课时达标(四) Unit 4 Earthquakes
Ⅰ 阅读理解
A
课标话题 人与自我·公民义务与社会责任 体裁 应用文
词 数 278 难度
When a Canadian woman was hit by a train and badly injured in northern Italy, rescue services quickly went to her aid on the tracks. But as they treated the victim, a young man photographed the scene from the station platform in a selfie(自拍) that has caused widespread anger. Corriere della Sera said he appeared to be making a “V for victory” sign with one hand while taking the shot with the other.
Police caught the young selfie?taker and forced him to delete his picture. The young man has been investigated(调查) and does not appear to have committed a crime. But the image of him pointing his mobile phone at the rescue scene has appeared on many front pages in Italy and it attracted incredulity to the investigation so that the public insisted that further investigations should be carried out.
Journalist Giorgio Lambri, who pictured this young selfie?taker, complained “we have completely lost a sense of morality”. Besides, a commentary in La Stampa spoke of “a cancer that affects the Internet”. The young man who took the selfie was not bad, argued Antonella Boralevi. Instead, he had turned off his soul and his personality and become an “automaton(机械行事之人) of the Internet”．
What remains unclear is how the young woman was hit by a train in the first place. According to reports at the time, the control system for closing the train’s doors was faulty and the woman may have fallen out of the train while opening a door on the wrong side. However, there was also a suggestion that she may have been rushing to board the train as it was leaving the station.
语篇导读 本文主要讲述了一名男子在救援现场自拍引发了公众的不满和批评。
1．What does the underlined word “incredulity” probably mean?
A．Suspicion． B．Resistance.
C．Attention． D．Sensitivity.
解析 A 词义猜测题。根据画线词上一句可知，男子被调查后发现并没有犯过罪，再结合画线词后的the public…carried out可知，公众要求对其进行进一步调查，故可推知，公众应该是怀疑警方之前的调查结果，故选A项。
2．According to Antonella Boralevi, the man who took the selfie ________.
A．was a bad person B．was not very moral
C．should be forgiven D．did this automatically
解析 D 细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句可知，Antonella Boralevi认为拍照的男子本性不坏，只是过分沉溺于网络和自拍，遇到什么事都会不自觉拍照，故选D项。
3．What does the last paragraph focus on?
A．The failure of the train’s doors.
B．The process of the woman being hit.
C．The likely causes of the train accident.
D．The severity of the woman’s injuries.
解析 C 主旨大意题。最后一段主要探究女子是如何被火车撞到的，即火车事故发生的可能原因，故选C项。
4．Where can we probably find this article?
A．In a review． B．In a newspaper.
C．In a research report． D．In a photography magazine.
解析 B 文章出处题。本文主要讲述了一名男子因在救援现场自拍而引发公众的不满和批评，属于纪实性新闻，最可能出现在报纸上，故选B项。
B
课标话题 人与自然·自然灾害与防范 体裁 说明文
词 数 372 难度
In its early history, Chicago had floods frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets so muddy that people, horses and carts got stuck. An old joke that was popular at the time went like this: A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street. Asked if he needs help, he replies, “No, thanks. I’ve got a good horse under me.”
The city planners decided to build an underground drainage(排水) system, but there simply wasn’t enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level. The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city.
An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced the city planners that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt. This raised the level of the city’s streets by as much as 12 feet.
This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into mainfloors, or hoist(吊起) the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood?frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about large, heavy structures like the Tremont Hotel, which was a six?story brick building?
That’s where George Pullman came in. He had developed some house?moving skills successfully. To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel, Pullman would place thousands of jackscrews(螺旋千斤顶) beneath the building’s foundation. One man was assigned to operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullman’s sign each man turned his jackscrews by the same amount at the same time, thereby raising the building slowly and evenly. Astonishingly, the Tremont Hotel stayed open during the entire operation, and many of its guests didn’t even notice anything was happening. Some people like to say that every problem has a solution. But in Chicago’s early history, every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem. Now that Chicago’s waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River, the city’s next step was to clean the polluted river.
语篇导读 本文主要介绍了芝加哥为了应对洪水泛滥的问题而实行的一些解决方案。
5．The author mentions the joke in Paragraph 1 to show ________.
A．horses were fairly useful in Chicago
B．Chicago’s streets were extremely muddy
C．Chicago was very dangerous in the spring
D．the Chicago people were particularly humorous
解析 B 写作意图题。根据第一段第一句可推知，作者提及这个笑话是为了表明芝加哥的街道曾经非常泥泞，故选B项。
6．The city planners were convinced by Ellis Chesbrough to ________.
A．get rid of the street dirt B．lower the Chicago River
C．fight against heavy floods D．build the pipes above ground
解析 D 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知，Ellis Chesbrough让城市规划者相信在地上建管道才能解决洪水泛滥带来的问题，故选D项。
7．What can we conclude about the moving operation of the Tremont Hotel?
A．It went on smoothly as intended.
B．It interrupted the business of the hotel.
C．It involved Pullman in turning ten jackscrews.
D．It separated the building from its foundation.
解析 A 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，用螺旋千斤顶把the Tremont Hotel升高时，宾馆正常营业，很多顾客甚至对此一无所知，即此事进展顺利，故选A项。
8．The passage is mainly about the early Chicago’s ________.
A．popular lifestyles and their influences
B．environmental disasters and their causes
C．engineering problems and their solutions
D．successful businessmen and their achievements
解析 C 主旨大意题。结合全文可知，本文主要讲述早期芝加哥在应对洪水泛滥的过程中，一些建筑工程曾面临的问题及所采取的相应解决办法，故选C项。
Ⅱ 七选五
课标话题 人与自然·自然科学研究成果 体裁 说明文
词 数 204 难度
A new study suggests that the timing of a wound affects the speed at which it heals. Wounds suffered during the day heal around 60 percent faster than those at night.
The study showed how the bodies’ circadian rhythm(昼夜节律) controlled the healing of wounds. __1__ It tells our bodies when to wake up, eat and sleep in a cycle—a series of activities that repeat themselves day after day. __2__ In the study, researchers found that skin cells moved faster to repair wounds suffered during the day. Their findings were published in the journal Science Translational Medicine.
The researchers examined cells, mice, and burnt injury databases. __3__ Nighttime burns—burns suffered between 8 o’clock at night and 8 o’clock the next morning—were 95 percent healed after an average of 28 days.
But after an average of 17 days, daytime burns—burns suffered between 8 o’clock in the morning and 8 o’clock at night—were 95 percent healed. __4__
Wounds are very costly to treat. __5__ In Britain’s National Health Services, for example, such services cost around $6.56 billion per year．Experts say the high costs result, in part, from a lack of drugs that speed up the closure of wounds.
A．Each cycle lasts about 24 hours.
B．The circadian rhythm is like a clock or timer.
C．Specifically, their investigation found the following information.
D．The new study’s findings could help scientists develop better drugs.
E．In other words, nighttime injuries took an average of 11 days longer to heal.
F．Worldwide, billions of dollars are spent every year on wound?treatment services.
G．That’s what a group of researchers from a university in Canada recently published.
语篇导读 本文主要介绍了人体昼夜节律影响伤口愈合速度的研究结果。
1．解析 B 顺承关系。本段主要介绍人体昼夜节律的定义和功能。根据空前的circadian rhythm(昼夜节律)和空后的It tells our bodies when to wake up, eat and sleep in a cycle可知，B项符合语境，其中的The circadian rhythm承接上文，故选B项。
2.解析 A 顺承关系。空前讲到了人体昼夜节律的功能，A项进一步介绍人体昼夜节律的基本情况，其中的Each cycle与空前一句中的a cycle呼应，故选A项。
3．解析 C 顺承关系。空前一句讲到研究人员检查了细胞、老鼠和烧伤的数据库，空后是研究人员的发现，C项承上启下，符合语境，故选C项。
4．解析 E 总结关系。上一段讲述夜晚伤口的愈合情况，本段讲述白天伤口的愈合情况，再结合选项内容可知，E项符合语境，故选E项。
5．解析 F 诠释关系。本段第一句是中心句，主要讲述治疗伤口的费用昂贵，F项符合语境，故选F项。
快解：本段主要讲的是治疗伤口的费用昂贵，选项中只有F项提到了费用问题，据此可直接锁定答案。
Ⅲ 短文改错
(2019·河北辛集中学月考)
Dear Mike，
I’m sorry to hear that you are in hospital with eyesight decreasing and some other ①. I hope you will recover soon.
You said that it was by surfing on ② the Internet too much that your illness ③ caused. That’s true. A friend of ④， who often does the same thing, is beginning to feel ⑤ too. He says that he can’t see now as ⑥ as before. And my teachers often tell us whether⑦ it’s harmful for us to spend much time on the Internet every day. Instead, we should work out to keep healthy, because ⑧ is more important than health. Only if we have a sound body ⑨ we study better.
⑩ the doctor’s advice and don’t worry, and you will be fine soon.
Yours，
Li Hua
① 解析 symptom为可数名词，其前有some other修饰，应用复数形式。
② 解析 surf the Internet上网(冲浪)，为固定搭配。
③ 解析 根据本句中的said可知，此处应用一般过去时。
④ 解析 此处表示“我的一个朋友”，应用名词性物主代词mine。“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”为固定用法。
⑤ 解析 根据本句中的is beginning to可知，此处表示“我”的一个朋友也开始感觉不舒服，无比较含义，故用原级bad。
⑥ 解析 此处作状语修饰动词see，应用副词。
⑦ 解析 此处引导宾语从句，作tell的宾语；从句中不缺少成分，故应用that引导，或省略that。
⑧ 解析 根据句意可知，此处表示“没有什么东西”，故用nothing。
⑨ 解析 only置于句首修饰状语从句时，主句应部分倒装。
⑩ 解析 根据and及don’t worry可知，此处为由and连接的并列祈使句，故用动词原形。
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必修 1
Unit 4 Earthquakes
高考话题对接 Nature, weather and environment(自然、天气与环境)之自然灾害 相关单元 必修2 Unit 4 选修6 Unit 4、Unit 5 选修7 Unit 3
1．______________ ； _________ n．地震
2．_________ n．突然破裂；爆发 vi.爆裂；爆发
3．_________ n．事件；大事
4．________ n．废墟；毁灭 vt.毁灭；使破产
5．_________ n．轨道；足迹；痕迹
earthquake
burst
event
ruin
track
quake
6．___________ adj.无用的；无效的；无益的
7．________ vt.使陷入困境 n．陷阱；困境
8．________ vt.埋葬；掩埋；隐藏
9．___________ n．掩蔽；掩蔽处 vt.掩蔽，遮蔽；庇护
10．__________ n．& vt.损失；损害
11．_____________ adv.真诚地；真挚地
12．___________ n．要点；大纲；轮廓
13．____________ n．报刊的大字标题
useless
trap
bury
shelter
damage
sincerely
outline
headline
1．__________ n．民族；国家；国民→ ____________ adj.国家的；民族的→ _______________ n.国籍
2．___________ adj.极度的→ _____________ adv.极其；非常
3．__________ vt.损害；伤害→ __________ n．损害；伤害→ ___________ adj.受伤的
4．___________ vt.破坏；毁坏；消灭→ _______________ n．毁坏；毁灭
nation
national
nationality
extreme
extremely
injure
injury
injured
destroy
destruction
5．_________ vt.& vi.(使)震惊；震动 n．休克；打击；震惊→ ________ adj.震惊的→ ___________ adj.令人震惊的
6．__________ n．& vt.援救；营救→ ___________ n．救援者
7．_______________ n．电；电流；电学→ ____________ adj.用电的→ ____________ adj.与电有关的；电气科学的
shock
shocked
shocking
rescue
rescuer
electricity
electric
electrical
8．____________ n．灾难；灾祸→ ______________ adj.毁灭性的；灾难的
9．________ n．矿；矿山；矿井→ _________ n．矿工
10．____________ vt.使惊吓；吓唬→ ______________ adj.受惊的；受恐吓的→ _______________ adj.令人恐惧的
11．__________________ n．祝贺；(pl.)贺词→ ________________ vt.祝贺
disaster
disastrous
mine
miner
frighten
frightened
frightening
congratulation
congratulate
12．_________ n．裁判员；法官 vt.断定；判断；判决→ _________________ n．意见；判断力；审判
13．___________ vt.表示；表达 n．快车；速递→ ______________ n．表达；表示；表情→ __________________ adj.面无表情的
judge
judg(e)ment
express
expression
expressionless
1．Jessie was almost ______________ to death when she saw the ___________ scene.(frighten)
2．He wrote a letter to ________________ me on my good performance and the exciting ___________________ encouraged me greatly.(congratulate)
frightened
[用所给词的适当形式填空]
frightening
congratulate
congratulations
3．As a _________ , he has good _______________ and never _______ a person by his or her appearance.(judge)
4．I could hardly ___________ how thankful I was. I decided to give him a present as an ______________ of gratitude. However, when I saw his __________________ face, all of my thankfulness disappeared at once.(express)
judge
judg(e)ment
judges
express
expression
expressionless
1．______________ 立刻；马上
2．___________________ 认为……没有什么了不起
3．_____________ 结束；终结
4．____________ 严重受损；破败不堪
5．___________ 掘出；发现
6．_________________________ 许多；大量的
7．__________________ 根据/由……判断
8．________________ 埋头于
right away
think little of
at an end
in ruins
dig out
a (great) number of
judge from/by
be buried in
1．____________________ what Jack had said and done, he must be an honest and kind man.
2．When I came in, he _________________ playing computer games in his study.
3．As the farmer ploughed the field, he ___________ a pot of jewelry.
4．Would you ___________________ me if I didn’t go to your wedding ceremony?
Judging from/by
[选用上面的短语填空]
was buried in
dug out
think little of
too weak to walk out of
not all of its effects
Everywhere he went
It seems as if they
never existed
联想拓维
?“自然灾害”单词一览
①earthquake 地震 ②avalanche 雪崩
③drought 旱灾；干旱 ④eruption (火山)喷发
⑤flood洪水 ⑥hurricane飓风
⑦volcano火山 ⑧tsunami海啸
burst vi.& vt.(burst, burst)爆裂；爆发；突然出现
n．[C]突然破裂；爆发
1
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)He burst ________ anger when he found out the truth.
(2)Reading The Emperor’s New Clothes, I had to let out a burst of ____________ (laugh) over his foolishness.
with
laughter
(1)in ruins破败不堪
be reduced to ruins沦为废墟
fall into ruin毁灭；毁坏
bring…to ruin使……毁灭；使……没落
(2)ruin oneself自取灭亡
ruin one’s health/fame毁坏某人的健康/名誉
ruin n．[U]毁灭；毁坏 [pl.] 废墟；遗迹
vt.毁灭；使破产；(使)堕落
2
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)Shortly after suffering from a terrible earthquake and being reduced to _________ (ruin), the city took on a new look.
(2)His drunk driving not only ruined ___________ (he) but also killed several passers?by.
ruins
himself
(1)injure one’s pride/feelings/reputation
伤害某人的自尊心/感情/名声
(2)the injured 伤员
(3)do an injury to sb/do sb an injury伤害某人
injure vt.损害；伤害
injured adj.受伤的
injury n．损害；伤害；伤；伤口
3
【提示】 the injured作主语时，若指代对象为单数，则谓语动词用单数；若指代对象为复数，则谓语动词用复数。
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)It is generally known that dog owners should be responsible if their pets do an __________ (injure) to other people or cause damage to their property.
(2)A terrible accident happened at the crossing and an ambulance rushed the ___________ (injure) to the hospital.
(3)The injured in the earthquake ________ (be) sent to the nearest hospital immediately yesterday.
injury
injured
were
bury one’s face/head in (one’s) hands双手掩面/抱头
bury oneself in/be buried in (doing) sth专心于……
be buried in thought陷入沉思
bury vt.埋藏；掩埋；隐藏；使沉浸；使专心
4
【拓展】 表示“专心于；致力于”的短语还有：be devoted to, be lost/engaged/absorbed in, focus on/upon, fix/concentrate (one’s attention) on。
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)What puzzles me most is why so many students bury themselves ______ piles of maths exercises when they should spare some time to reflect on their previous mistakes.
in
【写作微技能】——句式升级
(2)她专心学习，所以没注意到其他人都走了。
①普通表达：Because she ______________________ ______________ her study, she didn’t know that all the others had left.
②高级表达： ______________________ her study, she didn’t know that all the others had left.(现在分词短语作状语)
③高级表达： _____________ her study, she didn’t know that all the others had left.(过去分词短语作状语)
buried herself in/was
buried in
Burying herself in
Buried in
(1)judge from/by从……来判断
judge between right and wrong判断是非
as far as I can judge据我判断；我认为
judge…to be/as判定为……
(2)judging from/by 根据……来判断
(3)in one’s judgement 依某人看来
judge n．裁判员；法官 vt.断定；判断；判决
judg(e)ment n．意见；判断；判断力；审判
5
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)How can they form any _________________ (judge) of the matter without the figures?
(2) ___________ (judge) by the above story, we can draw the conclusion that we can’t judge a book from its cover.
judg(e)ment
Judging
(1)put an end to结束……
come to an end ……结束
at the end of在……结束时；在……末端
by the end of到……为止(常与完成时态连用)
in the end 最后；终于
at an end 结束；终结
1
(2)end up with以……结束
end up doing sth以做某事结束
【考点训练】——用end相关短语的适当形式填空
(1)If _________________ two years you still feel the same, we will reconsider.
(2)My holiday is _____________ and I must go back to work tomorrow.
(3)I wonder what determined her to marry him ______________ .
(4)Every time they went dancing they ____________ in a bad mood.
at the end of
at an end
in the end
ended up
a (great) number of 许多；大量的
2
【提示】 (1)“a number of＋n.(pl.)”作主语，谓语动词用复数，表示“许多/大量……”；“the number of＋n.(pl.)”作主语，谓语动词用单数，表示“……的数目”。如果形容数量的“多少”，用large, small或high, low，不用many, few。
(2)“large quantities/amounts of＋n.”作主语，谓语动词用复数；“a large quantity/amount of＋n.”作主语，谓语动词用单数。
(3)“many a＋可数名词单数”作主语，谓语动词用单数。
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)After we use the new recycling method, a large number of trees ___________________ (save)．
(2)A great deal of money _______________ (donate) to a university by an ordinary worker, which aroused public attention.
(3)Large quantities of information, as well as some timely help, _____________________ (offer) since the organization was built.
have been saved
was donated
have been offered
all…not… 并非所有的……都……
1
(1)部分否定：含有全体概念的代词、形容词或副词，如all, both, every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere, necessarily, entirely, altogether, absolutely, whole, wholly, completely, always, often, quite等与not搭配使用时，无论not位置如何，均构成部分否定，表示“并非都”的意思。
(2)全部否定：no, none, never, nobody, nothing, neither, no one, nowhere, no more, no longer, no way 等表否定意义的词(组)与肯定式谓语一起使用构成“全部否定”。
部分否定 全部否定
两者 both…not/not both… (不是两者兼有) neither/not…either(既不……也不……)
三者或三者以上 all…not/not all…(不都) not…any/none(没有一个)
none/nobody(没有人)
nothing(没有任何事物)
副词 not everywhere(并非到处)
not quite(不完全)
not completely(不尽) nowhere(无处；哪里都不)
not a bit(一点儿也不)
not at all(并不)
【写作微技能】——一句多译
事实是并不是每个人都把合理安排时间看得很重要。
(1)The truth is that ___________________________ ______________________ time management.
(2)The truth is that ___________________________ ______________________ time management.
everyone is not attaching great importance to
not everyone is attaching great importance to
It seems/seemed as if… 看起来好像……
2
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)When a pencil is partly put into a glass of water, it looks as if it _______________ (break)．
(2)The little girl walked here and there on the playground as if ___________ (look) for something.
were broken
looking
【写作微技能】——高考小作文
(3)(福建卷书面表达)一对年轻夫妇坐在船上吃着东西，说着话，大笑着，好像他们是这世界上仅有的人。
A young couple in a boat were eating, talking and laughing loudly ____________________________________________ .
as if they were the only people in the world
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Think carefully before you answer his questions. You may be trapped ________ giving away important information.
2．We ________________ (shock) when we heard they had got killed in the accident.
3．There is worldwide concern about the _______________ (destroy) of the rainforests.
into
were shocked
destruction
4．It is ___________ (use) arguing with Bradford, because he is too stubborn.
5．As a matter of fact, it was an _____________ (extreme) difficult and dangerous task.
6．Three?fourths of the students in our school _______ (be) fond of pop music.
7．By the end of this week, I ______________________ (finish) most of the work that needs to get done.
useless
extremely
are
will have finished
8．What the newspaper reported did a great injury ______ her fame.
9．The doctor’s reputation ______________ (ruin) in the accident. Nobody believed that he was innocent.
10．If it hadn’t been for your timely help, we ____________________ (trap) in a dilemma now.
to
was ruined
would be trapped
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．At the end of the war, much of Europe and Asia was in ruin, and America stood alone as the world’s economic superpower. _______________
2．The meeting came to end and he set down many key points. _____________
3．Maria looked at the picture, and then to my surprise she burst out laughter. _________________________________
ruin→ruins
end前加an
out→into或laughter→laughing
4．Andrew is organized, easy?going, hard?working and intelligent. In a word, I can’t think too high of him. ________________
5．As China develops fast and steadily, a number of foreigners is learning Chinese as a second language. ___________
6．I want to make use of this chance to express congratulations in your success. __________
high→highly
is→are
in→on
7．The girl was sitting on a bench in the park, buried her head in the novel. ___________________
8．When the game finally ended, both of us were lying flat on our backs, tired to move. ________________
9．We entered the room, from its window we could see the tower clearly. ___________________________
10．John pretends as if he doesn’t know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well. _____________________
buried→burying
tired前加too
its→whose或from前加and
doesn’t→didn’t
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
The Tangshan Earthquake was 1. _____ natural disaster that occurred on July 28, 1976. It is believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th century by death toll.
a
Just before the earthquake, strange things were happening: The water in the village wells rose and fell; a 2. __________ (smell) gas came out of the cracks of the wells; the chickens and even the pigs were 3. _______ nervous to eat. In the city the water pipes in some buildings cracked and 4. _________ (burst)．
smelly
too
burst
When the earth began to shake, it seemed as if the world was 5. ______ an end.Even 1/3 of the nation felt the earthquake. A huge crack that was 8 kilometers long and 30 meters wide cut across houses. In 15 terrible 6. ___________ (second) a large city 7. _______ (lie) in ruins. 2/3 of the people died or 8. ________________ (injure) during the earthquake.
at
seconds
lay
were injured
The number of people 9. _____________ were killed or injured reached more than 400,000.
All of the city’s hospitals, 75%of its factories and buildings and 90%of its homes were 10. ________ (go)．
who/that
gone
Ⅳ.微写作(黑体部分用本单元词汇或句式表达)
One night, everything began to shake. 1. ____________ _________________________ (水管爆裂，电力中断). Suddenly, 2. _______________________________________ (世界似乎到了末日). The city was destroyed in seconds. 3. __________________________________ (大量建筑物变为废墟) and people 4. __________________________ (有的受伤，有的被埋).
Pipes burst
and electricity went out
it seemed as if the world was at an end
A great number of buildings lay in ruins
were injured or buried
5. ________________________________ (从那时的情况判断), there were a number of 6. ______________________ _________________________ (被困群众等待救援). 7. _____________________ (并不是所有的希望都没有了/all…not…). 8. _______________________________________ (士兵立即被派遣去营救). Food and fresh water were taken to the city by plane, train and truck. Slowly, the city began to breathe again.
Judging from the situation then
trapped people waiting
for the rescue
All hope was not lost
Soldiers were sent to rescue them right away
