Module 1 Deep South
For much of the last 400 million years, Antarctica was a warm place, covered with forests and animals. Due to the movement of continents, Antarctica moved from the equator (赤道) to the South Pole, where it is now. Today, Antarctica is the coldest continent on the planet, almost completely covered by a layer of ice, and entirely lacking of animals aside from a few penguins and small insects in the coastal areas.
But it wasn't always that way. Antarctica was once part of the supercontinent (超大陆) named Gondwana, which lasted up until about 160 million years ago, when it slowly began to break up. Gondwana included many continents, such as South America, Africa, Arabia, India, Australia, and New Zealand. Gondwana was one of the world's two supercontinents, and the other was Laurasia, which included present North America and Asia. It is reported that fossils of some of the earliest life have been found in the surrounding shallow seas. Much of the fossil record of the Antarctica is under the ice, but fossils, including those of dinosaurs, can be found in the Antarctica mountains.
As Antarctica began to break away from the supercontinent Gondwana 160 million years ago, cooling began. It moved towards south, still connected to Australia and South America but separated from Africa. At this point, Antarctica still had a tropical (热带) or subtropical (亚热带) climate, but it was located further south, near the latitude (纬度) of present Australia. Like today's Australia, there were many plants on the continent.
Around 40 million years ago, Antarctica separated from today's Australia and began to cool down even more, its forests dying. Ice and glaciers began to cover the continent, but the final end of Antarctica's life came only about 23 million years ago. It resulted in the continent being covered in a mile?deep layer of ice, as the snow never melted. Today, Antarctica's ice sheet contains about 70% of all fresh water on Earth.
Section_ⅠIntroduction_&_Reading_—_Pre?reading
[原文呈现]
Antarctica①： the Last Continent
Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth. It's also the driest. With annual② rainfall③ close to④ zero⑤， Antarctica is technically a desert. Covering about 14 million square kilometres around the South Pole⑥， it is the fifth largest⑦ continent in the world. A high mountain range, the Trans?Antarctic range⑧， runs from east to west, cutting the continent in two⑨. There are volcanoes too, but they are not very active. Antarctica holds⑩ 90% of the world's ice, and most of its fresh water (70%) is in a frozen state?， of course. 98% of the surface is? covered permanently? in the ice cap. On average? it is two kilometres thick, but in some places it reaches a depth? of five kilometres. Strong winds?driven by gravity? blow from the pole to the coastline, while other winds blow round the coast. It is difficult to imagine a more inhospitable? place.
[读文清障]
①Antarctica/?n'tɑ?ktIk?/n.南极洲
②annual/'?nju?l/adj.每年的n.年刊，年鉴
③rainfall/'reIn?f??l/n.降水量；降雨量
④close to靠近，接近，几乎
⑤with复合结构作原因状语。
⑥covering about ... the South Pole作状语。
⑦the fifth largest第五大
⑧Trans?Antarctic range横贯南极洲的山脉
⑨现在分词短语作状语。
⑩hold此处指“拥有”
?state/steIt/n.状态；状况
?“分数或百分数＋of＋名词”构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词的数要与of后面的名词保持一致。
?permanently adv.永久地，长期地
?on average通常，按平均值
above/below average高于/低于平均水平
?depth/depθ/n.深度
?过去分词短语作后置定语。
?gravity/'ɡr?v?ti/n.重力，地心引力
?inhospitable/?Inh?'spIt?bl/adj.荒凉的，不适宜居住的
南极洲：最后(一块被发现)的大洲
[第1段译文]
南极洲是地球上最冷的地方，同时也是最干燥的地方。南极洲年降水量几乎为零，严格来说该地区就是一片荒漠。南极洲覆盖了南极圈周围约1 400万平方千米的面积，是世界第五大洲。一条横贯南极洲的高大山脉，从东到西将南极洲分为两半。南极洲也有火山，但并不十分活跃。南极洲拥有世界90%的冰，当然其大部分淡水(70%)都处于一种冰冻状态。南极洲98%的地表永久地被冰盖覆盖。冰层平均厚度为2 000米，但某些地方厚度可以达到5 000米。受地球重力影响，会有暴风从极地吹向海岸，同时也有其他方向吹来的风。很难想象比南极洲条件更为恶劣的地方了。
Yet Antarctica is full of wildlife, which has adapted to?its extreme?conditions. There are different types of penguins, flying birds, seals, and whales. But the long Antarctic winter night, which lasts for 182 days (the longest period of continuous darkness on earth), as well as the extreme cold and lack of rainfall, means that few types of plants can survive there. Only two types of flowering plants are found, while there are no trees on the large continent. The rest of the plants are made up of mosses， algae and lichen. Some forms of algae have adapted to grow on ice.
?adapt (to)(使)适应
adapt oneself to使自己适应或习惯
?extreme/Ik'stri?m/adj.极端的，极度的n.极端
extremely adv.极其，极端，非常
which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰wildlife。
which引导定语从句，修饰winter night。
means用第三人称单数形式，与as well as ...前面的winter night保持数的一致，并且that引导宾语从句。
flower/'fla??/v.开花
while意为“而，然而”，作并列连词，表示对比。
moss/m?s/n.藓；苔藓 algae/'?ld?i?/n.藻类(植物)
lichen/'laIken/n.地衣
[第2段译文]
但南极洲仍然栖息着很多野生生物，它们已经适应了那里极其恶劣的条件。这里有不同种类的企鹅、飞禽、海豹以及鲸。但是南极洲冬天的夜晚长达182天?地球上持续时间最长的黑暗时期?，而且气候极度寒冷，降水量极少，这意味着很少有植物能够在这里生存。仅发现了两种开花类植物，而这片大陆上没有树木生长。其他的植物也就是一些苔藓、海藻以及地衣。有些藻类已经适应了在冰上生长。
Most of the ice has been there for thousands of years. As a result， it has become a window on the past, and can give researchers lots of useful information. Gases and minerals, in the form of volcanic dust trapped in the ice， can tell us a lot about what the world's climate was like in past ages. Antarctic rocks are also very important for research. Most of them are meteorites from outer space. One rock, known as the “Alien” rock， may contain evidence of extraterrestrial life. Since most Antarctic rocks are dark in colour， they stand out against the white background and are easy to identify and collect. ,as a result结果
in the form of以……的形式(介词短语)
take the form of采取……的形式(动词短语)
trap/tr?p/v.储存，留存
过去分词短语trapped in the ice作后置定语。
what引导的宾语从句作介词about的宾语。
meteorite/'mi?ti??raIt/n.陨石
outer space太空，外部空间(前面无冠词)
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰rock。
contain v．包含，容纳
extraterrestrial/?ekstr?t?'restri?l/adj.天外的，地球外的
since引导原因状语从句。 stand out突出，显眼，出色
[第3段译文]
南极洲大部分的冰已经有成千上万年的历史了。因此，它已经变成了人们了解过去的窗口，可以为研究者提供大量有用的信息。这些以火山灰的形式封冻进冰层里的气体和矿物质可以告诉我们很多关于远古时期全球气候的状况。南极洲的岩石对于研究来说也很重要。它们大部分是来自太空的陨石。其中有一块叫做“外星”的岩石，或许含有地球以外生命存在的证据。南极洲的大多数岩石是深色的，它们在白色冰雪的背景下格外显眼，也就易于识别和搜集。
Antarctica was the last continent to be discovered. But more than two thousand years ago Greek geographers believed that there was a large land mass in the south which balanced the land in the north. They called it Anti?Arktikos, or Antarctica：the opposite of Arctic. When Europeans discovered the continent of America in the 15th century， the great age of exploration began. However, progress to the South Pole was slow. Not until the late 18th century did the British explorer James Cook cross the Antarctic Circle, but he never saw land. Then in 1895, a Norwegian called Carstens Borchgrevink became the first man to set foot on the Antarctic mainland. The race to the pole had begun. It was finally reached on 11th December, 1911 by the Norwegian Roald Amundsen.
to be discovered是动词不定式作后置定语，修饰the last continent。
mass/m?s/n.块，堆，团
a mass of一块，一堆，一团；一大群
masses of许多的，大量的
balance/'b?l?ns/v.使平衡
which引导限制性定语从句，修饰land mass。
When引导时间状语从句。
exploration/?ekspl?'reI?n/n.(对某地区的)勘查
explore v．勘探，探险，探索
explorer n．探险家，勘探员
not until位于句首时，主句需部分倒装。
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰Norwegian。
set foot on进入，到达
[第4段译文]
南极洲是最后一块被发现的大洲。但在两千多年以前，希腊的地理学家就相信地球南边会存在一大块陆地与北边的陆地保持平衡。他们称之为Anti?Arktikos或者Antarctica，意为“与北极相反的”。在15世纪欧洲人发现了美洲以后，一个伟大的探险的时代也随之开始了。然而，到达南极洲的步伐却非常慢。直到18世纪末，英国探险家詹姆斯·库克才穿越了南极圈，但他却从未发现任何陆地。后来到了1895年，一个叫卡斯腾·博克格雷温克的挪威人成为第一个踏上南极大陆的人。奔赴南极的竞赛开始了。最终一名挪威人罗尔德·阿蒙森于1911年12月11日到达南极。
Today scientists from many countries travel to Antarctica to study its resources. A spirit of international friendship has replaced the rivalry that existed between many of the earlier explorers. In 1961, a treaty signed by 12 countries， including Britain, France, and the USA, made Antarctica the world's biggest nature reserve. The aim of the treaty is to prevent the commercial and military use of the continent. In particular， it aims to keep Antarctica free from nuclear tests and radioactive waste; to promote international scientific projects; and to end arguments about who owns the land. Today countries representing 80% of the world's population have signed the treaty. Antarctica has become perhaps the most successful symbol of man's efforts to work together for progress and peace.
rivalry/'raIvlri/n.(不断的)竞争
that引导定语从句，修饰rivalry。
treaty/'tri?ti/n.(国家或政府间的)条约，公约
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰treaty。
prevent v．防止，预防
prevent sb. (from) doing sth.防止某人做某事
commercial/k?'m???l/adj.商业的
in particular(＝particularly)尤其是，特别是
keep free from使……摆脱
nuclear/'nju?kli?/adj.核的，核能的 test/test/n.试验
radioactive/?reIdi??'?ktIv/adj.(具有)放射性的
promote/pr?'m??t/v.促进，增进
who owns the land是宾语从句作介词about的宾语。
represent v．代表，象征represent ...as把……描绘成
现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰countries。
[第5段译文]
当今，来自许多国家的科学家到南极洲去研究其资源。一种国际友谊已经代替了存在于许多早期探险家之间的相互竞争。1961年，包括英国、法国和美国在内的12个国家签署了一份条约，使南极洲成为世界上最大的自然保护区。条约的目的在于防止将南极洲用于商业以及军事方面。该条约尤其致力于保护南极洲不受核试验以及放射性废物的污染，推进国际科研项目，并且终止那些关于这片土地所有权的争论。今天代表世界人口80%的国家已经签署了这份条约。南极洲或许已经成为人类为了进步与和平而共同努力的最成功的标志。
Pre?reading
Please match the words with their proper meanings.
1．depth A．to help sth.to happen or develop
2．adapt B．the amount of rain which falls in a particular place
3．explorer C．to keep sth. in a particular place
4．trap D．a person who travels to unknown places in order to find out more about them
5．rainfall E．to change to suit a new situation
6．promote F．used to measure how deep something is
1～6 ________________
答案：1～6 FEDCBA
Lead?in
Look at the pictures and tell your classmates what you can see.
1．Lots of penguins are walking freely.
2．A mountain is covered by heavy snow and thick ice.
3．This is the fifth largest continent in the world, Antarctica.
While?reading
Fast?reading
(Ⅰ)What is the main idea of the passage?
The passage is mainly about the_introductions_to_Antarctica.
(Ⅱ)Skim the passage and match each paragraph with their main ideas.
Para.1 A．the discovery of Antarctica
Para.2 B．the background and aim of the Antarctic Treaty
Para.3 C．general introduction of the vast land
Para.4 D．plants and wildlife there
Para.5 E．a great place for scientific research
答案：Para.1～Para.5 CDEAB
Careful?reading
(Ⅰ)Choose the best answers according to the passage.
1．How much of the surface is covered permanently in the ice cap?
A．90%. B．70%.
C．98%. D．80%.
2．How long does the long Antarctic winter night last?
A．12 centuries. B．15 days.
C．11 centuries. D．182 days.
3．Why are the Antarctic rocks easy to see?
A．Because they are white while the background is black.
B．Because they are black while the background is white.
C．Because they are useful while the background is useless.
D．Because they are outer while the background is inner.
4．Who was the first to land on the Antarctica?
A．James Cook.
B．Roald Amundsen.
C．Greek geographers.
D．Carstens Borchgrevink.
5．What is the aim of the treaty signed in 1961?
A．To prevent the commercial and military use of the continent.
B．To prevent the research in the Antarctica.
C．To keep the hunters from killing the penguins.
D．To avoid the war between the advanced countries.
答案：1～5 CDBDA
(Ⅱ)Complete the following form according to the passage.
Heading Main idea
Para.1 The land Antarctica is an inhospitable place because it is the 1.coldest and the driest place on Earth and is 2.permanently_covered with ice.
Para.2 Plants and animals As a result of its 3.extreme conditions only few types of plants can survive there, but it is full of 4.wildlife.
Para.3 A great place for researchers Antarctic ice and 5.rocks can give researchers lots of useful information.
Para.4 The discovery of Antarctica Antarctica was the 6.last continent to be discovered and Carstens Borchgrevink was the first man to set 7.foot on the Antarctic mainland.
Para.5 The Antarctic Treaty The aim of the treaty signed by 12 countries is to 8.protect Antarctica and Antarctica has become perhaps the most 9.successful_symbol of man's efforts to work together for 10.progress_and_peace.
Study?reading
Analyze the following difficult sentences in the passage.
1．But the long Antarctic winter night, which lasts for 182 days (the longest period of continuous darkness on earth), as well as the extreme cold and lack of rainfall, means that few types of plants can survive there.
[句式分析]
[尝试翻译] 但是南极洲冬天的夜晚长达182天(地球上持续时间最长的黑暗时期)，而且气候极度寒冷，降水量极少，这意味着很少有植物能在这里生存。
2．Gases and minerals, in the form of volcanic dust trapped in the ice, can tell us a lot about what the world's climate was like in past ages.
[句式分析] 本句为复合句，in the form ... the ice为介词短语作定语，修饰主语gases and minerals，其中trapped in the ice为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰volcanic dust, what the ... in past ages作介词about的宾语。
[尝试翻译] 这些以火山灰的形式封冻进冰层里的气体和矿物质可以告诉我们很多关于远古时期全球气候的状况。
3．But more than two thousand years ago Greek geographers believed that there was a large land mass in the south which balanced the land in the north.
[句式分析]
[尝试翻译] 但是两千多年以前，古希腊的地理学家就相信地球南边会存在一大块陆地与北边的陆地保持平衡。
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
We've colonized most of the world, but one vast stretch of the planet remains beyond our grasp: Antarctica. This frozen continent at the end of the earth has never been permanently occupied by man. Even if you're traveling there on a cruise ship, as most people do, the solitude (孤独) and the emptiness will envelop you.
Not that solitude is the first thing that comes to mind when you're standing in the middle of a penguin colony on an Antarctic shoreline. When I visited in early February, there were thousands of birds packed tightly on every rock, both shy gentoo penguins and the bolder adélie penguins. They seemed happy to see us wandering among them; our cameras clicked crazily at the grey fluff?ball chicks who are tapping their parents' beaks (鸟嘴) to be fed.
But penguins are by no means the only stars of the show here. I found it equally exciting to see a wandering albatross (信天翁) circling above our ship, dipping its great wings into the rolling waters of the Drake Passage. Or fat elephant seals rest on the beach in a soup of algae (海藻), shouting at each other like elderly members of a gentlemen's club.
Most exciting of all, though, were the whales. As the call went up from the bridge of our ship — “Humpbacks！”— we spotted three of them leaping from the water, their magnificent tails emerging and dipping as if in slow motion, so close that we could see their great heads, their eyes and blowholes.
Just as vast and attractive are the icebergs. The glassy world of the Weddell Sea is a fantastic picture of icy skyscrapers stretching to the horizon. Some are whipped by wind and water into fantastical shapes — oriental (东方的) palaces, ruined fortresses, an Art Deco cinema.
All of the above is exactly what makes a voyage here so extraordinary. A journey to Antarctica is a travel experience as special as you can have.
语篇解读：作者描述了自己到南极去的一次旅行经历，在作者的笔下一切都充满了生机和活力。
1．We can infer from Paragraph 2 that penguins ________.
A．are mostly shy
B．are not afraid of humans
C．dislike the presence of humans
D．hide their chicks from humans
解析：选B 推理判断题。根据第二段第三句中“They seemed happy to see us wandering among them”可知，企鹅似乎对人类在周围徘徊感到高兴，说明它们一点也不惧怕人类。
2．What is the most exciting in Antarctica according to the author?
A．Penguins. B．The whales.
C．The icebergs. D．Elephant seals.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“Most exciting of all, though, were the whales.”可知，作者认为最令人激动的是见到鲸。
3．Which of the following is TRUE about the icebergs?
A．They lack attraction.
B．They look cold and lifeless.
C．They are huge and frightening.
D．They are beautiful and in different shapes.
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第五段可知，冰山形态各异、闪闪发光，它们在作者的笔下也显得生动而美丽。
4．Where does the passage probably come from?
A．An ad. B．A news story.
C．A travel journal. D．A research paper.
解析：选C 推理判断题。综合全文，特别是最后一段“A journey to Antarctica is a travel experience as special as you can have.”可知，本文节选自游记。
B
Antarctic seabirds are breeding (繁殖) later, because thinner sea ice is causing their food supplies to decline, a new study says.The birds, which nest in East Antarctica, have delayed their spring arrival by an average of nine days and egg?laying by an average of two days over the past 50 years, according to polar researchers from the French National Center for Scientific Research in Villiers en Bois, France. Study authors Christophe Barbrand and Henri Weimerskirch attribute this later breeding activity to decrease in sea ice caused by climate change.
The researchers say the disappearing sea ice, combined with a longer sea?ice season, has interfered with the birds' breeding cycle by reducing the amount of krill (磷虾) and other prey (猎物) available in early spring in Antarctica.Because Antarctica's seasons are opposite those in the Northern Hemisphere, spring on the icy continent begins in October.
The study is based on data collected at seabird colonies between 1950 and 2004 in Adélie Land, on the eastern edge of the frozen continent.
The findings were published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Of the nine species studied, some arrived up to 30 days later than they had in previous years.
Despite much later arrivals, the birds are laying their eggs at pretty much the same time as they had in the past.In the most extreme cases, birds were laying their eggs an average of 3.7 days later in the season than they were 50 years ago.
5. What is the passage mainly about?
A．Seabirds are breeding later in East Antarctica.
B．The amount of krill in the ocean has decreased.
C．The weather in Antarctica has changed.
D．The spring in Antarctica is beginning later.
解析：选A 主旨大意题。纵观全文，主要介绍的是现在生活在南极洲东部的海鸟的繁殖期由于气候变化而延后。
6．In which of the following months is it autumn in Antarctica?
A．October. B．September.
C．November. D．June.
解析：选D 推理判断题。根据第二段第二句可推知南极6月应是秋天。
7．How many kinds of seabirds were studied by the researchers?
A．Two. B．Five.
C．Nine. D．Thirty.
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据第五段可推知研究了九种鸟。
8．What does the underlined word “attribute”in Para.1 mean?
A．Contribute. B．Cause.
C．Owe. D．Devote.
解析：选C 词义猜测题。研究者认为这种推迟的生育行为是由于气候变化海冰减少而引起的。attribute ... to ...“认为……由……引起或产生”，C项与之相符。
C
The Arctic is a polar region. It surrounds the North Pole.
Like Antarctica, the Arctic is a land of ice and snow. Antarctica holds the record for a low temperature reading — 125 degrees Fahrenheit below zero. Reading of 85 degrees below zero is common in Antarctica. Winter temperatures average 30 degrees below zero in the Arctic. At the South Pole the winter average is about 73 degrees below zero.
One thing alone makes it almost impossible for men to live in Antarctica and in parts of the Arctic. This one thing is the low temperature — the killing chill (寒冷) of far North and the polar South.
To survive, men must wear the warmest possible clothing. They must build windproof shelters. They must keep heaters going at all times. Not even for a moment can they be unprotected against the below?zero temperatures.
Men have a way of providing for themselves. Polar explorers wrap themselves in warm coats and furs. The cold makes life difficult. But the explorers can stay alive.
What about animals？Can they survive？Do we find plants？Do we find life in the Arctic and in Antarctica? Yes, we do. There is life in the oceans. There is life on land.
Antarctica, as we have seen, is a cold place indeed. But this has not always been the case. Expedition (探险) scientists have discovered that Antarctica has not always been a frozen continent. At one time the weather in Antarctica may have been much like our own.
Explorers have discovered coal in Antarctica. This leads them to believe that Antarctica at one time was a land of swamps and forests. Heat and moisture must have kept the trees in the forests alive.
语篇解读：文章首先介绍了南极和北极的气温，然后介绍了人类与动物在极地的情况以及科学家对南极过去环境情况的猜想。
9．The lowest temperature that man has ever known was recorded ________.
A．in Antarctica B．in the Arctic
C．at the North Pole D．in the polar region
解析：选A 细节理解题。由第二段第二句可知，史上最低气温是在南极地区测得的。
10．Polar explorers can stay alive there because they ______.
A．stay inside the building there
B．have their own way to keep warm
C．are stronger than other people
D．have no heaters and windproof shelters
解析：选B 推理判断题。由第五段第二句“Polar explorers wrap themselves in warm coats and furs.”可知，极地考察队员有自己的保暖方法。
11．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A．Man can survive in polar areas as long as they can keep warm.
B．Despite the cold, both animals and plants can be found in polar areas.
C．Antarctica has not always been so cold as it is today, nor has the Arctic.
D．At one time, the weather in Antarctica was so warm and damp that trees grew there.
解析：选C 推理判断题。由倒数第二段可知，文中只提到南极曾经并不是一个寒冷的大陆，但并没有提到北极，所以C项的描述不确切。
12．What's the main idea of the passage?
A．The Arctic is colder than Antarctica.
B．The history of the Arctic and Antarctica.
C．The discovery in the Arctic and Antarctica.
D．The environmental features in polar regions.
解析：选D 主旨大意题。文章首先介绍了南极和北极的气温，然后介绍了人类与动物在极地的情况以及科学家对南极过去环境情况的猜想。所以D项正确。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
We spend hours every day doing things that aren't necessarily productive or healthy. Below are some ways to create better habits for yourself!
Think: what's holding you back? Before you begin adjusting your habits, you should break down the reasons why you're hesitating. Could the habits be inconvenient? Could they make you feel worried? These reasons don't mean you're sure to fail. __1__ Once you know each reason specifically, you can develop a solution.
__2__ It doesn't have to be absolutely perfect, but you should be relatively stress?free when you begin a habit change. When you're stressed or upset about something, it'll cause disorder in your daily life and make it harder to keep up with your good habit.
Pick just one. __3__ Developing habits is like overloading yourself with coursework. The more you try to pile, the more likely you are to fail. In order to make a habit automatic, it takes a lot of conditioning.
Start small. We often have dreams where we change our lives in one day. __4__ As human beings, we get over?motivated (动机过强的) and pile tasks. Instead of doing that, build yourself up gradually. For example, if you want to exercise and start out at 30 minutes per workout, increase it to 35 minutes next time.
Have a role model. Sometimes the actions of others are enough to convince us to leave the couch (长沙发). Think of a role model in your life — it can be a musician, athlete, educator, or anyone you admire. __5__ They got off their couch and changed their life, so that means you can, too!
A．Set your goals.
B．Be sure your life is in order.
C．Chances are, they'll probably enjoy it too!
D．These people are well?known for a reason.
E．You just need to deal with them one by one.
F．Make sure you focus on picking up one habit.
G．The bad news is that that's pretty much impossible.
1．选E E项的关键词是“them”，指的是上文提到的“these reasons”，且“deal with them one by one”与后文的“know each reason specifically”相照应。
2．选B B项总结了本段的主要意思，即在改变习惯时要保证自己的生活井然有序，不慌张，可以从“stress?free, stressed or upset, cause disorder in your daily life”等关键表达判断出。
3．选F F项解释了本段的主题句内容。且“one habit”与“The more you try to pile, the more likely you are to fail.”相照应。
4．选G G项对上文的内容进行评论：想要一天改变生活，是不可能的事情。
5．选D D项对上文提到的人物特点做说明：他们因为一个理由而出名。
1
Section Ⅱ Introduction & Reading — Language Points
一、这样记单词
记得准·写得对 记得快·记得多
Ⅰ.基础词汇 1.annual adj. 每年的 2.state n. 状态；状况 3.trap v. 储存，留存；使陷入困境 4.mass n. 块，堆，团 5.test n. 试验 Ⅱ.拓展词汇 1.explorer n．探险者→explore v．探险；勘探→exploration n．探险；勘探 2.depth n．深度→deep adj.& adv.深的；深深地→deeply adv.强烈地；深刻地→deepen v．加深；深化 3.inhospitable adj.荒凉的；不适宜居住的；不好客的→hospitable adj.好客的→hospitality n．好客；殷勤招待 4.extreme adj.& n．极端(的)；极度(的)→extremely adv.极端地；极其；非常 5.balance v．使平衡n.平衡→balanced adj.平衡的 6.rivalry n．(不断的)竞争→rival n．竞争者，对手 adj.竞争的 7.commercial adj.商业的→commerce n．[U]商业；贸易；交易 8.promote vt.促进；增进→promotion n．晋级；增进 1.annual adj.每年的[联想] ①yearly adj. 每年的 ②monthly adj. 每月的 ③weekly adj. 每周的 2.state n．状态；状况 [词块] in a good state 处于好的状态 [联想] ①condition n. 情况；状况 ②in good condition 状况良好 3.trap v．储存，留存；使陷入困境 [联想] ①trip n. 旅游，旅行 ②tap v．&n. 轻拍，轻击 ③rap n. 轻敲；拍击；说唱音乐 4.mass n．块，堆，团 [词块] a mass of/masses of ... 大量的，许多的 5.balance v．使平衡 [串记] You are working too hard. I think you should have a balanced diet to help your body function. What's more, you'd better keep a balance between work and relaxation.
二、这样记短语
记牢固定短语 多积常用词块
1.close to 靠近；接近；几乎 2．on average 平均 3．adapt to (使)适应 4．be made up of 由……组成 5．in the form of 以……的形式 6．stand out 引人注目；突出；显眼 7．set foot on 进入，到达；踏上 8．in particular 尤其 9．in a(n) ... state 处于……状态 10．keep ... free from ... 使……免受…… 1.on Earth 在人间 2．from east to west 从东到西 3．fresh water 淡水 4．a window on the past 关于过去的一个窗口 5．in past ages 在过去的年月 6．a spirit of international friendship 国际友谊精神 7．as well as 也；还有 8．as a result 结果 9．the aim of ... ……的目标 10．work together 共同工作
三、这样记句式
先背熟 再悟通 后仿用
1.With annual rainfall close to zero, Antarctica is technically a desert. 南极洲年降雨量几乎为零，严格来说该地区就是一片荒漠。 “with ＋宾语＋形容词短语”的复合结构在句中作状语。 She came into the room, with_her_nose_red because of cold. 她走进屋里，因为冷，鼻子都红了。
2.A high mountain range, the Trans?Antarctic range, runs from east to west, cutting the continent in two. 一条横贯南极洲的高大山脉，从东到西将南极洲分为两半。 v.?ing短语作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。 Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus_causing_the_delay. 他们的车遇上交通阻塞，因而耽误了。
3.Not until the late 18th century did the British explorer James Cook cross the Antarctic Circle ... 直到18世纪末，英国探险家詹姆斯·库克才穿越了南极圈…… “not until ＋时间状语”位于句首，句子应使用部分倒装。 Not until next week will_the_sports_meeting_be_held. 直到下周才开运动会。
1．(教材P2)Antarctica holds 90% of the world's ice, and most of its fresh water (70%) is in a frozen state, of course.
南极洲拥有世界90%的冰，当然其大部分淡水(70%)都处于一种冰冻状态。
?state n．[C]状态，状况；国家；[U]政府vt.陈述，声明
in a good/bad state 情况好/糟
in a(n) ...state/in a state of ... 处于……状况
return to normal state 恢复到正常状态
①The witness stated that she had never seen Mr Smith.
证人声称她以前从未见过史密斯先生。
②When you're in_a_good_state,_you remember things better!
当你状态好的时候，你记忆更好！
③They were in_a_state_of exhaustion after climbing the mountain.
他们爬完山以后筋疲力尽了。
2．(教材P2)Yet Antarctica is full of wildlife, which has adapted to its extreme conditions.
但南极洲仍然栖息着很多野生生物，它们已经适应了那里极其恶劣的条件。
?adapt (to) (使)适应；改编，改写
(1)adapt to＝adjust to (使)适应
adapt oneself to sth. 使某人适应(新情况)
(2)adapt sth. for sth. 将某物改编/改写为某物
adapt ... from ... 根据……改编/改写……
①So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today, we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. (2017·江苏高考)
因此，即使排放量开始减少的今天，我们仍将面临适应气候变化的挑战。
②He was quickly adapted to the climate in the high mountains.
他很快就适应了高山的气候。
③This new film is said to be adapted from a novel by Jane Austen.
据说这部新影片是根据简·奥斯汀的一本小说改编的。
[名师点津] adopt 与 adapt 形似，但 adopt 意为“采纳，采用；收养”。
3．(教材P2)Gases and minerals, in the form of volcanic dust trapped in the ice, can tell us a lot about what the world's climate was like in past ages.
这些以火山灰的形式封冻进冰层里的气体和矿物质可以告诉我们很多关于远古时期全球气候的状况。
?trap v．储存，留存；使陷入困境；诱骗n.陷阱；诡计
(1)trap sb. into (doing) sth. 诱使某人做某事
be/get trapped in 被困于……
(2)set/lay a trap 设下圈套
fall into the trap of doing sth. 掉进做某事的陷阱
be caught in a trap 落入圈套
①An eagle was caught in a trap and flapping its wings.
一只鹰落入了圈套，拍打着翅膀。
②Many people remained trapped in the burning building.
许多人仍然被困在燃烧着的大楼里。
③I was trapped into admitting (admit) that I had lied.
我中了圈套，承认自己撒谎了。
[名师点津] be trapped in表示“被困在……”，其同义短语还有：be stuck in, be caught in等。
4．(教材P3)But more than two thousand years ago Greek geographers believed that there was a large land mass in the south which balanced the land in the north.
但在两千多年以前，希腊的地理学家就相信地球南边存在一大块陆地与北边的陆地保持平衡。
?mass n．[C]团，堆，块
a mass of＝masses of 许多的，大量的
the mass of ... ……的大多数
mass media/production 大众媒体/大规模生产
the masses 群众；大众
①Setting to work, I buried myself under a mass of papers.
我着手工作，埋头于一大堆文件之中。
②Divided from the_masses,_you are sure to fail.
脱离群众，你肯定要失败。
③There were a_mass_of/masses_of people in the shop yesterday.
昨天这个商店里人如潮涌。
[名师点津] a mass of/masses of后可跟可数名词复数或不可数名词，且谓语动词与该名词的单复数保持一致。
?balance v．使平衡；权衡n.平衡；天平，秤
(1)keep one's balance 保持平衡
lose one's balance 失去平衡
out of balance 不平衡
on balance 总的来说
(2)balanced adj. 平衡的
①Try to balance your diet by eating more fruit and less protein.
多吃些水果，少摄入些蛋白质，使饮食均衡合理。
②She cycled round the corner, lost_her_balance and fell off.
她骑车拐弯时失去平衡，摔了下来。
③When you cross the narrow bridge, you must keep_your_balance.
当你过这座狭窄的桥时，一定要保持平衡。
5．(教材P3)Since most Antarctic rocks are dark in colour, they stand out against the white background and are easy to identify and collect.
南极洲的大多数岩石是深色的，它们在白色冰雪的映衬下格外显眼，也就易于识别和搜集。
?stand out显眼，突出
stand by 袖手旁观
stand for 代表，象征；容忍
stand by (sb.) 支持；帮助；拥护(某人)
stand aside 站在一边；不参与
①Robert's red hair made him stand out in a crowd.
罗伯特的红头发使他在人群中很引人注目。
②I'll stand_by_you whatever happens.
无论如何，我都支持你。
③PRC stands_for People's Republic of China.
PRC 代表中华人民共和国。
6．(教材P3)Then in 1895, a Norwegian called Carstens Borchgrevink became the first man to set foot on the Antarctic mainland.
后来到了1895年，一个叫卡斯滕·博克格雷温克的挪威人成为第一个踏上南极大陆的人。
?set foot on进入，到达
set foot in 进入
on foot 步行
on one's feet 站立着；恢复健康
struggle to one's feet 挣扎着站起来
①The overseas Chinese are very glad to set foot on their homeland.
华侨们非常高兴地踏上祖国的土地。
②Though he was badly wounded, he struggled to his feet and went on running.
虽然他伤得很重，但他挣扎着站起来继续往前跑。
③Diseases come on horseback, but go away on_foot.
[谚]病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。
7．(教材P3)In particular, it aims to keep Antarctica free from nuclear tests and radioactive waste; to promote international scientific projects; and to end arguments about who owns the land.
该条约尤其致力于保护南极洲不受核试验以及放射性废物的污染，推进国际科研项目，并且终止那些关于这片土地所有权的争论。
?promote vt.促进，增进；促销，推销；提升，晋升
[一词多义] 写出下列句中promote的含义
①He worked hard and soon was promoted.提升，晋升_
②Advertising companies are always having to think up new ways to promote products.促销，推销_
③As is known to us all, milk promotes health.促进，增进
(1)promote sb. to 提升某人为……
be promoted to 被提升为……
(2)promotion n. 提升；促进；晋升；促销
get promotion 得到晋升
④No doubt tourism may promote the economic prosperity of a country.
旅游业无疑会促进一个国家的经济繁荣。
⑤The young army officer was promoted to the rank of captain.
这个年轻军官被提升为上尉。
1．With annual rainfall close to zero，Antarctica is technically a desert.
南极洲年降雨量几乎为零，严格来说该地区就是一片荒漠。
(1)句中With annual rainfall close to zero为“with＋宾语＋形容词短语”构成的复合结构，在句中作状语。
①The children were skating with their faces red with cold.
孩子们在滑冰，他们的脸都冻红了。
(2)with复合结构的常见形式还有：
?with＋宾语＋副词
②He left the house with all the lights on.
他亮着灯就出去了。
?with＋宾语＋介词短语
③The woman sat on the chair, with a baby in her arms.
这个妇女坐在椅子上，怀里抱着个婴儿。
?with＋宾语＋不定式(表示将来的动作)
④With so much work to_do (do), we can't play outside any longer.
有这么多工作要做，我们不能再在外面玩了。
?with＋宾语＋现在分词(表示主动或正在进行的动作)
⑤The old man fell asleep with his radio still working (work)．
这个老人睡着了，他的收音机还响着。
?with＋宾语＋过去分词(表示被动或已经完成的动作)
⑥With all the problems solved (solve), we felt very happy.
由于所有的问题都解决了，我们感到很高兴。
[名师点津] with复合结构在句子中作状语时，表示谓语动词的动作发生的伴随情况、时间、原因、方式等，有时也可用作定语。
⑦The girl with a book in her hand is my sister.
手里拿着一本书的女孩是我姐姐。
2．Not until the late 18th century did the British explorer James Cook cross the Antarctic Circle, but he never saw land.
直到18世纪末，英国探险家詹姆斯·库克才穿越了南极圈，但他却从未发现任何陆地。
(1)not until ...用在句首，句子要使用部分倒装，即把助动词、情态动词、系动词等放到主语前面。until用在肯定句中，主句的谓语动词应该是延续性动词；用在否定句中，主句的谓语动词应该用非延续性动词。
①Not until recently did they encourage the development of tourist?related activities in the rural areas.(2016·江苏高考)
直到近来他们才鼓励农村地区旅游相关活动的发展。
②I did not go home until my mother called me.
直到我妈妈打电话我才回家。
③I waited_until he came back home last night.
昨晚我一直等到他回家。
(2)not ...until ...也可以用在强调句型中，其结构为：It is/was not until＋从句/表时间的词＋that＋句子的其他部分。
④It_was_not_until he told me about it that I realized this matter was serious.
直到他告诉我，我才意识到这件事有多么严重。
(3)把含有否定或半否定意义的词或短语 not, little, hardly, never, at no time, by no means, under no condition, in no case, nowhere, seldom, few 等置于句首时，句子常用部分倒装，需将助动词、系动词或情态动词提到主语前。
⑤Never have_I heard of such a thing.
我从未听到过那样的事。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．She is in a poor state of health, which worries her mother much.
2．It took him a long time to adapt himself to the cold weather in the north.
3．The girl's songs made her stand out from so many newcomers in the music world.
4．Many firefighters were sent to rescue those miners who were_trapped (trap) in the mine.
5．An American called Armstrong became the first man to set foot on the moon.
6．He was promoted to an assistant manager, which took everyone by surprise.
7．With so many orphans to_look (look) after, the charity organization calls for more donations.
8．The key is to develop a balanced (balance) and varied program that's fun as well as progressive.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．This text is_adapted_from_a_story in Chinese Literature.
这篇课文是根据《中国文学》上登载的一篇故事改编的。
2．Yesterday afternoon there_were_masses_of/a_mass_of_clouds in the sky.
昨天下午，天空中乌云密布。
3．Not until I got to the station did_I_find my wallet lost.
直到来到车站我才发现钱包丢了。
4．It_was_not_until_midnight_that it stopped raining.
一直到了半夜，天才停止下雨。
5．With_all_the_work_done,_the manager felt at ease at last.做完了所有的工作，经理终于感到轻松了。
一、全练语言点，基稳才能楼高
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．He got promotion (晋升) because of his special contributions to the company.
2．He paid an annual (每年的) visit to his middle school teacher.
3．These creatures live in the depth (深度) of the Pacific Ocean.
4．Christopher Columbus is one of the most famous explorers (探险者) in history.
5．Shanghai is the biggest commercial (商业的) city in China.
6．Every effort was made to rescue the victims trapped (困住) by the earthquake.
7．When I began my senior high school, I found it extremely (极端地) difficult to learn English well.
8．Many people have come to realize that they should go on a balanced (均衡的) diet.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．In part of Asia, you must not sit with your feet points at another person.points→pointing
2．Heard the news, they jumped with great joy.Heard→Hearing
3．The messy garden is in state of neglect.in后加a
4．It's hard to imagine work in a place like that.work→working
5．The author is going to adapt his play to television.第二个to→for
6．Jack was the last person to arriving at the party.arriving→arrive
7．Not until midnight the noise of the street stop.midnight后加did
8．It's said that he promoted to manager by his boss.he后加was
Ⅲ.选词填空
1．Don't just stand_by. Can't you lend me a hand?
2．My brother works in the company. He was_promoted_to the head of department last month.
3．Being a shop assistant means that you're on_your_feet all day long.
4．You have to keep_your_balance when you ride a bicycle.
5．There are a_mass_of people walking in the park.
6．When we moved to France, the children adapted_to the change well.
Ⅳ.课文语法填空
Antarctica, the coldest place on Earth, is the fifth 1.largest (large) continent in the world. The conditions there are quite extreme with nearly no rainfall. 98% of the surface is covered 2.permanently (permanent) by ice and strong winds 3.driven (drive) by gravity blow from the pole to the coastline. 4.However,_it is full of wildlife like the famous penguins, 5.which can adapt to 6.its (it) hard conditions. The ice there has become a window on the past with gases and minerals 7.trapped (trap) in it. It was not until 1895 that the Norwegian explorer called Carstens Borchgrevink set foot 8.on the Antarctic mainland. In 1961, 12 countries signed a treaty to make 9.it the world's biggest nature reserve. Today scientists from all over the world go there 10.to_study (study) its resources and to work together for progress and peace.
Ⅴ.串点成篇微表达
李明在一家大公司工作。他进入(set foot on)公司不久就适应(adapt)了新的环境。他工作如此努力以至于在公司脱颖而出(stand out)并得到了提升(promote)。而且，他能很好地维持工作和家庭之间的平衡(balance)。因此，他的妻子和女儿非常爱他。
Li_Ming_works_in_a_big_company._Shortly_after_he_set_foot_in_it,_he_adapted_himself_to_the_new_environment._He_works_so_hard_that_he_stands_out_in_the_company_and_soon_gets_promoted._What's_more,_he_can_balance_work_and_family_well._Therefore,_both_his_wife_and_daughter_love_him_very_much.
二、勤练高考题型，多练自能生巧
Ⅰ.完形填空
Perhaps the only test score that I remember is the 41. I was in high school. The test was the final for the class. It was a rather __1__ test. I didn't know how __2__ I had done but I knew there were things on __3__ that I didn't know.
I remember __4__ waiting for the result. When Mr Bales __5__ my paper on my desk, I was __6__. There in big __7__ numbers, circled to draw attention, was my grade — 41! I __8__ my paper so that others couldn't see it. A 41 was not __9__ that you wanted your classmates to see. Finally, Mr Bales stood behind the desk and __10__ the class. “The grades were not very good; __11__ of you passed，” he announced. “The highest grade in the class was a 41, so all of you failed.”
A 41. That was me. Suddenly my dismal (阴沉的)face didn't look quite so bad. I had the highest grade. I felt a lot __12__. As soon as I got home, my mother asked me, “How did you do on your test？” “I made a 41，” I said. My mother's __13__ changed suddenly. “You failed.” “But I had the highest grade in the class！” I replied. “I don't __14__ what everyone else had. You failed. It doesn't matter if everyone else failed too; what matters is what you do，” my mother __15__ answered.
For years, I thought that was a harsh judgment. My mother was always that __16__. It didn't matter what the other kids did; it only mattered what I did and __17__ I did it excellently.
We often don't understand the wisdom of good parents until we ourselves stand __18__ the parenting shoes. My mother's philosophy (人生态度) has __19__ me throughout life. The path of the crowd is wide but the path to pass the tests of life is __20__ and there are very few people on it.
语篇解读：本文叙述了作者在高中一次期末考试中考了41分，自己不敢拿出来怕别的同学看见，当老师宣布最高分是41分时，自己感觉好一点了。当母亲听到41分时，她坚定地认为作者虽然考了第一名那也是不及格。
1．A.easy B．difficult
C．exciting D．disappointed
解析：选B 根据第二段最后“The highest grade in the class was a 41 ...”可知全班最高的分数是41分，所以证明这次考试很难，故选B。
2．A.much B．good
C．well D．long
解析：选C “我”不知道自己做得有多好，这里well修饰动词done，故选C。
3．A.this B．them
C．it D．one
解析：选C it代替上文提到的test，故选C。
4．A.happily B．anxiously
C．excitedly D．calmly
解析：选B 根据常识可知作者在焦急地等待考试结果，故选B。
5．A.fell B．handed
C．dropped D．lay
解析：选C 由句意可知，Bales先生把试卷放在“我”的桌上，故选C。
6．A.excited B．worried
C．delighted D．shocked
解析：选D 根据下文可知，当Bales先生把试卷放在桌上，“我”很震惊，故选D。
7．A.red B．black
C．blue D．green
解析：选A 根据常识可知老师用红色的笔给学生打分，故选A。
8．A.collected B．gathered
C．hid D．kept
解析：选C 根据“so that others couldn't see it”可知“我”把试卷藏起来以防别人看见，故选C。
9．A.everything B．something
C．anything D．nothing
解析：选B 41分不是一个你想要你的同学看见的分数，故选B。
10．A.talked B．declared
C．announced D．addressed
解析：选D Bales先生站在桌子后面，他给全班同学讲话，故选D。
11．A.some B．each
C．none D．most
解析：选C 根据下文“The highest grade in the class was a 41, so all of you failed.”可知没有一个人通过考试，故选C。
12．A.worse B．better
C．best D．good
解析：选B “我”得了最高分，感觉好点了，故选B。
13．A.looks B．appearance
C．eyes D．expression
解析：选D 根据语境和常识可知，“我”的母亲表情突然改变了，故选D。
14．A.understand B．care
C．mind D．want
解析：选B 由句意可知作者的母亲不关心其他人的成绩，故选B。
15．A.rudely B．politely
C．firmly D．impatiently
解析：选C 根据上文母亲的语气可判断出其说话态度，“我”的母亲坚定地说，故选C。
16．A.method B．manner
C．behavior D．way
解析：选D “我”的母亲总是用那种方式，故选D。
17．A.this B．that
C．which D．what
解析：选B 分析句子结构可知，主语从句中不缺少成分，故选B。
18．A.on B．at
C．in D．of
解析：选C in parenting shoes是一种固定用法，意为“从父母的角度”，故选C。
19．A.taken B．brought
C．fetched D．carried
解析：选D “我”的母亲的人生态度跟着“我”的一生，故选D。
20．A.wide B．deep
C．narrow D．straight
解析：选C 根据but可知前后是转折关系，narrow对应wide，故选C。
Ⅱ.短文改错
One day, the new student came to my class. She looked a bit of like an old friend of mine whom I had lost touch for a long time. So I wanted to make friends with her. However, it was not hard because it seemed that she didn't like spending time with others. One week later, I final started talking with her. When we talked again the followed day, it became much easier. Weeks later, we became friend at last. One day, she told me that she was really happy when I talk with her for the first time. She wanted some friends, but she was so shy that she was afraid to making the first move. So she was glad that we did it.
答案：第一句：the→a
第二句：去掉第一个of; touch后加with
第四句：hard→easy
第五句：final→finally
第六句：followed→following
第七句：friend→friends
第八句：talk→talked
第九句：making→make
第十句：we→I
PAGE
7
Section Ⅲ Grammar — 主语和动词
?语法图解
?探究发现
①Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth.
②They call it Anti?Arktikos, or Antarctica ...
③98% of the surface is covered permanently in the ice cap.
④To learn a foreign language well is not easy.
⑤Swimming is a good exercise.
⑥Whether he will come is doubtful.
⑦It is difficult to imagine a more inhospitable place.
⑧I hope to see you soon.
⑨He came in and sat down.
⑩The student went pale when he saw the teacher.
?I can easily tell my father's step.
?We hadn't walked far when we lost our way.
[我的发现]
(1)①～⑥句中的黑体部分在句中均作主语。
(2)由④⑤⑥句可知，不定式、动词?ing形式、从句作主语时谓语动词通常要用单数形式。
(3)⑦句中用it作形式主语。
(4)⑧～?句中，黑体部分均为动词，且⑧⑨句中的动词可直接作谓语，而⑩??句中的黑体部分不能单独作谓语。
一、主语
主语是句子的主体，是要说明的人或物；主语是相对谓语而言的，谓语说明主语的情况、提供新的信息。英语句子的语序一般是主语位于谓语之前，但也有主谓倒装的现象。名词、代词、数词、the＋形容词、不定式、动词?ing形式、从句等都可以作句子的主语。
1．名词作主语
Friends are gifts you give yourself.
朋友是你送给自己的礼物。
2．代词作主语
She needs time to get used to the new life.
她需要时间来适应新的生活。
3．数词作主语
One?third of the students have finished their homework while the others haven't.
三分之一的学生已经完成了作业，而其他人还没有完成。
The first to come was a handsome young man.
第一个到来的是一位英俊的年轻人。
4．“the＋形容词”作主语
The rich often look down on the poor.
富人经常看不起穷人。
The wounded were taken to the hospital immediately.
伤员被立刻送到医院里。
5．不定式作主语
To learn a foreign language well is not so difficult as you think.
学好一门外语并不像你想象的那么难。
6．动词?ing形式作主语
Smoking does harm to the health.
吸烟的确有害健康。
7．从句作主语
Whether he will come is doubtful.
他是否会来还不知道。
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided yet.
我们什么时间进行英语测试仍然没有确定下来。
[名师点津] 不定式、动词?ing形式及从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语，且it常置于句首。
It cost me twenty yuan to buy the dictionary.
我花了20元钱买这本词典。
It is no use talking to him — he won't listen to you.
跟他谈话没用——他不会听你的。
It is a pity that he can't swim.
他不会游泳真遗憾。
[即时演练1]
(1)用所给词的适当形式填空
①The children (child) are playing on the swings in the park.
②In my opinion, swimming (swim) is more difficult than anything else.
③Each of us (we) is different.
④Three?fourths (three?fourth) of the surface of the earth is sea.
⑤To_teach (teach) the three children is my job this afternoon.
(2)完成句子
①What_he_said_at_the_meeting (他在会议上说的话) left a deep impression on me.
②Drinking_a_cup_of_wine (喝杯葡萄酒) can make me feel relaxed.
③It is difficult to_learn_English_well (学好英语) if you don't work hard.
二、动词
1．动词的概念
动词是表示动作、状态或性质等的词，在句子中作谓语，是句子不可缺少的部分，用来说明主语是什么，处于什么状态或做什么。动词具有人称和数、时态和语态的变化。
2．动词的分类
(1)按句法功能分
限定动词 实义动词 及物动词 在句子中作谓语，后面需要跟宾语
不及物动词 在句子中作谓语，后面不跟宾语
助动词 不独立作谓语，与实义动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气、否定、疑问等结构
系动词 有实义但不独立作谓语，一般与表语一起作复合谓语
情态动词 有实义但不单独作谓语，表示说话人的语气、态度等
非限定动词 不定式 在句子中可作主语、宾语、状语、定语、补语、表语等成分
动词?ing形式
动词?ed形式 在句子中作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等
He described the amazing things he saw in China such as paper money and black stone that burned (coal)．
他描述了他在中国看到的令人吃惊的东西，比如纸币和可燃烧的黑石头(煤)。
He didn't appear at the party yesterday.
他昨天没在晚会上出现。
When spring comes, the weather gets warmer and the days get longer.
春天来了，天气变暖，白天变长。
As students, you must study hard.
作为学生，你们必须努力学习。
It's too difficult for him to master English in such a short time.
他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。
We caught him smoking in the classroom.
我们发现他在教室内吸烟。
Seen from the plane, the Antarctic looks very beautiful.
从飞机上看，南极洲非常美丽。
(2)按意义分
动态动词 延续性 动词 能持续一段时间的动词，如learn, live, work等
非延续 性动词 不能持续，瞬间发生的动词，如open, leave, see等
静态动词 stand, remain, like, think, sleep, lie等
I stayed two weeks at the seaside.
我在海边待了两个星期。
I saw her at the post office a moment ago.
我刚才看见她在邮局。
[名师点津] 非延续性动词常与表示时间点的时间状语连用，若用于否定句，则可以和表示一段时间的状语连用；而延续性动词可与表示一段时间的状语连用。
[即时演练2]
(1)完成句子
①(2016·天津高考改编)I'm going to take_advantage_of_this_tour to explore the history of the castle.
我将利用这次旅行来探索这座城堡的历史。
②After graduation, she_turned_nurse.
毕业后她成了护士。
③He has_worked_in_the_factory since last year.
从去年开始，他就在工厂里工作。
④He arrived too late and didn't_catch/missed_the_train.
他到得太晚，没赶上火车。
(2)单句改错
①She has got married for 3 years.got→been_
②She was proved very honest.去掉was_
③Never he seen such a beautiful sight.Never后加has
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Later, engineers managed (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school comes (come) first.
3．(2017·天津高考改编)I was_driving (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
4．(2017·江苏高考改编)He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he was_being_followed (follow)．
5．(2016·浙江高考)Silk had_become (become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.
6．I think it is necessary to_learn (learn) science.
7．Listening (listen) to music can relax our brains.
8．When and where to_build (build) the new factory has not been decided yet.
9．Some of them are (be) red and others are brown.
10．It's a waste of money buying (buy) such things you don't really need.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．(2017·浙江高考写作)The_purpose_of_my_writing is to tell you that there will be an outing for us these days.
我写信的目的是想告诉你最近我们有一次郊游。
2．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)What's more, doing_the_part?time_job_can_let_me gain some precious experience and help me better adapt to the development and changes of society.
此外，做兼职可以让我获得宝贵的经验，并且帮助我更好地适应社会的发展与变化。
3．(2015·四川高考满分作文)In addition, I have_volunteered_to_help two exchange students with their Mandarin learning during the past two years.
此外，在过去的两年里，我曾志愿帮助两名交换生学习普通话。
4．(2015·陕西高考满分作文)Thirdly, through this interesting job, I can_improve_my_English in speaking and writing quickly.
第三，通过这个有趣的工作，我可以迅速提高我的英语口语和写作水平。
5．(2015·广东高考满分作文)Finally they will_become_active_learners rather than passive ones.
最后，他们将成为积极的学习者，而不是被动的学习者。
6．Secondly, people_here_like_the_food composed mainly by wheat flour.
其次，这里的人喜欢主要含面粉的食物。
Ⅲ.短文改错
There was my birthday last Sunday. A big party held for me at home. Some of my friend came to my home bringing us different kinds of gifts, such as books, cards, flowers, and so on. My parents spent over two hours prepared a special dinner. After dinner, we had a wonderfully party in the living room, at which my parents and friends said “Happy birthday” to me. All of us had a great fun in eating, drinking, singing or dancing. Of course I enjoy the birthday cake and noodles according to Chinese tradition. Finally I expressed my thanks to my parents in return to their love.
答案：第一句：There→It
第二句：party后加was
第三句：friend→friends; us→me
第四句：prepared→preparing
第五句：wonderfully→wonderful
第六句：去掉a; or→and
第七句：enjoy→enjoyed
第八句：第二个to→for
PAGE
4
Section Ⅳ Other Parts of the Module
Step 1 Choose the best answers according to the passage on P11.
1．The South Pole is safe________.
A．as long as you take precautions to protect yourself
B．because it's at 3,000－4,000 metres high
C．because it's the calmest place on Earth
2．The scientific station________.
A．is surprisingly luxurious
B．is cosy but has some restrictions on personal lifestyle, such as a shortage of water
C．provides perfect accommodations for long?term visitors
3．The ceremonial Pole is probably________.
A．the place which explorers first claimed as the true South Pole
B．the place from where all routes lead to North
C．close to the scientific station, which is situated on a platform of ice, 3,000－4,000 metres high
4．The sentence “Sunrise and sunset come once every six months” means ________.
A．each day and night lasts six months
B．there's daylight for six months, then darkness for another six months
C．there's so little to do that a day seems to last six months
5．The environment of the Antarctica is very special, so visitors ________.
A．consider it a right to be allowed to go there
B．only buy souvenirs from the scientific station, and do not take anything else away
C．should be careful to leave nothing but footprints
答案：1～5 ABCBC
Step 2 True (T) or False (F) passage on P13.
1．The book about Marco Polo's travels was written by Marco Polo.__F__
2．As soon as Marco began his journey, he became very famous.__F__
3．When the book was published, people all believed it deeply.__F__
4．Only people who know China very much can understand those obscure names and facts.__T__
5．The book described the amazing things in China such as paper money and coal.__T__
一、这样记单词
记得准·写得对 记得快·记得多
Ⅰ.基础词汇 1.voyage n． (乘船的)旅行；航行 2.eyesight n. 视力；目力 3.sunburnt adj. 晒伤的 4.portable adj. 轻便的；便携的 5.pure adj. 干净的；不含有害物质的 6.sunrise n. 日出 7.sunset n. 日落 8.platform n. 平台 9.modest adj. 不很昂贵的；适中的 10.luxury n. 奢侈品 11.dormitory n. 宿舍；寝室 12.canteen n. (工厂学校等的)食堂，餐厅 13.privilege n. 荣幸 14.befriend v. 对待……如朋友 15.intimate adj. 亲密的 Ⅱ.拓展词汇 1.abnormal adj.不正常的，反常的→normal adj.正常的 2.absence n．缺乏；没有；缺席→absent adj.缺席的 3.tiresome adj.烦人的，令人讨厌的→tired adj.厌烦的 4.depressing adj.令人沮丧的；令人抑郁的→depress v．使沮丧；使萧条→depressed adj.沮丧的；萧条的→depression n．沮丧；不景气，萧条(期) 5.isolated adj.孤单的，孤立的→isolate v．使隔离；孤立 6.discourage v．阻止；打消……的念头→discouraging adj.令人沮丧的→discouraged adj.沮丧的→discouragement n．泄气；使人泄气的人(事) 7.tricky adj.困难的，棘手的→trick n．诡计v.戏弄；欺骗 8.reliability n．可靠性→reliable adj.可信赖的→rely v．依靠；信赖 9.inhabit v．居住→inhabitant n．居民；住户 10.inspiration n．鼓舞；启示；灵感→inspire v．鼓舞；激励→inspiring adj.鼓舞人心的；启发灵感的 1.voyage n．(乘船的)旅行，航行[词块] ①go on a voyage 出航，出国旅行 ②make/take a voyage 出去航海 [比较] ①travel 泛指旅行、游历 ②journey 多指短距离的旅行 ③trip 是非正式用语，多 指短距离的旅行 2. eyesight n．视力；目力 [词块] ①have a good/poor sight 视力好/差 ②an eyesight test 视力测试 3.sunrise n．日出 sunset n．日落 [词块] watch a sunrise/sunset 看日出/日落 4.privilege n．荣幸 [词块] ①have the privilege of doing ... 有做……的特权 ②a privileged class 特权阶级 5.intimate adj.亲密的 [比较] imitate vt. 模仿 6.discourage v．阻止；打消……的念头 [串记] I tried to discourage that discouraged person from discouraging the others. 7.absence n．缺乏；没有；缺席 [串记] To our surprise, the manager was absent from the important meeting. And the board of directors made an important decision in the absence of him. 8.depressing令人沮丧的；令人抑郁的 [串记] I feel depressed because I cannot see myself do any sports for several months, which is very depressing. 9.inspiration n．鼓舞；启示；灵感 [串记] The inspiring speech gave the students great inspiration, raised their confidence and inspired their motivation to work hard.
二、这样记短语
记牢固定短语 多积常用词块
1.reply to 回答 2．come into sight 进入视野，看得见 3．break up 碎开，粉碎；分手；分开 4．come up with 想出，提出 5．take a risk 冒险 6．in charge of 负责 7．be fond of 喜欢 8．according to 根据，按照 9．in case of 如果；假使；以免 10．set off 出发，动身 11．in detail 详细地 12．leave behind 遗留，留下；丢弃 1.on 8th August, 1914 在1914年8月8日 2．board a ship 上船 3．force them to give up 强迫他们放弃 4．set up camp 搭帐篷 5．reach the island 到那座岛上 6．believe their eyes 相信他们的眼睛 7．keep his promise 信守他的诺言 8．damage your eyesight 损害你的视力 9．get badly sunburnt 严重晒伤 10．nothing but 仅仅，只是 11．on their journey 在他们的旅途中 12．most importantly 最重要的是
三、这样记句式
先背熟 再悟通 后仿用
1.If you don't, there is a severe risk that you'll damage your eyesight or get badly sunburnt.如果你不这样做，你会冒很大的险，(强烈的光线)会损坏你的视力或者使你严重晒伤。 that引导的从句与前面的a severe risk是同位关系，即that引导同位语从句。 I had no idea that_you_are_here. 我不知道你在这里。
2.While on their journey buying and selling spices, silks and jewels, they befriend one of the most powerful men on Earth, Kubla Khan.在旅途中他们买卖香料、丝绸和珠宝，并与世界上最具影响力的人物中的一位——忽必烈汗结为朋友。 状语从句的省略，完整的句子是While they are on their journey buying and selling spices。 While_in_Paris he got acquainted with Mike. 在巴黎的时候他认识了麦克。
1．(教材P7)But when land came into sight, the Endurance became trapped in the ice and began to break up.
但当人们看见陆地的时候，“耐力”号却陷在冰块里开始解体。
?come into sight进入视野，看得见
catch sight of 发现，突然看到
lose sight of 看不见
in/out of sight 在视野之内/外
at first sight 乍一看，初看起来
at (the) sight of 一看见
①The mountain town came into sight as we turned the last corner.
我们拐过最后一道弯，山城就映入了眼帘。
②The moment I caught_sight_of her, I recognized her.
我一看见她就认出了她。
③He reminded me to leave the boss a good impression at_first_sight.
他提醒我要给老板留下一个良好的第一印象。
?break up打碎；撞碎；分解；分手；结束；分裂；驱散；(学校等)放假
[一词多义] 写出下列句中break up的含义
①The police used tear gas to break up the demonstration.驱散
②When do you break up for Christmas？放假
③Their marriage is breaking up.破裂
④The ship broke up on the rocks.撞碎
⑤The party broke up at midnight.结束
break in 破门而入；打断(谈话等)
break into 强行闯入；突然开始
break out 爆发；发生
break through 有进展或突破；冲破障碍
break down 出故障；垮掉
break off 折断；中断
⑥I was still sleeping when the fire broke_out.
当火灾发生时，我仍在睡觉。
⑦A police officer came to our help when our car broke_down on the way.
我们的汽车在路上出了毛病，一位警官帮助了我们。
2．(教材P7)When they reached the island, Shackleton came up with an idea — it was a risk but he would have to take it.
他们抵达小岛后，沙克尔顿想出一个主意——这是一次冒险，但他却不得不试一试。
?come up with (针对问题等)想出；提出
come about 发生，造成
come across (偶然)遇见；发现
come up 走近；被提出
come on 快点；得了吧
come out 出现；出版
come to 总计，达到；谈到
①He couldn't come up with an answer when I asked what he would do with the computer.
当我问他他将怎么处理这台电脑时他没想出主意。
②How did it come about that he knew where we were?
他是怎么知道我们在什么地方的呢？
③Everyone hopes that the question will come up at the meeting.
每个人都希望这个问题在会上被提出来。
[联想发散] 由“动词＋up with”构成的短语还有：
①catch up with 追上，赶上
②keep up with 跟上
③put up with 容忍，忍受
3．(教材P11)Sunrise and sunset come once every six months, and in the winter the total absence of daylight can be tiresome, and for some, depressing.
日出和日落每6个月才有一次，在冬天完全没有白天让人非常厌烦，对有些人来说很压抑。
?absence n．[U]缺乏；没有[C，U]不在，缺席
(1)absence from 缺席
in the absence of (人)不在，缺席；(物)不存在，缺少
in one's absence 某人不在时
absence of mind 心不在焉，魂不守舍
(2)absent adj. 缺席的；不在场的
be absent from ... 不参加……，缺少……
①In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)
在没有灰狼的情况下，丛林狼的数量也快速增长。
②He made a lot of spelling mistakes because of his absence (absent) of mind.
因为心不在焉，他出现了许多拼写错误。
③He was absent from the meeting for one reason or another.
他因为某种原因而没有出席会议。
4．(教材P11)We discourage you from smoking except in specific areas.
我们阻止你吸烟，除非在特定的区域。
?discourage v．阻止；打消……的念头
(1)discourage sb. from doing sth.
阻止某人做某事
(2)discouraged adj. 感到抑郁的；感到泄气的
discouraging adj. 令人抑郁的；令人泄气的
①We hope the bad weather won't discourage people from coming along.
我们希望恶劣的天气不会阻止人们的到来。
②Don't be discouraged (discourage), you'll learn by and by.
不要灰心，你慢慢就会学好。
③The most discouraging (discourage) thing is to be misunderstood by others.
最丧气的事是被人误解。
[联想发散] 和 discourage 搭配相似的还有 keep/prevent/stop sb. from doing sth. “阻止某人做某事”，protect sb. from sth. “保护某人免受……”。
5．(教材P11)Medical assistance is available in case of an emergency.
在紧急情况下可以得到医疗救助。
?in case of 如果；假使
in case 如果；万一(后跟从句或单独使用)
in most cases 在大多数情况下
in this/that case 如果是这样/那样的话
in any case 无论如何
as is often the case 这是常有的事
in no case 决不(置于句首，句子要部分倒装)
①In case of any difficulty, call me at once.
如有任何困难，立即打电话告诉我。
②You'd better take the keys in_case I'm out.
你最好带上钥匙以防我不在家。
③In_that_case,_ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry.(2017·天津高考)
在那种情况下，请尽早当面道歉。
④In_no_case should you leave here.
在任何情况下你都不要离开这里。
If you don't, there's a severe risk that you'll damage your eyesight or get badly sunburnt.
如果你不这样做，就会冒很大的险，(强烈的光线)会损坏你的视力或者使你严重晒伤。
(1)本句中that引导的从句与前面的a severe risk是同位关系，即that引导同位语从句。that引导同位语从句时，通常放在抽象名词之后，如news, fact, hope, order, thought, idea等，对前面的名词起补充说明的作用，that在从句中不担当任何成分，因此that引导的同位语从句是完整的不缺任何成分的，且that一般不省略。
①The general gave the order that the soldiers (should) cross the river at once.
将军下达了士兵们必须立即渡河的命令。
②The_news_that he had won the game soon spread all over the whole school.
他比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个校园。
[名师点津] 通常情况下，同位语从句紧跟在名词后用以说明名词的具体内容。但有时同位语从句较长，为保持句子的平衡，常把同位语从句与名词分开。
③When the news came that the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army.
当战争已爆发的消息传来时，他决定到军队中服役。
(2)除that外， whether, what, how等也可引导同位语从句。
④I have no idea whether the president will come tomorrow.
我不知道明天总统是否会来。
⑤My question how I shall get in touch with him has not been answered.
我怎样才能和他取得联系的问题还没有得到答复。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．When the ship at last came into sight, all of us jumped with joy.
2．The ice will break up when the warm weather comes.
3．Facing the emergency, we were at a loss and none of us could come up with a solution to the problem.
4．You must not be absent from the meeting without cause.
5．I think he felt discouraged (discourage) because of all the criticism he'd received.
6．In case of emergency, break the glass and press the button.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．Give me your promise that_you_will_come_to_our_party this evening.
答应我，你今天晚上会来参加我们的晚会。
2．She lost_sight_of_the_path as the trees around her became thicker.
随着周围的树木变得浓密，她看不见小路了。
3．He was discouraged_from_making another attempt.
他受劝阻去做另一次的尝试。
4．Any student can't do the experiment in the lab in_the_absence_of a teacher, in_case_of danger.
在没有老师的情况下，任何学生不准在实验室做实验，以免出现危险。
一、全练语言点，基稳才能楼高
[本课语言点针对练习]
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．We're not exactly on intimate (亲密的) terms, but we see each other fairly often.
2．Here are some books for you to read on the voyage (航海)．
3．As is known to all, good eyesight (视力) is a requirement for airplane pilots.
4．The new portable (便携的) computers are going like hot cakes.
5．Practicing is tiresome (烦人的), but stick with it and some day you will be a good pianist.
6．They attained the mountaintop before sunrise (日出)．
7．It was a luxury (奢侈品) if you had a washing machine in those days.
8．They befriend (对待……如朋友) the young girl, providing her with food and shelter.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．Many colleges now have high?tech libraries and wired dormitories (dormitory)．
2．He was depressed (depress) because he had not passed the examinations.
3．Many poets and artists have drawn their inspiration (inspire) from nature.
4．Don't let discouragement (discourage) keep you from trying again to accomplish your goal.
5．You will be severely (severe) punished if you do not obey the rules.
6．He cannot afford the ordinary comforts of life, to say nothing of luxuries (luxury).
Ⅲ.选词填空
come to， catch sight of， break out， absence from， in case， leave behind， in detail， according to
1．She often grasps my arms tightly when she catches_sight_of the fearful scene in the movie.
2．If all goes according_to the plan, we should be in Shanghai tomorrow.
3．It was almost midnight that a fire broke_out in the neighbourhood.
4．Since he had no time to read the book in_detail,_he just skimmed it.
5．It may rain; you'd better take an umbrella in_case.
6．His performance didn't really come_to his usual high standard.
7．Best of all, I realized that Tippy left_behind all of my good memories of him.
8．The naughty child cooked up an excuse to explain his absence_from school.
[本单元语言点温故练习]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The nine coal miners had been trapped in the coal mine for 20 hours before we came to their rescue.
2．It is a privilege to_make (make) a speech here and out of respect I'd like to introduce my advisor first.
3.The news about the terrible flood there greatly discouraged us from going there for a sightseeing.
4.The first to_give (give) the right answers in given time will win the prize and a free travel.
5．The Backstreet Boys toured western Europe, promoting (promote) their new album.
6．I am into listening to music while he is fond of surfing the Internet.
7．Her bright red hair makes her stand out in a crowd, so you will recognize her immediately.
8．The new employees were very slow to adapt to the unusual rules of the company.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．She had some difficulty in adapting_to_the_hard_environment (适应艰苦的环境)．
2．The dress is making_you_stand_out_in_the_crowd (使你在人群中显眼), so everyone can recognize you.
3．The general manager declared that whoever performed well would_be_promoted_to_a_higher_position (会晋升到更高的职位)．
4．The computer system broke_down_suddenly (突然出故障) while he was searching for information on the Internet.
5．No other salesmen could know how to increase sales, but soon Tim came_up_with_a_good_solution (想到了一个好的解决办法)．
6．The naughty girl made a face in class yesterday, as_is_often_the_case (这是常有的事)．
二、勤练高考题型，多练自能生巧
Ⅰ.阅读理解
Today should be my last full day in Antarctica. I'm scheduled to fly back to New Zealand tomorrow afternoon. Flights to and from Antarctica can often be put off by bad weather or mechanical problems with the planes, so there is no guarantee that I could actually fly north tomorrow. With that being said, the weather forecast shows the weather will be good, so I'm cautiously optimistic about sleeping in New Zealand tomorrow night. But I never truly believe that I'm leaving Antarctica until the plane takes off from the ice runway.
As I've discussed in previous blog posts that our stay in Antarctica has had some ups and downs.An injury to my hand set us back a bit. And we lost about a week of flying time due to that and some bad weather in the middle of the month. In spite of that setback, we managed to do 33 flights which would allow us to meet our scientific goals for the project. The flights were conducted during both daytime and nighttime conditions with temperatures ranging from as cold as minus 51 degrees F (华氏度) to as warm as plus 5 degrees F. While most of you wouldn't think that 5 degrees F feels warm, to us, after almost a month of nearly continuously below zero weather, a temperature of plus 5 degrees F actually feels pretty comfortable. In fact, for the last week or so, I've been walking around in a fleece (羊毛制品) jacket rather than an ordinary coat.
When we first arrived in late August, the sun was only up for less than 6 hours each day, but the day length was increasing by 20 minutes each day. These trips are my favorite Antarctic trips since we have got to see sunrise and sunset every day and enjoy the Antarctic night sky and stars.
This will probably be my last blog post from this trip, but I'll be returning to Antarctica in January with the New Zealand Antarctic Program. I'd like to end this post with some of my favorite photos from this trip.
语篇解读：作者是一名正在南极洲考察的科学家，明天作者就要离开那儿了，他用博客分享了自己在南极洲的见闻。
1．The author isn't sure if he will leave tomorrow because ________.
A．he hasn't made a plan to leave yet
B．there is something wrong with his plane
C．it will rain tomorrow according to the weather forecast
D．the flight might be put off because of something unexpected
解析：选D 细节理解题。由第一段的“Flights to and from Antarctica ... so there is no guarantee that I could actually fly north tomorrow.”可知，作者不确定明天是否能顺利启程是因为坏天气以及飞机的机械故障等难以预料的因素可能会推迟他的行程。
2．In Paragraph 2, the author tells the example of wearing the fleece jacket to show ________.
A．the fleece jacket is very popular in Antarctica
B．weather in Antarctica is often extremely cold
C．he doesn't like the ordinary coat
D．a fleece jacket is cheaper than an ordinary coat
解析：选B 推理判断题。由第二段的“The flights were conducted ... actually feels pretty comfortable.”可知，作者举例主要是为了说明南极洲的天气很冷。
3．The author is probably a(n) ________.
A．actor B．pilot
C．scientist D．tourist
解析：选C 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“... meet our scientific goals for the project.”以及最后一段中的“... returning to Antarctica in January with the New Zealand Antarctic Program.”可推断出作者可能是一位科学家。
4．What will the readers probably see in the following text?
A．A video about Antarctica.
B．Some pictures of Antarctica.
C．Interesting facts about Antarctica.
D．News about Antarctica.
解析：选B 推理判断题。由最后一段最后一句“I'd like to end this post with some of my favorite photos from this trip.”可知答案。
Ⅱ.语法填空
In Chinese society, a red envelope, known as Hong Bao in Mandarin, is a gift which is presented at social and family gatherings or on holidays such as the Spring Festival. __1__ red color of the envelope stands for good luck and keeping away evil spirits. The amount of money __2__ (contain) in the envelope usually ends with an even digit (偶数); for example, 88 and 168 are both __3__ (luck) numbers. But the number four should not appear in the amount, as the number __4__ (it) has a similar tone (语调) to the Chinese character for “death”， __5__ (mean) bad luck for many Chinese. During the Spring Festival, mainly in South China, red envelopes __6__ (give) to the unmarried by the married. __7__ (tradition), the red envelope is not supposed to be opened __8__ the Spring Festival is over.Similar customs also exist in other __9__ (country) in Asia. In Vietnam, red envelopes are called lì xì ，similar to the Cantonese pronunciation “lai see”. In Thailand, they are called “ang pow”， the pronunciation __10__ the Chinese characters for “red envelope” in the Hokkien dialect.
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________
5．________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________
9．________ 10.________
语篇解读：过年收到红包了吗？本文主要讲述了红包的故事。
1．The 根据后文的“of the envelope”可知，这里特指红包的红色，故填The。
2．contained 钱被包在信封里，需要用过去分词作后置定语，表示被动关系，故填contained。
3．lucky 修饰名词numbers，需要用形容词，故填lucky。
4．itself 指number本身，需要用反身代词，故填itself。
5．meaning 主句有一个谓语动词，且mean与主语之间为主动关系，需要用现在分词，补充说明，故填meaning。
6．are given 主语和the married之间是被动关系，且根据上下文可知，需要用一般现在时，故填are given。
7．Traditionally 副词作状语修饰后面整个句子，故填Traditionally。
8．until not ... until ...“直到……才……”，引导时间状语从句。句意：传统上意义上，直到春节活动结束后，红包才可以打开。
9．countries 根据前面的限定词other可知，指亚洲其他国家，故填countries。
10．of 这里指汉字的发音，故填of。
PAGE
1
Section Ⅴ Writing — 描述地点的文章
一、写作要领
写此类文章应注意以下几点：
1．内容一般包括该地方的位置、面积、人口、历史、气候、特产等。也可以适当地融入人文风貌，简单介绍当地的文化遗址、民间风俗及有趣的生活方式等。但是一定要抓住该地方的主要特色，这样才能给读者留下深刻的印象。
2．要遵循一定的写作顺序。描述该地方的位置时，首先要找好中心点，再由近及远，也可以先整体后局部，或按照一定时间顺序或空间层次。描述时可以适当使用过渡性连接词。
3．可以适当运用比喻句式。形象的比喻可以给读者展示一幅生动的画面。
二、增分佳句
1．There is a tall shelf on the left of my room.(on the right of, in the front of, near the window)
2．Above the bed, there is a large painting of the blue sea.(on the right of the room)
3．The office building is in the east of the campus.(in the south of, to the west of, in front of, behind, at the back of)
4．The monument, which was built in 1894, stands in the center of the square.
5．China is located in Asia.(be situated ..., be surrounded by, lie to the east of)
6．It covers a huge area of 9,600,000 square kilometers.
[题目要求]
请根据下面的提示，以“Antarctica”为题写一篇100词左右的短文。主要内容如下：
1．南极洲在地球的最南端；
2．它的面积大约为1 400万平方千米；
3．它是世界上最寒冷的地方，常年有冰雪覆盖；
4．它的自然资源有铁、煤等；生存的动物如企鹅、鲸等；
5．目前只有一些科学工作者居住在那里。
第一步：审题构思很关键
一、审题
1．确定体裁：本文为一篇说明文；
2．确定中心人称：本文主要人称为第三人称；
3．确定主体时态：使用一般现在时。
二、构思
第一步：概括南极洲的地理位置。
第二步：介绍南极洲的占地面积、特点、生存的动物和自然资源。
第三步：说明目前只有一些科学工作者居住在那里，将来有一天也许会有很多住户住在那里。
第二步：核心词汇想周全
1．extreme_south 最南端
2．lie_in 位于
3．be_rich_in 在……方面丰富
4．up_to_now 目前
5．adapt_to 适应……
6．including 包括
第三步：由词扩句雏形现
1．南极洲位于地球的最南端，它是世界上最寒冷的大洲。(简单句)
Antarctica_lies_in_the_extreme_south_of_the_earth._It_is_the_coldest_continent_in_the_world.
2．它的面积大约1 400万平方千米，常年有冰雪覆盖。(cover an area of, be covered with)
It_covers_an_area_of_about_14_million_square_kilometres._It_is_covered_with_cold_thick_ice_and_deep_snow_all_year_long.
3．它有很多我们所熟知的动物如企鹅、鲸鱼和海豹。它们已经适应了那里的极端条件。(简单句)
It_has_many_well?known_animals_such_as_penguins,_whales_and_seals._They_have_adapted_to_its_extreme_conditions.
4．此外，它含有丰富的矿产资源，包括铁、煤等。(what's more)
What's_more,_it_is_rich_in_mineral_resources_including_iron,_coal_and_so_on.
第四步：句式升级造亮点
1．用which 引导的非限制性定语从句改写句1
Antarctica,_which_is_the_coldest_continent_in_the_world,_lies_in_the_extreme_south_of_the_earth.
2．用v.?ing形式作状语改写句2
Covering_an_area_of_about_14_million_square_kilometres,_it_is_covered_with_cold_thick_ice_and_deep_snow_all_year_long.
3．用which 引导的非限制性定语从句改写句3
It_has_many_well?known_animals_such_as_penguins,_whales_and_seals,_which_have_adapted_to_its_extreme_conditions.
第五步：过渡衔接联成篇
Antarctica
Antarctica,_which_is_the_coldest_continent_in_the_world,_lies_in_the_extreme_south_of_the_earth._Covering_an_area_of_about_14_million_square_kilometres,_it_is_covered_with_cold_thick_ice_and_deep_snow_all_year_long._However,_it_is_a_very_rich_continent._It_has_many_well?known_animals_such_as_penguins,_whales_and_seals,_which_have_adapted_to_its_extreme_conditions._What's_more,_it_is_rich_in_mineral_resources_including_iron,_coal_and_so_on._Up_to_now_only_some_visiting_scientists_live_there._Maybe_one_day_lots_of_households_will_live_there.
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Module 1 Deep South
单元小结
Antarctica is a very, very cold place, where the temperature is between minus 21℃ in the summer and minus 78℃ in the winter.The glare of the sunlight is very intense, so if one goes out, he must wear sunglasses and use suncream to protect his eyesight and skin.What's more, the absence of daylight lasts 182 days, making life there abnormal, tiresome and depressing.
Also, the extreme cold and different depths of glaciers in Antarctica make it an inhospitable place, but there are still some plants and masses of penguins, flying birds, seals, and so on. They have adapted to the special environment.Gases and minerals trapped in the ice attract many explorers.To prevent the commercial and military use of Antarctica and to keep it free from nuclear tests and radioactive waste, a treaty was made. In fact, it's a privilege for man to inhabit on it, so we ought to befriend Antarctica.
南极洲很冷很冷，气温夏天是零下21℃，冬天零下78℃。刺眼的阳光非常强烈，所以如果一个人想外出，他必须戴太阳镜，涂抹防晒霜，以保护视力和皮肤。此外，没有白天的日子持续182天，这使那里的生活不正常、让人厌烦和抑郁。
并且，南极洲的极度寒冷和不同厚度的冰川使它成为一个不适宜居住的地方，但那里仍然有一些植物和很多企鹅、飞鸟、海豹等。它们已经适应了这种特殊的环境。储存在冰川层中的天然气和矿物质吸引着许多探险者。为了阻止南极洲的商业和军事利用，并保护南极洲远离核试验和放射性废物，人们签署了一份条约。实际上，人类能在南极洲居住是一种荣幸，所以我们应该对待南极洲如朋友一样。
加餐练(一) 完形阅读组合练
Ⅰ.完形填空
My daughter had signed an organ donor card, but my husband and I did not know it. We learned about our daughter's decision after she was __1__ injured in a car crash. Doctors __2__ on her for 20 hours and couldn't save her life. Finally, the doctor __3__ told us our daughter was brain dead. Did we want to __4__ organ donation?
I was already in shock. The __5__ of donating my daughter's organs was another shock and I was __6__ about my 15?year?old twin grandsons. They had just lost their mother and we had lost our daughter. The doctor __7__ the organ harvesting procedure, but I did not want to hear it.
We __8__ to organ donation and signed the legal papers. The twins said their last goodbye to their mother and the images of their sorrow are __9__ in my mind until now. Two days later we received a __10__ from the organ donor organization. Our daughter's organs had __11__ three lives. Thanks to her generosity, two strangers now see.
Weeks later, we received a certificate from the organ donor organization in __12__ of our daughter. The twins received individual certificates and hardly __13__ at them. I fully understood their __14__. They did not want any certificates, they wanted their mother __15__ and we wanted our daughter.
The sadness associated with organ donation is a __16__ thing. First, it makes the ending of death all too clear. Secondly, I find a measure of comfort in the __17__ that my daughter was an organ donor. My daughter cared about others and this caring __18__ after her death.
Organ donation did not give me a sense of control, __19__ it did give me a sense of giving. __20__ is more caring than signing an organ donor card. I also know my family will find comfort in my daughter's generosity.
1．A.partly B．slightly
C．severely D．hardly
解析：选C 根据下句语境可知作者的女儿车祸时受了重伤。
2．A.insisted B．turned
C．waited D．operated
解析：选D 根据语境，医生为作者的女儿做手术达20小时之久，但未能挽救她的生命。
3．A.in need B．in charge
C．in trouble D．in danger
解析：选B 做完手术后，主治医生告诉作者她的女儿已经脑死亡。
4．A.go on with B．compare with
C．mix with D．deal with
解析：选A 根据上文语境，既然作者的女儿在器官捐献卡上签过字，下一步就涉及是否继续进行器官捐献。
5．A.knock B．difficulty
C．response D．thought
解析：选D 女儿的去世已经让作者悲痛不已，再想到要把女儿的器官捐赠出去，这无疑是雪上加霜。
6．A.certain B．pleased
C．worried D．excited
解析：选C 根据语境作者的女儿有两个未成年的双胞胎孩子，为此作者十分担忧。
7．A.described B．learned
C．praised D．regretted
解析：选A 在医生描述器官移植的具体流程时，作者根本没有心思听。
8．A.stuck B．agreed
C．referred D．objected
解析：选B 根据下文语境，作者同意捐献女儿的器官。
9．A.cloudy B．unknown
C．dark D．clear
解析：选D 在向他们的母亲做最后的道别时，作者的两个外孙十分悲伤，至今作者仍对此情此景记忆犹新。
10．A.call B．passport
C．handbag D．gift
解析：选A 作者在两天后收到了来自器官移植机构的一个电话。
11．A.created B．lost
C．saved D．taken
解析：选C 根据下文语境，由于作者女儿的慷慨，她拯救了三个人的生命，让两个陌生人重见光明。
12．A.danger B．recognition
C．search D．case
解析：选B 几周之后，作者收到了器官移植机构的一份证书，以表示对作者女儿捐献器官的认可和赞赏。
13．A.laughed B．pointed
C．wondered D．glanced
解析：选D 作者的两个外孙也分别收到了器官移植机构的证书，但由于悲伤他们几乎没有心情去看上一眼。
14．A.reaction B．trick
C．decision D．suggestion
解析：选A 作者对孩子的这种反应非常理解。
15．A.away B．off
C．back D．in
解析：选C 此时此刻，对孩子来说，他们不需要什么证书，他们想要他们的妈妈能够回到自己的身边。
16．A.clumsy B．strange
C．popular D．different
解析：选B 在器官捐助时的那种悲痛是捉摸不定的。
17．A.place B．reason
C．cause D．fact
解析：选D 作者从女儿是一位捐赠者这一事实中获得一丝安慰。
18．A.continues B．finishes
C．decreases D．begins
解析：选A 作者的女儿生前关心他人，通过捐赠器官这一方式，去世后这份关爱仍在继续。
19．A.so B．and
C．but D．because
解析：选C 这次器官捐助让作者没有支配感而是一种给予的感觉。
20．A.Anything B．Nothing
C．Something D．Everything
解析：选B 作者认为没有什么比在器官捐献卡上签字更能表达一个人的爱心。
Ⅱ.阅读理解
I was going to die in Antarctica. I was certain. An image of my frost?covered body, pale and lifeless, filled my mind as I glanced around. In all directions the empty wilderness of Antarctica stretched away from me, the only feature on the landscape was the division between snow and sky. I gazed sadly at my team. They were rapidly disappearing over the horizon.
I was leading an expedition (探险队) attempting to reach the south pole. The team was made up of ordinary women from all around the world — from Jamaica, India, Singapore and Cyprus — many of whom had never seen snow, or spent a night in a tent, before we set off. Our aim was to be the most international all?female team to reach the South Pole.
As I watched, the rest of the team had marched on, unaware that I was not with them. By the time I realised that my sledge was firmly stuck, the team were already a long way ahead of me. I called out to Era, my teammate from Brunei. “Era！Stop！”
Getting no response I called again, but my shouts were carried away in the opposite direction by the wind. Seconds passed. Nothing. I was gradually being left alone, completely defenseless against the fatally low temperatures of Antarctica.
My strength increased when I thought of a cold, lonely death. I pulled again my sledge, which moved a little. I removed the ice with my ski?pole and boot, desperately trying to break the sledge free. The sledge shot forward, knocking me off balance. I struggled to my feet and set off after the team.
I caught up just as Reena, my teammate from India, looked behind her and noticed there was one person missing. She swung around on her skis in shock and spotted me in the near distance.
As we continued, my panic slowly faded. For the rest of the day each of the team was glancing over their shoulder every few minutes. They were not going to risk losing me again.
语篇解读：本文讲述了“我”带领一个国际女子探险队在南极探险，途中我的雪橇被雪卡住，以致掉队。后来“我”经过努力，克服了危机，赶上了队伍。
1．What is special about the expedition?
A．They were all female.
B．They were all professional.
C．They made the longest expedition.
D．They had been strictly trained.
解析：选A 细节理解题。从第二段中的“The team was made up of ordinary women from all around the world”可知，作者带领的探险队是由来自世界各地普通妇女组成的，因此A项正确。
2．What made the author get her sledge out of the ice was ________.
A．the shouts from her teammates
B．her strong desire to live
C．the sudden change in wind direction
D．the natural beauty ahead
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第五段第一句和第二句可知，想到死亡使作者力量大增，将雪橇从冰雪里拔了出来，因此可以说是强大的求生欲解救了作者。
3．At last, each of the team members kept looking back to ________.
A．avoid being attacked from behind
B．make sure that none fell behind
C．check the distance they had covered
D．keep a record of the route they took
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，每个人不停地回头看是为了保证没有人掉队。
4．Which may be the best title for the passage?
A．How to Survive in Antarctica
B．A Mysterious Trip to the South Pole
C．A Female Expedition
D．Being Left Behind in the Snow
解析：选D 标题归纳题。本文主要讲述了作者一次在冰雪里被落在最后而差点发生危险的经历。
加餐练(二) 主观题规范增分练
Ⅰ.语法填空
Did you grow up in one culture，your parents came from another, and you are now living in a __1__ (total) different country? If so, then you are a third?culture kid.
The term “third?culture kid” __2__ (use) in the 1960s for the first time by Dr.Ruth.She first came across this phenomenon while __3__ (research) North American children living in India.In general，third?culture kids benefit from __4__ (they) intercultural experience and they often reach excellent academic results.
Yet many __5__ (difficult) may arise from this phenomenon.Third?culture kids may not be able to adapt themselves completely __6__ their new surroundings.Also，they often find it hard __7__ (develop) new friendship.Additionally, for a third?culture kid, it is often easier to move to a new country __8__ to return to his homeland.For example, after living in Australia for many years, Louis finally returned to the country __9__ she was born. She didn't know anything about current TV shows __10__fashion trends. And she didn't share the same values as other teens of her age.
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________
5．________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________
9．________ 10.________
答案：1.totally 2.was used 3.researching 4.their
5．difficulties 6.to 7.to develop 8.than 9.where 10.or
Ⅱ.短文改错
When I was small, I felt very enviously to see children riding bicycles because I thought they were pretty cool. Getting older, I can hardly wait to learn how to ride a bicycle myself. I still remember a day when I could ride it. Today, the bicycle is still your favorite transportation. On the first hand, I can keep fit by going to school by bikes. On the other hand, ride a bicycle can protect our environment. Bicycles work out with the help of our legs instead gas, which burns and pollutes the environment. So cycling is not only good for our health or for the environment. I will continue keeping riding it.
答案：第一句：enviously→envious
第二句：can→could
第三句：a→the
第四句：your→my
第五句：first→one; bikes→bike
第六句：ride→riding
第七句：去掉out; instead后加of
第八句：or→but
Ⅲ.书面表达
假定你是李华，你的新西兰笔友Nick将于八月来四川旅游，特来信询问有关旅游景点的情况。请根据下表所提供的要点，写一封回信，并表示盼望他的到来。
旅游资源 许多著名的世界风景名胜，如九寨沟(海子：清澈见底；色彩斑斓)、都江堰水利工程(2 000多年历史，仍在发挥作用)，以及震后重建的汶川地震博物馆等
相关信息 气候适宜；交通方便
注意：1.词数100左右，信的格式及开头结尾已给出(不计入总词数)。
2．可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：省份：province 海子：lake
都江堰水利工程：Du Jiangyan Irrigation Project
Dear Nick，
I'm glad to hear that you're coming to Sichuan in August.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
参考范文：
Dear Nick，
I'm glad to hear that you're coming to Sichuan in August. You've made the wise choice to travel here. Sichuan Province is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world?famous places of interest, such as Jiuzhaigou and Du Jiangyan Irrigation Project.
Jiuzhaigou is well known for its beautiful lakes，of which the water is clear and looks colorful. It can excite visitors' imagination. Another attraction is Du Jiangyan Irrigation Project, which was built over 2,000 years ago and is still playing an important part in irrigation today. And the newly?built Wenchuan Earthquake Museum can make all the people present call for that breathtaking moment. Besides, the nice weather and convenient transportation here can make your trip more enjoyable. I'm sure you'll have a good time.
I'm looking forward to your coming.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
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