人教版必修3 Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars单元课件（105张ppt）

(共210张PPT)
Lead-in
The background picture is the whole cosmos/universe (宇宙).
What do you know about it?
It’s the Galaxy(银河系).
They’re planets(行星) and stars(恒星).
It’s the black hole.
It’s the solar system.
Can you enumerate(列举) the planets?
，
History of the Universe
Making of the Galaxy
Unit 4
Learning Goals
Knowledge Goals
1. Topic
Talk about science of the stars; the development of life; space travel and gravity.
2. Words and Expressions
Words:
astronomy, atmosphere, system, violent, solid, explode, carbon, dioxide, oxygen, surface, planet, harmful, development, spread, method, depend, exist, presence, telescope, disappoint, disappointed, publish, publishing, gravity, force, gradually, cheer, float, mass
Expressions:
solar system, in time, now that, prevent...from, depend on, cheer up, get the hang of, break out, lay eggs, give birth to, in one’s turn,
carbon dioxide, watch out, block out
3. Functional Items
How to make instructions.
4. Grammar
Learn about Noun clauses as the subject (主语从句).
Ability Goals
Train skills of reading; cultivate the creative thinking (创造性思维) and the imagination (想象力).
Develop the ability of speaking English and comprehending.
Emotion Goals
Learning about the science of cosmos, the origin of the earth and life, the black hole and something more of astronomy;
Cultivate the students’ interest in astronomy and studying science.
Important and Difficult Points
1. Important Points
The science of cosmos, the origin of the earth and life, and traveling in space.
Train skills of reading; cultivate the creative thinking and the imagination.
The usages of words and expressions of the unit.
How to make instructions?
The usage of Noun clauses as the subject.
2. Difficult Points
Understand the origin of the earth and the evolution of life;
The usage of Noun clauses as the subject.
Science Subjects
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Geology
Mathematics
Medicine
Biochemistry
Geophysics
Astronomy
Warming up
Einstein
Hawking and his theories
What do you know about astronomy?
Do you believe that there is life on
the planet?
Can you name them in English?
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
The Sun
The Solar System
A Black Hole
The Moon
Neil Armstrong (1930 – ), USA. He landed on the moon in July 1969.
The Big Bang
Atom
The Globe —— Our Earth
Atmosphere (大气层)
Pre-reading
The origin of life on earth is a question that interests astronomers. What do you know about it?
How did life begin on earth?
Read the title and look at the pictures. Predict what the reading will be about.
Reading
1. Fast Reading, and analyze its structure. Write down the main idea for each paragraph.
2. Listen to the text:
Answer key for question 1:
Paragraph 1: A widely accepted theory about the formation of the universe.
Paragraph 2: The formation of water for life.
Paragraph 3: The importance of water for life.
Paragraph 4: The development of plants and animals on the earth.
Paragraph 5: The arrival of humans and their impact on the earth.
3. Detailed Reading:
Read the text loudly for a second time and then complete the fills in the following pictures according to the evolution(进化，演变) order of life on the earth.
Answer key for question 3:
small plants in water
shellfish and all sorts of fish
green plants on land
insects (on land)
amphibians (on land and in water)
forests
reptiles (on land)
dinosaurs (on land)
mammals (on land)
天文学 n.
Astronomy is the scientific study of the stars, planets, and other natural objects in space.
1. astronomy
相关短语
radar astronomy 雷达天文学
radio astronomy 电波(无线电)天文学
2. star
(1)名词 (pl. stars)

1）星,恒星;(日、月等)天体;星形物;
2）星号;(表示等级等的)星级;星形勋章, 如：
While in Taipei she stayed at a four star hotel. 她在台北逗留期间住在一家四星级旅馆。
3）命运;星象
4）(电影、体育等的)明星,杰出人物
His wish to become a football star has come true.
他想当足球明星的愿望实现了。
(2)动词（及物） ( starred; starred; starring)

1）用星形物装饰
2）用星号标出
3）使成明星,由......主演
Yesterday we saw a film starring Charlie Chaplin.
昨天我们看了一部查理·卓别林主演的电影。
3. 动词（不及物） ( starred; starred; starring)
1）当明星,主演。如：
She has starred in some thirty films.
她主演过大约30部影片。
star

2）表现出色 。如：
He didn't star at that job.
那份工作他干得并不出色。

(4) 形容词
1）星的;星形的
2）明星的,主角的
3）出色的,优秀的。如：
Tony is the star player on our team.
托尼是我队的主力。
star
3. globe
（1） 名词 (pl. globes)
1) 球;球状物
2) 地球仪;地球。如：
This plant can grow in many parts of the globe. 这种植物能在地球上的许多地方生长。
3) 眼球
（2） 动词（不及物） ( globed; globed; globing)
成球状
（3） 动词（及物） ( globed; globed; globing)
使成球状
Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, and astrological practices of pre-history: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the western World (see astrology and astronomy).Early astronomy involved observing the regular patterns of the motions of visible celestial objects, especially the Sun,
Background
Moon, stars and naked eye planets. An example of this early astronomy might involve a study of the changing position of the Sun along the horizon or the changing appearances of stars in the course of the year, which could be used to establish an agricultural or ritual calendar. In some cultures astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication.
Ancient astronomers were able to differentiate between stars and planets, as stars remain relatively fixed over the centuries while planets will move an appreciable amount during a comparatively short time.
Then are you clear now about the evolution of life?
When the dust settled into a solid globe, the earth was so violent.
The Evolution of Life on the earth
Shellfish
Amphibian
Reptile —— Dinosaur
Primitive(原始的)
People
Flash: story of the earth
1. It exploded loudly with fire and rock, which were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earth's atmosphere.
explode
1)（使某物）炸开，爆炸。如：
The firework exploded in his hand and he was hurt seriously.
2)（指感情）激发。如：
I was frightened when she exploded into loud laughter.
3)（指人口）突然或迅速增加。如：
Now it is not easy to find jobs with the exploding population.
explosion n. 爆炸（声）
explosive adj. 爆炸性的，易爆炸的 n. 炸药，爆炸物

in time (for sth./to do sth.): 最终；及时，如
She will be back in time to prepare dinner.
她会及时赶回来准备晚饭。
2. As the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.
cool
adj. 凉快；冷静；冷淡
v. （使）变冷；冷静下来
1) Let’s sit in the shade and get cool.
2) I knew I had to keep cool.
3) Let your soup cool a little before you drink it.
4) A heated argument can be settled better if both sides cool down first.
5) I tried to cool her down but she was still very angry when she left.
3. What many science believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve gases and acids which are harmful to the plants into the oceans and seas.
allow
v. 允许、许可、容许
allow + n ./ pron. / doing
allow sb. to do sth.
be allowed to do sth.
My father doesn’t allow smoking at home. In fact he doesn’t allow us to smoke anywhere at any time.
父亲不允许在家里吸烟。实际上，他不允许我们在任何地方任何时候吸烟。
Are we allowed to use the computer?
我们可以用电脑么？

be harmful to 对……有害
do harm to sb. = do sb. harm 伤害某人，对某人有害处
1) Pollution is especially harmful to animals.
2) Smoking will do you a lot of harm.
4. They produced young generally
by laying eggs.
It’s generally believed that…一般认为……
generally speaking 一般而言，概括来说
1) It’s generally believed that girls work harder than boys do.
2) Generally speaking, women cry more easily than men.

by doing用于说明做某事的手段、方式。如：
I don’t think she can help him by just giving him money. 我认为她光靠给钱是帮不了他的。
5. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.
阻止某人做某事 :
prevent sb. (from) doing sth.
stop sb. (from) doing sth.
keep sb. from doing sth.
1) We must prevent them from making trouble.
2) You should prevent the child from injuring himself.
If nothing prevents, …
如果没有什么阻碍的话 , ……
6. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.
depend on :
相信，信赖, 依靠,依赖, 视……而定，取决于
1) When you are in a strange place you’d better depend on the map.
2) You can’t depend on others to help you.
3) All living things depend on the sun for their growth.
4) He depends on his pen for his living.
5) You can depend on him. He’ll lead you there.
6) Success depends on your own hard work.
7) Our success depends on whether everyone works hard.

Depend on it. 没问题，请放心（句末或句首）
That /It (all) depends. 那得看情况而定.
1) Depend on it, you’ll succeed.
2) He may support me, but it depends .
7. I cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin watching the earth become smaller and the moon larger.
cheer up
欢呼；喝彩；感到高兴；使高兴。如：
The crowd cheered up when they saw the teams arrive.
观众看到运动队进场时欢声雷动。
He took her to the concert to cheer her up.
为使她高兴起来，他带她去听音乐会。
watch… do /doing 观看；注视。 如：
We watched the sun setting behind the trees. Evening fell. 我们看着太阳一点点地落在树后，夜幕降临了。
Every day as they watched the plant grow, their hearts were filled with hope. 他们每天都在观察这棵植物生长，心里充满了希望。
8. “Oh dear,” I cried, “walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.”
Now that : 既然，由于。如：
Now that everybody is here, we can begin the meeting.
9. We watched, amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earth’s gravity increased.
此处的amazed是过去分词作状语。过去分词经常可以作状语，这是一种特定用法。如：
He came in unnoticed.
他神不知鬼不觉地走了进来。
Many heroes lie buried in the churchyard.
许多英雄埋葬在教堂的墓地里。
break out （战争，争吵，疾病等）爆发。如：
A quarrel broke out suddenly at midnight.
半夜，（他们）突然大吵起来。
10. the Paleozoic era: 古生代，是地质时代的第三个代（第一、第二代分别是太古代和元古代）。约5.44亿年前至2.48亿年前.
the Mesozoic era: 中生代，包括：三叠纪、侏罗纪、白垩纪。
the Cenozoic era: 新生代，约开始于6500万年前，现仍在持续。
11. Big Bang: 宇宙大爆炸理论
Learning about Language
1. Words
astronomy, atmosphere, system, violent, solid, explode, carbon, dioxide, oxygen, surface, planet, harmful, development, spread, method, depend, exist, presence, telescope, disappoint, disappointed, publish, publishing, gravity, force, gradually, cheer, float, mass
Use the correct prefix or suffix for each word. Write out the new word and explain the difference between the two.
presence
violence
confidence
difference
patience
uncertain
unfair
unpaid
unlike
unkind
-(en)ce
un-
cultural
global
universal
agricultral
mathematical
artist
phsicist
chemist
biologist
scientist
-al
-ist
2. Expressions
solar system, in time, now that, prevent...from, depend on,
cheer up, get the hang of,
break out, lay eggs, give birth to, in one’s turn, carbon dioxide, watch out, block out
Complete each of the sentences with a suitable word or phrase in the correct form.
surface, explode, develop, prevent, float, spread, violent, astronomy, force, publish, disappoint, solid
1. The _____ of gravity makes things fall to the earth.
2. The robbers kicked the door _________ and broke into the star's house.
3. Nothing can separate the two, because they have a ________ friendship foundation.
4. In World War II, two atomic bombs _________ in Japan, killing a large number of people.
5. With the ____________ of our country’s economy, people's living standard has been greatly raised.
force
violently
solid
exploded
development
6. More than 70% of the earth’s ________ is covered by water.
7. In the last few years the city has _______ out rapidly in all directions.
8. That he failed the examination ____________ his lover very much.
9. They _________ the canoe out into the middle of the river.
10. Mark Twain ________ a lot of popular novels in that _________ firm.
spread
disappointed
floated
surface
published
publishing
1.他以前是靠画画为生的。
He used to _______________his living _____________________.
2.爆竹在他手里爆炸了，他伤得很严重。
The firework ____________________________ and he hurt seriously.
3.乡村生活与都市生活是非常不同的。
　Country life is__________________________ city life.
4.玛丽之所以没有通过这次考试，是因为她此前病了两个星期。
Mary ___________ in the exam, _________________she had been ill for two weeks.
Complete the following sentences.
5. 第二次世界大战是１９３９年爆发的。
World War II ___________________in 1939.
6.我担心是否伤害了她。
I worry ______________________ I hurt her feelings.
7.为使她高兴起来，她丈夫带她去听音乐会。
　Her husband took her to the concert _______________________.
8.他们乘坐宇宙飞船穿越太空到月球上去。
They __________________________ to the moon in a spaceship.
9.天上有朵朵白云。
There were ________________________ white clouds in the sky.
1. He used to make/earn his living by painting.
2. The firework exploded in his hand and he hurt seriously.
3. Country life is quite different from city life.
4. Mary failed in the exam. This was because she had been ill for two weeks.
5. World War II broke out in 1939.
6. I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.
7. Her husband took her to the concert to cheer her up.
8. They traveled through space to the moon in a spaceship.
9. There were masses of white clouds in the sky.
Answer Key:
3. Grammar
——Noun Clauses as the subject
做主语用的名词性从句，因其在复合句中做主语，又称主语从句(Noun Clauses as the subject) ，引导主语从句的有从属连词that、whether，连接代词who、what、which，连接副词when、where、how、why等。
1. 连接词：
1）从属连词：that， whether等.
that 引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，但不能省略。
That she left him cut him to the heart.
That he will come is certain.
由whether及其他连词引导的主语从句放在句首，句后都可。
Whether it will please them is not easy to say.
It doesn’t matter too much whether she’s coming or not.
2)连接代词who ，what ，which, whatever, whichever, whoever
What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others.
Which side will win is not clear.
3)连接副词when，where， how， why等。
Why he did it remains a mystery.
When they will start is not known yet.
How he became a great scientist is known to us all.
2. 位置：主语从句可以前置，也可以后置。用it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末，常用下面几种句型。
1）It + be + 表语 +主语从句
表语：（名词， 形容词，过去分词）
It is a pity that we can’t go.
It is no surprise that our team should have won the game.
It is an honour that I was invited to attend the meeting.
It is certain that she will do well in her exam.
It is true that I told her everything.
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.
It is reported that China has sent another manmade earth satellite into orbit.
2）It+不及物动词或短语+主语从句
It seemed (happened, doesn’t matter, has turned out) that…
It happens that they were absent.
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not.
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.
3） It+及物动词（被动语态）+主语从句
It has been decided that the exhibition will not open on Sundays.
注意:
主语从句在句首时，必须由连接词引导，不能省略这些连接词；但是如果用it做形式主语，而把
主语从句放在句末时，从属连词that可以省略。
误：They should like each other is natural.
正：That they should like each other is natural.
正：It is natural that they should like each other.
4)如果主语从句放在句首，不能用if引导，但是如果用it 做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用if引导.
误：If Mary really heard him is really doubtful.
正：Whether Mary really heard him is really doubtful
正：It was doubtful if Mary really heard him.
1.____ you don't like him is none of my business.
A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether

2.____ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where

3._________is going to do the job will be decided by the Party committee.
A. That B. Why C. How D. Who

语法专项练习
Choose the best option.
4._______we'll finish translating the book depends on the time.
A. When B. Why C. What D. That

5.______he won't go there is clear to all of us.
A. How B. What C. Why D. This

6.______the house will be built will be discussed at tomorrow's meeting.
A. If B. Where C. That D. What

7._______you come or not is up to you.
A. What B. If C. Why D. Whether

8._______makes mistakes must correct them.
A. Who B. Anyone C. Whoever D. Anybody

9.________ we go swimming every day ________ us a lot of good.
A. If...do B. That...do C. If...does D. That...does

10.It ________ Bob drives badly.
thinks that B. is thought what
C. thought that D. is thought that

11.It's uncertain ________ the experiment is worth doing.
A. if B. that C. whether D. how
12.________ the boy didn't take medicine made his mother angry.
A. That B. What C. How D. Which

13.____ we can't get seems better than ____ we have.
What, what B. What, that
C. That, that D. That, what

14.____ you don't like him is none of my business.
A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether

15..____ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
轻松一刻
Report about Alien
Using Language
Listen to the tape and answer the questions 2 on page 30.
1. Listening
In pairs discuss the three scientists and their ideas on gravity.
Isaac Newton（1643—1727） was the greatest English mathematician of his generation. He laid the foundation for differential and integral calculus. His work on optics and gravitation make him one of the greatest scientists the world has known.
Albert?Einstein (1879?– 1955) was a theoretical physicist. He is best known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.".
Stephen Hawking（1942—） is a British theoretical physicist. He is known for his contributions to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity, especially in the context of black holes.
Isaac Newton Albert Einstein Stephen Hawking
Idea Large bodies have a force which pull things towards them. In space large objects make space and time bend; the larger the object, the further space and time bends. Black holes have a very large mass and pull things towards them.
Development The bigger the object the stronger the gravity. Time goes slower in very strong gravity. If you over the edge, you cannot get out; but if you do not, you may able to escape.
2. Reading, Speaking
Read the passage and imagine what you need if you travel to the moon.
Don’t forget to use the expressions as follows:
表指示（instructions)
Please pay attention to…
Please check that…
Please look at…
Make sure that …
Don’t forget to…
Watch out for…
You need …
You’d better…
You must/mustn’t…
3. Writing
Then write a short article explaining one of the problems that you might have on the moon. Set out what you should do to overcome this difficulty and have a happy visit.
Summing Up
重点单词：system, theory, violent, unlike, harmful, exist, puzzle, pull, now that
重点短语： in time, lay eggs, give birth to, in one’s turn, prevent…from, cheer up, , break out, watch out
功能
指示（instructions）
语法：
the usage of Noun Clauses as the subject
话题：
Science of the stars;
the development of life;
space travel and gravity
高考链接
1. The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B. C, did not include women players until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played
C. first played D. to be first playing

解析：The Olympic games与play是被动关系，排除A和D；不定式的被动式，表示未来的动作，排除B。
C
2. —How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers? (02北京卷)
—The key ________ the problem is to meet the demand ________ by the customers.
A. to solving, making? B. to solving, made
C. to solve, making D. to solve, made
解析：key to(…的关键)中to是介词，应接动名词，排除C和D；又因名词demand与make是被动关系(made demands提出要求)，另有by这一标志词暗示，用过去分词作定语。
B
3. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ________ as 3M.
A. knowing B. known
C. being known D. to be known

解析：因为the…company与know是被动关系，所以用过去分词短语作定语，known as 3M = which was known as 3M。
B
Exercises
A. Cloze test
Carol’s husband was killed in a car accident last year. Jim, only 52, was 1 home from work. The other driver was a teenager who had 2 a lot. Jim died at once. The teenager was in the 3 for less than three hours.
It was Carol’s fiftieth birthday, and Jim had two plane tickets to Hawaii in his pocket. He was going to 4 her. However, he was killed by a drunken driver.
“How have you 5 this?” I asked Carol, a year later.
6 welled up(涌出) in her eyes. I thought I had said the 7 thing, but she said, “It’s all right. I want to 8 you. The day I married Jim, I promised I would never let him leave the house in the morning 9 telling him I loved him. He made the same 10 . It got to be a joke between us, and as we grew older it got to be a(n) 11 promise to keep.
“I remember running down the driveway, saying ‘I love you’ just before he drove out of my 12 , or driving all the way to his office just to put a(n) 13 saying ‘I love you’ on his car. It was a funny 14 .
“We made a lot of 15 trying to say ‘I love you’ before noon every day of our married life.
“The morning Jim 16 , he left a birthday card in the kitchen and then left 17 . I heard the engine starting. Oh, no, I thought. I 18 out quickly and knocked on the car window 19 he rolled it down.
“Here on my fiftieth birthday I, Carol Garret, want you, Mr James E. Garret to 20 that ‘I love you!’
“That’s how I’ve survived, knowing that the last words I said to Jim were, ‘I love you!’”
1. A. walking B. arriving C. driving D. riding
2. A. drunk B. eaten C. talked D. done
3. A. school B. hospital C. office D. prison
4. A. surprise B. interest C. disappoint D. frighten
5. A. learned B. survived C. existed D. explained
6. A. Excitement B. Happiness C. Joys D. Tears
7. A. sad B. extra C. wrong D. violent
8. A. tell B. depend C. cheer D. believe
9. A. with B. besides C. after D. without
10. A. idea B. choice C. promise D. mistake
11. A. hard B. easy C. silly D. harmful
12. A. reach B. sight C. house D. office
13. A. announcement B. note
C. advertisement D. picture
14. A. game B. activity C. challenge D. test
15. A. methods B. stories C. memories D. troubles
16. A. married B. worked C. returned D. died
17. A. gradually B. quietly C. angrily D. gently
18. A. cried B. ran C. watched D. looked
19. A. but B. when C. though D. until
20. A. say B. prove C. know D. admit
1. His parents were ______at the ______ news that he failed the exam again.
A. disappointed, disappointing
B. disappointed, disappointed
C. disappointing, disappointing
D. disappointing, disappointed
2. ____ he grew older, he lost interest in everything except gardening.
A. When B. As C. While D. Until
3. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at _____ I thought was a dangerous speed.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
B. Choose the best option
4. The result of the experiment was very good, _______ we hadn’t expected.
A. when B. what C. which D. as
5. _____ the books where they were ______.
A. Lay, laying B. Lie, lying
C. Lay, lying D. Lie, laying
6. He ______ at once when I promised to help him.
A. cheered up B. gave up
C. lighted up D. turned up
7. The audience clapped their hands _____ to the music.
A. in time B. on time C. at time D. behind time
8. There is a man _______ himself Mr. Li waiting for you.
A. called B. calls C. calling D. call
9. He _____ his eyes from his desk and then ____ from his seat.
A. rose, raised B. rose, rose
C. raised, raised D. raised, rose
10. ______ the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries.　
A. Whether B. What C. How D. Where
11. _____ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
A. Who B. The one C. Anyone D. Whoever
12.My parents don’t allow _______time________ nothing.
A .to waste；to do B. wasting；to do
C. to waste；doing D. wasting；doing
13.In fact he_____ in bed all the morning without doing anything，but he____ to me about that.
A. lied ； lied B. lay；lay
C. lied；lay D. lay；lied
14. All the employees except the manager ______ to work online at home.
A. encourages B. encourage
C. are encouraged D. is encouraged
15.After five hours’ drive，they reached _____they thought was the place they’d been dreaming of.
A. that B. where C. which D. what