课时达标(二十九) Unit 4 Global warming
建议时间/35分钟
(见学用课时P67)
Ⅰ 阅读理解
A
课标话题 人与自然·人与环境 体裁 记叙文
词 数 383 难度
People at an east London workshop are paying to learn how to make their own bicycle. Nothing unusual about that? But at this Bamboo Bicycle Club session, the bikes are being made with bamboo.
In all the excitement to claim bicycles the answer to crowded roads, polluted city air and our own health, the materials used to manufacture those bikes often get overlooked. Carbon fiber, for example, is increasingly popular for new bicycles, particularly racing bikes. The material, though lightweight and strong, is difficult to recycle and cannot be melted down and reused in its original form, unlike aluminum and steel. Carbon fiber is also dangerous and dirty to work with, so it's an unlikely material for encouraging people to build and repair their own bicycles. It's also incredibly wasteful. Most people replace a racing bike every three years, adding to carbon fiber waste.
Motivated to cut the waste and make bike?building more popular, Marr has set up a club to teach people how to make their own bikes out of bamboo. Far from just panda food, bamboo is a strong and popular building material in Asia, and it's well suited to being shaped into a bicycle frame. It can grow from seed to harvest in less than four years. Still, its sustainability relies on production standards, for example, avoiding the use of chemical fertilizers or pesticides, and ensuring natural forest is not cleared for plantations.
The club's workshop in London makes around 500 bicycles a year, with a two?day session building your own bamboo bicycle costing around ￡600. The club has opened franchises(特许经营权) in Germany and Italy, with more in Canada and South Africa opening soon. As well as teaching people to build bikes, the club was invited by two NGOs working in Kenya last year to help teach students in Malaa near Nairobi how to repair, maintain and build bicycles. The final ambition is to help reconnect people with bikes and the materials used to build them.
In a recent interview, Marr talked about the trendy bike?sharing. “While bike?sharing companies have promised lots in terms of more sustainable transport, they haven't yet changed wasteful consumer attitudes，” Marr commented, adding that he was shocked by photos of thousands of unwanted bicycles abandoned in cities across China.
语篇导读 本文主要介绍的是一个自行车俱乐部为了环保教人们用竹子做自行车。
1．What makes the bicycles of Bamboo Bicycle Club special?
A．The payment. B．The material.
C．The workshop. D．The function.
解析 B 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知，这个俱乐部的特殊性在于这里的自行车是用竹子制作的，即原材料不同，故选B项。
2．What do we know about carbon fiber from the second paragraph?
A．It's not environmentally friendly.
B．It's unrecyclable.
C．It's flexible.
D．It's less popular.
解析 A 细节理解题。根据第二段可知，碳纤维难以回收，并且不能融化后再利用，而且有危险性，不干净，由此可知，它不环保，故选A项。
3．What is the final aim of Marr's club?
A．To double their profits.
B．To open more shops abroad.
C．To teach how to make bikes.
D．To reduce the waste and raise people's awareness of bike?building.
解析 D 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知，俱乐部的最终目的是为了减少浪费并且让自行车制造越来越普及，故选D项。motivate成为……的动机；激发。
4．What is Marr's attitude to bike?sharing?
A．Positive. B．Critical.
C．Doubtful. D．Objective.
解析 B 观点态度题。根据最后一段可知，Marr认为共享单车公司并没有改变浪费的消费观念，四处是被遗弃的单车，由此可推知他对共享单车持批判态度，故选B项。
B
课标话题 人与自然·自然环境保护 体裁 记叙文
词 数 292 难度
(2019·惠州调考)Along with the standard pigments(颜料) and paintbrushes, artist Sean Yoro(known as Hula), requires an unconventional piece of equipment for his particular brand of mural(壁画) making: a paddleboard.
The Hawaiian muralist, balanced on the top of the floating platform, describes women from various sites across the world，whose homelands are often threatened by the effects of global warming.
For his most recent project, titled “What If You Fly”， Hula traveled to Baffin Island, off the coast of Nunavut, Canada, to paint a portrait of local Inuit woman Jesse Mike，who lives there with her daughter.
In a short film telling of the artist's process，Mike explains her frustrating previous experiences working with filmmakers who reported on the terrible circumstances troubling her endangered landscape.“For most people, it's about the polar bears, it's not about the people，” she said.“Well, let's make it about the people.”
Hula and his team spent 14 hours searching for the perfect iceberg canvas(油画布), knowing all the while that the ice itself, and any image created on the top of it, would soon melt away into nothing.
“It's a little ambitious to do this larger?than?life ice mural in the Arctic, and somehow, at the same time, make a connection to the human culture，” climber and filmmaker Renan Ozturk said of the project.
When Hula found his proper ice, he painted a portrait of Jesse he took earlier on his camera. Working against the power of time and Mother Nature, the artist aimed to finish as much of Jesse's portrait as he could before the iceberg disappeared.
The massive image, Hula's most remote and technically challenging piece yet，communicates a memorable reality—the consequences of climate change, first and foremost，affect people.
语篇导读 本文主要讲述了壁画大师Hula通过在冰上作画来提醒人们气候变化的后果正在影响人类这一事件。
5．What is “What If You Fly”？
A．A film about the muralist.
B．A woman called Jesse Mike.
C．A painting based on a local Inuit.
D．A project conducted by Hula.
解析 D 细节理解题。 根据第三段可知，“What If You Fly”是Hula最近进行的一个项目，故选D项。
6．Why did Jesse Mike complain about some filmmakers?
A．They didn't focus on human beings.
B．They only reported on terrible circumstances.
C．They just reported on frustrating experiences.
D．They showed no sympathy to the endangered landscape.
解析 A 细节理解题。根据第四段第二句可知，Jesse抱怨那些电影制作人只关注气候变化对当地动物的影响，而不关注对人类的影响，故选A项。
7．Why did Hula paint image on the Arctic ice?
A．He wanted to show his unconventional painting.
B．He was ambitious enough to explore Mother Nature.
C．He made an attempt to paint on varieties of materials.
D．He warned people of the consequences of global warming.
解析 D 推理判断题。根据全文尤其是最后一段可知，Hula在北极冰川上作画是为了警告人们全球变暖的后果，故选D项。
8．What can be the best title for the text?
A．A Muralist and an Inuit
B．Mother Nature, Massive Images
C．Arctic Ice Painting, Memorable Reality
D．Standard Tools, Unconventional Paintings
解析 C 标题归纳题。本文讲述了艺术家Hula以北极冰川为画布作画，以此提醒人们关注气候变暖对人类的影响，C项概括最准确，故选C项。
Ⅱ 七选五
课标话题 人与自我·生活与学习 体裁 说明文
词 数 252 难度
CUCAS, known as China's University and College Admission System, is an official online portal for international students applying for China's universities.
__1__ By using its service, including university application, accommodation booking, airport pick?up and money transfer, you will be able to easily apply for top universities in China and find the most suitable programs.
At present, nearly 200 Chinese public universities and 10 language schools are making use of CUCAS's online admission system. __2__ We suggest that you consider the following aspects：
★ __3__
Do you have a favorite Chinese city or university? If there is, why not apply for it now? If you're not very familiar with China's cities, take a look at our City Guide.
★ Budget
In comparison to Beijing, Shanghai, and large coastal cities, the cost of living in China's inland regions is relatively low. For example, Chengdu, Xi'an，Chongqing, Changsha, Wuhan, Zhengzhou, and other cities are all well?developed with beautiful scenery and many excellent universities. If you don't have a large budget, you may wish to consider these cities.
★ Rank
__4__ Or you can also refer to the list of “211 Key Universities”. They are regarded as China's top universities.
★ Fellow citizens
Applicants may choose to apply for a university where you have more fellow citizens. This may help you settle in more quickly to a new environment. __5__ This may reduce the opportunities for you to speak your own language and in turn improve your Chinese fluency.
A．Your Preference
B．Your Familiarity
C．Or you can do the opposite.
D．How do you choose your ideal university?
E．What can you do to figure out the suitable programs?
F．You can check the annual ranking of all the universities in China.
G．It is always intended to provide top service for Chinese universities applicants.
语篇导读 本文主要向国际学生介绍了申请中国大学的在线服务平台CUCAS，以及如何挑选大学。
1．解析 G 总分关系。根据空后一句可知，空处应该总述该机构的主要职责。G项中的It指代上文的CUCAS，故选G项。
2．解析 D 总分关系。根据下文所提到的各种择校时应考虑的因素可知，D项(如何选择自己理想的大学)最符合语境，故选D项。
3．解析 A 总分关系。根据文章结构可知，此处为小标题，空处下一段主要讲述了学生应该根据喜好选择大学，故选A项。
4．解析 F 选择关系。根据小标题Rank和空后一句可知，空处应与如何了解中国大学的排名有关，选项中只有F项符合，故选F项。
5．解析 C 转折关系。根据空前的This may help和空后的This may reduce可知，前后为相反的结果，C项(或者你可以做相反的选择)符合语境，故选C项。
Ⅲ 短文改错
There ① many reasons for WeChat to be known. To begin with it②， WeChat is a ③ cheap way of communication. This cuts down ④ cost of making a phone call. Next, WeChat is to the taste of the majority of people with various functions；it is available everywhere at ⑤ time.
However, problems ⑥ meanwhile. Firstly, our identities can be given away and we can be ⑦ trouble. Moreover, it may make ⑧ effectively with others face to face less. Finally, our
⑨ might be drawn too much to focus on work.
There is still some doubt whether WeChat will improve ⑩ time goes by.
① 解析 此处为there be句型，且本句的主语many reasons为复数，故将have改为are。
② 解析 to begin with首先，为固定搭配，常作插入语，置于句首。
③ 解析 此处应用副词作状语修饰形容词cheap。
④ 解析 此处cost为名词，意为“费用”，后面有of短语限定，应用定冠词the表示特指。
⑤ 解析 结合语境可知，此处表示“在任何时间”，应用at any time。
⑥ 解析 文章主体时态为一般现在时，且此处叙述的是一般事实，故用一般现在时。
⑦ 解析 in trouble处于困境，为固定搭配。
⑧ 解析 结合语境可知此处表达“使得与其他人之间有效的面对面交流变少”，make后应用动名词短语作宾语，构成“make＋宾语＋宾补”结构。
⑨ 解析 attention在此处意为“注意力”，是不可数名词。attention意为“兴趣；关心”时，一般用复数形式。
⑩ 解析 此处表示“随着时间的推移”，故将before改为as，意为“随着”。
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(共62张PPT)
选修 6
Unit 4 Global warming
1．________ adj.胡乱的；任意的
2．________ vi.同意；捐赠；订阅 vt.签署(文件)；捐助
3．________ n．量；数量
4．________ prep.每，每一
random
subscribe
quantity
per
5．________ n．资料；数据
6．________ n．趋势；倾向；走向
7．_____________ n．大灾难；浩劫
8．________ adj.温和的；温柔的；淡的
9．________ n．种类；范围
10．________ vi.看一下；扫视 n．一瞥
11．______________ adj.分布广的；普遍的
12．________ adj.平均的
data
trend
catastrophe
mild
range
glance
widespread
average
13．________ n．个人；个体 adj.单独的；个别的
14．________ vt.拥护；提倡；主张 n．倡导者
15．________________ n．承诺；交托；信奉
16．________ adj.电的；与电有关的
17．________ adj.随便的；漫不经心的；偶然的
18．_____________ n．环境；情况
19．________ vt.使恢复；使振作
20．________________ n．显示；演出
individual
advocate
commitment
electrical
casual
circumstance
refresh
presentation
1．________ vt.消费；消耗；耗尽；吃完→________ n．顾客；消费者；用户
2．____________ n．现象→_________________(pl.)
3．________ vi.趋向；易于；照顾 vt.照顾；护理→________ n．倾向；趋势
consume
consumer
phenomenon
phenomena
tend
tendency
4．________ vt.反对；反抗；与(某人)较量→________ adj.反对的；对立的→________ n．对立的人或物 adj.对面的
5．_______________ n．结果；后果；影响→_____________ adj.随之发生的；作为结果的→_______________ adv.因此；所以
6．________ v．陈述；说明→_____________ n．陈述；说明；声明；表白
oppose
opposed
opposite
consequence
consequent
consequently
state
statement
7．________ adj.平稳的；持续的；稳固的→________ adv.平稳地；持续地
8．_____________ n．生存；存在→________ vi.存在
9．_____________ n．贡献→_____________ vt.贡献
10．_______________ n．分歧；不一致→________ vi.不同意；不一致
steady
steadily
existence
exist
contribution
contribute
disagreement
disagree
1．One of the worst _____________ of smoking for a long time is that you may suffer lung cancer.______________,_you and your family will suffer a lot.(consequent)
2．The air conditioners of this type ________ too much electricity.Many ____________ complain about this.(consume)
consequences
[用所给词的适当形式填空]
Consequently
consume
consumers
3．It was ________ that the prime minister made a ________ announcing new policies to deal with the unemployment.(state)
4．Many people do not believe the ________ of ghosts.Some young children doubt whether there ________ all kinds of ghosts in the world.(exist)
stated
statement
existence
exist
1．_______________ 发生；造成
2．_______________ 同意；赞成；订购
3．__________________ 大量的
4．___________ 逐步建立；增加；增进
5．________ 上升；增长；升起
6．________ 导致
7．_______________ 反对……
come about
subscribe to
quantities of
build up
go up
result in
be opposed to
8．________ 继续
9．_______________ 大体上；基本上
10．_______________ 代表……一方；作为……的代言人
11．____________ 忍受；容忍
12．____________ 只要
13．____________ 等等
14．________ 即使
keep on
on the whole
on behalf of
put up with
so long as
and so on
even if
1．After hearing my reasons, they all ______________ my proposal, and agreed to carry it out as soon as possible.
2．Commercial advertisement is one of the things we have to ____________ when watching TV.
3．The farm grows various kinds of crops，such as wheat, corn, cotton ________.
4．I would never understand how it ______________ that you were an hour late on such a short journey.
subscribed to
[选用上面的短语填空]
put up with
and so on
came about
There is no doubt that
even if/though we have tried our
best
as/so long as it's
interesting
联想拓维
?“灾难”有关的名词集锦
①flood洪灾 ②drought旱灾
③disaster灾难 ④catastrophe大灾难
⑤earthquake地震 ⑥tsunami海啸
?“as…as”短语小结
①as much as尽可能多的；差不多；多达
②as many as和……一样多；多达
③as long as只要；和……一样长
④as far as就……而言；远至……
⑤as well as和；又；(除……之外)也
⑥as good as和……几乎一样(差不多)
⑦as soon as一……就……
a large/small quantity of 大/少量的
quantities of许多的；大量的
in quantity大量地
quantity n．量；数量
1
【提示】 (1)“a quantity of＋不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数；“a quantity of＋可数名词复数形式”作主语时，谓语动词用复数；(2)“quantities of＋可数名词复数形式/不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)Large quantities of information about the case _____________________(collect) till the present moment.
(2)A large quantity of milk ________(be) reported not to reach the standard.
have been collected
was
(1)tend (not) to do sth倾向于/易于/往往(不)做某事
tend (to) sb/sth照顾某人/照料某物
tend to/towards倾向于……；有……的趋势
(2)have a tendency to do sth有做某事的倾向/可能性
have a tendency to/towards sth倾向于……；趋于……
(3)attend to (to为介词) 注意；照顾；专心于；致力于
tend vi.趋向；易于；照顾 vt.照顾；护理
tendency n．倾向；趋势
2
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)Helen has a mental breakdown. Luckily, she has a tendency ________________ recovery with the help of her families.
(2)People under lots of stress tend ________(suffer) from physical problems.
to/towards
to suffer
【写作微技能】——一句多译
(3)近年来，父母让他们的孩子接受额外的教育呈增加趋势。
①__________________ ask their children to accept extra educational programmes over the recent years.(v.)
②____________________________________ to ask their children to accept extra educational programmes over the recent years.(n.)
Parents tend to
There is a growing tendency for parents
(1)a (wide) range of一系列……
within/in the range of在……范围内
beyond/out of one's range在某人的能力范围外
(2)range from…to… 在……范围内变动；包括由……到……之间的各类事物
range between…and… 在……范围内变动
range n．种类；范围；幅度；界限
v．(在一定的范围内)变化，变动；排列
3
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)I have ________ wide range of hobbies, including reading, keeping a diary, going cycling with friends and so on.
(2)The national park has a large collection of wildlife, _________(range) from butterflies to elephants.
(3)Although her description sounded wonderful, the price was ________ our range, so we declined.
a
ranging
beyond
(1)oppose (doing) sth反对(做)某事
oppose one's/sb doing sth反对某人做某事
(2)be opposed to sth (to为介词) 反对某事
oppose vt.反对；反抗；与(某人)较量
opposed adj.反对的；对立的
opposite n．对立的人或物 adj.相反的；对面的
4
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)The parents strongly opposed their daughter ________(go) there alone.
(2)Good habits always lead to high efficiency, while bad ones bring the ________(oppose)．
going
opposite
【写作微技能】——句式升级
(3)许多市民反对新提案，政府不得不取消它。
①普通表达：The government had to cancel the new proposal because quantities of citizens ____________________ it.
②高级表达：_______________________________ ________________________,the government had to cancel it.(with复合结构作状语)
were opposed to
With quantities of citizens opposed
to/opposing the proposal
(1)an average of (后跟数词)平均有
above/below (the) average在平均水平以上/以下
on (the) average平均起来；一般情况下
up to average达到平均数；达到一般水准
(2)average…out算出……的平均数
average adj.平均的；普通的
n．平均数；一般水准
vt.平均为……；计算出……的平均数；平分
5
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)________ the average people who don't smoke are healthier than people who do.
(2)The economy in the area has grown at a remarkable rate, ___________(average) almost 10 percent per year.
(3)Last year was the warmest year on record，with global temperature 0.68 ℃ ________ the average.
On
averaging
above
(1)advocate sth拥护/提倡/主张某事
advocate (sb) doing sth拥护/提倡/主张(某人)做某事
advocate that…(should) do sth主张/提倡……做某事
(2)an advocate of/for ……的提倡者/拥护者
advocate vt.拥护；提倡；主张 n．倡导者；拥护者
6
【考点训练】——单句语法填空
(1)Many preschool teachers advocate __________(reward) a child for his good behaviour.
(2)Mr Garcia was ________ strong advocate of free market policies and a multi?party system.
(3)Many experts advocate that children ________________(give) more free time to learn about something they are really interested in.
rewarding
a
(should) be given
in/under the circumstances在这种情况下；既然如此
in/under no circumstances决不，无论如何都不(放在句首时主句用倒装语序)
in/under any circumstances在任何情况下
circumstance n．环境；情况(通常用复数形式?
7
where
【写作微技能】——句式升级
(2)即使没有人理解和支持你，你也不应该放弃自己的梦想。
①普通表达：_________________________ your dreams even if no one understands and supports you.(陈述句)
②高级表达：__________________________________ ___________ your dreams even if no one understands and supports you.(倒装句)
You should not give up
In/Under no circumstances should you
give up
(1)how does it come about that… ……是怎么发生的？
(2)come across (偶然)遇到
come out 出现；出版；开花；(消息、真相等)被获知， 为人所知
come over (从远处)来到；顺便来访
come about 发生；造成
1
come on 跟着来，跟上来；[口]得啦；快点
come to 谈到；涉及；总计
come up 上来；走近；被提及
come up with 追上，赶上；提出
come about “发生，造成”。侧重指事情发生的原因，经常与how连用
happen “发生”。指事情偶然地、意外地发生
take place “发生”。指事件在预料中发生，进而引申为按计划“进行，举行”
break out 指战争、火灾、疾病等的突然“发生、爆发”
【考点训练】——用come相关短语的适当形式填空
(1)I'll never understand how it _______________ that you made such a mistake.
(2)It was several weeks before the truth of the confusing matter ________.
(3)We aren't able to _________________ any new suggestions. But we will never give up.
came about
came out
come up with
(1)result from (＝arise from) 因……而产生
(2)as a result 结果
as a result of由于；因为
with the result that… 其结果是……
without result 没有结果；徒劳
result in 导致
2
【考点训练】——用result相关短语的适当形式填空
(1)However, pollution and other serious problems have also ________________ human activities.
(2)He made a big mistake and, _____________,he lost his job.
(3)The boom in building has ____________ the local land being more valuable now for houses.
(4)_________________ your carelessness, the whole project should be put off at least one month.
resulted from
as a result
resulted in
As a result of
as/so long as引导的条件状语从句
【写作微技能】——高考小作文
(湖南卷书面表达)在生活中我们可能会遇到许多次失败，但只要我们尽力了，就没有必要为失败而后悔。
In our life we may meet many failures, ________________________________,there's no need to feel regret for them.
so/as long as we have tried our best
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I've personally never subscribed ________ the view that either sex is superior to the other. I believe men and women are equal.
2．The nation's unemployment rate has been climbing ________(stead) since last June, threatening the nation's development.
to
steadily
3．We should do our work well to make __________________(contribute) to our society and our nation.
4．I never even glanced ________ the political page of a daily paper, while my husband was the opposite.
5．Most of the movies reflected the reality of the present age, representing a positive __________(tend).
6．Many old men are opposed to________(cut) down the 100?year?old tree to build a shopping center.
contributions
at
tendency
cutting
7．It is reported that every day large quantities of waste water _____________(pour) into rivers without being cleaned in this area.
8．The girl took a book ________ random from the shelf while she was wandering in the bookshop.
9．We should make teenagers realize the risk and ___________(consequent) of taking drugs by safety education.
10．Now ______________(electricity) appliances are widely used in people's homes.
are poured
at
consequences
electrical
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．Sometimes I have problems at work but as the whole I enjoy my job and am making progress step by step.________
2．Some young people advocated that we encouraged more and more people to wear traditional clothes.__________________________
3．It is Jack's pride that I can't put up. He is always laughing at me in front of other people. _______________
as→on
encouraged→encourage
up后加with
4．Being a popular writer for children's books, he received the average of 15 letters a week. ________
5．He didn't have any experience in designing. In the circumstance he felt unable to accept the job._______________________________
6．It's a lot cheaper if you buy it in quantities, for there will be a big discount._____________________
the→an
circumstance→circumstances
quantities→quantity
7．I can lend my bike to you as long as you will keep it well and give it back on time.___________
8．As consequence of human activities like cutting down bamboos, the pandas are lacking of food source.______________
9．Our teacher told us what it came about that snakes produced poison was a mystery. ________
删除will
As→In或As后加a
what→how
10．There is no doubt whether the student exchange program offered by you is meaningful.____________________ ___________
whether→that或no→
some
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
All scientists subscribe to the view that the greenhouse effect leads to global warming. The 1.________(burn) of fossil fuels adds huge quantities of extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. More heat energy tends 2.______________(trap) in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up.
burning
to be trapped
The scientist Charles Keeling, who made accurate 3._________________(measure) of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, found between these years CO2 went up 4.________(sharp) from around 315 parts to 370 parts per million, which 5._________________(accept) by all scientists. The increase of CO2 resulted in global warming, with the temperature rising by as high as 5 degrees.
measurements
sharply
was accepted
However, the attitudes of scientists 6.________ this rise are completely different. Dr Froster says 5 degrees' rise would be a catastrophe. The sea level will rise by several metres, 7.________(result) in severe storms, floods, droughts, famines, the spread of diseases and the disappearance of species. On the other hand, George Hambley 8.____________(oppose) to this view. More CO2 is actually a positive thing, which 9.______________(encourage) a greater range of plants and animals to grow better.
towards
resulting
is opposed
will encourage
Greenhouse gases continue to increase in the atmosphere. The climate keeps on 10._____________(warm) for decades or centuries. No one knows the effects of global warming.
warming
Ⅳ.微写作(黑体部分用本单元词汇或句式表达)
According to the statistics, 1.___________________ _______________________________________(每个人每天平均制造大约2千克垃圾), which is considered as one of the pollution sources 2._________________________________ (导致环境污染). The garbage pollution brings great difficulties to our life, and 3.__________________________(我们不能忍受它). In addition, a variety of pollution is damaging our environment.
a person produces about
2 kilograms of garbage per day on average
resulting in the environment pollution
we cannot put up with it
4.________________________________________________ (结果，我们的健康受到威胁). So, let's work together 5.______________________________________________________________(反对任何形式的环境污染或破坏)．
As a consequence/Consequently, our health is under threat
to oppose any form of pollution or destruction of the
environment
