Emperor of China. They are accompanied by 130 chariots（战车）pulled by over 500 horses, as well as 150 cavalry（骑兵）horses and civilian, officials, acrobats（杂技演员）and musicians. Discovered by farmers in 1974, the pits（坑）in which they are arranged are a World Heritage（遗产）Site.
要点提示：
stand to attention 立正 some 约 stand guard 站岗 accompany 陪伴 civilian 平民
6. Akrotiri, Greece 希腊，阿科罗提利（遗址）
Although not as well-known as the Roman ruins at Pompeii, this remarkably well-preserved Bronze Age city on the Greek island gives an equally vivid insight into the lives of its inhabitants. Akrotiri was once a prosperous trading centre, abandoned after a volcanic eruption buried the site in ash. Its houses — many preserved up to two or three stories high, along with furniture and pottery — lay undisturbed for 3,500 years until the site was excavated by Spyridon Marianatos in 1967.
要点提示：
ruins 遗址 well-preserved 保存很好的 inhabitant 居民 stor(e)y 层 ■
话题语句（3）
有用的句子----- 试试你会了吗？
1. 你们一定很清楚，正是在这个地方，我们找到了居住在世界上这一部分最早人类的证据。
You must ______ ______ _______ it’s here that we found _______ of some of the earliest people ______ lived in this part of the world.
2.早期人类也像我们现在一样讲究外貌吗？
Did early people really ______ ______ their ______ like we do?
3.正如植物学分析结果告诉我们的那样，这儿四周曾经是一个很大的浅水湖。
As the __________have shown us, all the fields around here ________ part of a large _______ lake.
4. 他们并不种植谷物，而是在野果熟了的时候采摘野果。
They didn’t _____ their own ______, but ______ fruit when it _______.
5. 我们一直在挖掘一层层的积灰，几乎有6米厚，这意味着他们可能整个冬天都在烧火。
We __________ layers of ash almost six metres thick, which suggests that they __________ the fire _______ all winter.
6. 他是一名研究骨骼的专家，寻找和鉴别早期人类的遗骨是他的夙愿。
He was a ________________ bones and it was his ambition to find and ________ bones of early humans.
7. 他知道他的成功几乎完全应归于他助手的有条理的努力工作。
He knew that his success was almost entirely ________ his assistant’s ________ hard work.
8. 我已受够了备受关注，并且......
I __________ all the attention and ...
9. 她记得当时血在血管中剧烈地搏动着。
She remembered the blood _______ through her _______.
10. 当她几乎快到达目的地时，一阵香气扑鼻，她停住了脚步。
She had almost reached her _______ ________ a delicious smell ________ her _______ and she stopped.
11. 烤肉的香味弥漫在周围的空气中，她因为饥饿而感到眩晕。
The smell of cooking meat ______ the air _______ her, and her senses became __________.
12. 他所在的大学意识到他的工作的重大意义。
His university was ________ the ________ of his work.
参考答案：
1. be aware that (意识到，知道)；evidence；who（引导定语从句）
2. care about（关心，担心，在乎）；appearance
3. botanical analyses (“analysis 分析”的复数) ; used to be; shallow (浅)
4. grow; crop; picked; ripened (ripen 成熟，使熟)
5. have been excavating; might have kept; burning
6. a specialist in the study of; identify（识别）
7. due to; systematic 有条理的 (“system 系统”的形容词)
8. am fed up with
9. pulsing（pulse vi. 强烈而有规律地跳动，搏动）; veins (血管，静脉) ---- remember sb. doing 记得某人做过......
10. destination（目的地，终点）; when; arrested（阻止，吸引）; progress（前进，进展）
11. filled; surrounding; dizzy（眩晕的）with hunger
12. aware of; significance（重要性，意义）
写作运用
描述考古发现的说明文
此类说明文，要从名称、地点、考古发现以及意义等方面进行介绍，让读者对此考古发现有进一步的了解。
1. 准确把握说明对象。根据写作目的与要求，抓住说明对象的主要特征。
2. 说明过程条理清晰，要根据说明对象的特征来合理安排写作顺序。
3. 注意时态，可能使用各种时态。
4. 语言要通俗简洁、实事求是。
常用表达：
Thought to be the world’s oldest..., it has been discovered...
It could be the first evidence of...
It dated/ dates back to at least...
It was constructed more than... centuries/ years ago.
It was first discovered...
Large numbers of ... have been discovered in...
The discovery of... was further evidence that...
Further evidence that... came with the discovery of...
The first sign of civilization in... dates back to/ dates from around...
It means that...
It is generally considered/ thought...
The mystery of... remains unknown/ uncertain...
It is well preserved...
要点提示：
discover 发现 date back to 回溯到 construct 修建，建立 evidence 证据
further 进一步的 mystery 神秘的人/事物
写作范文
Example 1
下表是你在互联网上找到的一个原始部落遗址的信息，请根据下表用英语给学校英语报写一篇120词左右的稿件，介绍这一遗址。
名称
凌家滩原始部落遗址
地点
安徽含山县凌家滩
发现
一个城市的基本要素：固定居民点，大规模的神庙建筑，防御设施、手工业作坊及集市。此外，还有大量的陶器、玉器、石器等。
意义
1. 表明中国早在5,500年前就出现了城市，从而使中国城市的历史向前推进1,000多年。
2. 意味着中华民族文明史从五千年延伸到七、八千年，甚至更久远的时间。
历史链接
在此之前，考古学家认为中国最早的城市坐落在山东省日照市五莲县丹土村，距今有4,000多年的历史。
参考词汇：
原始部落遗址 primitive tribal site; 固定居民点 a fixed residential area
参考范文：
A primitive tribal site considered to be the oldest city in China has been discovered in Lingjiatan, Hanshan County of Anhui Province.
The ruins included the basic elements of a city: a fixed residential area, a large-scale temple, defenses, marketplaces, and workshops. A large number of potteries, jades and stoneware were also discovered. These discoveries prove the city’s existence in China as far back as 5,500 years, adding another 1,000 years to China’s urban history. The findings will extend the civil history of the Chinese people from 5,000 to 7,000 – 8,000 years, even more years.
Before archaeologists thought the oldest city in China was the Dantu Village located in Wulian County of Rizhao City, Shangdong Province, which was built more than 4,000 years ago.
Example 2
请你以一个博物馆讲解员的身份为三星堆遗址的导游手册用英语写四件文物（Special bronze tree, Bronze mask, Bronze bird, a clay pot）的简介。内容包括：
1. 文物的发现地及时间、文物的年代；
2. 描述文物的外形、颜色、形状、原材料等；
3. 它们可能的用途；
4. 从中了解到的早期人类的生活情况。
参考范文：
The archaeological site of Sanxingdui was discovered in 1929 and its finds dated back to between 3,000 and 5,000 years ago. The most important finds are the bronzes, and we have pictures of four of them for you here.
1. Special bronze tree
It is 395 centimeters high with some branches on the tree. There are three kinds of fruit on each branch. One of the fruit is a peach. The tree may have had religious meaning and is connected with the sky and the earth.
2. Bronze mask
This is a man-face mask with two eyes, two ears and hair. It fits over an adult face. You can see the teeth, and they look as if the man was smiling. The eyebrows grow into the hair. The nose is very flat. This mask may have represented a god so that the person who wore it would have acted the role of the god.
3. Bronze bird
This is a very realistic and lively bronze statue of a bird. Its wing is not realistic but shows some feathers pointing to the sky. It represented the idea that all animals have spirits and birds were especially important. It may have been used for religious purposes.
4. The fourth picture is a clay pot. This clay pot was found with the bronze objects already described. It rests on three thick legs which make it very sturdy. It has a long straight body ending in a dome at the top of the lid. There is also an open mouth-like part to pour the liquid in or out. The handle reaches from below the open hole to the beginning of the three thick legs. It could have been used to hold and pour by rich people at parties. The owners of this object clearly wanted a functional jug but one that had style and elegance. They were clearly people with artistic taste. It must have come from an old but sophisticated civilization.
What we can learn from these objects
1. We can learn that the people at Sanxingdui could make bronze.
2. They could use it extremely skillfully to make very special objects that looked like many of the things the people saw around them.
3. They were also able to make objects for decoration (eg the face mask) which suggests that they had a developed culture.
4. They may have used these objects for religious purposes. If so, they may have thought that natural objects contained spirits that could influence the life of the Sanxingdui people.
Example 3
假如你是李华，前几天你在报纸上看到一篇新闻说考古学家发现了2400年前的骨汤，你对此很感兴趣。请根据以下表格的提示，写一篇短文在英语课上给同学们介绍一下这件文物。
发现地
古城西安，机场施工时在一个古墓中被发掘。
时期
战国---- the Warring States Period (475-221 BC)
描述
骨汤密封在青铜器皿（vessel）中，由于氧化（oxidation），器皿内的液体和骨头呈现绿色；考古学家会做出进一步分析确定骨汤的原料。
意义
中国考古史上第一次发现骨汤，有助于研究战国时期人们的饮食习惯及文化。
参考范文：
Recently, I read in a newspaper that Chinese archaeologists have discovered a 2,400-year-old pot of soup, sealed in a bronze cooking vessel and dug up near the ancient capital of Xi’an, home to the country’s famed ancient terracotta warriors.
The soup was discovered in a small, sealed bronze vessel in a tomb in the construction site and the vessel had turned green due to the oxidation of the bronze, they said. The archaeologists were expected to conduct further analysis to confirm that the liquid was indeed soup and to identify the ingredients.
Archaeologists believe it is the first discovery of bone soup in Chinese archaeological history. The discovery will play an important role in the study of the eating habits and culture of the Warring States Period (475-221 BC).
Example 4
（2018 湖北武汉二中期末）
据报道，一个中国学生在埃及神庙的墙壁上刻下“×××到此一游”字样。此事引发人们对游客不文明行为的愤怒声讨。
暑期正是旅游高峰期，请根据以上素材为某英语报纸写一篇稿件，分析在景区乱写乱画等行为会产生的不良影响，并谈谈外出旅游我们应如何文明出游。
注意：1. 词数120左右；
2. scribble v. &n. （涂鸦；胡写；乱画）
参考范文：
A teenage Chinese tourist was reported to have scribbled on the wall of an ancient temple in Egypt, which has set off a world of criticism and become a hot topic ever since.
There is no doubt that such behaviors will, on one hand, cause damage to the cultural relics, which are the precious treasure passed down from our ancient ancestors. On the other hand, the tourists’ behaviors will not only have a bad effect on themselves but also ruin the image of their school, their company, their family or even their motherland.
So while traveling, we are bound to regulate1 our deeds. First of all, we should keep in mind that the scenic spots are the most beautiful places, which deserve to be well protected. In addition, it’s our responsibility to keep the places of interest tidy and clean. Never litter or scribble everywhere. It is also bad manners to spit at your will2. Still, speaking in a low voice in public places is strongly recommended, esp. while traveling abroad.
As one put it3, “There is a kind of scenery, which we call civilization.” As a result, I advocate we should avoid violating4 customs or laws when we travel at home and abroad and never hesitate to be well-behaved tourists.
注：1. be bound to 一定要，注定会 regulate 调整，控制 2. at will 任意，随意
3. put it (to sb.) 指出 4. violate 违反
巩固练习
一、单项选择
1. --- I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.
--- I think so. He _______ for it for months.
A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been preparing
2. —The woman biologist stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years before she
returned.
—Oh, dear! She _______ a lot of difficulties!
A. may go through B. might go through
C. ought to have gone through D. must have gone through
3. After another glass of beer, I began to feel _______ and couldn’t see Tom clearly.
A. dizzy B. interested C. acute D. patient
4. At minus 130 degrees, a living cell can be ________ for a thousand years.
A. spared B. protected C. preserved D. developed
5. Our club is open to adults only. ______ your children have entered without permission.
A. There seems that B. It seems to be C. There seems to be D. It seems that
6. In ______ archaeology you will often be asked to write a description of the artifacts (人工制品) that have been found in ______ excavation.
A. an; an B. an; / C. the; an D. /; an
7. —Where is my dictionary? I remember I put it here yesterday.
—You ________ it in the wrong place.
A. must put B. should have put C. might put D. might have put
8. In _______ times human beings had to travel to find a favourable climate.
A. prime B. primitive C. primary D. practical
9. Our teacher will _______ the result after each examination.
A. anticipate B. assess C. amplify D. analyse
10．London’s Chinese community ________ the 18th century.
A．dates to B．dated back C．dated from D．dates back to
11. —________an earthquake happens in our city when we are having a lesson?
—I’m afraid most of us will be trapped.
A．If only B．What if C．As if D．Even if
12．I am __________ his constant complaints. Why don’t we go to the meeting-room and finished the work?
A．caught up with B．come up with C．fed up with D．put up with
13．At times this balance of nature is ______， resulting in a number of possibly unforeseen effects.
A．troubled B．disturbed C．confused D．interrupted
14. It’s acknowledged that the traffic accident was largely ________ the driver’s carelessness.
A. for B. due to C. thanks to D. with a result of
15. Jane Goodall insists on her observation of chimps, not caring _______ what others might say.
A. about B. of C. to D. for
二、完形填空
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1～20各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。
Dale Carnegie rose from the unknown of a Missouri farm to international fame because he found a way to fill a universal human need.
It was a need that he first ___16___back in 1906 when young Dale was a junior at State Teachers College in Warrensburg. To get an ___17___, he was struggling against many difficulties. His family was poor. His Dad couldn’t afford the ___18___at college, so Dale had to ride horseback 12 miles to attend classes. Study had to be done ___19___his farm-work routines. He withdrew from many school activities ___20___he didn’t have the time or the ___21___. He had only one good suit. He tried ___22___the football team, but the coach turned him down for being too ___23___. During this period Dale was slowly ___24___an inferiority complex (自卑感), which his mother knew could ___25___him from achieving his real potential. She ___26___that Dale join the debating team, believing that ___27___in speaking could give him the confidence and recognition that he needed.
Dale took his mother’s advice, tried desperately and after several attempts ___28___made it. This proved to be a ___29___point in his life. Speaking before groups did help him gain the ___30___he needed. By the time Dale was a senior, he had won every top honor in ___31___. Now other students were coming to him for coaching and they, ___32___, were winning contests.
Out of this early struggle to ___33___his feelings of inferiority, Dale came to understand that the ability to ___34___an idea to an audience builds a person’s confidence. And, ___35___it, Dale knew he could do anything he wanted to do—and so could others.
16. A. admitted B. filled C. supplied D. recognized
17. A. assignment B. education C. advantage D. instruction
18. A. training B. board C. teaching D. equipment
19. A. between B. during C. over D. through
20. A. while B. when C. because D. though
21. A. permits B. interest C. talent D. clothes
22. A. on B. for C. in D. with
23. A. light B. flexible C. optimistic D. outgoing
24. A. gaining B. achieving C. developing D. obtaining
25. A. prevent B. protect C. save D. free
26. A. suggested B. demanded C. required D. insisted
27. A. presence B. practice C. patience D. potential
28. A. hopefully B. certainly C. finally D. naturally
29. A. key B. breaking C. basic D. turning
30. A. progress B. experience C. competence D. confidence
31. A. horse-riding B. football C. speech D. farming
32. A. in return B. in brief C. in turn D. in fact
33. A. convey B. overcome C. understand D. build
34. A. express B. stress C. contribute D. repeat
35. A. besides B. beyond C. like D. with
三、阅读理解
阅读短文，从每小题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中选出最佳答案。
(A)
（2018 江苏高考）
Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.
Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.
People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g., “I volunteer because it’s important to me”) to an external factor (e.g., “I volunteer because I’m required to do so”). When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.
Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. Although this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.
Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.”Consistent with the researchers’ expectations, they found a positive correlation (正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results, once again, lead to concrete advice: “Once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity.... Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”.
1. People volunteer mainly out of ______.
A. academic requirements B. social expectations
C. financial rewards D. internal needs
2. What can we learn from the Florida study?
A. Follow-up studies should last for one year. B. Volunteers should get mentally prepared.
C. Strategy training is a must in research.
D. Volunteers are provided with concrete advice.
3. What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?
A. Individual differences in role identity. B. Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts.
C. Role identity as a volunteer. D. Practical advice from researchers.
4. What is the best title of the passage?
A. How to Get People to Volunteer B. How to Study Volunteer Behaviors
C. How to Keep Volunteers’ Interest D. How to Organize Volunteer Activities
(B)
（2018 浙江杭州二期中）
Etymology, the study of words and word roots, may sound like the kind of thing done by boring librarians in small, dusty rooms. Yet etymologists actually have a uniquely interesting job. They are in many ways just like archaeologists (考古学家) digging up the physical history of people and events. The special aspect of etymology is that it digs up history, so to speak, through the words and phrases that are left behind.
The English language, in particular, is a great field to explore history through words. As a language, English has an extraordinary number of words. This is partly due to its ability to adapt foreign words so readily. For example, “English” words such as kindergarten (from German), croissant(from French), and cheetah(from Hindi) have become part of the language with little or no change from their original sounds and spellings. So English-language etymologists have a vast world of words to explore.
Another enjoyable thing about etymology for most word experts is solving word mysteries (谜). No, etymologists do not go around solving murders, like the great detective Sherlock Holmes. What these word experts solve are mysterious origins of some of our most common words.
One of the biggest questions English language experts have pursued is how English came to have the phrase OK. Though it is one of the most commonly used expressions, its exact beginning is a puzzle even to this day. Even its spelling is not entirely consistent-- unless you spell it Okay, it is hard even to call it a word.
Etymologists have been able to narrow OK’s origin down to a likely, although not certain, source (来源). It became widely used around the time of Martin Van Buren’s run for president in 1840. His nickname was Old Kinderhook. What troubles word experts about this explanation is that the phrase appeared in some newspapers before Van Buren became well known. It is likely that Van Buren could be called its primary source. Etymologists will doubtlessly keep searching for the original source. However, it is clear that OK’s popularity and reputation have topped those of the American president to whom it has been most clearly linked.
5. The author mentions the words like “croissant” in Paragraph 2 to show _______.
A. words have changed a lot in the two languages
B. what English-language etymologists are exploring now
C. English has absorbed many words from other foreign languages
D. the English vocabulary is difficult to the non-English-speaking people
6. The underlined word “pursued” in Paragraph 4 means _______.
A. looked upon B. dug up C. put in D. set down
7. We can learn from the passage that etymologists _______.
A. discover the possible origin of words
B. help detectives to solve mysterious murders
C. write interesting stories for some newspapers
D. explore the English language as well as the recent events
8. What most probably is the major purpose of the passage?
A. To present the history of English words.
B. To explain what an etymologist does for his job.
C. To introduce the pleasure of the study of words and word roots.
D. To teach readers how to tell English words from non-English words.
四、语法填空
阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在标有1～10的空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。
（1）
One day, about ten years ago, while working at the cash register in the gift shop at my University Museum of Natural History, I saw 1 elderly couple come in with a little girl in a wheelchair. As I looked 2 (close) at this girl, I found that she was fixed on her chair. I then realized she had no arms or legs, just a head, a neck and upper body, 3 (dress) in a little white skirt. As the couple wheeled her up to me, I turned my head toward the girl. When I took the money from her grandparents, I looked back 4 the girl, who was giving me the most optimistic, largest smile I had ever seen. All of a sudden, her handicap was gone and all I saw was this beautiful girl, 5 smile just melted me 6 almost instantly gave me a completely new sense of 7 life is all about. She took me from a poor, unhappy college student and __8__ (bring) me into her world; a world of smiles, love and 9 (warm). I’m a successful business man now and whenever I think about the troubles of the world, I think about that little girl and the remarkable lesson about life that she taught 10 .
（2）
Keeping a diary in English is one of the effective ways to improve our English writing abilities. __1__ (compare) with other forms of writing, it is shorter and takes __2__ time. It can help us to develop the habit of thinking in English. __3__ we persist in this practice, gradually we’ll learn how to express ourselves in English. In keeping a diary in English, we certainly run up against many difficulties. In the first place, it often happens __4__ we have trouble finding appropriate words and phrases to give expression to our mind. __5__ (second), there are many idiomatic ways of saying things in Chinese. __6__ it is extremely hard for us to put them into English properly.
As far as I am concerned, my __7__ (suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese-English dictionary within easy reach. Whenever something __8__ (beat) us, we can first put it down in our notebook and then consult our dictionary. We can also turn to our English teacher for help, if necessary. In short, I believe that it is __9__ great use to keep a diary in English for __10__ development of our writing skills.
五、短文改错
（2018 湖北武汉市二中期末）
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
Last Saturday, I was standing near a subway exit, tried to call a taxi. But no luck. Then I thought of the taxi-booking app my friend has recommended and I booked a taxi through my cell phone. Soon it came, and I stepped in, feeling pretty proudly of my high-tech way and satisfied with the convenience brought by the app. So later, I was upset to find that the driver was busy looking his cell phone to get the next order. It was then when I began to worry about my safety. What’s bad, the driver’s informations might be unreliable. How can we passengers’ legal rights be protecting if something bad happens? So be careful when you use the taxi-booking app the next time.
六、书面表达
根据以下内容写一篇短文，介绍上周你和同学去探险的经历。
1. 你和另外三位同学在上个星期天到一个山洞探险；
2. 你们无意间发现一个小洞里藏着一个罐子，内装20件玉器（jade objects），玉器上面雕刻着你们不认识的文字；
3. 带回来后学校老师也无法断定它们是什么朝代制造的；
4. 你们决定将这些玉器上交当地博物馆。
答案与解析
一、单项选择
1. D。从对话可知，近几个月他一直在做准备，表示从过去开始，直到现在还在进行，强调过程时，用现在完成进行时，所以选D。
2. D。must have done表示对过去的肯定推测，表示过去一定做过……；go through 此句中表示“经历、经受”。
3. A。dizzy 头晕；acute 严重的，敏锐的；patient 耐心的。又喝了一杯酒后开始看不清人了，一定是头晕了，所以选A。
4. C。句意：在零下130度时，一个活的细胞可以保存上千年。preserve 保护(使不变质等)，保持；protect 保护（使不受伤害）；spare 节省，饶恕；develop 发展。
5. D。It seems that +从句，表示“似乎发生了某事”。There seems to be... 似乎有......
6. D。archaeology意为“考古学”，是抽象名词，不可数，所以不加冠词表示类别；excavation意为“发掘”，表示具体的行为时是可数名词，加不定冠词a表示类别。句意：在考古学中，你会被要求书面描述在挖掘中发现的古器物。artifact 意为“人工制品，制造物”，尤指有考古价值的物品，如工具、武器等。
7. D。从对话可知put这一动作发生在过去，对过去的不太确切的推测用might/may + have done。should have done 表示“过去应该做却没有做”；must/ might do表示对现在动作或状态的推测，must语气较肯定的推测。
8. B。句意：在原始时代，人类不得不到处寻找适宜的气候。primitive 原始的；prime 首要的；primary 最初的，practical 实际的；实用的。根据句意，选B。
9. D。句意：每次考试后，老师都将分析考试结果。anticipate 预期；assess 评定；amplify 扩大；analyse 分析。
10. D。解析：date back to＝date from 表示“追溯到”，讲述一个事实要用一般现在时。句意为：伦敦的华人群体可以追溯到18世纪。
11. B。问句句意：要是我们上课时这儿发生地震，那会怎样？what if要是……会怎样；if only要是……(就好了)；as if好像；even if即使。
12. C。句意：我受够了他不停地抱怨了，我们为什么不去会议室做完这些工作呢？因为手里有工作要做，所以厌恶别人在那里抱怨，所以选be fed up with（厌倦，受够了）。catch up with赶上；come up with提出(想法、办法等)；put up with忍受，容忍。
13. B。句意：有时生态平衡被打破，结果会有很多难以预见的影响。 interrupt 打断；trouble 麻烦；disturb 打扰，搅乱；confuse 迷惑。
14. B。句意：据悉那起交通事故在很大程度上是由司机的粗心造成的。due to 由于，因为； for 表示原因，一般不用作表语；thanks to 多亏，幸亏（多指好的方面的原因）；引出原因的含result的短语是“as a result of”，排除D。
15. A。句意：Jane Goodall坚持她对黑猩猩的观察，一点儿也不在乎别人说什么。care about 在乎，介意；care for 喜欢，照料。
二、完形填空
二、完形填空
16. D考察动词词义辨析。A承认；B填充，装满；C提供；D认识到；认出；戴尔·卡耐基从密苏里的一个默默无闻的农场里走出来成为一名国际大师，是因为他找到一个方法来满足人们共同的需要。这个需要是1906年他在State Teachers College学习的时候意识到的。本句是一个强调句型,强调的是recognize的宾语need。
17．B考察名词词义辨析及上下文串联首尾呼应。A任务；工作；B教育；C优势；D指导；为了得到教育，戴尔·卡耐基与很多困难在做斗争。根据下文叙述可知他为了求得教育，他克服了很多困难。A. assignment：任务、作业，B. education ：教育，C. advantage：优势，好处， D. instruction：指令，用法说明。
18. B考察名词辨析及语境理解。A .training培训；B. board寄宿膳食；C. teaching教育；D. equipment设备；由下文可知：他的父亲没有钱付他的大学寄宿膳食的钱，他不得不骑马12英里去上学。
19. A考察介词辨析。A在……之间；B在……期间；C超过；越过；C通过；他的很多学习都是在农场到学校途中进行的，因为他在上学的路上要花很多时间。
20. C考察连词辨析及上下文串联。A当……时；然而，尽管；B当?时；C因为；D尽管；因为他没有时间也没有衣服，所以他没有参加各种学校的活动。上下文之间存在着因果关系，所以使用because。
21. D考察名词辨析及上下文串联。A允许，许可证；B兴趣；C才干；D服装；因为他没有时间也没有衣服，所以他没有参加各种学校的活动。ABC三项与句意不相符。
22. B考察固定搭配。try on试穿；try for申请；他申请参加足球队，但是教练拒绝了他，说他体重太轻了。
23. A考察形容词辨析。A. light轻的；淡的；B. flexible灵活的；C. optimistic乐观的；D. outgoing外向的；BCD三项和教练拒绝队员没有联系，如果队员过于瘦弱，不适合足球这项剧烈运动，教练的拒绝是有理由的。
24. C考察动词词义辨析。A. gaining赢得；B. achieving实现；C. developing形成，发展；D. obtaining获得；在这段时间里，卡耐基慢慢的形成了一种自卑感。通常都使用develop表示养成，形成一种性格。故C正确。
25. A考察动词词义辨析及语境理解。A阻止；B保护；C挽救；D使?免受；他妈妈知道这种自卑感会阻止他发展自身的潜力。本句中的prevent sb from doing sth阻止某人做某事，这个结构符合上下文含义。
26. A考察动词词义辨析及语法。A建议；B要求；C请求；D坚持要求，坚持认为；他的妈妈建议他参加辩论队，认为辩论队里的演讲的练习会给与他所需要的认可和信心。根据句意说明A项正确，而且在join前面省略了should，这是一个虚拟语气。
27. B考察名词词义辨析及上下文串联。A出席；B练习；C耐心；D潜力；他的妈妈建议他参加辩论队，认为辩论队里的演讲的练习会给与他所需要的认可和信心。故B正确。
28. C考察副词词义辨析及上下文串联。A有希望地；B当然；C最后；D自然地；卡耐基采纳了妈妈的建议，多次努力以后，最后终于成功了。根据after several attempts可知C项正确。
29. D考察词义辨析。A关键的；B破坏的；C基本的；D转折的；turning point转折点。这件事情证明是他人生的转折点。从此他走了上成功之路。
30. D考察名词词义辨析及上下文串联。A进步；B经历，经验；C能力，技能；D自信；在很多人面前发表演讲帮助他得到了他所需要的信心。之前他曾经一度很自卑，现在演讲让他重新获得自信。
31. C考察上下文串联。A骑马；B足球；C演讲；D农艺；到他大四的时候，他赢得了演讲方面所有的最高荣誉。有很多学生都来向他寻求指导，接着在他的指导之下，他们也相继赢得了比赛。
32. C考察介词短语辨析及上下文串联。A作为回报；B简洁地；C依次，轮流；D实际上；有很多学生都来向他寻求指导，接着在他的指导之下，他们也相继赢得了比赛。In turn表示那些学生也相继成功了。
33. B考察动词词义辨析及上下文串联。A传达；B克服；C理解；D建设；在之前克服自卑的斗争中，卡耐基逐渐理解向听众表达观点能够增强一个人的信心。
34. A考察动词词义辨析及语境理解。A表达；B使承受；C贡献，导致；D重复；卡耐基逐渐理解向听众表达观点能够增强一个人的信心。故A正确。
35. D考察介词辨析。联系上下文可知，他不但获取了建立自信的能力而且也明白了一个道理：只要拥有自信，他以及任何人都能做他想做的任何事情。With it中的it是指耐心，有了耐心，他可以做他想做的一切。A. besides：除了……之外，B. beyond：超过，超越，C. like：像……，D. with：带有，具有。
三、阅读理解
（A）
本文大意：本文是一篇议论文，讲述的是志愿者为什么自发得服务于社会。
1. D。从第二段的第二句“people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships.”得知答案故B正确。
2. B。从第四段的最后一句“The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.得知答案故B正确。
3. C。从第五段“a positive correlation (正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer.”得知答案故C正确。
4. A。从第一段“Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.”得知答案故A正确。
5. C。细节理解题。根据第二段中“This is partly due to its ability to adapt foreign words so readily．”可知，作者以“croissant”为例来证明英语引进了许多外来词。故选C。
6. B。词义猜测题。根据语境可知，语言学家努力需找“OK”这一词的由来，相当于深挖它的根源。故选B。
7. A。推理判断题。根据第一段中内容可推知，语源学是研究语言和单词的，那么语源学专家就是想考古学家研究单词的根源的。故选A。
8. C。写作意图题。根据第一段中“Yet etymologists actually have a uniquely interesting job．”以及第三段中“Another enjoyable thing about etymology for most word experts is solving word mysteries (谜)．”可知，文章主要写作目的是为了给我们介绍研究语言起源的乐趣。故选C。语源学是研究语言起源的。语源学专家的工作就像考古学家、侦探一样有趣。
四、语法填空
（1）
1．an。an elderly couple 一对老年夫妇。
2．closer/closely。修饰动词要用副词，close和closely都可作副词，close（接近）更具体，而closely（密切地、仔细地）更抽象。根据句意，也可以用close的比较级，表示“比（以前）近”。
3．dressed。dress意为“给……穿衣服”，此句中作非限制性定语，补充说明名词body，所以用过去分词表示与body的被动关系。
4．at。look at 看……。look是不及物动词，接宾语时要接介词at。
5．whose。whose代替所修饰此girl，在定语从句中作smile的定语。
6．and。and连接并列谓语动词melted和gave。
7．what。what引导宾语从句作of的宾语，意为“什么”。
8．brought。与上文took并列，所以用一般过去时。
9．warmth。and连接名词love和warm的名词warmth。
10．me。她教给“我”的功课（教训）。
（2）
1. Compared。动词compare与句子的主语it所指代的keeping a diary是被动关系，用过去分词作状语。
2. less。从上文it is shorter可知，花的时间也应该少，填little的比较级less。
3. If。句意：如果我们坚持这种练习的话。
4.that。It often happens that… it是形式主语，代替that引导的主语从句，表示“某事经常发生”。
5. Secondly。对应前面的in the first place (首先，第一)。Secondly 其次，第二。
6. And。上下两句是并列关系，所以填and。
7. suggestion。被my修饰，并作主语，用名词suggestion。
8. beats。beat在此处意为“使困惑”，因主语是单数第三人称，是一般现在时，加s。
9. of。of great use相当于very useful。有些抽象名词前加of相当于形容词。
10. the。development因后面有定语of our writing skills，前加定冠词the表示特制。
五、短文改错
Last Saturday, I was standing near a subway exit, tried to call a taxi. But no luck. Then I
trying
thought of the taxi-booking app my friend has recommended and I booked a taxi through my
had
cellphone. Soon it came, and I stepped in, feeling pretty proudly of my high-tech way and satisfied
proud
with the convenience brought by the app. So later, I was upset to find that the driver was busy
But/ Yet
looking ∧ his cellphone to get the next order. It was then when I began to worry about my
at that
safety. What’s bad, the driver’s informations might be unreliable. How can we passengers’ legal
worse information
rights be protecting if something bad happens? So be careful when you use the taxi-booking app
protected
the next time.
六、书面表达
Last Sunday, I as well as three other classmates went to explore a cave. We were walking carefully in the cave when suddenly we found a small hole. To our surprise, what was hidden in the hole was a jar filled with more than 20 jade objects, on which some words none of us knew were carved. We brought the jade objects back to school, and none of the teachers in our school could recognize the words carved on these objects, so nobody could tell in which dynasty the jade objects were made. But one thing is for sure: we shouldn’t keep things that don’t belong to us, so the four of us have decided to hand them into the local museum.
语言积累
交际用语
1．特征
It looks like... 它看起来像......
It could be because... 可能是因为......
How large do you think it is? 你认为它有多大？
Is there any ... on the ...? 在......有什么......吗？
It may be used as / for... 它可能被用作/用来......
Is it in good／poor condition? 它状态良好/不好吗？
It could be made from... 它可能是由......制成的。
What do you think it is? 你认为它是什么？
2．建议
I think that we should... because... 我想我们应该......，因为......
What if ...? 如果......，我们怎么办呢？
If...，then maybe we ought to... 如果......，那时也许我们应该......
Perhaps we should / could... 也许我们应该/可以......
It seems likely / unlikely that... ......似乎是可能的/不太可能的。
I suggest we... 我建议我们......
We must ask for help from... 我们必须向......求助。
3．假定
It is reasonable to assume that... 假设......是合理的。
Our evidence suggests that... 我们掌握的证据表明......
It seems that.... 似乎......
Perhaps there was... 也许有......
We think that.... 我们认为......
It suggests that... 情况表明......
话题语句（1）
Words for archaeology 有关考古的词汇
1. excavate 挖掘 collect 收集 identify and analyze 识别分析
2. clay lamp 粘土灯 Chinese chimes 编钟
stone/ jade axe 石/玉斧 Terra-Cotta Warriors 兵马俑
pottery 陶器 bone needle 骨针
stone tools石制工具（石器） stoneware粗陶，石器，缸瓷
a death mask of an Egyptian Pharaoh 埃及法老死亡面具
3. hunt animals 猎兽 catch fish 捕鱼
rub stones for fires击燧石取火 cut fat and meat from bones 剔骨取肉
collect nuts and fruits 收集坚果和水果
trade with people who have seashells 与有贝壳的人交易
4. primitive people 原始人 skull 颅骨 layers of ash 积灰
有关句子：
Archaeologists study early people by examining the objects they used.
考古学家研究早期人类用过的物品来研究他们。
Being an archaeologist needs a wide range of knowledge. 成为考古学家需要广博的知识。
The earliest people used fire to keep them warm, cook the food and scare wild beasts away.
早期人类用火取暖、烹煮食物、驱赶野兽。
They might have hung animal skins at the cave mouth to keep out the cold.
他们可能把兽皮挂在洞口来御寒。
Perhaps they cut animal skins and sewed the pieces together to make clothes.
也许他们切割兽皮，缝在一起来做衣服。
Did they suffer from cold, starvation or disease？
他们遭受了寒冷、饥荒和疾病吗？
【Meeting your ancestors语言应用】
话题语句（2）
Six discoveries that changed the archaeological world
One of the most exciting things about archaeology is that it is an ever-changing landscape, constantly causing us to reconsider our most firmly-held beliefs about the past and the people. But every so often a truly spectacular discovery emerges（显露）that changes the way we think about a civilization forever.
要点提示：
archaeological 考古学的 landscape 风景 constantly 不断地 civilization 文明
every so often偶尔, 时常
1. Knossos, Crete克里特岛，克诺索斯（遗迹）
Arthur Evans’ excavations in 1900-1905 uncovered a vast Middle Bronze Age palace boasting some 1,300 rooms. The most important discovery, however, was at first glance thousands of slabs (平板) of baked clay. These tablets bore inscriptions (题字) in a never-before seen language. It was another 50 years before Michael Ventris cracked (破解) the code, making it the oldest deciphered (破译) language in Europe.
要点提示：
excavation挖掘 Middle Bronze Age 铜器时代中期
boast 自夸，以有......而自豪 baked clay 被烘烤过的粘土
bear (bore, borne) 忍受，具有
2. Tutankhamun’s tomb, Egypt 埃及，法老墓
Arguably one of the most famous — and spectacular — archaeological discoveries of all time, Howard Carter’s excavation at the Valley of the Kings in 1922 propelled (推进) a short-lived and perhaps rather politically unimportant Pharaoh (法老) into the history books. Tutankhamun may have died while still in his teens but his tomb had been packed with beautiful objects befitting his royal status.
3. Machu Picchu, Peru秘鲁，马丘比丘城
“Rediscovered” by Hiram Bingham in 1911, this monumental Inca（印加人） citadel（城堡） was built in the mid-15th century on a mountain top. Its stunning natural surroundings and awe-inspiring（令人惊叹的）standing remains make this a truly remarkable site – a vivid reminder of the technological capabilities（能力）and power of the Inca Empire at its peak（顶峰）.
要点提示：
monumental 纪念碑的 remarkable 引人注目的
4. The Rosetta Stone, Egypt 埃及，罗赛塔石碑
This is the find that provided the key to our understanding of hieroglyphs (象形文字), more than 1,000 years after knowledge of how to read the ancient Egyptian symbols had faded from memory. Found by Napoleon’s army during the construction of a fort（堡垒）, this slab（厚片）has a trilingual inscription（碑铭）written in Greek, Demotic（通俗文字）and hieroglyphs.
要点提示：
fade 褪去，逐渐消失 trilingual 三种语言的 Greek 希腊语
5. The?tomb of the First Emperor, China 中国，秦始皇墓
Standing to attention in neat rows, some 8,000 soldiers stand guard to protect the tomb of Qin Shi Huang, unifier（统一者）and first Emperor of China. They are accompanied by 130 chariots（战车）pulled by over 500 horses, as well as 150 cavalry（骑兵）horses and civilian, officials, acrobats（杂技演员）and musicians. Discovered by farmers in 1974, the pits（坑）in which they are arranged are a World Heritage（遗产）Site.
要点提示：
stand to attention 立正 some 约 stand guard 站岗 accompany 陪伴 civilian 平民
6. Akrotiri, Greece 希腊，阿科罗提利（遗址）
Although not as well-known as the Roman ruins at Pompeii, this remarkably well-preserved Bronze Age city on the Greek island gives an equally vivid insight into the lives of its inhabitants. Akrotiri was once a prosperous trading centre, abandoned after a volcanic eruption buried the site in ash. Its houses — many preserved up to two or three stories high, along with furniture and pottery — lay undisturbed for 3,500 years until the site was excavated by Spyridon Marianatos in 1967.
要点提示：
ruins 遗址 well-preserved 保存很好的 inhabitant 居民 stor(e)y 层 ■
话题语句（3）
有用的句子----- 试试你会了吗？
1. 你们一定很清楚，正是在这个地方，我们找到了居住在世界上这一部分最早人类的证据。
You must ______ ______ _______ it’s here that we found _______ of some of the earliest people ______ lived in this part of the world.
2.早期人类也像我们现在一样讲究外貌吗？
Did early people really ______ ______ their ______ like we do?
3.正如植物学分析结果告诉我们的那样，这儿四周曾经是一个很大的浅水湖。
As the __________have shown us, all the fields around here ________ part of a large _______ lake.
4. 他们并不种植谷物，而是在野果熟了的时候采摘野果。
They didn’t _____ their own ______, but ______ fruit when it _______.
5. 我们一直在挖掘一层层的积灰，几乎有6米厚，这意味着他们可能整个冬天都在烧火。
We __________ layers of ash almost six metres thick, which suggests that they __________ the fire _______ all winter.
6. 他是一名研究骨骼的专家，寻找和鉴别早期人类的遗骨是他的夙愿。
He was a ________________ bones and it was his ambition to find and ________ bones of early humans.
7. 他知道他的成功几乎完全应归于他助手的有条理的努力工作。
He knew that his success was almost entirely ________ his assistant’s ________ hard work.
8. 我已受够了备受关注，并且......
I __________ all the attention and ...
9. 她记得当时血在血管中剧烈地搏动着。
She remembered the blood _______ through her _______.
10. 当她几乎快到达目的地时，一阵香气扑鼻，她停住了脚步。
She had almost reached her _______ ________ a delicious smell ________ her _______ and she stopped.
11. 烤肉的香味弥漫在周围的空气中，她因为饥饿而感到眩晕。
The smell of cooking meat ______ the air _______ her, and her senses became __________.
12. 他所在的大学意识到他的工作的重大意义。
His university was ________ the ________ of his work.
参考答案：
1. be aware that (意识到，知道)；evidence；who（引导定语从句）
2. care about（关心，担心，在乎）；appearance
3. botanical analyses (“analysis 分析”的复数) ; used to be; shallow (浅)
4. grow; crop; picked; ripened (ripen 成熟，使熟)
5. have been excavating; might have kept; burning
6. a specialist in the study of; identify（识别）
7. due to; systematic 有条理的 (“system 系统”的形容词)
8. am fed up with
9. pulsing（pulse vi. 强烈而有规律地跳动，搏动）; veins (血管，静脉) ---- remember sb. doing 记得某人做过......
10. destination（目的地，终点）; when; arrested（阻止，吸引）; progress（前进，进展）
11. filled; surrounding; dizzy（眩晕的）with hunger
12. aware of; significance（重要性，意义）
写作运用
描述考古发现的说明文
此类说明文，要从名称、地点、考古发现以及意义等方面进行介绍，让读者对此考古发现有进一步的了解。
1. 准确把握说明对象。根据写作目的与要求，抓住说明对象的主要特征。
2. 说明过程条理清晰，要根据说明对象的特征来合理安排写作顺序。
3. 注意时态，可能使用各种时态。
4. 语言要通俗简洁、实事求是。
常用表达：
Thought to be the world’s oldest..., it has been discovered...
It could be the first evidence of...
It dated/ dates back to at least...
It was constructed more than... centuries/ years ago.
It was first discovered...
Large numbers of ... have been discovered in...
The discovery of... was further evidence that...
Further evidence that... came with the discovery of...
The first sign of civilization in... dates back to/ dates from around...
It means that...
It is generally considered/ thought...
The mystery of... remains unknown/ uncertain...
It is well preserved...
要点提示：
discover 发现 date back to 回溯到 construct 修建，建立 evidence 证据
further 进一步的 mystery 神秘的人/事物
写作范文
Example 1
下表是你在互联网上找到的一个原始部落遗址的信息，请根据下表用英语给学校英语报写一篇120词左右的稿件，介绍这一遗址。
名称
凌家滩原始部落遗址
地点
安徽含山县凌家滩
发现
一个城市的基本要素：固定居民点，大规模的神庙建筑，防御设施、手工业作坊及集市。此外，还有大量的陶器、玉器、石器等。
意义
1. 表明中国早在5,500年前就出现了城市，从而使中国城市的历史向前推进1,000多年。
2. 意味着中华民族文明史从五千年延伸到七、八千年，甚至更久远的时间。
历史链接
在此之前，考古学家认为中国最早的城市坐落在山东省日照市五莲县丹土村，距今有4,000多年的历史。
参考词汇：
原始部落遗址 primitive tribal site; 固定居民点 a fixed residential area
参考范文：
A primitive tribal site considered to be the oldest city in China has been discovered in Lingjiatan, Hanshan County of Anhui Province.
The ruins included the basic elements of a city: a fixed residential area, a large-scale temple, defenses, marketplaces, and workshops. A large number of potteries, jades and stoneware were also discovered. These discoveries prove the city’s existence in China as far back as 5,500 years, adding another 1,000 years to China’s urban history. The findings will extend the civil history of the Chinese people from 5,000 to 7,000 – 8,000 years, even more years.
Before archaeologists thought the oldest city in China was the Dantu Village located in Wulian County of Rizhao City, Shangdong Province, which was built more than 4,000 years ago.
Example 2
请你以一个博物馆讲解员的身份为三星堆遗址的导游手册用英语写四件文物（Special bronze tree, Bronze mask, Bronze bird, a clay pot）的简介。内容包括：
1. 文物的发现地及时间、文物的年代；
2. 描述文物的外形、颜色、形状、原材料等；
3. 它们可能的用途；
4. 从中了解到的早期人类的生活情况。
参考范文：
The archaeological site of Sanxingdui was discovered in 1929 and its finds dated back to between 3,000 and 5,000 years ago. The most important finds are the bronzes, and we have pictures of four of them for you here.
1. Special bronze tree
It is 395 centimeters high with some branches on the tree. There are three kinds of fruit on each branch. One of the fruit is a peach. The tree may have had religious meaning and is connected with the sky and the earth.
2. Bronze mask
This is a man-face mask with two eyes, two ears and hair. It fits over an adult face. You can see the teeth, and they look as if the man was smiling. The eyebrows grow into the hair. The nose is very flat. This mask may have represented a god so that the person who wore it would have acted the role of the god.
3. Bronze bird
This is a very realistic and lively bronze statue of a bird. Its wing is not realistic but shows some feathers pointing to the sky. It represented the idea that all animals have spirits and birds were especially important. It may have been used for religious purposes.
4. The fourth picture is a clay pot. This clay pot was found with the bronze objects already described. It rests on three thick legs which make it very sturdy. It has a long straight body ending in a dome at the top of the lid. There is also an open mouth-like part to pour the liquid in or out. The handle reaches from below the open hole to the beginning of the three thick legs. It could have been used to hold and pour by rich people at parties. The owners of this object clearly wanted a functional jug but one that had style and elegance. They were clearly people with artistic taste. It must have come from an old but sophisticated civilization.
What we can learn from these objects
1. We can learn that the people at Sanxingdui could make bronze.
2. They could use it extremely skillfully to make very special objects that looked like many of the things the people saw around them.
3. They were also able to make objects for decoration (eg the face mask) which suggests that they had a developed culture.
4. They may have used these objects for religious purposes. If so, they may have thought that natural objects contained spirits that could influence the life of the Sanxingdui people.
Example 3
假如你是李华，前几天你在报纸上看到一篇新闻说考古学家发现了2400年前的骨汤，你对此很感兴趣。请根据以下表格的提示，写一篇短文在英语课上给同学们介绍一下这件文物。
发现地
古城西安，机场施工时在一个古墓中被发掘。
时期
战国---- the Warring States Period (475-221 BC)
描述
骨汤密封在青铜器皿（vessel）中，由于氧化（oxidation），器皿内的液体和骨头呈现绿色；考古学家会做出进一步分析确定骨汤的原料。
意义
中国考古史上第一次发现骨汤，有助于研究战国时期人们的饮食习惯及文化。
参考范文：
Recently, I read in a newspaper that Chinese archaeologists have discovered a 2,400-year-old pot of soup, sealed in a bronze cooking vessel and dug up near the ancient capital of Xi’an, home to the country’s famed ancient terracotta warriors.
The soup was discovered in a small, sealed bronze vessel in a tomb in the construction site and the vessel had turned green due to the oxidation of the bronze, they said. The archaeologists were expected to conduct further analysis to confirm that the liquid was indeed soup and to identify the ingredients.
Archaeologists believe it is the first discovery of bone soup in Chinese archaeological history. The discovery will play an important role in the study of the eating habits and culture of the Warring States Period (475-221 BC).
Example 4
（2018 湖北武汉二中期末）
据报道，一个中国学生在埃及神庙的墙壁上刻下“×××到此一游”字样。此事引发人们对游客不文明行为的愤怒声讨。
暑期正是旅游高峰期，请根据以上素材为某英语报纸写一篇稿件，分析在景区乱写乱画等行为会产生的不良影响，并谈谈外出旅游我们应如何文明出游。
注意：1. 词数120左右；
2. scribble v. &n. （涂鸦；胡写；乱画）
参考范文：
A teenage Chinese tourist was reported to have scribbled on the wall of an ancient temple in Egypt, which has set off a world of criticism and become a hot topic ever since.
There is no doubt that such behaviors will, on one hand, cause damage to the cultural relics, which are the precious treasure passed down from our ancient ancestors. On the other hand, the tourists’ behaviors will not only have a bad effect on themselves but also ruin the image of their school, their company, their family or even their motherland.
So while traveling, we are bound to regulate1 our deeds. First of all, we should keep in mind that the scenic spots are the most beautiful places, which deserve to be well protected. In addition, it’s our responsibility to keep the places of interest tidy and clean. Never litter or scribble everywhere. It is also bad manners to spit at your will2. Still, speaking in a low voice in public places is strongly recommended, esp. while traveling abroad.
As one put it3, “There is a kind of scenery, which we call civilization.” As a result, I advocate we should avoid violating4 customs or laws when we travel at home and abroad and never hesitate to be well-behaved tourists.
注：1. be bound to 一定要，注定会 regulate 调整，控制 2. at will 任意，随意
3. put it (to sb.) 指出 4. violate 违反
巩固练习
一、单项选择
1. --- I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.
--- I think so. He _______ for it for months.
A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been preparing
2. —The woman biologist stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years before she
returned.
—Oh, dear! She _______ a lot of difficulties!
A. may go through B. might go through
C. ought to have gone through D. must have gone through
3. After another glass of beer, I began to feel _______ and couldn’t see Tom clearly.
A. dizzy B. interested C. acute D. patient
4. At minus 130 degrees, a living cell can be ________ for a thousand years.
A. spared B. protected C. preserved D. developed
5. Our club is open to adults only. ______ your children have entered without permission.
A. There seems that B. It seems to be C. There seems to be D. It seems that
6. In ______ archaeology you will often be asked to write a description of the artifacts (人工制品) that have been found in ______ excavation.
A. an; an B. an; / C. the; an D. /; an
7. —Where is my dictionary? I remember I put it here yesterday.
—You ________ it in the wrong place.
A. must put B. should have put C. might put D. might have put
8. In _______ times human beings had to travel to find a favourable climate.
A. prime B. primitive C. primary D. practical
9. Our teacher will _______ the result after each examination.
A. anticipate B. assess C. amplify D. analyse
10．London’s Chinese community ________ the 18th century.
A．dates to B．dated back C．dated from D．dates back to
11. —________an earthquake happens in our city when we are having a lesson?
—I’m afraid most of us will be trapped.
A．If only B．What if C．As if D．Even if
12．I am __________ his constant complaints. Why don’t we go to the meeting-room and finished the work?
A．caught up with B．come up with C．fed up with D．put up with
13．At times this balance of nature is ______， resulting in a number of possibly unforeseen effects.
A．troubled B．disturbed C．confused D．interrupted
14. It’s acknowledged that the traffic accident was largely ________ the driver’s carelessness.
A. for B. due to C. thanks to D. with a result of
15. Jane Goodall insists on her observation of chimps, not caring _______ what others might say.
A. about B. of C. to D. for
二、完形填空
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1～20各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。
Dale Carnegie rose from the unknown of a Missouri farm to international fame because he found a way to fill a universal human need.
It was a need that he first ___16___back in 1906 when young Dale was a junior at State Teachers College in Warrensburg. To get an ___17___, he was struggling against many difficulties. His family was poor. His Dad couldn’t afford the ___18___at college, so Dale had to ride horseback 12 miles to attend classes. Study had to be done ___19___his farm-work routines. He withdrew from many school activities ___20___he didn’t have the time or the ___21___. He had only one good suit. He tried ___22___the football team, but the coach turned him down for being too ___23___. During this period Dale was slowly ___24___an inferiority complex (自卑感), which his mother knew could ___25___him from achieving his real potential. She ___26___that Dale join the debating team, believing that ___27___in speaking could give him the confidence and recognition that he needed.
Dale took his mother’s advice, tried desperately and after several attempts ___28___made it. This proved to be a ___29___point in his life. Speaking before groups did help him gain the ___30___he needed. By the time Dale was a senior, he had won every top honor in ___31___. Now other students were coming to him for coaching and they, ___32___, were winning contests.
Out of this early struggle to ___33___his feelings of inferiority, Dale came to understand that the ability to ___34___an idea to an audience builds a person’s confidence. And, ___35___it, Dale knew he could do anything he wanted to do—and so could others.
16. A. admitted B. filled C. supplied D. recognized
17. A. assignment B. education C. advantage D. instruction
18. A. training B. board C. teaching D. equipment
19. A. between B. during C. over D. through
20. A. while B. when C. because D. though
21. A. permits B. interest C. talent D. clothes
22. A. on B. for C. in D. with
23. A. light B. flexible C. optimistic D. outgoing
24. A. gaining B. achieving C. developing D. obtaining
25. A. prevent B. protect C. save D. free
26. A. suggested B. demanded C. required D. insisted
27. A. presence B. practice C. patience D. potential
28. A. hopefully B. certainly C. finally D. naturally
29. A. key B. breaking C. basic D. turning
30. A. progress B. experience C. competence D. confidence
31. A. horse-riding B. football C. speech D. farming
32. A. in return B. in brief C. in turn D. in fact
33. A. convey B. overcome C. understand D. build
34. A. express B. stress C. contribute D. repeat
35. A. besides B. beyond C. like D. with
三、阅读理解
阅读短文，从每小题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中选出最佳答案。
(A)
（2018 江苏高考）
Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.
Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.
People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g., “I volunteer because it’s important to me”) to an external factor (e.g., “I volunteer because I’m required to do so”). When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.
Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. Although this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.
Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.”Consistent with the researchers’ expectations, they found a positive correlation (正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results, once again, lead to concrete advice: “Once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity.... Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”.
1. People volunteer mainly out of ______.
A. academic requirements B. social expectations
C. financial rewards D. internal needs
2. What can we learn from the Florida study?
A. Follow-up studies should last for one year. B. Volunteers should get mentally prepared.
C. Strategy training is a must in research.
D. Volunteers are provided with concrete advice.
3. What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?
A. Individual differences in role identity. B. Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts.
C. Role identity as a volunteer. D. Practical advice from researchers.
4. What is the best title of the passage?
A. How to Get People to Volunteer B. How to Study Volunteer Behaviors
C. How to Keep Volunteers’ Interest D. How to Organize Volunteer Activities
(B)
（2018 浙江杭州二期中）
Etymology, the study of words and word roots, may sound like the kind of thing done by boring librarians in small, dusty rooms. Yet etymologists actually have a uniquely interesting job. They are in many ways just like archaeologists (考古学家) digging up the physical history of people and events. The special aspect of etymology is that it digs up history, so to speak, through the words and phrases that are left behind.
The English language, in particular, is a great field to explore history through words. As a language, English has an extraordinary number of words. This is partly due to its ability to adapt foreign words so readily. For example, “English” words such as kindergarten (from German), croissant(from French), and cheetah(from Hindi) have become part of the language with little or no change from their original sounds and spellings. So English-language etymologists have a vast world of words to explore.
Another enjoyable thing about etymology for most word experts is solving word mysteries (谜). No, etymologists do not go around solving murders, like the great detective Sherlock Holmes. What these word experts solve are mysterious origins of some of our most common words.
One of the biggest questions English language experts have pursued is how English came to have the phrase OK. Though it is one of the most commonly used expressions, its exact beginning is a puzzle even to this day. Even its spelling is not entirely consistent-- unless you spell it Okay, it is hard even to call it a word.
Etymologists have been able to narrow OK’s origin down to a likely, although not certain, source (来源). It became widely used around the time of Martin Van Buren’s run for president in 1840. His nickname was Old Kinderhook. What troubles word experts about this explanation is that the phrase appeared in some newspapers before Van Buren became well known. It is likely that Van Buren could be called its primary source. Etymologists will doubtlessly keep searching for the original source. However, it is clear that OK’s popularity and reputation have topped those of the American president to whom it has been most clearly linked.
5. The author mentions the words like “croissant” in Paragraph 2 to show _______.
A. words have changed a lot in the two languages
B. what English-language etymologists are exploring now
C. English has absorbed many words from other foreign languages
D. the English vocabulary is difficult to the non-English-speaking people
6. The underlined word “pursued” in Paragraph 4 means _______.
A. looked upon B. dug up C. put in D. set down
7. We can learn from the passage that etymologists _______.
A. discover the possible origin of words
B. help detectives to solve mysterious murders
C. write interesting stories for some newspapers
D. explore the English language as well as the recent events
8. What most probably is the major purpose of the passage?
A. To present the history of English words.
B. To explain what an etymologist does for his job.
C. To introduce the pleasure of the study of words and word roots.
D. To teach readers how to tell English words from non-English words.
四、语法填空
阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在标有1～10的空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。
（1）
One day, about ten years ago, while working at the cash register in the gift shop at my University Museum of Natural History, I saw 1 elderly couple come in with a little girl in a wheelchair. As I looked 2 (close) at this girl, I found that she was fixed on her chair. I then realized she had no arms or legs, just a head, a neck and upper body, 3 (dress) in a little white skirt. As the couple wheeled her up to me, I turned my head toward the girl. When I took the money from her grandparents, I looked back 4 the girl, who was giving me the most optimistic, largest smile I had ever seen. All of a sudden, her handicap was gone and all I saw was this beautiful girl, 5 smile just melted me 6 almost instantly gave me a completely new sense of 7 life is all about. She took me from a poor, unhappy college student and __8__ (bring) me into her world; a world of smiles, love and 9 (warm). I’m a successful business man now and whenever I think about the troubles of the world, I think about that little girl and the remarkable lesson about life that she taught 10 .
（2）
Keeping a diary in English is one of the effective ways to improve our English writing abilities. __1__ (compare) with other forms of writing, it is shorter and takes __2__ time. It can help us to develop the habit of thinking in English. __3__ we persist in this practice, gradually we’ll learn how to express ourselves in English. In keeping a diary in English, we certainly run up against many difficulties. In the first place, it often happens __4__ we have trouble finding appropriate words and phrases to give expression to our mind. __5__ (second), there are many idiomatic ways of saying things in Chinese. __6__ it is extremely hard for us to put them into English properly.
As far as I am concerned, my __7__ (suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese-English dictionary within easy reach. Whenever something __8__ (beat) us, we can first put it down in our notebook and then consult our dictionary. We can also turn to our English teacher for help, if necessary. In short, I believe that it is __9__ great use to keep a diary in English for __10__ development of our writing skills.
五、短文改错
（2018 湖北武汉市二中期末）
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
Last Saturday, I was standing near a subway exit, tried to call a taxi. But no luck. Then I thought of the taxi-booking app my friend has recommended and I booked a taxi through my cell phone. Soon it came, and I stepped in, feeling pretty proudly of my high-tech way and satisfied with the convenience brought by the app. So later, I was upset to find that the driver was busy looking his cell phone to get the next order. It was then when I began to worry about my safety. What’s bad, the driver’s informations might be unreliable. How can we passengers’ legal rights be protecting if something bad happens? So be careful when you use the taxi-booking app the next time.
六、书面表达
根据以下内容写一篇短文，介绍上周你和同学去探险的经历。
1. 你和另外三位同学在上个星期天到一个山洞探险；
2. 你们无意间发现一个小洞里藏着一个罐子，内装20件玉器（jade objects），玉器上面雕刻着你们不认识的文字；
3. 带回来后学校老师也无法断定它们是什么朝代制造的；
4. 你们决定将这些玉器上交当地博物馆。
答案与解析
一、单项选择
1. D。从对话可知，近几个月他一直在做准备，表示从过去开始，直到现在还在进行，强调过程时，用现在完成进行时，所以选D。
2. D。must have done表示对过去的肯定推测，表示过去一定做过……；go through 此句中表示“经历、经受”。
3. A。dizzy 头晕；acute 严重的，敏锐的；patient 耐心的。又喝了一杯酒后开始看不清人了，一定是头晕了，所以选A。
4. C。句意：在零下130度时，一个活的细胞可以保存上千年。preserve 保护(使不变质等)，保持；protect 保护（使不受伤害）；spare 节省，饶恕；develop 发展。
5. D。It seems that +从句，表示“似乎发生了某事”。There seems to be... 似乎有......
6. D。archaeology意为“考古学”，是抽象名词，不可数，所以不加冠词表示类别；excavation意为“发掘”，表示具体的行为时是可数名词，加不定冠词a表示类别。句意：在考古学中，你会被要求书面描述在挖掘中发现的古器物。artifact 意为“人工制品，制造物”，尤指有考古价值的物品，如工具、武器等。
7. D。从对话可知put这一动作发生在过去，对过去的不太确切的推测用might/may + have done。should have done 表示“过去应该做却没有做”；must/ might do表示对现在动作或状态的推测，must语气较肯定的推测。
8. B。句意：在原始时代，人类不得不到处寻找适宜的气候。primitive 原始的；prime 首要的；primary 最初的，practical 实际的；实用的。根据句意，选B。
9. D。句意：每次考试后，老师都将分析考试结果。anticipate 预期；assess 评定；amplify 扩大；analyse 分析。
10. D。解析：date back to＝date from 表示“追溯到”，讲述一个事实要用一般现在时。句意为：伦敦的华人群体可以追溯到18世纪。
11. B。问句句意：要是我们上课时这儿发生地震，那会怎样？what if要是……会怎样；if only要是……(就好了)；as if好像；even if即使。
12. C。句意：我受够了他不停地抱怨了，我们为什么不去会议室做完这些工作呢？因为手里有工作要做，所以厌恶别人在那里抱怨，所以选be fed up with（厌倦，受够了）。catch up with赶上；come up with提出(想法、办法等)；put up with忍受，容忍。
13. B。句意：有时生态平衡被打破，结果会有很多难以预见的影响。 interrupt 打断；trouble 麻烦；disturb 打扰，搅乱；confuse 迷惑。
14. B。句意：据悉那起交通事故在很大程度上是由司机的粗心造成的。due to 由于，因为； for 表示原因，一般不用作表语；thanks to 多亏，幸亏（多指好的方面的原因）；引出原因的含result的短语是“as a result of”，排除D。
15. A。句意：Jane Goodall坚持她对黑猩猩的观察，一点儿也不在乎别人说什么。care about 在乎，介意；care for 喜欢，照料。
二、完形填空
二、完形填空
16. D考察动词词义辨析。A承认；B填充，装满；C提供；D认识到；认出；戴尔·卡耐基从密苏里的一个默默无闻的农场里走出来成为一名国际大师，是因为他找到一个方法来满足人们共同的需要。这个需要是1906年他在State Teachers College学习的时候意识到的。本句是一个强调句型,强调的是recognize的宾语need。
17．B考察名词词义辨析及上下文串联首尾呼应。A任务；工作；B教育；C优势；D指导；为了得到教育，戴尔·卡耐基与很多困难在做斗争。根据下文叙述可知他为了求得教育，他克服了很多困难。A. assignment：任务、作业，B. education ：教育，C. advantage：优势，好处， D. instruction：指令，用法说明。
18. B考察名词辨析及语境理解。A .training培训；B. board寄宿膳食；C. teaching教育；D. equipment设备；由下文可知：他的父亲没有钱付他的大学寄宿膳食的钱，他不得不骑马12英里去上学。
19. A考察介词辨析。A在……之间；B在……期间；C超过；越过；C通过；他的很多学习都是在农场到学校途中进行的，因为他在上学的路上要花很多时间。
20. C考察连词辨析及上下文串联。A当……时；然而，尽管；B当?时；C因为；D尽管；因为他没有时间也没有衣服，所以他没有参加各种学校的活动。上下文之间存在着因果关系，所以使用because。
21. D考察名词辨析及上下文串联。A允许，许可证；B兴趣；C才干；D服装；因为他没有时间也没有衣服，所以他没有参加各种学校的活动。ABC三项与句意不相符。
22. B考察固定搭配。try on试穿；try for申请；他申请参加足球队，但是教练拒绝了他，说他体重太轻了。
23. A考察形容词辨析。A. light轻的；淡的；B. flexible灵活的；C. optimistic乐观的；D. outgoing外向的；BCD三项和教练拒绝队员没有联系，如果队员过于瘦弱，不适合足球这项剧烈运动，教练的拒绝是有理由的。
24. C考察动词词义辨析。A. gaining赢得；B. achieving实现；C. developing形成，发展；D. obtaining获得；在这段时间里，卡耐基慢慢的形成了一种自卑感。通常都使用develop表示养成，形成一种性格。故C正确。
25. A考察动词词义辨析及语境理解。A阻止；B保护；C挽救；D使?免受；他妈妈知道这种自卑感会阻止他发展自身的潜力。本句中的prevent sb from doing sth阻止某人做某事，这个结构符合上下文含义。
26. A考察动词词义辨析及语法。A建议；B要求；C请求；D坚持要求，坚持认为；他的妈妈建议他参加辩论队，认为辩论队里的演讲的练习会给与他所需要的认可和信心。根据句意说明A项正确，而且在join前面省略了should，这是一个虚拟语气。
27. B考察名词词义辨析及上下文串联。A出席；B练习；C耐心；D潜力；他的妈妈建议他参加辩论队，认为辩论队里的演讲的练习会给与他所需要的认可和信心。故B正确。
28. C考察副词词义辨析及上下文串联。A有希望地；B当然；C最后；D自然地；卡耐基采纳了妈妈的建议，多次努力以后，最后终于成功了。根据after several attempts可知C项正确。
29. D考察词义辨析。A关键的；B破坏的；C基本的；D转折的；turning point转折点。这件事情证明是他人生的转折点。从此他走了上成功之路。
30. D考察名词词义辨析及上下文串联。A进步；B经历，经验；C能力，技能；D自信；在很多人面前发表演讲帮助他得到了他所需要的信心。之前他曾经一度很自卑，现在演讲让他重新获得自信。
31. C考察上下文串联。A骑马；B足球；C演讲；D农艺；到他大四的时候，他赢得了演讲方面所有的最高荣誉。有很多学生都来向他寻求指导，接着在他的指导之下，他们也相继赢得了比赛。
32. C考察介词短语辨析及上下文串联。A作为回报；B简洁地；C依次，轮流；D实际上；有很多学生都来向他寻求指导，接着在他的指导之下，他们也相继赢得了比赛。In turn表示那些学生也相继成功了。
33. B考察动词词义辨析及上下文串联。A传达；B克服；C理解；D建设；在之前克服自卑的斗争中，卡耐基逐渐理解向听众表达观点能够增强一个人的信心。
34. A考察动词词义辨析及语境理解。A表达；B使承受；C贡献，导致；D重复；卡耐基逐渐理解向听众表达观点能够增强一个人的信心。故A正确。
35. D考察介词辨析。联系上下文可知，他不但获取了建立自信的能力而且也明白了一个道理：只要拥有自信，他以及任何人都能做他想做的任何事情。With it中的it是指耐心，有了耐心，他可以做他想做的一切。A. besides：除了……之外，B. beyond：超过，超越，C. like：像……，D. with：带有，具有。
三、阅读理解
（A）
本文大意：本文是一篇议论文，讲述的是志愿者为什么自发得服务于社会。
1. D。从第二段的第二句“people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships.”得知答案故B正确。
2. B。从第四段的最后一句“The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.得知答案故B正确。
3. C。从第五段“a positive correlation (正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer.”得知答案故C正确。
4. A。从第一段“Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.”得知答案故A正确。
5. C。细节理解题。根据第二段中“This is partly due to its ability to adapt foreign words so readily．”可知，作者以“croissant”为例来证明英语引进了许多外来词。故选C。
6. B。词义猜测题。根据语境可知，语言学家努力需找“OK”这一词的由来，相当于深挖它的根源。故选B。
7. A。推理判断题。根据第一段中内容可推知，语源学是研究语言和单词的，那么语源学专家就是想考古学家研究单词的根源的。故选A。
8. C。写作意图题。根据第一段中“Yet etymologists actually have a uniquely interesting job．”以及第三段中“Another enjoyable thing about etymology for most word experts is solving word mysteries (谜)．”可知，文章主要写作目的是为了给我们介绍研究语言起源的乐趣。故选C。语源学是研究语言起源的。语源学专家的工作就像考古学家、侦探一样有趣。
四、语法填空
（1）
1．an。an elderly couple 一对老年夫妇。
2．closer/closely。修饰动词要用副词，close和closely都可作副词，close（接近）更具体，而closely（密切地、仔细地）更抽象。根据句意，也可以用close的比较级，表示“比（以前）近”。
3．dressed。dress意为“给……穿衣服”，此句中作非限制性定语，补充说明名词body，所以用过去分词表示与body的被动关系。
4．at。look at 看……。look是不及物动词，接宾语时要接介词at。
5．whose。whose代替所修饰此girl，在定语从句中作smile的定语。
6．and。and连接并列谓语动词melted和gave。
7．what。what引导宾语从句作of的宾语，意为“什么”。
8．brought。与上文took并列，所以用一般过去时。
9．warmth。and连接名词love和warm的名词warmth。
10．me。她教给“我”的功课（教训）。
（2）
1. Compared。动词compare与句子的主语it所指代的keeping a diary是被动关系，用过去分词作状语。
2. less。从上文it is shorter可知，花的时间也应该少，填little的比较级less。
3. If。句意：如果我们坚持这种练习的话。
4.that。It often happens that… it是形式主语，代替that引导的主语从句，表示“某事经常发生”。
5. Secondly。对应前面的in the first place (首先，第一)。Secondly 其次，第二。
6. And。上下两句是并列关系，所以填and。
7. suggestion。被my修饰，并作主语，用名词suggestion。
8. beats。beat在此处意为“使困惑”，因主语是单数第三人称，是一般现在时，加s。
9. of。of great use相当于very useful。有些抽象名词前加of相当于形容词。
10. the。development因后面有定语of our writing skills，前加定冠词the表示特制。
五、短文改错
Last Saturday, I was standing near a subway exit, tried to call a taxi. But no luck. Then I
trying
thought of the taxi-booking app my friend has recommended and I booked a taxi through my
had
cellphone. Soon it came, and I stepped in, feeling pretty proudly of my high-tech way and satisfied
proud
with the convenience brought by the app. So later, I was upset to find that the driver was busy
But/ Yet
looking ∧ his cellphone to get the next order. It was then when I began to worry about my
at that
safety. What’s bad, the driver’s informations might be unreliable. How can we passengers’ legal
worse information
rights be protecting if something bad happens? So be careful when you use the taxi-booking app
protected
the next time.
六、书面表达
Last Sunday, I as well as three other classmates went to explore a cave. We were walking carefully in the cave when suddenly we found a small hole. To our surprise, what was hidden in the hole was a jar filled with more than 20 jade objects, on which some words none of us knew were carved. We brought the jade objects back to school, and none of the teachers in our school could recognize the words carved on these objects, so nobody could tell in which dynasty the jade objects were made. But one thing is for sure: we shouldn’t keep things that don’t belong to us, so the four of us have decided to hand them into the local museum.