课时达标(十四) Unit 4 Astronomy the science of the stars
Ⅰ 阅读理解
A
课标话题 人与自然·宇宙奥秘探索 体裁 说明文
词 数 193 难度
(2019·临川一中月考)The sky is a large place, and though it has been carefully examined for centuries, new features still turn up. Last March it was the rule of Uranus(天王星), and last week astronomers announced what may turn out to be a new planet, though a very small one, in the solar system.
The object was first sighted last month by Charles Kowal, an astronomer at the Hale Observatories in Pasadena, Calif. Mr Kowal observed a faint trail of light on photographic plates, indicating that something was moving in relation to the background of stars. Other observers have confirmed the discovery.
The “mini?planet”， identified for the time being as “Object?Kowal”， appears to be about 1.5 billion miles away, between the orbit of Saturn and Uranus, and its diameter(直径) has been estimated at between 100 and 400 miles. Its orbit has not been determined yet, but if the orbit proves to be roughly circular, like that of the major planets, the new object would probably take 66 to 70 years to make a circuit of the sun.
Some astronomers have speculated that Mr Kowal’s discovery may be the first indication of an asteroid(小行星)belt beyond Saturn.
语篇导读 本文介绍了目前在太阳系新发现的可能是一颗小行星的天体。
1．What may have been found in the solar system according to the first paragraph?
A．A small new planet． B．A new solar system.
C．A large new object． D．A large new planet.
解析 A 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知，在太阳系中新发现了可能是一颗小行星的天体，故选A项。
2．What can we learn from the second paragraph?
A．What the object is like． B．How the object was found.
C．Where the astronomers live. D．Why the object was moving.
解析 B 细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，天文学家Charles Kowal在照相底片上观察到了一条淡淡的光亮路径，指出有东西在相关的恒星后面移动，其他观察者也证实了这一发现，所以第二段主要讲述了该行星是如何被发现的，故选B项。
3．What magazine might this passage be taken from?
A．Astronomy． B．Industry．
C．Spaceflight． D．Agriculture.
解析 A 文章出处题。根据全文可知，本文主要介绍了目前在太阳系新发现的一颗疑似小行星的天体，这类文章最可能出自与天文学相关的杂志上，故选A项。
B
课标话题 人与自然·宇宙奥秘探索 体裁 记叙文
词 数 328 难度
(2019·长沙一中开学检测)A new study suggests that dark markings on the planet Mars represent sand—not water. The research in 2015 suggested that lines on some Martian hills were evidence of water. Yet American scientists now say these lines appear more like dry, flows of sand. If water is present, it is likely to be a small amount. Water in liquid form would be necessary for microbial(微生物的) life.
NASA, the American space agency, said more research is needed. Michael Meyer is the lead scientist for NASA’s Mars exploration programme. He noted that the latest study does not reject the presence of water. But he admitted, “It just may not be as exciting as the idea of rivers going down the sides of cliffs(悬崖)．”
The new findings come from a team led by Colin Dundas of the United States Geological Survey. His team measured 151 of these lines in 10 areas. Most of the lines end with slopes between 28 degrees and 35 degrees. These measurements are similar to active sand dunes(沙丘) on both Mars and Earth. A small covering of dust that moves and sometimes becomes lighter might help explain the markings. They usually appear in the Martian summertime, and then disappear until the next year. If these lines are dry, this suggests that recent Mars has not had large volumes of liquid water. Dundas and his research team say that many questions remain.
“I still think that Mars has a great potential for having had life early on in its history，” Meyer said. “As long as that’s true, we also have a reasonable possibility of life still being on Mars. It just happens to be cryptic or well hidden.”
NASA currently has no robotic vehicle—either on Mars or in development—with the ability to climb steep slopes. The lack of such equipment has engineers coming up with ideas like Martian helicopters or planes without pilots.
语篇导读 本文主要讲述了美国科学家的一项新的研究发现：火星上黑色的标记是沙子而不是水。
4．What do American scientists find on Mars now according to their study?
A．A lot of little life． B．An amount of water.
C．Some Martian hills． D．Dark markings are sand.
解析 D 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知，科学家发现火星上的黑色标记是沙子不是水，故选D项。
5．When do the markings come out?
A．In Martian spring． B．In Martian summer.
C．In Martian autumn． D．In Martian winter.
解析 B 细节理解题。根据第三段倒数第三句可知，这样的标记会出现在火星的夏季，故选B项。
6．What’s Meyer’s opinion about having life on Mars?
A．Doubtful． B．Trustful.
C．Indifferent． D．Objective.
解析 B 观点态度题。根据第四段可推知，Meyer还是相信火星上有生命，故选B项。
7．What does the underlined word “cryptic” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A．Undiscovered． B．Strange.
C．Magical． D．Icy.
解析 A 词义猜测题。根据句中的or well hidden可知，cryptic的意思是“隐藏的；没被发现的”，故选A项。
Ⅱ 七选五
课标话题 人与社会·跨文化沟通、包容与合作 体裁 记叙文
词 数 222 难度
(2019·沈阳适应考)Soccer fans in rural Zambia are able to watch live 2018 World Cup broadcasts for the first time thanks to a Chinese company. The company helped the villagers get their first taste of satellite television through a project that aims to offer the service to villages in Africa. __1__ The youngsters really treasured this chance.
The satellite television project started last August by the company StarTimes. __2__ It wants to help African countries accelerate agricultural modernization and realize independent and sustainable(可持续的) development.
__3__ According to a local newspaper, rural farmers will have access to monitoring weather patterns and market prices for agricultural products. Locals will be able to watch members of government and parliament during live broadcasts. The program is an example of how Chinese companies can make profits and be socially responsible at the same time.
__4__ It also has its own channels that broadcast Chinese television programs such as talent shows, soap operas that have been dubbed(为……配音) into local languages, and other programs that attempt to introduce Chinese culture.
To overcome the problem of power shortages in rural Africa, StarTimes will also provide television sets that will be outfitted with a solar power system. __5__
Besides political and economic exchanges, this kind of people?to?people interaction is a significant part of China’s efforts to increase its soft power and build a better global image.
A．The company not only provides satellite equipment and services.
B．Doing so will allow people to watch TV for six hours after sunset.
C．Introducing more diverse Chinese culture to Africa is also one of its goals.
D．The service helps rural Africans keep up with current events and news.
E．The Chinese company makes a healthy profit on this project while helping them.
F．The company aims to provide digital television signals to 10,000 villages in Africa.
G．And primary school students in Zambia’s remote areas can also enjoy watching the World Cup.
语篇导读 本文主要讲述了一家中国公司帮助非洲一些农村开发卫星电视，使得当地人能够看世界杯比赛的事。
1．解析 G 并列关系。上文提到了帮助赞比亚当地村民首次尝试观看世界杯，下文提到孩子们真的很珍惜这个机会，G项(赞比亚偏远地区的小学生也能看到世界杯)符合语境，故选G项。
2．解析 F 顺承关系。由上下文可知，空处与该公司进行此项目的原因有关。空后一句的It指F项中的The Chinese Company，F项与上下文衔接自然，故选F项。
3．解析 D 总分关系。下文介绍该项目帮助当地村民跟上时代的步伐，使他们能够获知天气预报和农产品市场价格以及看到现场直播中的政府官员和国会议员，故选D项(该服务帮助非洲农民获知实时新闻，与时代同步)。
4．解析 A 顺承关系。上文介绍卫星设施和服务，下文接着说它还有自己的频道来介绍中国文化，只有A项(该公司不仅仅提供卫星设备和服务)能恰当地衔接上下文，故选A项。
5．解析 B 顺承关系。空前讲到“为了克服非洲农村的电力短缺问题，公司还提供配有太阳能系统的电视机”，B项(这样做让当地人在太阳落山后还能观看6个小时的电视)紧承上文，故选B项。
Ⅲ 短文改错
(2019·石家庄二中等联考)My first stay at home alone was very memorable. One day when I was twelve, both my mother and father were away on the ① business, and I had to be all ② myself for two days. My parents left early the first day, ③ I got up soon after they left. The first evening I was a little ④， so I turned on all the lights. I actually ⑤ the light on in my bedroom the whole night, ⑥ finally put me at ease. For fear of ⑦ up late the next morning, I put three alarm ⑧ near my bed and set the alarm respectively at 6：00, 6：10, and 6：15. In order to prove that I could take care of ⑨， I washed my own clothes the next day, though I could wait for Mom to do it. I really felt ⑩ of myself and thought I had grown up.
① 解析 on business出差，为固定搭配。
② 解析 (all) by oneself单独；独自一人，为固定搭配。
③ 解析 逗号前后为两个完整的句子，应用连词连接，此处表示顺承关系，故在I前加and。
④ 解析 scared感到害怕的，通常用来形容人的感受，此处用来作表语。
⑤ 解析 本文是在叙述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。
⑥ 解析 此处引导非限制性定语从句，且关系代词指代整个主句，在从句中作主语，故应用which引导该从句。what不能引导定语从句。
⑦ 解析 for fear of (doing) sth以免做某事，为固定搭配。
⑧ 解析 clock为可数名词，根据前面的three可知，clock应用复数形式。
⑨ 解析 当句子的主语和宾语是同一人或物时，宾语要用反身代词。
⑩ 解析 feel在此处为连系动词，其后接形容词作表语。
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必修 3
Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars
高考话题对接 Popular science and modern technology
(科普知识与现代技术)之航天科技 相关
单元 必修2 Unit 3
选修7 Unit 2
选修8 Unit 2、Unit 3
1．__________ n．系统；体系；制度
2．__________ n．学说；理论
3．______________ n．大气层；气氛
4．__________ prep.不同；不像
system
theory
atmosphere
unlike
5．_______________ adj.基本的；基础的
6．_________ n．链子；连锁；锁链
7．____________ vi.& vt.乘；增加
8．_____________ n．卫星；人造卫星
9．___________ n．气候
10．_________ vi.& vt.碰撞；坠落
11．________ n．& vt.拉(力)；拖；牵引力
12．_________ vi.& vt.(使)浮动；(使)漂浮 n．漂浮物
fundamental
chain
multiply
satellite
climate
crash
pull
float
1．_____________ n．天文学→ ______________ n．天文学家→ ___________ n．宇航员
2．____________ n．宗教；宗教信仰→ _____________ adj.宗教上的；信奉宗教的；虔诚的
3．_________ n．球体；地球仪；地球→ __________ adj.全球性的；全世界的
astronomy
astronomer
astronaut
religion
religious
globe
global
4．___________ adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的→ ____________ n．暴力；激烈；猛烈→ _____________ adv.暴力地；猛烈地
5．___________ adj.有害的→ ________ n．& vt.损害；伤害；危害→ ____________ adj.无害的
6．__________ n．谜；难题 vt.& vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难→ _______ adj.感到困惑的→ ____________ adj.令人困惑的→ ____________ n.迷茫；困惑
violent
violence
violently
harmful
harm
harmless
puzzle
puzzled
puzzling
puzzlement
7．__________ n．生物学→ ____________ n.生物学家
8．____________ n．物理学家→ __________ n.物理学
9．_________ vi.存在；生存→ _____________ n．存在；生存→ ____________ adj.现存的；现行的
10．___________ vt.用尽；耗尽；使精疲力尽→ ______________ n．耗尽；枯竭；精疲力尽→ _____________ adj.耗尽的；用完的；精疲力尽的→ ______________ adj.使耗尽的；使人精疲力尽的
biology
biologist
physicist
physics
exist
existence
existing
exhaust
exhaustion
exhausted
exhausting
[用所给词的适当形式填空]
1．He often says that he doesn’t believe in any ____________ but meanwhile he respects others’ _____________ freedom.(religion)
2．Last night we had a discussion, which became more and more _________ . Finally we reached an agreement that we will never use ____________ whatever happens.(violent)
religion
religious
violent
violence
3．The ___________ materials became ____________ to the environment after being dealt with.(harm)
4．There was a ___________ look on the little girl’s face because a __________ problem ___________ her.(puzzle)
harmful
harmless
puzzled
puzzling
puzzled
1．_____________ 使……和……相匹配
2．___________ 及时；终于
3．________________ 产生；分娩
4．________________ 轮到某人；接着
5．_______________ 阻止；制止
6．_____________ 挡住(光线)
7．____________ 感到高兴；感到振奋
8．____________ 既然
match…with
in time
give birth to
in one’s turn
prevent…from
block out
cheer up
now that
9．_____________ 依靠；取决于
10．_____________ 突发；爆发
11．_________________ 密切注意；当心；提防
12．____________ 把……看作是
13．___________________ 产生；形成
14．_______________ 去旅行
15．________________ 接近……
16．________________ 向前迈步
depend on
break out
watch out for
think of…as
come into being
make a trip
get close to
step forward
[选用上面的短语填空]
1．She married at 25 and _________________ her first child shortly after her marriage.
2．The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species that _____________ the trees’ flowers and fruits.
gave birth to
depend on
3．Do remember to _________________ cars and bikes while crossing the street.
4．At last the firefighters put out the fire in the supermarket, which _____________ at ten this morning.
watch out for
broke out
made it possible
She has devoted _________________________________ she had done before, so she is very likely to succeed this time.
three times as much time and energy as
Now that everybody is here
联想拓维
?后缀为?ist的名词荟萃
①novelist小说家 ②physicist物理学家
③biologist生物学家 ④psychologist心理学家
⑤scientist科学家 ⑥tourist游客
?un?前缀高频形容词
①unfair不公平的 ②unclear不清楚的
③unlike不同的；不像的 ④uncertain不确定的
⑤uncomfortable不舒服的 ⑥unbelievable难以置信的
(1)be harmful to对……有害
(2)do harm to/do…harm对……有害
harmful adj.有害的
harm n．[U]& vt.损害；伤害；危害
harmless adj.无害的
1
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)Some boys are too crazy about playing computer games, which is very ___________ (harm) to their health.
(2)Air pollution and noise pollution caused by automobiles do harm ______ our health.
(3)Apparently, it was only a ____________ (harm) joke, but she was terribly scared.
harmful
to
harmless
(1)exist in存在于……之中
exist on靠……为生
There exist(s)… 有……；存在……
(2)in existence现存的；现有的
come into existence产生；成立；开始存在
exist vi.存在；生存
existence n．存在；生存
existing adj.现存的；现行的
2
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)Scientists have many theories about how the universe first came into _____________ (exist)．
(2)By embracing other cultures, we actually broaden our horizons, rather than narrow any ____________ (exist) ones.
(3) _________ exists a wide range of different opinions among the club members.
existence
existing
There
(1)puzzle over/about 苦苦思索
(2)a puzzle to sb一件让人困惑的事
(3)be puzzled about对……迷惑不解
puzzle vt.& vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难；(使)困窘
n．(游戏的)猜谜；难题；谜
puzzled adj.感到迷惑的(常用来修饰人)
puzzling adj.令人迷惑的(常用来修饰事物)
puzzlement n．迷茫；困惑
3
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)Where the lost boy has gone still remains _____ puzzle to us.
(2)The whole business is very ____________ (puzzle). There is a lot more to it than meets the eye.
(3)What made me ___________ (puzzle) was why they didn’t take the expert’s advice.
a
puzzling
puzzled
pull down 拆毁(房屋等)；使扫兴
pull in (列车)进站停靠；驶向路边(或某处)停靠
pull out (列车)出站；驶出
pull over (车辆)向路边停靠(或让车)
pull through康复；渡过难关
pull up (车辆或司机)停车；竖起；拔出
pull n．& vt.拉(力)；拖；牵引力
4
【考点训练】——用pull相关短语的适当形式填空
(1)Several houses were _______________ to make way for the new road.
(2)The police car signalled to us to _______________ so that he could check our licences.
pulled down
pull in/over/up
(3)We waved goodbye to each other as the train ______________ of the station.
(4)The doctor told me that I would ________________ after the operation, which brought me much delight.
pulled out
pull through
on time 准时；按时
in no time 立即；马上
all the time 一直；始终
in time 及时；终于；总有一天
1
at no time 决不(位于句首时，句子用部分倒装)
at a time 一次；每次
at one time曾经；一度
at the same time 同时
from time to time 不时；有时；偶尔
【考点训练】——用time相关短语的适当形式填空
(1)The bus driver managed to send the tourists to the airport ___________ .
(2)After the accident, the injured were taken to the nearest hospital ______________ .
in/on time
in no time
(3) _______________ , half of the land on the earth’s surface was covered by forests.
(4)The technicians and experts of both parties should hold meetings _____________________ for technical exchange.
At one time
from time to time
(1)in turn依次，轮流；反之，反过来
by turns轮流；交替地
take turns in sth/to do sth轮流做某事
It is one’s turn to do sth轮到某人做某事
(2)It turns/turned out that… 结果……
in one’s turn 轮到某人；接着
2
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)All theories are derived from practice and ______ turn serve practice.
(2)The two sons looked after their sick mother ______ turns.
(3)They took turns __________ (put) forward suggestions aiming to promote the reform of education system.
in
by
to put
prevent…from 阻止；制止
3
【拓展】 禁止某人做某事：prohibit/ban/forbid sb from doing sth。
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)The CEO is so determined that no one can prevent his plan for the firm’s future from _________________ (carry) out.
(2)The old man wears sunglasses to protect his eyes ________ the strong sunlight.
being carried
from
(1)cheer up使(某人)振作起来；(某物)令人愉快
cheer sb on (比赛中)以喝彩声鼓励；为某人加油
cheer for为……而欢呼
(2)Cheers! [口语](用于祝酒)干杯！
(3)cheerful adj.快乐的，高兴的
cheer up 感到高兴；感到振奋
4
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)Let’s go to the football game this weekend and cheer _______ our favorite team.
(2)Generally speaking, bright curtains can cheer ______ a dull room.
for
up
【写作微技能】——词汇升级
(3)当我感到沮丧时，我的好朋友Eve就给我讲有趣的故事哄我高兴。
①普通表达：When I’m feeling depressed, my good friend Eve tells me funny stories to _________________ .
②高级表达：When I’m feeling depressed, my good friend Eve tells me funny stories to _______________ .
make me happy
cheer me up
“make it＋adj./n.＋to do sth”结构
1
【句式点拨】
在“make it＋adj./n.(＋for sb/sth)＋to do sth”结构中，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式，而形容词(或名词)充当了宾语补足语。另外，it作形式宾语，除了可指代不定式结构外，还可以指代that引导的宾语从句，即“make it＋adj./n.＋that?clause”句型。
(1)make复合结构：
make＋宾语＋宾语补足语(名词/形容词/不带to 的不定式/过去分词/介词短语)
(2)make oneself at home不拘束，像在家一样
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)They made it _________ (clearly) to the public that they did an important and necessary job.
(2)She let me realize that making others feel good made me ______ (feel) good, too.
(3)When I first came to New York, I had a lot of trouble making myself ______________ (understand).
(4)“Make ____________ (you) at home，” the hostess said to me as soon as I entered the house.
clear
feel
understood
yourself
“倍数＋as＋adj./adv.原级＋as”句型
2
倍数表达法：
(1)“A＋be＋倍数＋as＋adj./adv.原级＋as＋B”，表示“A是B的多少倍”。
(2)“A＋be＋倍数＋adj./adv.比较级＋than＋B”，表示“A比B大(长/高/宽等)多少倍”。
【提示】 在表示“两倍”时要用double或twice, 三倍或三倍以上用“基数词＋times”。倍数有时也可以用分数、百分数、 half等来替换。
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)There are five times more books in our library ________ in yours.
(2)The world’s population has grown to more than six times _______ it was in 1800.
【写作微技能】——一句多译
(3)正在修建的新体育场的高度是目前这个体育场的三倍。
than
what
①The new stadium being built now _________________ ________ the present one.(high)
②The new stadium being built now _________________ _______ the present one.(higher)
③The new stadium being built now __________________ ______________ the present one.(height)
is three times as high as
is twice higher than
is three times the height of
now that引导的原因状语从句
3
【写作微技能】——高考小作文/补全句子
(1)(2015·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)既然你对中国传统文化感兴趣，我认为这个节日对你而言将是个有价值的经历。
___________________________________________________________ , I thought this festival would be a worthwhile experience for you.
(2)你既然表明了决心，就应该立即付诸行动。
______________________________________________ , you should act immediately.
Now that you are interested in traditional Chinese culture
Now that you have expressed your determination
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Newton was one of the greatest ______________ (physics) in the world and many people admire him very much.
2．Last night, one of the plants exploded _____________ (violent), and the local people got into a great panic.
3．He also said the government must be willing to spend extra money to prevent people ________ starving.
physicists
violently
from
4．The driver lost control of the car on the slippery road and crashed ________ a truck.
5．Technology and innovation are the building blocks of a ____________ (global) competitive 21st century economy.
6．I do believe what children eat is fundamental ______ their health and growth.
7．The conversation was carried on ______ a harmonious and friendly atmosphere.
into
globally
to
in
8．At all times, you should watch out _______ fake websites offering downloads in exchange for personal information.
9．As the old saying goes, it is easier to pull ________ than to build up.
10．The festival of this year has been a great success, __________ (like) the year before when it rained non?stop.
for
down
unlike
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．She has got into the bad habit of reading in the bed, which is harmful for her eyes. ___________
2．I felt so upset and I was puzzling. I didn’t move until the young security man asked me several times. _____________________
for→to
puzzling→puzzled
3．The current global imbalance has been existed for decades for deeply?rooted reasons.
_______________________________
4．At the driving school, the trainees took turn to drive under the instruction of the coach. _______________
5．Unless we get more funding, we’ll be prevented finishing our experimental programme.
_____________________
删除been或existed→existing
turn→turns
prevented后加from
6．You’ll succeed on time because you are always working hard. __________
7．The use of computers as a medium of communication has given birth for a new language—cyber language. ___________
8．The sun heats the earth, which makes possible for plants to grow. _______________
on→in
for→to
makes后加it
9．The newly broadened square is three time larger than the previous one. _______________
10．The river is so polluted that every day we can see lots of garbage being floating on the water, giving off an unpleasant smell. _____________
time→times
删除being
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
At the very beginning, the earth was just a cloud of dust after the “Big Bang”. Then the dust combined into a solid globe 1. __________ (move) around the sun. The earth became so violent 2. ________ it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. The earth exploded loudly with fire and rock.
moving
that
They were 3. ______ time to produce many things, 4. _________ were to make the earth’s atmosphere. As the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. It allowed the earth 5. _______________ (dissolve) harmful gases. Then life began to develop.
in
which
to dissolve
The first extremely small plants multiplied and 6. __________ (fill) the first oceans and seas with oxygen. This encouraged the later 7. _______________ (develop) of early shellfish and fish. Land animals such as insects, reptiles and dinosaurs appeared 8. _________ green plants appeared. Small clever animals spread all over the earth.
filled
development
after
But they are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat 9. ________ escaping from the earth into space. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years 10. ___________ (come) will depend on whether this problem can be solved.
from
to come
Ⅳ.微写作(黑体部分用本单元词汇或句式表达)
It was said that dinosaurs were once the masters of the earth. They 1. ____________________________________ (在地球上存活了很长时间). They produced the young 2. _______________ (通过下蛋) and the warm climate helped them 3. ______________________ (迅速繁殖). Unfortunately, they couldn’t 4. __________________________________ (阻止自己的消亡).
existed on the earth for a long time
by laying eggs
multiply quickly
prevent themselves from disappearing
How did the dinosaurs die out? 5. ___________________ _________________ (有很多不同的学说). All in all, 6. _______________________________________ (随着世界气候的变迁), dinosaurs died, but many smaller animals lived on. It was 7. __________________________ (适者生存).
There are many different theories
with the changes in the world’s climate
the survival of the fittest
