2019年高考英语真题和模拟题分项汇编阅读理解专题 说明文

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台


2019年高考英语真题和模拟题分项汇编
阅读理解专题专题
说明文
高考真题
1. 【2019·全国卷I，C】
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?
A. To reduce pressure on keys. B. To improve accuracy in typing
C. To replace the password system. D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.
29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？
A. Computers are much easier to operate.
B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D. Data security measures are guaranteed.
30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？all 1o soisgitieoco oll.
A. It'll be environment-friendly. B. It'll reach consumers soon.
C. It'll be made of plastics. D. It'll help speed up typing.
31. Where is this text most likely from?
A. A diary. B. A guidebook C. A novel. D. A magazine.
2. 【2019·全国卷I，D】
During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage(从事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究). “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us."
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.
32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool.
33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？
A. The classification of the popular.
B. The characteristics of adolescents.
C. The importance of interpersonal skills.
D. The causes of dishonorable behavior
34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids?
A. They appeared to be aggressive.
B. They tended to be more adaptable.
C. They enjoyed the highest status.
D. They performed well academically.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Be Nice-You Won’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Beer
C. Be the Best-You Can Make It
D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness

3. 【2019·全国卷II，D】
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution(解决方案). “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and…it’s not a very nice thing at time. It’s a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?
A. They are hard to get rid of. B. They lead to air pollution.
C. They appear different forms. D. They damage the instruments.
33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships. B. To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C. To allow students to experience zero gravity. D. To link space technology with school education
34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?
A. Check their product. B. Guide project designs
C. Adjust work schedules. D. Grade their homework.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts.
B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.
C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom.
D. HUNCH:A College Admission Reform.
4. 【2019·江苏卷，B】
In the 1960s，while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park，Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that，oddly，had not troubled anyone before:he couldn't find the park's volcano. It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature — that's what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features. But Christiansen couldn't find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.
Most of us，when we talk about volcanoes，think of the classic cone(圆锥体)shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro，which are created when erupting magma(岩浆)piles up. These can form remarkably quickly. In 1943，a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land. In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of them extinct. There is，however，a second les known type of volcano that doesn't involve mountain building. These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack，leaving behind a vast hole，the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type，but Christiansen couldn't find the caldera anywhere.
Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors' centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos，he realized why he had failed to spot the caldera; almost the whole park-2.2 million acres—was caldera. The explosion had left a hole more than forty miles across—much too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.
58. What puzzled Christiansen when he was studying Yellowstone？
A. Its complicated geographical features.
B. Its ever-lasting influence on tourism.
C. The mysterious history of the park.
D. The exact location of the volcano.
59. What does the second-paragraph mainly talk about？
A. The shapes of volcanoes.
B. The impacts of volcanoes.
C. The activities of volcanoes.
D. The heights of volcanoes.
60. What does the underlined word "blow-up" in the last paragraph most probably mean？
A. Hot-air balloon. B. Digital camera.
C. Big photograph. D. Bird's view.
5. 【2019·浙江卷，C】
California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素).
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源).
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, Mclntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).
Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
27. What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.
B. The increasing variety of California big trees.
C. The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D. The influence of farming on big trees in California.
28. Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees?
A. Ecological studies of forests.
B. Banning woodcutting.
C. Limiting housing development.
D. Fire control measures.
29. What is a major cause of the water shortage according to Mclntyre?
A. Inadequate snowmelt. B. A longer dry season.
C. A warmer climate. D. Dampness of the air.
30. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. California's Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D. Patrick Mclntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California



模拟题
1.河南省实验中学2019届高考全真模拟 最后一卷
Solar energy systems & power plants do not produce air pollution, water pollution, or greenhouse gases. Using solar energy can have a positive, indirect effect on the environment, when solar energy replaces or reduces the use of other energy sources that have larger effects on the environment.
However, some poisonous materials and chemicals are used to make the photovoltaic ( 光电池的) cells that convert sunlight into electricity. Some solar thermal (保热的) systems use potentially hazardous liquids to transfer heat. Leaks of these materials could be harmful to the environment. U. S. environmental laws regulate the use and settlement of these types of materials.
As with any type of power plant, large solar power plants can affect the environment near their locations. The placement of the power plant may have long-term effects on the habitats of native plants and animals. Some solar power plants may require water for cleaning solar collectors and concentrators or for cooling turbine generators. Using large volumes of ground water or surface water in some dry locations may affect the ecosystems that depend on these water resources. In addition, the beam of concentrated sunlight a solar power tower creates can kill birds and insects that fly into the beam.
The amount of solar energy that the earth receives each day is many times greater than the total amount of all energy that people consume each day. However, on the surface of the earth, solar energy is a variable and irregular energy source. The amount of sunlight and the intensity of sunlight varies by time of day and location. Weather and climate conditions affect the availability of sunlight daily and on a seasonal basis. The type and size of a solar energy collection and conversion system determines how much of the available solar energy we can convert into useful energy.
1. Which of the following best explains "hazardous" underlined in paragraph 2?
A. inexpensive B. dangerous
C. ineffective D. abnormal
2. What influence can large solar power plants have on the locations?
A. Polluting the ground water.
B. Protecting the habitats of plants and animals.
C. Damaging the local natural balance.
D. Attracting birds and insects to the area.
3. What does the last paragraph mainly tell us?
A. Different areas receive different amount of solar energy.
B. How to convert solar energy into useful energy.
C. The relationship between solar energy collection and the sunlight.
D. Some factors that influence the amount of solar energy collection.
2.山东省潍坊市2019届高三上学期期中考试
Digital grounding is when parents or caregivers limit or completely take away access to technology from children. According to a study conducted by Pew Research，65％of parents have digitally grounded their teen by taking away their teen’s cellphone or internet access as punishment.
Because children are so connected with their technologies, digital grounding may seem like a logical step for parents. Take away a child’s most cherished item and they will quickly learn from their behavior. But the idea of digital grounding isn’t as clear—cut as that. Instead, it may be a lose-lose situation for parents and kids, alike.
For most parents, the goal of grounding isn’t to make their children unhappy or sad. It is to teach a lesson in the hope that they won’t engage in whatever behavior got them in trouble in the first place. Unfortunately, though, digital grounding is often just punishment, not discipline. If a child stays out past curfew(约定的最晚回家时间), a punishment would be hitting or yelling at them. Discipline would be not letting them go out the next weekend because they failed to follow rules.
We’ve all been there—we’ve caught our child doing something wrong and in the heat of the moment laid out a strict punishment. We may have been feeling hot—headed, embarrassed, or upset. Often, though, these punishments don’t align with the bad behavior.
While digital grounding may solve the problem temporarily, it won’t provide children with the guidance they need to act appropriately in the future. Instead of grounding, show your child what they did wrong and give them the chance to act differently. This way, they will learn from their mistakes in a practical manner and figure out ways to be safe and smart with technology.
There’s no denying it：technology is here for the long-haul. This is why some parenting experts don’t recommend digitally grounding your children. It doesn’t focus on the end goal of safe behavior. They recommend teaching them good habits as soon as possible, rather than taking away their technology. By digitally grounding them, you are putting a bandage over the wound, rather than treating it.
Now, when we say that digital grounding is a lose-lose situation, we’re not saying that disciplining your children in general is a lose—lose situation. Discipline is a great way to teach children lessons, when used appropriately.
1. Which of the following is a form of discipline?
A. Hitting or yelling at children.
B. Laying out a strict punishment in the heat of the moment.
C. Taking away access to cellphones from children completely.
D. Forbidding kids to go out the next weekend if they stay out past curfew.
2. What does the author think of digital grounding?
A. It benefits children greatly.
B. It is no better than disciplining.
C. Parents can use it to correct kids’behavior.
D. Neither parents nor children gain benefits from it.
3. What does the author suggest parents do instead of grounding?
A. Give kids more free time. B. Act appropriately in public.
C. Help kids form good habits. D. Put a bandage over the wound.
4. What’s the purpose of the text?
A. To inform us of ways of punishing kids.
B. To explain what digital grounding means.
C. To show how to parent children in digital times.
D. To prove digital grounding is not a good parenting way.
3.江西省名校（临川一中、南昌二中)2019届高三联合考试
Have you ever spent an afternoon in the backyard, maybe grilling or enjoying a basketball game, when suddenly you notice that everything goes quiet? There is an old phrase “calm before the storm”, often used in a situation---a quiet period just before a great activity or excitement. According to our own experience, we know there is actually calm before the storm. But what causes this calm? And is it always calm before the storm?
A period of calm happens in a particular kind of storm, the simplest kind of storm---a single-cell thunderstorm. In this type of thunderstorm, there is usually only one main stream of current, which is warm, damp air and drawn from places near the ground. Storms need warm and damp air as fuel, so they typically draw that air in from surrounding environment. Storms can draw in the air that fit their need from all directions—even from the direction in which the storm is traveling.
As the warm, damp air is pulled into a storm system, it leaves a low-pressure vacuum(真空) coming after. The rising air meets the cold dry air that has already existed in the storm clouds, thus the temperature of the warm, damp air drops, and the water vapor in it changes into tiny drops that are a precondition of rain. These drops accumulate and build on larger particles(颗粒) like dust, until they grow large enough to form raindrops.
This warm, damp air keeps moving upwards, but it becomes cooler and drier during its trip through cloud. When it reaches the top of the cloud, the air is squeezed out at the top. This air is sent rolling out over the big thunderclouds. From there, the air goes down. Warm and dry air is relatively stable, and once it covers a region, that air, in turn, causes the calm before a storm.
Most thunderstorms, though, don't start with calm. That's because most are actually groups of storms with complex wind patterns. There's so much air moving up and down storm groups that the calm before the storm never happens. Instead, before the storm, it might be really windy!
1. Which best fits the description of a particular kind of storm?
A. A thunderstorm with a single shape.
B. A thunderstorm without strong winds.
C. A storm with air drawn from every direction.
D. A storm fueled by moving air from the ground.
2. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Warm and wet air. B. Warm and dry air.
C. Cold and wet air. D. Cold and dry air.
3. Which does the writer most likely agree to?
A. Presence of the calm relies on stable air.
B. All thunderstorms don’t start with the calm.
C. The drier the air is, the bigger the storm will be.
D. Storm happens without air moving up and down.
4. What is the passage mainly about?
A. A brief introduction of a peaceful storm.
B. A personal experience of a heavy storm.
C. An explanation of the calm before a storm.
D. An analysis of causes and effects of a storm.
4.江西省名校（临川一中、南昌二中)2019届高三联考
As the international demand for narrative(叙事的) film/TV content continues to increase with popular streaming services like Netflix and others the two questions then come: will the coming generations receive most of their entertainment through visual means rather than through the written word and will such an increase of narrative film/ TV reduce the importance of reading?
Growing examples of this trend include the diminishment(减少) of fiction in the common core (核心的)curriculum, the ever－rising culture of computer games, the wave of streaming services of wide international reach, and movies filled with special effects made for children and teenagers. Nor must we ignore the economic dangers that lie ahead for the written word. The narrative film industry is a moneymaker that dwarfs(使相形见绌) the publishing industry.
The other underlying question, of course, is “does it really matter if the written word bows to the world of film/TV?” From my point of view, any diminishment of fiction delivered by words is a loss for mankind.
There is no greater human feature than the imagination. It lies at the very soul of the human species. It is the brain’s most powerful engine. It is the essential muscle of life and like all muscles it must be exercised and strengthened.
Writing and reading are the principal tools that inspire, create and empower our imagination. Anything that diminishes that power is the enemy of mankind.
It should be known that I am not opposed to new media and technological advances. Instead, I have always felt it necessary to adapt to advancing technology. In fact, a number of my novels are in various stages of development for film, TV, and live stage productions. My hope is that the written word will only stand to be complemented(补充)by its visual counterparts(对应物), not pushed to the edge of extinction.
Of course, there are those who will present arguments for the superiority of the moving image over the written word. Each has its place. My argument is for finding the right balance between it and the moving image.
1. In what way does narrative film/TV embarrass the written word?
A. Economic benefits B. International reach
C. Cultural influence D. Educational importance
2. Why does the author value the role of the written word?
A. It strengthens our muscles. B. It helps sharpen imagination.
C. It distinguishes man from each other. D. It paves the way for narrative film/TV.
3. What is the author’s attitude towards technology?
A. Cautious B. Skeptical
C. Positive D. Critical
4. What’s the author concerned about?
A. The fate of reading. B. The extinction of fiction.
5.湖南省长沙市雅礼中学2019届高三模拟
Sally Dawly is a woman from Auburn, California. Over the last three and a half years, the anti-littering woman has spent most of her free time picking up cigarette butts (烟头) from the streets of her home city.
Called the “Butt Lady” by her local community, Dawly began her mission to rid the streets of her city of cigarette butts in October, 2014. The woman looked for cigarette butts, picked them up and threw them in the trash. To keep a count of how many butts she picks up, the Butt Lady has been using a tablet, and earlier this month, she hit a historic milestone—one million cigarette butts.
“I got tired of going on my walks and seeing cigarette butts everywhere,” Sally Dawly said. “I’m just shocked that I had to pick up so many. I’ve ever picked up 3,000 butts in one day,” she said. “Don’t throw away your butts; better yet, stop smoking.”
With so many cigarette butts littering the streets, can one person’s efforts really make a difference? Surprisingly, the answer seems to be yes. Soon after the Butt Lady of Auburn started her mission and word of her efforts spread, cigarette cans started appearing around bars and restaurants in the city. Members of the local community even came out to cheer her on as she approached her one-million-butt milestone.
Sally knows her city’s cigarette butt littering problem won’t be solved anytime soon, but she hopes her work will inspire people to at least think twice before dropping cigarette butts in the streets. She has decided to continue cleaning up after irresponsible smokers, and already has a new milestone in her sights—two million cigarette butts.
Word of the Butt Lady’s efforts to keep the streets cigarette butt-free has reached neighboring communities as well, and CBS Sacramento reports that other cities have started seeking her help as well.
1. Why does Sally Dawly carry an iPad with her while picking up the butts?
A. To entertain the crowds.
B. To monitor the smokers.
C. To attract people’s attention.
D. To record the number of butts.
2. How did Sally Dawly feel when picking up cigarette butts?
A. Excited but upset. B. Shocked and sorry
C. Frightened but content. D. Astonished and desperate.
3. From the text. what can be inferred about Sally Dawly?
A. She picks up nearly 3,000 cigarette butts every day.
B. She will work in other cities in California in the future.
C. She has set a new goal of picking up two million cigarette butts.
D. She picked up one million cigarette butts with members of her community.
4. What is the text mainly about?
A. California’s “Butt Lady”.
B. Fighting against smoking.
C. Californians health problems.
D. Smoking problems in California.
6.东北三省四市2019届高三二模联考英语试题
You can’t see your sleeping pets brain waves, but its behavior can tell you when your cat might be dreaming. If you watch closely, you’ll see that as she falls asleep, her breathing becomes slow and regular with her body still. She has entered the first stage of sleep, called slow-wave sleep. After about 15 minutes you’ll notice a change in her breathing. Her eyes move under her closed lids, her paws twitch (抽动) and she flicks (尤指用手指或手快速地轻抚) an ear. She has entered dreaming. Although she twitches and makes little grunting (嘟嘟) noises, messages from her brain to the large muscles in her legs are blocked, so she can’t run about. She is in a state of “sleep paralysis (麻痹)”.
Michel Jouvet, a French scientist, interrupted their sleep paralysis. Even though they were completely asleep, the dreaming cats began to run for balls that Jouvet couldn’t see and arched (弓起) their backs at unseen enemies. He figures he was watching them act out their dreams! Obviously, the dreaming cats seemed to be practising important cat skills: following, pouncing (猛扑), and fighting.
In another study, Matt Wilson recorded rats brain waves while they learned mazes (迷宫). One day, he left the brain-wave-recording machine on while the rats fell asleep. The pattern of brain waves in the sleeping rats matched the pattern from the maze so closely that Wilson could figure out exactly which part of the maze each rat was dreaming about!
Many researchers now think that in both people and animals, one purpose of dreams is to practise important skills and figure out recent caning. This may explain why so many people dream about fighting and escaping, skills that were probably important to our ancestors, and why dreaming affects our ability to learn.
Do all animals dream? From looking at the brain waves of sleeping animals. How often animals dream seems to be tied to body size. Cats dream about every 15 minutes, mice every 9 minutes, and elephants every 2 hours. And though cows and horses usually sleep standing up, they only dream when lying down.
1. What does Michel Jouvet find in his study?
A. The dreaming cats are in a state of body paralysis.
B. The dreaming cats often practise their important skills.
C. The eyes of dreaming cats moved while bodies are still.
D. The muscles of the dreaming cats are blocked to move.
2. What can you know about dreaming from the passage?
A. Dreaming a lot can help humans learn more.
B. Learning mazes is the basic skill for cats to learn.
C. Rats often dreams to make certain their recent learning
D. Fighting and escaping are not important skills for ancestors.
3. Which animal may dream most frequently?
A. Rats. B. Dogs.
C. Cows. D. Elephants
4. How does the author develop his passage?
A. By making comparisons. B. By using figures
C. By telling stories D. By showing facts
7.湖南省长沙市雅礼中学2019届高三下学期模拟
A team of international scientists is due to set off for the world’s biggest iceberg in a mission aiming to answer fundamental questions about the impact of climate change in the polar regions. The scientists, led by he British Antarctic Survey( BAS), are trying to reach a newly revealed ecosystem that had been hidden for 120,000 years below the Larsen C ice shelf.
Last year, part of the Larsen C ice shelf calved (崩解) away, forming a huge iceberg-A68--which is four times bigger than London, and revealing life beneath for the first time. Now scientists say it is a race against time to explore these new ecosystems before they are transformed to the light. Marine biologist Dr Katrin Linse from the BAS is leading the mission.
“The calving of A68 provides us with a unique opportunity to study marine life as it responds to a huge environment change,” she said. “It is important that we get there quickly before the undersea environment changes as sunlight enters the water.”
Professor David Vaughan, science director at the BAs, said, “We need to be bold (大胆的) on this one. Larsen C is a long way south and there’s lots of sea ice in the area, but this is important science, so we will try our best to get the team where they need to be. He said climate change had already affected the sea around Antarctica and is warming some coastal waters. “Future warming may make some habitats warm. Where these habitats support unique species that are adapted to love the cold and not the warm, those species are going to either move or die.”
There is growing concern about the possible impact of climate change in the Antarctic. Earlier this month, a report revealed that melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are speeding up the already fast pace of the sea level rise. The research, published by the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine, said, “At the current rate, the world’s ocean will be, on average, at least 60cm higher by the end of the century.” However, it found that the process is accelerating, and more than three quarters of the acceleration since 1993 is due to melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, the study shows.
1. Why are the scientists eager to go to the iceberg?
A. To study how the iceberg was formed.
B. To study a newly discovered ecosystem.
C. To explore a new way to prevent climate change.
D. To explore the geography of the Larsen C ice shelf.
2. What do the underlined words “this one” in the fourth paragraph refer to?
A. The Larsen C ice shelf.
B. Climate change in Antarctica.
C. The A68 iceberg with the ecosystem beneath it.
D. The condition of animal species in Antarctica.
3. What can we learn about the A68 iceberg from the text?
A. It is as big as London.
B. It is part of an ice shelf in the Arctic.
C. It will disappear in a very short time.
D. It has uncovered an unknown ecosystem in Antarctica.
4. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. There is no need to worry about climate change in Antarctica.
B. The ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are melting at a steady rate.
C. Many creatures living in deep water will die out due to climate change.
D. By 2100, the sea level will have risen to a much higher level than now.
答案解析
说明文
1、【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，目前，向指纹扫描等这些技术仍然是昂贵的。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，它能给e-space用户带来安全，而且这项技术也不贵。
28.D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.和第二段的Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem: a smart key board.可知，研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低e-space保护的成本。故选D。
29.C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段的The key board could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus，the keyboard can determine people’s identities可知，因为每个人的打字方式不同，使智能键盘能够识别人的身份。故选C。
30.B
【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.可知，研究者们希望智能键盘能早日面世。故选B。
31.D
【解析】推理判断题。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，它能给e-space用户带来安全，由此可知，本文是关于科技，结合所给选项可知，本文可能来自于一本杂志。故选D。
2、【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲到研究表明，对别人好，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。
32.C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status（在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的娃娃和笑话，这让我保持了高高的社会地位。）由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷静的，故选C。
33.A
【解析】主旨大意题。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.（临床心理学教授Mitch Prinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主题句，本段内容分别对the likable 和the status seekers 做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类，故选A。
34.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment （它清楚地表明，可爱可以促使健全的调整），由此推断出，心理学教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子适应性更强，故选B。
35.A
【解析】主旨大意题。通过阅读全文内容，尤其是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。与选项A“对别人好——最终，你的收获无穷无尽”一致，故选A。
3、【语篇解读】本文为说明文。本文介绍了HUNCH项目就是通过Gordon的学生找到如何杀死空间站的细菌这一技术，把空间技术与带进课堂，与学校教育相结合，从而最终影响到大学入 的数学模型，科学家们发现了一些在食物网运营的关键原则。科学家们说;因为一个生态系统越过了它的临界点，它们很难再回来。该系统将告诉我们何时适应人类活动，这些活动正将生态系统推向崩溃，或者甚至允许我们将生态系统从边缘拉回来，预防是关键。
46.B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.可知，借助食物网的数学模型，科中的一些关键原则。故选B。
47. C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的When a predator(掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物)，the two species are strongly linked可知，当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物，这两个物种是紧密相连的。故选C。
48. D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had, a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species they did not directly attack可知，处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控制，由此可推断出，如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降，其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化。故选D。
49.A
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段的Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline可知，人类过度的活动会将生态系统推向崩溃，由此可推断出，不受控制的人类活动极大地破坏了生态系统。故选A。
50. D
【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline.可知，早期变暖系统发出紧急需要采取预防行动的信号帮助我们维持生态平衡。故选D。
4、【语篇解读】本文为说明文。讲述了二十世纪六十年代Bob Christiansen在研究黄石公园的火山历史时，奇怪地发现到处看不到火山的影子，原来，这儿的火山并不是像我们大部分人想象的那种圆锥体形状的高耸的样子，而是一个巨大的洞，这个洞太大了以至于从地面上的任何地方都看不见。
58.D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句But Christiansen couldn’t find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.可知，他困惑的是到处看不到火山。故选D。
59.A
【解析】主旨大意题。本段讲述了两种形状的火山，一种是通常人们所理解的由火山岩浆堆积形成的圆锥体，还有一种极具爆发力的火山，它们会在一个大裂缝中爆裂，留下一个巨大的洞，故选A。
60.C
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors’ centers.可知，美国国家航空和宇宙航行局为测试一些新的高海拔照相机而拍摄了黄石公园的照片。一位深思熟虑的官员把其中的一些照片副本转交给了公园管理部门，认为他们可能会将其放大以供一个游客中心展示。故可知，此处意为将照片放大，选C。
5、【语篇解读】本文为说明文，根据一项研究表明，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，气候变化似乎是其主要因素。
27.A
主旨大意题。在第二段中，作者用具体数据说明了大树损失在各个地区的严重程度，没有任何地区幸免或不受影响，故选A。
28. D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources（资源）.可知，野火控制在控制了森林大火的同时，使得加利福尼亚的森林里挤满了小树，它们与大树争夺资源，这对大树产生了不利的影响，故选D。
29.C
【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, …, and earlier snowmelt, …可知，造成加州水资源短缺的最大因素是气温的上升，以及较早的融雪，故选C。
30.A
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，文章分析了引起该现象的几个主要因素。全文围绕“加州森林的大树都去哪儿了”话题展开，故选项A符合题意。


模拟题答案
1、【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了太阳能发电的潜在弊端以及影响太阳能收集量的几个因素。
1.B
【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“However, some poisonous materials and chemicals are used to make the photovoltaic ( 光电池的) cells that convert sunlight into electricity.”可知，然而，一些有毒的材料和化学物质被用来制造将阳光转化为电能的光伏电池，一些太阳能保温系统使用潜在危险的液体来传递热量，由此可知画线词词义为“危险的”，故B项正确。
2. C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The placement of the power plant may have long-term effects on the habitats of native plants and animals.”可知，大型太阳能发电厂的选址可能会对当地动植物的栖息地产生长期的影响，也就是会破坏当地自然平衡，故C项正确。
3.D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“However, on the surface of the earth, solar energy is a variable and irregular energy source. The amount of sunlight and the intensity of sunlight varies by time of day and location. Weather and climate conditions affect the availability of sunlight daily and on a seasonal basis.”可知，在地球表面，太阳能是一种可变的和不规则的能源，阳光的数量和强度随着一天的时间和地点而变化，天气和气候条件影响每日和季节性的阳光供应，由此可知，本段主要介绍的是影响太阳能收集量的几个因素，故D项正确。

2、【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。介绍了“数码囚禁”并不是教养孩子的好方法。
1.D
【解析】细节理解题。由第三段“ a child stays out past curfew(约定的最晚回家时间), a punishment would be hitting or yelling at them. Discipline would be not letting them go out the next weekend because they failed to follow rules. ”可知，一个孩子超过约定的最晚回家时间，惩罚就是打他们或对他们大喊大叫。纪律不会让他们下周末出去，因为他们没有遵守规则。故D选项正确。
2.D
【解析】细节理解题。由第二段“Instead, it may be a lose-lose situation for parents and kids, alike. ”可知，相反，这对父母和孩子来说可能是一种两败俱伤的局面。故D选项正确。
3.C
【解析】推理判断题。由倒数第二段“They recommend teaching them good habits as soon as possible，rather than taking away their technology”可知，他们建议尽快教他们好习惯，而不是拿走他们的科技。故C选项正确。
4.D
【解析】推理判断题。由第二段“Instead, it may be a lose-lose situation for parents and kids, alike. ”第三段“For most parents, the goal of grounding isn’t to make their children unhappy or sad. 第五段“while digital grounding may solve the problem temporarily it won’t provide children with the guidance they need to act appropriately in the future. ”第六段“This is why some parenting experts don’t recommend digitally grounding your children”可知，“数码囚禁”并不是教养孩子的好方法。故D选项正确。


3、【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，解释了暴风雨来临前的平静的原因，并指出并非所有的暴风雨都始于平静。
1.D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In this type of thunderstorm, there is usually only one main stream of current, which is warm, damp air and drawn from places near the ground.”可知，在这种类型的雷暴中，通常只有一股主要气流，那就是来自地面附近温暖潮湿的空气，由此可知，特殊的雷暴是指由地面移动的空气推动的风暴，故D项正确。
2.A
词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“The rising air meets the cold dry air that has already existed in the storm clouds, thus the temperature of the warm, damp air drops”可知，上升的空气与干冷空气相遇，因此温暖潮湿的空气的温度下降，其中的水蒸气变成微小的水滴，这是下雨的先决条件，由此可知画线词指的是前面提到的温暖潮湿的空气，故A项正确。
3.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Most thunderstorms, though, don't start with calm.”可知，然而，大多数雷暴并非始于平静，由此可知，并非所有的暴风雨都始于平静，故B项正确。
4.C
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“But what causes this calm? And is it always calm before the storm?”可知，本文主要解释了暴风雨来临前的平静的原因，故C项正确。
【点睛】
解答代词指代类的词义猜测题的关键在于对画线词前的内容的理解，特别要注意出现的名词，例如本篇第2题，根据画线词前的“The rising air meets the cold dry air that has already existed in the storm clouds, thus the temperature of the warm, damp air drops”可知，上升的空气与干冷空气相遇，因此温暖潮湿的空气的温度下降，温暖潮湿的空气中的水蒸气变成微小的水滴，这是下雨的先决条件，由此可知画线词指的是前面提到的“the warm, damp air”，即温暖潮湿的空气。

4、【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了叙事电影行业的发展让文字变得相形见绌，作者认为文字是激发和增强我们想象力的重要工具，同时表达了对阅读的命运的担心。
1.A
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The narrative film industry is a moneymaker that dwarfs(使相形见绌) the publishing industry.”可知，叙事电影行业是一个令出版行业相形见绌的赚钱行业，由此可知，叙事电影行业在经济利益方面使文字变得尴尬，故A项正确。
2.B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Writing and reading are the principal tools that inspire, create and empower our imagination.”可知，写作和阅读是激发、创造和增强我们想象力的主要工具，由此可知，作者重视文字的作用是因为它能提高我们的想象力，故B项正确。
3.C
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“I have always felt it necessary to adapt to advancing technology.”可知，作者觉得有必要适应先进的技术，由此可知，作者对技术持积极的态度，故C项正确。
4.A
【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“My hope is that the written word will only stand to be complemented(补充)by its visual counterparts(对应物), not pushed to the edge of extinction.”可知，作者希望书面文字会得到视觉文字的补充，而不是被推到灭绝的边缘，由此可知，作者担心的是阅读的命运，故A项正确。

5、【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。众所周知，吸烟有害健康，有时候让人更加烦恼的是随处可见的烟头。在美国加利福尼亚有这样一位“烟头女士（她利用业余时间捡拾烟头，并在最近捡到了第100万个烟头！
1.D
【解析】事实细节题。由第二段中To keep a count of how many butts she picks up, the Butt Lady has been using a tablet（平板电脑）一句可知为了记录自己捡到的烟头数量， the Butt Lady带了平板电脑。故选D。
2.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知Sally很厌烦看到这么多烟头，她对捡起来这么多数量的烟头感到震惊，并且劝告大家最好不要吸烟。因此她的感受应该是“震惊和难过的”。故B项最恰当。
3. C
【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段and already has a new milestone in her sights—two million cigarette butts可知C项正确。根据第三段…I’ve ever picked up 3,000 butts in one day…可知A项错误；根据最后一段可知Sally的行动影响了邻近的城市，但并不是她要去邻近的城市工作，故B项错误；根据倒数第三段Members of the local community even came out to cheer可知D项错误。故选C。
4.A
【解析】主旨大意题。本文讲了来自加利福尼亚州的一位女士在业余时间捡起了一百万个烟头，并且获得了“烟头女士”的称号的故事，故A项最恰当。

6、【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。研究表明对人和动物来说，做梦的一个目的是练习重要的技能,弄清楚最近所学的东西。
1.B
【解析】细节理解题。由第二段“Obviously, the dreaming cats seemed to be practising important cat skills: following, pouncing (猛扑), and fighting.”可知，显然，做梦的猫似乎在练习重要的猫技能:跟随、猛扑，还有打架。所以Michel Jouvet在他的研究中发现,做梦的猫经常会练习它们所学的重要技能。故B选项正确。
2.C
【解析】推理判断题。由第四段“Many researchers now think that in both people and animals, one purpose of dreams is to practise important skills and figure out recent learning”许多研究人员现在认为，对人和动物来说，做梦的一个目的是练习重要的技能，弄清楚最近所学的东西。老鼠是动物的一种，所以判断出，老鼠经常做梦目的是清楚它们最近所学的东西。故C选项正确。
3.A
【解析】细节理解题。由第五段“Cats dream about every 15 minutes, mice every 9 minutes, and elephants every 2 hours”可知，猫每15分钟做梦一次，老鼠每9分钟做梦一次，大象每2小时做梦一次。通过对动物做梦频率的对比，可以看出老鼠做梦最频繁。故A选项正确。
4.D
【解析】推理判断题。由第二段“Michel Jouvet, a French scientist, interrupted their sleep paralysis. Even though they were completely asleep, the dreaming cats began to run for balls that Jouvet couldn’t see and arched (弓起) their backs at unseen enemies. He figures he was watching them act out their dreams! Obviously, the dreaming cats seemed to be practising important cat skills: following, pouncing (猛扑), and fighting.”第三段“In another study, Matt Wilson recorded rats brain waves while they learned mazes (迷宫). One day, he left the brain-wave-recording machine on while the rats fell asleep. The pattern of brain waves in the sleeping rats matched the pattern from the maze so closely that Wilson could figure out exactly which part of the maze each rat was dreaming about!以及最后段“. Cats dream about every 15 minutes, mice every 9 minutes, and elephants every 2 hours. ”可知，法国科学家米歇尔·茹维特打断了他们的睡眠瘫痪。即使它们完全睡着了，做梦的猫也开始跑向朱维特所看不见的球，并拱起他们的背对着看不见的敌人。他想他是在看它们表演他们的梦！显然，做梦的猫似乎在练习重要的猫技能:跟随、扑向，还有打架。在另一项研究中，马特·威尔逊记录了老鼠学习迷宫时的脑电波。一天，当老鼠睡着的时候，他把脑波记录仪开着。睡眠中老鼠的脑电波模式与迷宫中的模式非常接近，以至于威尔逊能够准确地找出每只老鼠梦到了迷宫的哪个部分。猫每15分钟做梦一次，老鼠每9分钟做梦一次，大象每2小时做梦一次！。所以每个研究所得出的结论，以及对问题的回答都是基于事实。故判断出作者通过展示事实来展开短文的。故D选项正确。

7、【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。南极地区的拉森C冰架崩解形成了一座巨大的冰山A68 iceberg。冰山下面显现的新的海洋生态系统为科学家提供了研究未知的海洋生物的机会。
1.B 【解析】细节理解题。由第二段Now scientists say it is a race against time to explore these new ecosystems before they are transformed to the light.可知，科学家着急赶去世界最大的冰山是为了在其受到光照影响之前研究这座冰山下面的海洋生态系统。故选B。
2.C 词义猜测题。由第三段The calving of A68 provides us with a unique opportunity to study marine life...可知A68冰山的形成为科学家提供了研究海洋生物的独一无二的机会，所以Professor David Vaughan认为科学家要果敢地抓住这次机会，故this one指的是A68冰山和它下面的生态系统。故选C。
3.D 【解析】细节理解题。由第二段…which is four times bigger than London…可知A选项错误。由第四段Larsen C is a long way south and there’s lots of sea ice in the area…可知拉森C冰架位于南极地区，B选项错误。由第一段to reach a newly revealed ecosystem that had been hidden for 120,000 years below the Larsen C ice shelf.可知D选项正确。C选项在文中没有提到。
4.D 【解析】推理判断题。由最后一段…At the current rate, the world’s oceans will be, on average, at least 60cm higher by the end of the century.可推测D选项正确。








































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