专题二 主旨要义 １
专题二 主旨要义
对应学生用书起始页码 Ｐ４４
一、确定主旨要义类题目
其常见考题形式为：
１．Ｔｈｅ ｍａｉｎ ｉｄｅａ ／ ｋｅｙ ｐｏｉｎｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｓｓａｇｅ ｉｓ ｔｈａｔ ．
２．Ｔｈｅ ｐａｓｓａｇｅ ｉｓ ｍａｉｎｌｙ ａｂｏｕｔ ．
３．Ｔｈｅ ｂｅｓｔ ｔｉｔｌｅ ／ ｈｅａｄｌｉｎｅ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｓｓａｇｅ ｉｓ ．
４．Ｔｈｅ ｔｏｐｉｃ ／ ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄ ｉｎ ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｓｓａｇｅ ｉｓ ．
５．Ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ ｐａｓｓａｇｅ ｗｅ ｃａｎ ｌｅａｒｎ ／ ｃｏｎｃｌｕｄｅ ｔｈａｔ ．
６．Ｔｈｅ ｌａｓｔ ｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈ ｉｓ ｃｈｉｅｆｌｙ ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ．
７． Ｗｈｉｃｈ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ ｓｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔｓ ｂｅｓｔ ｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｅｓ ｔｈｅ
ｍａｉｎ ｉｄｅａ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｐａｓｓａｇｅ？
８． Ｗｈｉｃｈ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ ｂｅｓｔ ｓｔａｔｅｓ ｔｈｅ ｔｈｅｍｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ
ｐａｓｓａｇｅ？
二、如何找主题句
段落的主题通常由被称为主题句的句子来表示。
主题句通常是段落的第一句或末尾一句，偶尔在段落中
间。 在非故事性文章中，主题句尤为明显。 有的文章无明显
的主题句，而是把主题隐含在段意之中。
有些段落有明显的引出细节的信息词，常见的信息词有
ｆｏｒ ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ，ａｎ ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ ｏｆ，ｔｈｅ ｍｏｓｔ ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ，ｆｉｒｓｔ，
ｓｅｃｏｎｄ， ｎｅｘｔ， ｔｈｅｎ， ｌａｓｔ， ｆｉｎａｌｌｙ， ｔｏ ｂｅｇｉｎ ｗｉｔｈ， ａｌｓｏ， ｂｅｓｉｄｅｓ
ｔｈａｔ 等。
在阅读中，应尽量利用上述信息词确定主题句的位置。
从该段落中的 ｆｏｒ ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ 可以断定前一句是主题句。 如果
无明显的信息词，可先假设第一句为主题句，在第二句前面
添加一个 ｆｏｒ ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ，看看第二句是否可以支撑第一句话，
如果第二句不能支撑第一句话，便在其他地方找出主题句。
三、如何略读归纳中心思想
略读（Ｓｋｉｍｍｉｎｇ）是概括和归纳段落的中心思想的手段。
略读是指人们以可能达到的最快速度所做的阅读。 略读的
技巧如下：
１．顺行快速向前移动眼睛，千万不要停顿或复视。
２．把注意力集中在关键词上。 关键词都是实词，如名词、
形容词、数词、动词和副词等。 介词、冠词、连接词、语气词、
代词（一般性的代词）以及助动词和情态动词等都不是关
键词。
３．将关键词扩大为能够表达概念的词组，即语意群，按语
意群进行阅读。
４．遇到生词尽量猜，猜不出的生词，可跳过去。
５．对关键词进行数量上的加工，筛选出最能表达作者意
图的关键词及其概念。 然后对这些概念进行质的加工，即对
已产生的概念重新在头脑中编码，以确定作者在文章中表达
的真正意图（中心思想）。
６．初次练习时，可将关键词画出来。 待读完一遍之后，回
过头来将所画的关键词再看一遍。 练习一段时间以后，不要
再把关键词画出来，在阅读过程中尽量用脑子记下来。
四、如何拟标题
有明确主题句的段落标题的拟定方式是：以表示主题的
词为核心，把它与表示控制概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为能
高度概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。
例 １ Ｓｍｏｋｉｎｇ ｃｉｇａｒｅｔｔｅｓ ｃａｎ ｂｅ ａｎ ｅｘｐｅｎｓｉｖｅ ｈａｂｉｔ．
主题：Ｓｍｏｋｉｎｇ ｃｉｇａｒｅｔｔｅｓ
控制概念：ｃａｎ ｂｅ ａｎ ｅｘｐｅｎｓｉｖｅ ｈａｂｉｔ
标题：Ｔｈｅ Ｅｘｐｅｎｓｉｖｅ Ｈａｂｉｔ ｏｆ Ｓｍｏｋｉｎｇ Ｃｉｇａｒｅｔｔｅｓ
例 ２ Ｃｏｆｆｅｅ ｉｓ ａ ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓａｌ ｂｅｖｅｒａｇｅ（饮料） ｔｈａｔ ｉｓ ｓｅｒｖｅｄ
ｉｎ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｗａｙｓ ａｒｏｕｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｗｏｒｌｄ．
主题：Ｃｏｆｆｅｅ
控制概念：ｉｓ ａ ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓａｌ ｂｅｖｅｒａｇｅ（饮料） ｔｈａｔ ｉｓ ｓｅｒｖｅｄ ｉｎ
ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｗａｙｓ ａｒｏｕｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｗｏｒｌｄ
标题：Ｃｏｆｆｅｅ ａｒｏｕｎｄ ｔｈｅ Ｗｏｒｌｄ
拟定标题必须概括全文，既不能片面，也不能包括未提
及内容。
五、怎样去找文章的中心或主题
通读全文，抓住每段或每个层次的主要含义进行加工、
提炼，通过对语篇结构的分析即文章内部各层次间的逻辑关
系，将每段的主题综合起来，找出文章的中心。 对于答案的
选择，要看所给内容是否真正能概括全文中心，那些只能概
括部分内容或只呈现文中具体某点的选项要首先排除，当
然，与文章毫不相关的选项更能轻松排除。
六、应注意的问题
１．仔细审题，看好范围。 搞清楚是问某一段还是全文的
中心思想。 正确选项的特点是：一般不出现细节信息；不含
过于肯定或绝对的词语。
２．使用略读，迅速将全段或全文浏览一遍。 在阅读中，应
尽量 利 用 有 关 信 息 词 确 定 主 题 句 的 位 置， 比 如 在 ｆｏｒ
ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ，ｆｉｒｓｔ，ｓｅｃｏｎｄ 等之前的句子中或在 ａｌｌ ｉｎ ａｌｌ，ａｂｏｖｅ ａｌｌ
之后的句子中寻找并确定。
３．特别注意全文或所问段落的首句和尾句，因为它们常
常是主旨要义的体现。 段落中出现转折时，该句很可能是主
题句；作者有意识地反复重复的观点通常是主旨；首段出现
疑问句时，对该问题的解答通常就是文章主旨；同时还要注
意那些提出文章主旨时常伴有的文字提示： ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ， ｔｈｕｓ，
ｂｕｔ，ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ｉｎ ｓｈｏｒｔ 等。
４．进行分析概括，准确找出主旨要义。 对于主题隐含的
段落，要先弄清问题的意思，然后快速通读文章，逐项排除，
最终确定答案。
５．作者的写作目的通常有三种：娱乐读者；说服读者接受
某种观点；告知读者某些信息。 考生应在理解全文的基础上
领会作者意图。
６．标题的选择要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话
或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系，对文章的概括性或覆
盖面如何，避免以下三种错误：概括不够（多表现为部分代替
整体）；过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；以事实或细节代
替抽象概括的大意。
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(共204张PPT)
Passage 1(2019课标全国Ⅰ,D)词数:370
During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which al-
lowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens
and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smok-
ing cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical
psychology sorts the popular into two categories:the likable and the status seekers. The likables????
plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills
and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there????s the kind of popular-
ity that appears in adolescence:status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
五年高考
A组 课标Ⅰ卷题组
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein????s studies show unpleasant consequences.
Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school,
are “most likely to engage(从事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the
least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究).“We
found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their class-
mates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to
healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.”
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date—
sharing, kindness, openness—carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and con-
nect with others.
In analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion:Not only is likability
related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. “Being liked
creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an
advantage,”he said.
1.What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A.Unkind. B.Lonely. C.Generous. D.Cool.
2.What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A.The classification of the popular.
B.The characteristics of adolescents.
C.The importance of interpersonal skills.
D.The causes of dishonorable behavior.
3.What did Dr. Prinstein????s study find about the most liked kids?
A.They appeared to be aggressive. B.They tended to be more adaptable.
C.They enjoyed the highest status. D.They performed well academically.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Be Nice—You Won????t Finish Last
B.The Higher the Status, the Better
C.Be the Best—You Can Make It
D.More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
答案
[语篇解读] 本文体裁为说明文,主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容为社会交往。文章将受
欢迎的人分成了两类——讨人喜欢的人和追逐高地位的人。本文侧重培养学生的思维品
质。
1.C 推理判断题。本题题干意为:作者在上小学的低年级时是什么样的女孩?根据题干中的
early years of elementary school可定位到第一段第一句中的During the rosy years of elementary
school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes(喜欢分享玩偶和笑话),因此可以推断作者是大方
的,故选C项。A:不友善的;B:孤独的;D:酷的。
2.A 主旨要义题。本题题干意为:第二段的主要内容是什么?根据第二段第二句Mitch Prin-
stein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the
status seekers.可知,本段对受欢迎的人进行分类,故选A项。B:青少年的特点;C:人际交往技巧
的重要性;D:不光彩行为的原因。
3.B 细节理解题。本题题干意为:Prinstein博士的研究中针对最受喜欢的小孩的发现是什么?
根据题干中的study和the most liked kids可定位到第四段中的It clearly showed that while lika-
bility can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us。healthy ad-
justment(调整,适应)对应B项中的adaptable(能适应的),故答案为B项。A:他们显得有侵略性;C:
他们喜欢最高的地位;D:他们学习成绩很好。
4.A 主旨要义题。本题题干意为:本文最好的标题是什么?文章将受欢迎的人分成两类——
讨人喜欢的人和追逐高地位的人。根据对这两种人的介绍可以总结出整篇文章都是在引导
读者做讨人喜欢的人,对人友善、学会分享、敞开心扉,因此答案为A项。B:地位越高越好;C:
做到最好——你可以做到;D:自制力越强,侵略性越小。
长难句 “Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences
that help somebody gain an advantage,”he said. 他说:“被别人喜欢创造了学习的机会,也创造
了新的生活体验的机会,这些体验帮助人们获得优势。”
直接引语的主干是:Being liked creates opportunities。for learning and for new kinds of life expe-
riences that help somebody gain an advantage是opportunities的定语,其中that help somebody gain
an advantage是定语从句,先行词是new kinds of life experiences。
Passage 2 (2018课标全国Ⅰ,B)词数:264
Good Morning Britain????s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she
is cooking up a storm in her latest role—showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious
meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money:Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt
Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per
family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she????s been able to put a lot of what she
????s learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack,11.
“We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restau-
rant,”she explains.“I pay ￡5 for a portion(一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, be-
cause they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we????re
not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”
The eight-part series(系列节目), Save Money:Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV????s Save
Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health
products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different
family each week. In tonight????s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some de-
licious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family????s long weekend of celebration with
less expensive but still tasty recipes.
1.What do we know about Susanna Reid?
A.She enjoys embarrassing her guests.
B.She has started a new programme.
C.She dislikes working early in the morning.
D.She has had a tight budget for her family.
2.How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?
A.He buys cooking materials for her.
B.He prepares food for her kids.
C.He assists her in cooking matters.
D.He invites guest families for her.
3.What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4?
A.Summarize the previous paragraphs.
B.Provide some advice for the readers.
C.Add some background information.
D.Introduce a new topic for discussion.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Keeping Fit by Eating Smart
B.Balancing Our Daily Diet
C.Making Yourself a Perfect Chef
D.Cooking Well for Less
答案
[语篇解读] 本文介绍了英国节目主持人Susanna Reid创办的一档新节目Save Money:Good
Food的相关情况。
1.B 细节理解题。根据第一段的but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role可知,她创办了
一档新节目,故选B项。
2.C 推理判断题。根据第二段第一句话(在节目Save Money:Good Food中,她每周拜访一个不
同的家庭,并且在厨师Matt Tebbutt的帮助下在准备每个家庭每天低于5英镑的食谱时提供如
何减少食物浪费的很好的建议)可知,Matt Tebbutt在做饭方面帮助了Susanna,故选C项。
3.C 推理判断题。文章前三段主要介绍了新节目Save Money:Good Food的相关情况,而第四
段介绍了它和节目Save Money:Good Health的关系。由此推断本段主要补充这一节目的背景
知识,故选C项。
4.D 主旨要义题。通读全文可知,文章介绍了英国节目主持人Susanna Reid通过创办新节目
Save Money:Good Food教给观众如何花更少的钱制作更美味的食物。故选D项。
长难句 The eight-part series(系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of
ITV????s Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast
range of health products on the market. 由八部分组成的系列节目Save Money: Good Food跟随
ITV的节目Save Money: Good Health的足迹,给电视观众提供了如何从市场上各种各样的健康
产品中获得价值的建议。
本句的主干为The eight-part series follows in the footsteps of ITV????s Save Money: Good Health。
句中Save Money: Good Food为同位语,which引导定语从句,先行词为Save Money: Good Health,
which在从句中作主语;另外,在定语从句中how to get value from the vast range of health prod-
ucts on the market作介词on的宾语。
Passage 3 (2017课标全国Ⅰ,C)?词数:325
Some of the world????s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to cele-
brate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO(United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization)recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its signifi-
cance, and its potential as a unifying(联合)voice across cultures.
Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older,
and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
It????s Jason Moran????s job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center????s artistic adviser for
jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its his-
tory and culture.
“Jazz seems like it????s not really a part of the American appetite,”Moran tells National Public Ra-
dio????s reporter Neal Conan.“What I????m hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger
start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore. It????s actually color, and
it????s actually digital.”
Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has
been lost.“The music can????t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue
to move, because the way the world works is not the same,”says Moran.
Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller????s music for a dance party,“just to
kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,”says
Moran.“For me, it????s the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感)lie?Are we,
as humans, gaining any insight(感悟)on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract
as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts?Sometimes
we lose sight that the music has a wider context,”says Moran,“so I want to continue those dia-
logues. Those are the things I want to foster.”
1.Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day?
A.To remember the birth of jazz.
B.To protect cultural diversity.
C.To encourage people to study music.
D.To recognize the value of jazz.
2.What does the underlined word“that”in paragraph 3 refer to?
A.Jazz becoming more accessible.
B.The production of jazz growing faster.
C.Jazz being less popular with the young.
D.The jazz audience becoming larger.
3.What can we infer about Moran????s opinion on jazz?
A.It will disappear gradually.
B.It remains black and white.
C.It should keep up with the times.
D.It changes every 50 years.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.Exploring the Future of Jazz
B.The Rise and Fall of Jazz
C.The Story of a Jazz Musician
D.Celebrating the Jazz Day
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文。虽然美国爵士乐在文化交流中起着积极的作用,但是它的前景
堪忧。目前爵士乐的听众越来越少,且年轻人不喜欢爵士乐。Moran试图改变其现状,他建议
爵士乐要与时俱进,运用多种元素来适应现实,让其成为一种年轻人喜欢的艺术表现形式。
1.D 细节理解题。本题问联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)为什么把4月30日设为“国际爵士乐
日”。根据第一段最后一句中的“...to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and...”
可知联合国教科文组织设立“国际爵士乐日”的目的是让更多人了解爵士乐,了解它的意义
和它在跨文化交流中的潜在作用,即让人们认识到它的价值,故答案为D项。
2.C 猜测词义题。第三段中that所在的句子起到承接上段的作用,由此可知that所指的内容应
在第二段。第二段指出爵士乐听众减少并呈现老龄化趋势,不受年轻人欢迎。改变这一点正
是Jason Moran的工作,故答案为C项。
3.C 推理判断题。根据第五段中的“It has to continue to move, because...”可知,Moran认为
爵士乐需要不断地前进,因为当今的世界和以前的已经不一样了。由此推断出Moran对爵士
乐的看法应该是:爵士乐应该跟上时代的脚步。所以答案为C项。
4.A 主旨要义题。第一段作者提到为了让人们认识到爵士乐的价值而设立了国际爵士乐日;
后面描述了爵士乐的现状,指出了为什么现在的年轻人不接受它;再结合最后一段中的“so I
want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.”可知,本文的主题就是探
索爵士乐的未来,答案为A项。
Passage 4 (2016课标全国Ⅰ,D)?词数:332
The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be
empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness,
uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable;
therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙)with conversation. Persons in other cultural
groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person????s needs.
Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people,
just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these
cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示) is that the person wants the
listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for re-
flection.
Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among peo-
ple or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French,
and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under dis-
cussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority
rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian
cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.
Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come
across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own
personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient????s silence is not interrupted too early
or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing(治愈)value of silence can
use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.
1.What does the author say about silence in conversations?
A.It implies anger.
B.It promotes friendship.
C.It is culture-specific.
D.It is content-based.
2.Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?
A.The Chinese. B.The French.
C.The Mexicans. D.The Russians.
3.What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?
A.Let it continue as the patient pleases.
B.Break it while treating patients.
C.Evaluate its harm to patients.
D.Make use of its healing effects.
4.What may be the best title for the text?
A.Sound and Silence
B.What It Means to Be Silent
C.Silence to Native Americans
D.Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了沉默在不同风俗中所表达的不同意义及其在医
疗方面的作用。
1.C 推理判断题。根据文章前三段可知沉默在不同风俗中所表达的含义不同,由此可判断在
谈话中的沉默是有风俗特性的,故选C项。
2.A 推理判断题。根据文章第二段可知正如一些传统的中国人和泰国人做的那样,许多印第
安人重视沉默,认为沉默是交流的一个基本的部分。并且在这些风俗里,沉默是一个思考的需
要。根据第二段的Chinese and Thai persons 可将B、C、D排除。
3.D 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段可知护士和其他护理人员要明白沉默的治疗价值,并且
使用这种方式帮助来自自己风俗的或其他风俗的病人,故选D项。其他三项文中未提到。
4.B 主旨要义题。文章主要讲述的是沉默在各个风俗中所表达的不同意义及其在医疗方面
的作用,故选B项,意为“沉默的意义”。A项“声音和沉默”,文中未提及声音。C项显然只是
说美国人,有些片面。D项“说话是银,沉默是金”,与文章内容不符。
长难句 Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when
they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.当护士和其他的护理者
们遇到他们的病人可能正在经历个人焦虑时他们需要明白沉默的可能含义。
本句为复合句,主句为Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of
silence;when引导时间状语从句,其中their patients may be experiencing为定语从句,先行词为
anxiety。
高考热词
Passage 1 1.status/?ste?t?s/ n.地位,身份
2.rank/r??k/ n.地位,级别
3.sort...into...把……分成……
4.adjustment/????stm?nt/ n.调整,适应
Passage 2 1.grill/ɡr?l/vt.追问(某人)
2.takeaway/?te?k?we?/n. 外卖
Passage 3 1.gain/ɡe?n/v.获得;赢得;得到
2.abstract/??bstr?kt/adj. 抽象的
3.emotion/??m???n/n.情感;情绪
Passage 4 1.anxiety/???za??ti/n.焦虑
2.interrupt/??nt??r?pt/v. 打断
3.assist/??s?st/v. 协助;帮助
B组????课标Ⅱ、Ⅲ及其他省(区、市)卷题组
Group 1
Passage 1(2019课标全国Ⅱ,C)词数:348
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach????s Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-
book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading?None of your business!Lunch is Bechtel????s
“me” time. And like more Americans, she????s not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent)
have breakfast alone and nearly half(46 percent)have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are
we eating together anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report.
“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know?”Bechtel said, looking up from her
book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes,
but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to
keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I
just wanted some time to myself,”she said.
Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He
likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he????s on a
first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流). “I reflect on how my day????s gone
and think about the rest of the week,”he said. “It????s a chance for self-reflection. You return to
work recharged and with a plan.”
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people
may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now, we have our
smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesn????t feel as alone as it may have before all
the advances in technology,”said Laurie Demeritt, whose company provided the statistics for the
report.
1.What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about?
A.Food variety. B.Eating habits.
C.Table manners. D.Restaurant service.
2.Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?
A.To meet with her coworkers.
B.To catch up with her work.
C.To have some time on her own.
D.To collect data for her report.
3.What do we know about Mazoleny?
A.He makes videos for the bar.
B.He????s fond of the food at the bar.
C.He interviews customers at the bar.
D.He????s familiar with the barkeeper.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A.The trend of having meals alone.
B.The importance of self-reflection.
C.The stress from working overtime.
D.The advantage of wireless technology.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文体裁为说明文。主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容为社会交往。现如今,
在美国,越来越多的人选择自己吃饭,他们希望以此争取一些自己独处的时间。本文侧重培养
学生的文化意识。
1.B 细节理解题。本题题干意为:第二段中的数据是关于什么的?根据第二段A new report
found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half (53 percent) have breakfast
alone and nearly half (46 percent) have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating to-
gether anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report. 可知,本段中出现的数据都体
现了人们吃饭的习惯,所以选择B项。A:食物的多样性;C:餐桌礼仪;D:餐厅服务。
2.C 细节理解题。本题题干意为:为什么Bechtel更愿意出去吃午餐?根据第三段的最后一句
的Today, I just wanted some time to myself可知答案为C项。
3.D 细节理解题。本题题干意为:关于Mazoleny我们知道些什么?根据题干中的人名Mazole-
ny可知答案应在第四段寻找。根据第四段的第二句He likes that he can sit and check his phone
in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he????s on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little
interaction.可知,他和服务员很熟,故答案为D项。A:他为餐馆拍视频;B:他喜欢这个餐馆的食
物;C:他在这个餐馆采访顾客。
4.A 主旨要义题。本题题干意为:本文的主要内容是什么?文章最后一段出现了关键词eat
alone,第三段和第四段举了两个人独自吃饭的例子。整篇文章都是围绕着eat alone展开的,与
A项中的having meals alone相匹配,故答案为A项。B:自我反省的重要性;C:加班带来的压
力;D:无线科技的优点。
长难句 He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom
he????s on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction.他喜欢能坐着安静地看手机,或
者如果他想和别人有点交流的话,就和他能直呼其名的服务生聊上几句。
句子的主干是:He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper,其中
that引导宾语从句。with whom he????s on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction为
定语从句,修饰先行词the barkeeper,其中if引导条件状语从句。
Passage 2(2019天津,B)词数:432
I must have always known reading was very important because the first memories I have as a child
deal with books. There was not one night that I don????t remember Mom reading me a storybook by
my bedside. I was extremely inspired by the elegant way the words sounded.
I always wanted to know what my mom was reading. Hearing Mom say, “I can????t believe
what????s printed in the newspaper this morning,”made me want to grab it out of her hands and read
it myself. I wanted to be like my mom and know all of the things she knew. So I carried around a book,
and each night, just to be like her, I would pretend to be reading.
This is how everyone learned to read. We would start off with sentences, then paragraphs, and then
stories. It seemed an unending journey, but even as a six-year-old girl I realized that knowing how
to read could open many doors. When Mom said, “The C-A-N-D-Y is hidden on the top shelf,”
I knew where the candy was. My progress in reading raised my curiosity, and I wanted to know
everything. I often found myself telling my mom to drive more slowly, so that I could read all of
the road signs we passed.
Most of my reading through primary, middle and high school was factual reading. I read for
knowledge, and to make A????s on my tests. Occasionally, I would read a novel that was assigned,
but I didn????t enjoy this type of reading. I liked facts, things that are concrete. I thought anything ab-
stract left too much room for argument.
Yet, now that I????m growing and the world I once knew as being so simple is becoming more com-
plex, I find myself needing a way to escape. By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens
and enter into a wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new character. In these worlds
I can become anyone. I don????t have to write down what happened or what technique the author was
using when he or she wrote this. I just read to relax.
We????re taught to read because it????s necessary for much of human understanding. Reading is a
vital part of my life. Reading satisfies my desire to keep learning. And I????ve found that the
possibilities that lie within books are limitless.
1.Why did the author want to grab the newspaper out of Mom????s hands?
A.She wanted Mom to read the news to her.
B.She was anxious to know what had happened.
C.She couldn????t wait to tear the newspaper apart.
D.She couldn????t help but stop Mom from reading.
2.According to Paragraph 3, the author????s reading of road signs indicates ????.
A.her unique way to locate herself
B.her eagerness to develop her reading ability
C.her effort to remind Mom to obey traffic rules
D.her growing desire to know the world around her
3.What was the author????s view on factual reading?
A.It would help her update test-taking skills.
B.It would allow much room for free thinking.
C.It would provide true and objective information.
D.It would help shape a realistic and serious attitude to life.
4.The author takes novel reading as a way to ????.
A.explore a fantasy land
B.develop a passion for learning
C.learn about the adult community
D.get away from a confusing world
5.What could be the best title for the passage?
A.The Magic of Reading
B.The Pleasure of Reading
C.Growing Up with Reading
D.Reading Makes a Full Man
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为记叙文,主题语境为人与自我,主题语境内容为优秀品行和正确的人生态
度。本文记述了作者的母亲对作者阅读习惯养成的影响。本文侧重学生的学习能力。
1.B 推理判断题。本题题干意为:为什么作者想要把报纸从妈妈手里夺过来?根据本文第二
段前两句可知答案为B项(她迫切地想知道发生了什么)。A项:她想要妈妈给她读新闻;C项:她
迫不及待地要把报纸撕碎;D项:她忍不住要阻止妈妈阅读。
2.D 推理判断题。本题题干意为:根据第三段,作者读路标表明 ????。根据本文第三段第
5、6句话可知答案为D项(她增长的想认识周围世界的渴望)。A项:她独特的自我定位的方式;
B项:她培养自己阅读能力的渴望;C项:她提醒妈妈遵守交通规则的努力。
3.C 推理判断题。本题题干意为:作者对事实阅读的看法是什么?根据本文第四段第4句话可
知答案为C项(它会提供真实并且客观的信息)。A 项:这将有助于她更新应试技巧;B项:这将给
予自由思考大量的空间; D项:这将有助于形成一种现实且认真的生活态度。
4.D 推理判断题。本题题干意为:作者把小说阅读看作是 ????的一种方式。根据本文第五
段第1句可知答案为D项(逃离令人困惑的世界)。A项:探索奇幻之地;B项:培养学习的热情;C
项:了解成人社区。
5.C 主旨要义题。本题题干意为:文章的最佳标题可能是什么?通读整篇文章可以判断出,本
文记述了作者的母亲对作者阅读习惯养成的影响以及作者逐渐养成了好的阅读习惯。由此
得知答案为C项(阅读伴随成长)。A项:阅读的魔力;B项:阅读的快乐;D项:阅读使人充实。
长难句 By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mys-
terious world where I am now a new character.通过打开小说,我可以抛下我的负担,进入一个奇
妙而神秘的世界,在那里我立刻成为一个全新的人物。
本句为主从复合句。主句中的第一个and连接两个并列谓语,where引导的是定语从句,先行词
为a wonderful and mysterious world。
Passage 3(2019北京,C)词数:466
The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from
numbers they don????t know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈). We are
finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools,
apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it????s too
little, too late. By the time these “solutions”(解决方案)become widely available, scammers will
have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, it????s not just going to be the number you see on
your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you????re hearing is
actually real.
That????s because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation(处理) and automation tech-
nologies that are about to become widely available for anyone to use. At this year????s I/O Confer-
ence, a company showed a new voice technology able to produce such a convincing human-sound-
ing voice that it was able to speak to a receptionist and book a reservation without detection.
These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The rea-
son that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision. A decade of data
breaches(数据侵入) of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn
your mother????s name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, they????re able to carry out
individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means, for example, that a scammer could call
you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your
bank teller????s, tricking you into “confirming” your address, mother????s name, and card number.
Scammers follow money, so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over the
phone, and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation technolo-
gies may weaken that gradually.
We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers
need to work together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might
mean either developing a uniform way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they
were made by, or abandoning phone calls altogether and moving towards data-based communica-
tions—using apps like FaceTime or WhatsApp, which can be tied to your identity.
Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to get harder from here
on out.
1.How does the author feel about the solutions to the problem of robocalls?
A.Panicked. B.Confused.
C.Embarrassed. D.Disappointed.
2.Taking advantage of the new technologies, scammers can ????.
A.aim at victims precisely B.damage databases easily
C.start campaigns rapidly D.spread information widely
3.What does the passage imply?
A.Honesty is the best policy. B.Technologies can be double-edged.
C.There are more solutions than problems. D.Credibility holds the key to development.
4.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A.Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted
B.Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Robocalls
C.Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous
D.How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容为信息安全。随着声音处理
技术的发展,电信诈骗的危险性也在增加,所以电话服务公司和消费者通力合作来确保通信安
全迫在眉睫。文章侧重于培养学生的思维品质。
1.D 推理判断题。本题题干意为:关于自助语音电话问题的解决方案作者觉得如何?由第一
段中的Unfortunately, it????s too little, too late. By the time these “solutions”become widely avail-
able, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means.可以看出,这些解决方案太少、太滞后,而
且当解决方案广泛应用后,诈骗犯又有了更为聪明的诈骗方式。由此可推断出,作者对这些解
决方案感到失望,故D项正确。A:恐慌的;B:困惑的;C:尴尬的。
2.A 细节理解题。本题题干意为:利用这些新技术,诈骗犯们能够 ????。根据第三段第二
句The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision.可知,自助语
音电话令人头疼的原因与数量关系不大,更主要的是精准度。诈骗犯利用新技术能够精确地
对受害者实施诈骗,A项符合语境,precisely与precision为同一词根。
3.B 推理判断题。本题题干意为:这篇文章暗示了什么?文章第二段指出,声音处理和自动化
技术即将广泛应用,第三段则指出这些技术可能让电信诈骗更为危险。由此可得知,文章暗示
科技是一把双刃剑,带来了便利也带来了麻烦,故B项正确。
4.C 主旨要义题。本题题干意为:文章的最佳标题会是以下哪一项?通读文章可得知,第一段
指出电信诈骗的危险性越来越大,第二段指出上述问题出现的原因,第三段对此进行了解释,第
四段提出了解决方法,最后一段则回归主题,指出问题会愈发严重。故C项符合文章主旨,意为
“自助语音电话为何会愈发危险”。
长难句 This means, for example, that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar
number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank teller????s, tricking you into
“confirming” your address, mother????s name, and card number.例如,这意味着某个诈骗犯可能
用一个看上去熟悉的号码给你打电话,用听起来与你的银行出纳员非常像的声音和你说话,诱
骗你“确认”你的住址、母亲的姓名和卡号。
本句为主从复合句。means后为that引导的宾语从句,介词短语from what...作状语,what引导宾
语从句。第二个that引导定语从句,先行词是a voice。现在分词短语using a voice...和tricking
you into...都作状语。
Passage 4(2019浙江,C)词数:305
California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday
and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素).
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46,000
square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the
foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In
the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of
southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead au-
thor of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods.
Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with
big trees for resources(资源).
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one be-
tween 2001 and 2010,McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that
was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The
researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees
were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rain-
fall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).
Since the 1930s,McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been ris-
ing temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which re-
duces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
1.What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A.The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.
B.The increasing variety of California big trees.
C.The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D.The influence of farming on big trees in California.
2.Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees?
A.Ecological studies of forests.
B.Banning woodcutting.
C.Limiting housing development.
D.Fire control measures.
3.What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre?
A.Inadequate snowmelt.
B.A longer dry season.
C.A warmer climate.
D.Dampness of the air.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.California????s Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B.Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C.Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D.Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。主题语境为人与自然,主题语境内容是人与植物。文章的
主要内容是关于加利福尼亚大树死亡的原因分析。文章侧重于培养学生有关自然环境、人
类生存与环境的关系方面的素养。
1.A 主旨要义题。本题题干意为:文章第二段的主要内容是什么?文章第二段用比较详实的
数据陈述了加利福尼亚大树死亡的严重情况。因此A项(加利福尼亚大树死亡的严重情况)符
合题意。B:加利福尼亚大树多样性的增加;C:加利福尼亚森林中大树的分布;D:农业对加利福
尼亚大树的影响。
2.D 推理判断题。本题题干意为:下面哪种措施用意良好,但对大树有可能是有害的?根据文
章第三段中的 “Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees
that compete with big trees for resources.”(激进的野火控制使得加利福尼亚的森林里挤满了
小树,而这些小树会与大树争夺资源)可知,控制野火的用意是好的,但是,似乎对大树并不好,故
D项(火的控制措施)正确。A:森林的生态研究;B:树木砍伐禁令;C:限制住房开发。
3.C 细节理解题。本题题干意为:根据McIntyre的说法, 缺水的主要原因是什么?根据文章最
后一段可知,McIntyre认为自从20世纪30年代以来,缺水的主要原因是温度的上升。所以C项
(更热的气候)符合题意。A:融雪不足;B:更长的旱季;D:空气潮湿。
4.A 主旨要义题。本题题干意为:本文合适的标题是什么?本文的主要内容是加利福尼亚大
树死亡原因的分析。文章的核心信息是California, big trees, loss。因此A项是比较合适的题
目,包括了文章的核心信息。B:加利福尼亚将很快禁止砍伐大树;C:为什么大树对加利福尼亚
森林是重要的?;D:Patrick McIntyre: 在加利福尼亚种更多的大树。
长难句 But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another
one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big
trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.但是,在将20
世纪20年代和30年代对加利福尼亚森林的研究与2001年至2010年的另一项研究进行比较时,
McIntyre和他的同事们记录了一场大范围的大树死亡,这种现象甚至在禁止砍伐和开发以对
其进行保护的荒地也很明显。
句子的主干是McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees。 in com-
paring a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001
and 2010是介词结构作状语。that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or
development是定语从句。
高考热词
Passage 1 1.chat up 搭讪
2.reflect on 反思
3.awkward/???kw?d/ adj. 难为情的
Passage 2 1.elegant/?el?ɡ?nt/ adj.高雅的,优雅的
2.assign/??sa?n/ v.布置,分派
Passage 3 1.severity/s??ver?ti/ n. 严重;严厉
2.automation/???t??me??n/ n. 自动化
3.precision/pr??s??n/ n. 精确
4.credibility/?kred??b?l?ti/ n. 可信性
Passage 4 1.decline/d??klа?n/ v.下降
2.contribute to 促成,造成
3.ecologist/i?k?l???st/ n.生态学家
4.aggressive/??ɡres?v/ adj.激进的,具有侵略性的
5.water shortage 水资源缺乏
Group 2
Passage 1 (2018课标全国Ⅱ,C)词数:294
Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media re-
port published Monday.
While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that
reading remains a big part of many children????s lives, and indicates how parents might help encour-
age more reading.
According to the report????s key findings, “the proportion(比例)who say they ‘hardly ever’read
for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 per-
cent and 27 percent respectively today.”
The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, ages 2—8, remain largely
the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer to an hour
or more to closer to a half hour per session.
When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel(建议) parents looking
for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still
limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.
The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples
and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who
do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books
purchased for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read.
As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近) ahead, parents
might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to
the library or bookstore.
1.What is the Common Sense Media report probably about?
A.Children????s reading habits.
B.Quality of children????s books.
C.Children????s after-class activities.
D.Parent-child relationships.
2.Where can you find the data that best supports “children are reading a lot less for fun”?
A.In paragraph 2. B.In paragraph 3.
C.In paragraph 4. D.In paragraph 5.
3.Why do many parents limit electronic reading?
A.E-books are of poor quality.
B.It could be a waste of time.
C.It may harm children????s health.
D.E-readers are expensive.
4.How should parents encourage their children to read more?
A.Act as role models for them.
B.Ask them to write book reports.
C.Set up reading groups for them.
D.Talk with their reading class teachers.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文。根据“常识媒体”所做的一项调查可知,与过去相比,十几岁的
孩子们进行趣味阅读的量越来越少。
1.A 主旨要义题。本题题干意为:“常识媒体”所做的这个报告可能是关于什么的?本文为
说明文,第一段为本文的主旨段。根据第一段(根据周一出版的“常识媒体”的一个报告,十
几岁的孩子和更小的孩子进行趣味阅读的量少多了。)可知该报告主要讲的是孩子们的阅读
习惯的变化,故答案为A项。B项(儿童图书的质量)、C项(孩子们的课外活动)和D项(父母与孩
子间的关系)均不是该报告的内容,故全被排除。
2.B 细节理解题。本题题干意为:你在哪里可以找到最能支撑“孩子们进行趣味阅读的量越
来越少”这一说法的数据?本文第一段提出了本文主题,即孩子们进行趣味阅读的量越来越
少。然后在第三段通过数据(...has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-
olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.)来支撑这一说法,故答案为B项。
3.C 细节理解题。本题题干意为:为什么许多家长限制电子阅读?根据第五段最后一句(……
许多家长仍然限制电子阅读,主要是因为他们担心那会增加孩子面对屏幕的时间。)可知家长
限制电子阅读的原因是担心孩子们的健康,故答案为C项。A:电子图书质量差;B:那可能会浪
费时间;D:电子阅读器很昂贵。以上三项均未被提及,故全部排除。
4.A 细节理解题。本题题干意为:家长应该如何鼓励他们的孩子多阅读?根据第六段第一句
(报告中分享的最给人以希望的数据清楚地证明了家长给孩子们做出榜样并在阅读上进行重
要的指导。)可知答案为A项(为他们树立榜样)。B:要求他们写读书报告;C:为他们建立读书
小组;D:和他们的阅读老师谈话。以上三项均未被提及,故全部排除。
长难句 According to the report????s key findings,“the proportion who say they ‘hardly ever’
read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22
percent and 27 percent respectively today.”根据该报告的重要发现:1984年说自己几乎不为乐
趣读书的13岁孩子的比例为8%,17岁的孩子的比例为9%,而现在的比例分别上升到了22%和2
7%。
本句为主从复合句。who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for fun为定语从句,先行词为the propor-
tion。
Passage 2 (2018课标全国Ⅱ,D)词数:312
We????ve all been there:in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are,
like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
What????s the problem?It????s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence.
It????s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it????s awkward and challenging, or
we think it????s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers,
consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it????s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can????t forget that deep relationships
wouldn????t even exist if it weren????t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂)for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana
University Southeast.“Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,”he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just com-
municate with them.”
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their
way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动)with its waiter;the
other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server
reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience.“It????s not that
talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,”says Dunn.“But interactions with pe-
ripheral(边缘的)members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belong-
ing, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small
talk.“Small talk is the basis of good manners,”he says.
1.What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A.Addiction to smartphones.
B.Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C.Absence of communication between strangers.
D.Impatience with slow service.
2.What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?
A.Showing good manners. B.Relating to other people.
C.Focusing on a topic. D.Making business deals.
3.What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?
A.It improves family relationships.
B.It raises people????s confidence.
C.It matters as much as a formal talk.
D.It makes people feel good.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Conversation Counts
B.Ways of Making Small Talk
C.Benefits of Small Talk
D.Uncomfortable Silence
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文。介绍了“small talk(闲聊)”的重要性及其意义。
1.C 细节理解题。题干句意:第一段描述的是什么现象?根据第一段描述(无论我们身在何处,
在电梯里、在银行排队或者在飞机上,我们周围的人或是像我们一样在埋头看智能手机,或是
更坏,在和令人不安的沉默做斗争)可知,C项“陌生人之间缺乏交流”和首段描述一致,故答案
为C项。A项“手机控”只是该段描述现象时举的例子;B项“公共场合的不恰当行为”与首
段意思不符;D项“对缓慢的服务缺乏耐心”和第一段的描述无关。
2.B 细节理解题。题干句意:根据Carducci的说法,对于成功的闲聊来说什么是重要的?根据
第三段最后一句(成功的闲聊的关键是学会如何同他人建立联系而不仅仅是同他们交流)可
知,B项“能够理解并认同他人”符合题意,故答案为B项。本题干扰项为A“显示良好的行为
举止”,错因在于锁定的句子“最后一段最后一句(闲聊是良好举止的基础)”和题干要求不
一致,答非所问;D项“做生意”受第三段第三句(几乎每一个伟大的爱情故事和每一单大的生
意都源于闲聊)的影响,犯了逻辑推理错误;C项“聚焦一个话题”在文中没有涉及。
3.D 推理判断题。题干句意:关于闲聊,咖啡店调研表明了什么?根据第四段中的内容(结果表
明那些同服务生闲聊的人明显有更高的积极情感和较好的咖啡店体验。不是同服务生交谈
比和你的丈夫交谈更好,而是同社交网络的边缘人员的互动也对我们的健康和幸福很重要)可
知,D项“它使得人们感觉良好”与题意相符,故答案为D项。A项“它改善家庭关系”、B项
“它提升人们的自信” 和C项“它和正式交谈一样重要”在文章中没有涉及,属于主观臆
断。
4.C 主旨要义题。题干句意:文章最好的标题是什么?根据第二段最后一句(专家说闲聊是一
种可带来巨大益处的极有价值的社交行为)以及最后一段最后一句(闲聊是良好举止的基础)
可知,C项“闲聊的益处”与题干要求一致,故答案为C项。A项“会话很重要”为干扰项,错在
偷换概念,conversation(会话, 交谈)和small talk(闲谈)不是一个概念;文章没有就闲聊的方式或
方法做具体的解释,故排除B项“进行闲聊的方式”;D项“令人不安的沉默”只是第一段提
到的现象之一,而不是文章的主旨。
Passage 3 (2018课标全国Ⅲ,B)词数:312
Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle
in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade.
New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300
years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly
over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson,
Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野).But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years
later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went
there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy
rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warn-
ing. An avalanche(雪崩)once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson,
however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,
000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.
But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood
were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city
was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there
were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today,
people still come and go—to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the
chief industry of Dawson City—its present population is 762.
1.What attracted the early settlers to New York City?
A.Its business culture.
B.Its small population.
C.Its geographical position.
D.Its favourable climate.
2.What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson?
A.Two-thirds of them stayed there.
B.One out of five people got rich.
C.Almost everyone gave up.
D.Half of them died.
3.What was the main reason for many people to leave Dawson?
A.They found the city too crowded.
B.They wanted to try their luck elsewhere.
C.They were unable to stand the winter.
D.They were short of food.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A.The rise and fall of a city.
B.The gold rush in Canada.
C.Journeys into the wilderness.
D.Tourism in Dawson.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文,题材为城市环境类。城市的兴起壮大,城市的兴起又衰落,这
背后的原因是什么呢?本文以纽约和道森两个城市为例,给出了隐藏在背后的真正推手。
1.C 推理判断题。题干句意:是什么吸引那些早期定居者来到纽约市的呢?根据第一段第三
句话(例如纽约市,它在哈得孙河入海口的一个大港口附近。)并结合第四句可知,这个优越的
地理位置使得纽约市的人口在300年的时间里从800增长到800万。所以答案为C项:它的地理
位置。A项:它的贸易文化。B项:它的稀少的人口。D项:它的宜人气候。这三项原文均未提
及。
2.B 细节理解题。题干句意:对那些第一批到达道森市淘金的人我们了解到了什么?根据第
二段倒数第二句话(在第一批淘金的20,000人中,有4,000人富了起来。)可知有五分之一的人
富了起来,故B项正确。
3.B 推理判断题。题干句意:很多人离开道森的主要原因是什么?根据第三段第四句话第一
个逗号后的部分(当他们听说在阿拉斯加州发现了新的金矿后,他们就像当初匆忙来道森市一
样,又匆忙离开了这里)可推断出这些人匆匆忙忙离开这里去阿拉斯加州淘金去了,又去碰运
气看能不能变富。B项“他们想去别的地方碰运气。”与原文意思相符。A项:他们觉得这个
城市太拥挤了。C项:他们无法忍受这里的冬天。D项:他们缺少食物。这三项与原文不符。
4.A 主旨要义题。文章第一段第一句话提出观点:一个城市之所以矗立在那里是有充分的原
因的。后文以两个城市为例来论证这个观点。纽约市的兴起是因为它优越的地理位置。道
森市的兴起是因为这里发现了金矿,而这座城市的衰落是因为这里没有了金矿。由此可知本
文主要描述了一个城市的兴起和衰落及其背后的原因。这与A项相符。B项:加拿大的淘金
热。C项:踏进荒野的旅程。D项:道森的旅游业。这三项都不是主题。
Passage 4 (2017课标全国Ⅱ,C)词数:317
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the com-
pany closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle—named the Tran-
sition—has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transi-
tion, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on
the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the
air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on
sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later
this week at the New York Auto Show. But don????t expect it to show up in too many driveways.
It????s expected to cost $279,000. And it won????t help if you????re stuck in traffic. The car needs a
runway.
Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an air-
line industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying
car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make
it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it
meets federal safety standards.
Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration????s decision five years ago
to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of
larger planes. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying
time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.
1.What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A.The basic data of the Transition.
B.The advantages of flying cars.
C.The potential market for flying cars.
D.The designers of the Transition.
2.Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?
A.It causes traffic jams.
B.It is difficult to operate.
C.It is very expensive.
D.It burns too much fuel.
3.What is the government????s attitude to the development of the flying car?
A.Cautious. B.Favorable.
C.Ambiguous. D.Disapproving.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Flying Car at Auto Show
B.The Transition????s First Flight
C.Pilots???? Dream Coming True
D.Flying Car Closer to Reality
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为一篇新闻报道,介绍了一种可飞行的汽车的研发情况。内容包括其基本
技术数据信息以及预计价格,政府对该产品研发在政策上的支持以及对未来驾驶这种车辆的
人员的要求等。
1.A 主旨要义题。第一段中首先转述了Terrafugia公司的消息,接着详细介绍了能飞行的汽
车的资料:两个座位,四个轮子,上个月在1,400英尺的高空飞行了8分钟,速度是在道路上大约每
小时70英里、在空中每小时约115英里以及油耗等。所以第一段主要介绍了这种汽车的基本
资料,答案为A项。
2.C 推理判断题。根据第二段中的 “But don????t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It
????s expected to cost $279,000.” 可推断出,这种汽车不可能在路上大量出现的原因是这种汽车
的价格昂贵。故答案为C项。
3.B 推理判断题。文章没有直接表述政府态度的语句,但根据第三段中的 “The government
has already permitted the company to use...”可知,政府已经许可这个公司使用特殊材料让这种
车更容易飞起来。由此推断出政府的态度是肯定的,所以答案为B项。
4.D 主旨要义题。根据第一段第一句话 “...bringing the company closer to its goal of selling
the flying car within the next year.”以及后文对这种汽车的现状和前景的详细描述可推断出本
文的主题应该是:快要成为现实的飞行汽车。所以答案为D项。
高考热词
Passage 1 1.respectively/r??spekt?vli/adv.分别,各自
2.session/?se?n/n.一段时间
Passage 2 1.seek out挑选出
2.interaction/??nt?r??k?n/n. 交互作用
3.well-being n.健康,安乐
4.bond/b?nd/n. 纽带,联系,契约
Passage 3 1.harbour/?hɑ?b?(r)/n.港口
2.overnight/???v??na?t/adv.突然地;一夜之间
3.make it to成功到达
Passage 4 1.fold up折叠;叠起
2.deposit/d??p?z?t/n.存款;订金
3.show up出现;露面
4.be stuck in被困在……中
5.go through经历;经受
Group 3
Passage 1 (2017课标全国Ⅲ,D)词数:324
The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile
laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and
to discover where the key stress points are.
Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being
among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.
Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older
drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.
These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed
adaptations. Phil Blythe explains:“For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the
country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get
out and about without having to rely on others.”
“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in
people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driv-
ing skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.”
Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains: “The DriveLAB is help-
ing us to understand what the key stress points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we
might use technology to address these problems.”
“For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but
surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were
more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. We????re looking at the benefits of
systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.”
“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older
drivers stay safer behind the wheel.”
1.What is the purpose of the DriveLAB?
A.To explore new means of transport.
B.To design new types of cars.
C.To find out older drivers???? problems.
D.To teach people traffic rules.
2.Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?
A.It keeps them independent.
B.It helps them save time.
C.It builds up their strength.
D.It cures their mental illnesses.
3.What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?
A.Improve their driving skills.
B.Develop driver-assist technologies.
C.Provide tips on repairing their cars.
D.Organize regular physical checkups.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.A New Model Electric Car
B.A Solution to Traffic Problems
C.Driving Services for Elders
D.Keeping Older Drivers on the Road
答案
[语篇解读] 本文主要介绍了纽卡斯尔大学智能交通工具研究团队把一辆电动汽车变成了一
个移动实验室,其目的是了解老年人驾驶车辆时所面临的各种挑战并找到老年人的重要压力
点,以便运用科技手段辅助老年人克服各种困难,保障他们的驾车安全,从而延长他们的驾龄。
1.C 推理判断题。 短文第一段就明确指出,纽卡斯尔大学智能交通工具研究团队把一辆电
动汽车变成了一个移动实验室,其目的是了解老年人驾车所面临的各种挑战,并找到老年人的
重要压力点。文章第六段中Amy Guo博士进一步解释说DriveLAB有助于他们了解老年驾车
者的重要压力点和所面临的各种困难。考生通过理解上述两部分具体信息,即可判断出C项
为正确选项。
2.A 推理判断题。由短文第四段可知,对于很多老年人,特别是独自生活或生活在乡下的老
人来说,驾车在他们保持独立自主、不依靠别人就能自由到外面活动方面至关重要。依据上
述信息,可判断出正确选项为A。
3.B 推理判断题。第一个信息点在短文第三段,该段说纽卡斯尔大学研究团队正在为老年驾
驶者研发车载技术,希望这些技术能帮助老年人延长驾龄。第二个信息点在最后一段的
“technological solutions to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel”。由以上信息
可知,B项正确。
4.D 主旨要义题。由第三段最后一句中help them to continue driving into later life可知D项正确。
Passage 2 (2016课标全国Ⅱ,C)词数:254
Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose
books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page
on the traditional idea of a book group.
Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing
provides an identification number to stick inside the book.Then the person leaves it in a public
place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader
who finds it.
Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says,“The two things that change your
life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both.”
Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops.Whoever finds
their book will go to the site and record where they found it.
People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails
are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found.
Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a
shelf at home.
BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real”and not the vir-
tual(虚拟). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five
countries.
1.Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?
A.To explain what they are.
B.To introduce BookCrossing.
C.To stress the importance of reading.
D.To encourage readers to share their ideas.
2.What does the underlined word“it”in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A.The book.
B.An adventure.
C.A public place.
D.The identification number.
3.What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it?
A.Meet other readers to discuss it.
B.Keep it safe in his bookcase.
C.Pass it on to another reader.
D.Mail it back to its owner.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Online Reading:A Virtual Tour
B.Electronic Books:A New Trend
C.A Book Group Brings Tradition Back
D.A Website Links People through Books
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了网站BookCrossing.com用一种新型的书的
传递方式,将人们通过书联系了起来。
1.B 推理判断题。根据文章第一段最后一句可知作者提到book groups是为了介绍网站
BookCrossing.com的新颖的读书模式,因此选B。
2.A 猜测词义题。根据文章第二段最后一句可知,那个人将读过的书留在公共场合,希望那
本书有一次冒险经历,伴随着每一个发现它的新的读者到处旅行。
3.C 细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一句可知,读过书的人会将书留在公园的长凳上、公交
车上、火车站里和咖啡店里,同时根据第五段倒数第一句可判断这个想法是针对那些不把书
放在家里让它们落一层尘土的慷慨的人的,故选C项。
4.D 主旨要义题。根据全文可知,文章主要讲述的是一种新型的读书方式,通过书的传递使
人们从虚拟世界回到真实的世界。由此可判断是这个网站将人们联系了起来,故选D项。
Passage 3(2015课标全国Ⅱ,B)词数:304
Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could
play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can make your environment
work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet
plan.
Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeat-
ing,for people are often less self-conscious(难为情)when they????re in poorly lit places—and so more
likely to eat lots of food.If your home doesn????t have enough window light,get more lamps and
flood the place with brightness.
Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study,people who ate
meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors
like yellow make food appear more appetizing,while cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when
it????s time to repaint,go blue.
Don????t forget the clock—or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calo-
ries(卡路里)per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time,and
try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while you????re at it,actually sit down to eat.If you
need some help slowing down,turn on relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a
meal.
Downsize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.We eat about 22 percent
more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate.When we choose a large spoon over a
smaller one,total intake(摄入)jumps by 14 percent.And we????ll pour about 30 percent more liquid in-
to a short,wide glass than a tall,skinny glass.
1.The text is especially helpful for those who care about ????.
A.their home comforts B.their body shape
C.house buying D.healthy diets
2.A home environment in blue can help people ????.
A.digest food better B.reduce food intake
C.burn more calories D.regain their appetites
3.What are people advised to do at mealtimes?
A.Eat quickly. B.Play fast music.
C.Use smaller spoons. D.Turn down the lights.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Is Your House Making You Fat?
B.Ways of Serving Dinner
C.Effects of Self-Consciousness
D.Is Your Home Environment Relaxing?
答案
[语篇解读] 本文主要介绍了几种通过改变屋内环境进行饮食调节的方法。
1.B 细节理解题。根据文章第一句和第二句可知,本文的阅读对象主要是那些关心自己体形
的人。故选B项。
2.B 细节理解题。根据文章第三段第三句话可知,研究发现人在蓝色房间里比在黄色或红色
房间里吃饭时少摄入33%的食物。故选B。
3.C 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段第四句话可知,我们使用大的汤匙时摄入食物的总量比
使用小的汤匙时摄入食物的总量多14%。故选C。
4.A 主旨要义题。整篇文章主要介绍了几种通过改变屋内环境与设施进行饮食调节的方
法。故选A。
评析 本题考查对文章主旨大意的把握能力。抓住文章主题句是破解此类题目的关键。第
一段中最后一句是本文的中心句,说明下文要介绍几种通过改变屋内环境与设施进行饮食调
节的方法,据此可迅速锁定正确答案。
Passage 4 (2018天津,C)词数:365
There????s a new frontier in 3D printing that????s beginning to come into focus:food. Recent develop-
ment has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the indus-
try isn????t stopping there.
Food production
With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for deco-
ration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that—it takes years of experience, but a printer
makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to“re-create forms and pieces”of food that
are“exactly the same,”freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the
dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed, rather than farm to table.
Sustainability(可持续性)
The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that
food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is
becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts be-
lieve printers could use hydrocolloids(水解胶体)from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类)and
grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions.
Grocery stores of the future might stock“food”that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space
and reducing transportation and storage requirements.
Nutrition
Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia
