Module 4 Which English
There are many evolving regional British and American accents, so the terms“British accent” and “American accent” are too simple. What many Americans think of as the typical “British accent” is Received Pronunciation (RP), also known as BBC English. What most people think of as an “American accent”， or most Americans think of as “no accent”， is the General American (GenAm) accent.
English colonists arrived in America in 1607. By the time we had recordings of both the Americans and the British, the sounds of English spoken in the Old World and New World were quite different. We're looking at a silent gap of about 300 years, so we can't say exactly when Americans first started to sound noticeably different from the British.
One big difference in the accents is that the General American accent is rhotic (发r音的)and speakers pronounce the “r” in words. The BBC?type British accent is non?rhotic, and speakers don't pronounce the “r”， leaving “hard” sounding more like “hahd”. Before and during the American Revolution, the English, both in England and in the colonies, mostly spoke with a rhotic accent.
Around the turn of the 19th century, not long after the revolution, non?rhotic speech took off in southern England, especially among the upper and upper?middle classes. It was a signifier of class and status. Because the British accent was easy to understand, it spread across England and the empire. With language changing quickly, the General American accent is now hard to find in this region. With New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Chicago developing their own unique accents, GenAm now generally exists in a small section of the Midwest of America.
Of course, there are regional exceptions to both these general American and British sounds. Some of the accents of southeastern England, plus the accents of Scotland and Ireland, are rhotic. Some areas of the American Southeast, plus Boston, are non?rhotic.
Section_ⅠIntroduction & Reading — Pre?reading
[原文呈现]
Which English?
When you receive a phone call from a friend, how long does it take you to know who it is？① A few seconds, perhaps. The quality of someone's voice and their choice of words make a person instantly② recognisable③， even though you can't see him or her④. In this sense⑤ everybody's use of language — whether English, Chinese, or any other — is different. You could say that there are as many varieties of⑥ English, or any other language for that matter⑦， as there are speakers of it.
English is spoken as an official language in more than⑧ 60 countries across the world and it can sound⑨ very different from place to place⑩. Pronunciation, as well as? grammar and vocabulary, can change very quickly from one area to another. For example, within London the most famous dialect? is cockney?. It is only usually spoken by people from the east of that city so? it is not the only form of English you will hear?. You can usually tell which part of the English?speaking world someone comes from by their accent?， and there are some very recognisable accents all over Britain. ?It is also quite easy to tell British and American English apart?.
Although most people believe there is a right and a wrong way to speak English?， there is not really a standard form ?that everyone can agree on. English spread across the world over hundreds of years because of trade, exploration and business, and this process produced many different Englishes. Professors of linguistics， writers and teachers all worry about providing a perfect model to follow but as it is so widely spoken， it has become impossible to say which English is “correct” and which is “incorrect”. Perhaps correctness doesn't matter — as long as speakers can understand each other — it's communication that counts.
[读文清障]
①When引导时间状语从句，主句中含有固定句式：It takes sb. some time to do sth. “某人花多长时间做某事”。who it is为宾语从句，用陈述语序。
②instantly/'Inst?ntli/adv.立即，马上
③recognisable/'rek?g?naIz?bl/adj.能辨认的，能认出的
④even though引导让步状语从句。
⑤in this sense从这种意义上说
⑥varieties of＝various各种各样的
⑦for that matter在那方面，就此而论
⑧more than (＝over)超过，多于
⑨sound听起来。此处sound very different构成系表结构。
⑩from place to place＝from one place to another
?as well as (＝in addition to)以及
?dialect/'daI?lekt/n.方言，地方话
?cockney/'k?kni/n.伦敦东区土话
?so“因此，所以”，是并列连词，表示因果关系。
?you will hear是定语从句，修饰the only form of English，关系代词that省略。
?by their accent根据他们的口音
?本句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式短语。
?tell ... apart 区分开
?Although引导让步状语从句，该从句中又含有一个宾语从句。
?that引导定语从句，修饰先行词form。
agree on指“(双方或多方协商后)在……方面取得一致意见”。
because of后跟名词(短语)或代词。
because后跟句子。
linguistics n．语言学
to follow作后置定语，修饰model。
as it is so widely spoken是原因状语从句。
and连接两个which引导的宾语从句，作say的宾语。
matter/'m?t?/v.重要，要紧；有关系
as long as只要，引导条件状语从句，也可写作so long as。
强调句型，被强调部分是communication。
count/ka?nt/v.很重要；很有价值(＝to be important/valuable)
哪种英语？
[第1～3段译文]
当你接到朋友的电话的时候，你要花多久才能知道对方是谁？或许几秒钟而已。一个人的音质及措词都能让这个人立即被辨认出来，即使你看不见他/她。从这种意义上说，每个人对语言的使用——不管是英语、汉语，或者其他任何语言——都是不同的。你可以说，英语，或者就此而论，任何别的语言，有多少使用者，就有多少种变体。
英语在全世界六十多个国家被作为官方语言使用，而且各地的英语听起来差别会很大。发音、语法、词汇在不同的地方都可能会很快发生变化。例如，在伦敦，最著名的方言是cockney (伦敦腔)。通常仅仅是伦敦东部的人说这种方言，因此它绝不是你能听到的唯一一种英语。根据口音，你能够分辨出人们来自英语世界的哪个地区，而在英国各地也有一些非常明显的口音。要把英式英语和美式英语区分开也很容易。
尽管大多数人都相信说英语的方式有正确与错误之分，但是确实没有一种人人都认同的标准模式。几百年来由于贸易、探险以及商业的发展，英语已传播到世界各地，在此进程中产生了许多不同种类的英语。语言学教授、作家以及教师都在为提供一种完美的模式而忧虑，但是，由于英语使用如此之广，要想说出哪种英语正确和哪种英语错误已经变得不可能。也许正确与否不要紧——只要说话的人互相明白就行——重要的是交流本身。
Australia
G'day! D'ya speak Strine? Or rather， Hello! Do you speak Australian? Australia is one of the youngest nations in the world. The first English speakers arrived little more than 200 years ago — and they didn't want to. Most of them were prisoners sent there to work. They came from all over Britain, but especially from Northern Ireland and the London area, which is why the Australian accent today has traces of both Irish and cockney speech patterns. The English speakers found a people who had been living in Australia for more than 50,000 years — the Aborigines， and an extraordinary variety of wildlife, unique to the continent. Many of the Aboriginal words for these animals, such as kangaroo, koala and kookaburra soon passed into the language.
But the main differences between Australian English and other varieties of English lie in the individual sounds and intonation patterns. Sometimes it is difficult for British and American people to understand the Australian accent, and mistakes are common. A few years ago a well?known English author was signing copies of his books in a Sydney bookshop. A customer came up to the author holding a copy of the book and said Emma Chissit. The author thought that Emma Chissit was the woman's name. But when he asked how to spell the name, in case the customer wanted him to write her name in the book (To Emma Chissit, with best wishes), he realised that the customer had been asking the question: How much is it？
or rather更确切地说(常用作插入语)
此处是动词不定式的省略形式。
为避免重复，作宾语或谓语的一部分的动词不定式再次出现时，往往省略，只保留动词不定式符号to。
sent there ...是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰prisoners。
especially adv.尤其，特别 trace/treIs/n.痕迹，踪迹
which引导非限制性定语从句，which指代整个主句的内容，并在从句中作主语，why the Australian accent ...作表语。
people在这里是“民族，种族”的意思，是可数名词。
who引导定语从句，修饰a people。
Aborigine n．澳大利亚土著
an extraordinary variety异常丰富的种类
unique/ju?'ni?k/adj.独一无二的；独特的
be unique to(对某地、某人、某民族来说)独特的，特有的
pass into融入，纳入，变为其中的一部分
lie in(问题、答案、责任、困难等)在于
intonation/?Int?'neI?n/n.语调
it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式短语“to understand ...”。
common adj.常见的，普通的 author/'??θ?/n.作家，作者
holding a copy of the book是现在分词短语作状语，表示伴随。
said与前面的came up to为并列谓语。
in case以防万一，以防 in case of如果，假使
had been asking是过去完成进行时。
[第4～5段译文]
澳大利亚
G'day！ D'ya speak Strine？更确切地说，Hello！ Do you speak Australian？澳大利亚是世界上最为年轻的国家之一。第一批说英语的人在仅仅200年前到了这里——他们并非出于自愿。他们中的大部分都是当时发配到那里做工的犯人。他们来自英国各地，但主要是来自北爱尔兰以及伦敦地区，这也是现在的澳大利亚口音带有爱尔兰以及伦敦东区土话语言模式痕迹的原因。这些讲英语的人发现了当地的一个民族——澳大利亚土著人，他们已经生活在澳大利亚50 000多年了；还发现了该大洲独有的异常丰富的野生生物种类。澳大利亚土著人关于这些动物的很多词语，比如袋鼠?kangaroo?、树袋熊?koala?以及笑翠鸟?kookaburra?，很快就融入了语言中。
但澳大利亚英语和其他英语的最主要区别在于单音和音调模式。有时候英美国家的人很难理解澳大利亚口音，所以通常也就容易犯错误。前些年，一位著名的英国作家到悉尼的一家书店签售他的书。一名顾客手里拿着一本书朝作者走来，并说了句“Emma Chissit”。这个作者以为Emma Chissit是这位女士的名字。但当他询问如何拼写顾客名字以便她要自己在书上签名之用时?献给Emma Chissit，并致敬意?，他突然明白过来顾客问的是：这本书多少钱？
Jamaica and Singapore
Australian English comes directly from English spoken in Britain. But in other countries where English is spoken as a first language this is not the case. The variety of English spoken in Jamaica, and other Caribbean countries, has some of the grammatical features of the African languages spoken by the ancestors of the Jamaican people, so that there is often no apostrophe s('s) (that woman house, instead of that woman's house) or no link verb or article (He good man, instead of He's a good man). Another feature is the rhythm. It is the rhythm of rap music, which became popular in the US in the 1980s.
On the other side of the world, in Singapore, English is a second language, spoken by about half the population. Other languages include Malay and Chinese. Almost everyone in Singapore is bilingual， while some people speak three or four languages. The most common variety of English spoken is known as Singlish. Sentences in Singlish often end with the word lah. The variety has been influenced in particular by Malay and the Chinese dialect Hokkien (language spoken in Minnan), both in grammatical features and vocabulary. Today there is a debate in Singapore about which variety of English is the best: Singlish, or a variety closer to British English, which is the aim of the Speak Good English Movement created in 1999.
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰English。
where引导定语从句，修饰countries。
case n．情况，事实
as is often the case正如常见的情形那样
feature n．特征，特色 ancestor/'?nsest?/n.祖先，前辈
apostrophe/?'p?str?fi/n.表示所有格的撇号
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰languages; so that引导结果状语从句。
link/lI?k/n.联系 rhythm/'rI??m/n.节奏；韵律
in the 1980s在20世纪80年代
population n．人口，居民
population作主语，强调整体时，谓语动词用单数，强调个体时，谓语动词用复数。表示人口的多少用large或small，而不用many或few；对population的数量提问用what。
bilingual/baI'lI?ɡw?l/adj.双语的，会讲两种语言的
bi?是前缀，意为“二，两倍”。 while而，表示对比。
end with以……结束 begin with以……开始
in particular特别，尤其(＝particularly)
debate/dI'beIt/n.讨论；辩论
lively/heated/widespread/public debate热烈的讨论/激烈的争论/广泛的讨论/公开的辩论
which引导非限制性定语从句。
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the Speak Good English Movement。
[第6～7段译文]
牙买加和新加坡
澳大利亚英语直接源于英国英语。但是在其他将英语作为第一语言的国家，却不是这样。牙买加以及其他加勒比海沿岸国家的英语变体就有非洲语言的一些语法特征，牙买加人的祖辈们使用的就是这些非洲语言，所以他们的英语中经常没有表示所有格的撇号以及s?'s? ?that woman house，而不是that woman's house?，没有连系动词和冠词?He good man，而不是He's a good man?。另外一个特点就是节奏。其语言的节奏就像是20世纪80年代在美国流行的说唱音乐。
而在地球的另一端——新加坡，英语作为第二语言在被大约一半的人口使用着。其他语言有马来语以及汉语。新加坡几乎每一个人都会说两种语言，有些人甚至会说三到四种语言。这里最常见的英语变体被称为Singlish ?新加坡式英语?。新加坡式英语中的句子通常是以lah一词结尾。此种语言变体在语法特征以及词汇方面尤其受到马来语以及汉语中一种叫作Hokkien ?即客家话。闽南地区使用?的方言的影响。如今在新加坡还有一个关于哪种英语变体最好的争论：是新加坡式英语还是一种更接近于英式英语的变体，这也是1999年开始开展的“讲好英语活动”的目的。
Pre?reading
Please match the words with their proper meanings.
1．instantly A．to discuss sth., especially formally
2．matter B．being the only one of its kind
3．count C．a small sign that shows that someone or something was present or existed
4．trace D．to be important
5．unique E．to be important or have an important effect on sb./sth.
6．debate F．immediately
1～6 ________________
答案：1～6 FEDCBA
Lead?in
1．We have learnt English for at least six years. Do you know in which countries people speak English？The following pictures can help you.
①England ②America ③Canada ④Australia
⑤New_Zealand ⑥South_Africa
2．Are the Englishes in those countries the same?
No.There_are_American_English_and_British_English.
While?reading
Fast?reading
Skim the passage and match the paragraphs with their main ideas.
1．Para. 1 A．The features of Jamaican English
2．Para. 2 B．The features of Singlish
3．Para. 3 C．How the Australian English appeared
4．Para. 4 D．The problem on the standard form of
English
5．Para. 5 E．Varieties of English
6．Para. 6 F．Differences in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary
7．Para. 7 G．Differences between Australian English and other varieties of English
答案：1～7 EFDCGAB
Careful?reading
Choose the best answers according to the passage.
1．According to the writer, you can know who it is when someone phones you because ________.
A．this person's voice is different from others
B．this person uses different words from others
C．either A or B
D．both A and B
2．Which of the following is NOT true according to Paragraph 2?
A．English spoken by people in different areas sounds different.
B．British English and American English are similar.
C．You can tell which part of the English?speaking world a person comes from by his accent.
D. English pronunciation，grammar and vocabulary can change quickly from place to place.
3．There are different Englishes in the world. But it is impossible to tell which English is correct because ______.
A．most people don't agree that there is a right way to speak English
B. the development of English has produced many different Englishes
C．English is widely spoken and it is impossible to provide a model to follow
D．people only pay attention to how they can communicate
4．It is NOT mentioned in the passage that Australia is a country ________.
A．where British government once sent its prisoners to work
B．which is one of the youngest nations in the world
C．whose English is sometimes hard to understand for people from other English?speaking countries
D．where there are unusual plants and animals
5．In the last part of the text, the writer mainly wants to tell us that ________.
A．the English spoken in a certain country is influenced by the mother tongue of the speakers
B．Jamaica English has features of some African languages
C．many people in Singapore are bilingual
D．Jamaica English and Singapore English are quite different to British English
答案：1～5 DBCDA
Study?reading
Analyze the following difficult sentences in the passage.
1．Although most people believe there is a right and a wrong way to speak English, there is not really a standard form that everyone can agree on.
[句式分析]
[尝试翻译] 尽管大多数人都认为说英语的方式有正确与错误之分，但是确实没有一种人人都认同的标准模式。
2．Professors of linguistics, writers and teachers all worry about providing a perfect model to follow but as it is so widely spoken, it has become impossible to say which English is “correct” and which is “incorrect”．
[句式分析] 本句由but连接一个简单句和一个复合句；并列连词but后是as引导的原因状语从句，主句中形式主语it代替后面的不定式to say which English is “correct” and which is “incorrect”作主语。
[尝试翻译] 语言学教授、作家以及教师都在为提供一种完美的模式而忧虑，但是，由于英语使用如此之广，要想说出哪种英语正确和哪种英语错误已经变得不可能。
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
Australian English began separating from British English shortly after the foundation of the Australian penal colony (罪犯流放地) of New South Wales in 1788. British convicts sent there, including cockneys (伦敦东区的人) from London, came mostly from large English cities. They were joined by free settlers, military personnel and officials, often with their families. However, many of the convicts were Irish, with at least 25% directly from Ireland, and others indirectly via Britain. There were other populations of convicts from non?English speaking areas of Britain, such as the Welsh and Scots. The transportation of convicts to Australia ended in 1868, but immigration of free settlers from Britain. Ireland and elsewhere continued.
The earliest form of Australian English was first spoken by the children of the colonists born into the colony of New South Wales. This very first generation of children created a new dialect that was to become the language of the nation. The Australian?born children in the new colony were exposed to a wide range of different dialects from all over the British Isles, in particular from Ireland and the southeastern part of England.
The native?born children of the colony created the new dialect from factors present in the speech they heard around them, and provided a way for the expression of peer solidarity (一致). Even when new settlers arrived, this new dialect was strong enough to turn away from the influence of other patterns of speech.
Records from the early 19th century indicated the distinctive dialect had appeared in the colony since the first settlement. In 1827 Peter Cunningham, in his book Two Years in New South Wales, described that the native?born colonists spoke with a distinctive accent and vocabulary, with a strong London influence. Anthony Burgess wrote that “Australian English may be thought of as a kind of fossilised (僵化的) cockney (伦敦腔) of the Dickensian era”．
1．Who didn't go to Australia with the convicts?
A．Miners. B．Soldiers.
C．Officials. D．Free settlers.
解析：选A 细节理解题。从第一段第三句可知，随着囚犯到澳大利亚去的人中没有矿工。
2．Who created the earliest form of Australian English?
A．Convicts sent to Australia.
B．Free settlers into Australia.
C．The native?born children of the colony.
D．People from Ireland and the southeastern part of England.
解析：选C 细节理解题。从第二段可知，在澳大利亚出生的孩子说话不同于自己的父母，是他们创造了最初的澳大利亚英语。
3．We can learn from the last paragraph that Australian English ________.
A．had no identity of its own
B．was formed before the Dickensian era
C．was quite different from British English
D．was greatly influenced by London accent
解析：选D 推理判断题。分析最后一段可知，两位作者认为澳大利亚英语具有明显的伦敦口音特征。
4．What does the text mainly tell us?
A．Who came to Australia first?
B．How Australia was colonized?
C．How Australian English was formed?
D．What the earliest language in Australia was?
解析：选C 主旨大意题。综合全文可知，文章主要说明澳大利亚英语的形成过程。
B
In an age when technology is everywhere, it's not surprising that even young children are getting into the action. The iPad was released six years ago. This tablet computer from Apple has a large, multi?touch screen that kids can play learning games on.
Sure toddlers can operate an iPad, but at what age is it safe to let them use it? According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, children under the age of 2 should have no screen time at all. This includes not only television but also other electronics, such as computers, cellphones, video games and tablets, including the iPad. During the first two years of life, children's brains are growing significantly and it can be confusing for them to tell the differences between the real world and what they are seeing on the screen. After age 2, an iPad is fine in moderation (适度)．
Using the iPad can have benefits for kids. In a two?week study conducted by PBS, involving children 3 to 7, it was found that educational apps can improve a child's vocabulary by as much as 31 percent in two weeks. Ann Densmore, an expert in speech and language development, said in an article on Harvard Health that there are even iPad apps that are helpful for children in speech and language therapy (治疗)．
While there are some benefits to children using an iPad as an educational tool, there are also some disadvantages to be aware of. No electronic device can replace the role of human interaction. It's important that young children learn by doing and not by watching. Also an iPad can be addictive (上瘾的) when used too much. Even though it's OK for 2?year?olds to use an iPad, children up to the age of 3 will learn better from real world experiences than from any type of electronics, especially when it comes to language.
When parents decide to let their children start using the iPad, it's important that they establish some rules and limitations ...
语篇解读：小孩子使用平板电脑有利也有弊，父母应该对孩子使用平板电脑进行监管和控制。
5．The American Academy of Pediatrics shows that ________.
A．parents usually let kids over two use an iPad
B．iPads aren't different from other electronics
C．kids usually use an iPad in moderation
D．kids under two shouldn't use an iPad
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第二段的“According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, children under the age of 2 should have no screen time at all.”可知，未满两岁的小孩不应该使用平板电脑。
6．What does the study conducted by PBS mainly show?
A．Educational apps are popular with kids.
B．Using an iPad can help kids learn words.
C．Kids can improve vocabulary in various ways.
D．An iPad is used in speech and language therapy.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第三段的“In a two?week study ... in two weeks.”可知，这个研究表明，小孩可以用平板电脑学习单词。
7．What is the author's attitude toward kids using an iPad to learn language?
A．Interested. B．Favourable.
C．Critical. D．Completely against.
解析：选C 观点态度题。根据第四段的“Even though it's OK ... comes to language.”可知，作者认为小孩通过现实生活学习语言更好，故作者对小孩通过平板电脑学习语言是持批判态度的。
8．The text is probably followed by ________.
A．how children use an iPad
B．the author's opinion on iPads
C．why children love using an iPad
D．some detailed rules and limitations
解析：选D 推理判断题。根据最后一段的“it's important that they establish some rules and limitations”可知，接下来应该会给出一些具体的规则和限制。
C
Smoking costs the economy more than $1 trillion a year around the world, and will kill one third more people by 2030 than it does now. That's what a study by the World Health Organization found.“It is responsible for over D|S1 trillion in health care costs and lost productivity (生产力) each year，” said the study, which came out in a magazine. That cost is far more than profits from tobacco taxes, which were at about D|S269 billion worldwide in 2013－2014.
“The number of deaths caused by smoking tobacco (烟草) is to increase from about 6 million deaths yearly to about 8 million yearly by 2030, with more than 80 percent of these taking place in low?and middle?income countries，” the study said. Around 80 percent of smokers live in such countries. Health experts say tobacco use is the single biggest cause of death that can be prevented around the world.
The economic costs are expected to continue to rise, and although governments have the tools to reduce tobacco use and deaths caused by it, most have fallen far short of using those tools in a satisfying way, said the 688?page report.
Governments spent less than D|S1 billion on tobacco control in 2013－2014, according to a WHO report. Governments' fears that tobacco control will have an adverse economic influence are not supported by the evidence. The science is clear; the time for action is now.
Cheap and effective policies included increasing tobacco taxes and prices, better smoke?free policies, complete bans on tobacco company marketing, and more warning labels.
Tobacco control meanwhile is reaching a difficult point because of a trade dispute (纠纷) brought by three countries against Australia's strict “plain packaging”laws, which ensure the same simple designs on tobacco products. The World Trade Organization is expected to deal with the dispute. Australia's policy is being closely watched by other countries that are considering similar policies, the study said.
语篇解读：世界卫生组织的报告表明，吸烟给全球经济造成了很大的损害。相比于现在，到2030年因吸烟而死亡的人数将会比现在多三分之一。
9．What do we learn from Paragraph 2 about smoking worldwide?
A．People in high?income countries are less likely to smoke.
B．Smoking will kill 20% of people in high?income countries.
C．The number of smokers is increasing quickly worldwide.
D．People in middle?income countries smoke more than those in poor ones.
解析：选A 推理判断题。根据第二段的“with more than 80 percent of these taking place in low?and middle?income countries”和“Around 80 percent of smokers live in such countries.”可知，全球80%的吸烟者都在中等和低收入国家，故可推断高收入国家的人吸烟的少。
10．What does the underlined word “adverse” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A．New. B．Deep.
C．Harmful. D．Unbelievable.
解析：选C 词义猜测题。根据画线词前面的“Governments' fears that tobacco control will have”和后面的“economic influence are not supported by the evidence”可知，这里是指政府担心控制烟草会给经济带来“不利的”影响。
11．What action did Australia take to reduce tobacco use?
A．Banning import of tobacco products.
B．Completely banning tobacco company marketing.
C．Increasing taxes on tobacco products.
D．Preventing appealing designs on tobacco products.
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Tobacco control”和“Australia's strict ‘plain packaging’ laws, which ensure the same simple designs on tobacco products”可知，为了控制烟草，澳大利亚禁止香烟产品上有吸引人的设计，要求设计简单一致。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
Whether it's fear of failing or a simple lack of motivation, procrastination (拖延) can be a serious problem for many people.__1__ Here, I will share my personal steps which I use to overcome procrastination with great success. These four steps will surely apply to you, too.
Hang out with people who inspire you. Have you ever left a conversation feeling so inspired by the people you were communicating with? __2__ I always love meeting people who are excited about what they do, and it's an almost catching feeling — it reminds you of why you're doing what you do.
Set achievable goals to hit along the way. Procrastination can be brought on by feelings of anxiety and failure. __3__ The secret to achieving is to set small but achievable goals. This way you'll feel a sense of achievement each time you hit your target, which will keep you motivated.
__4__ Part of the reason why we procrastinate is that we find the work too overwhelming (巨大的) for us. Break it down into little parts, and then focus on one part at one time. If you still procrastinate on the task after breaking it down, then break it down even further.
Change your environment. Different environments have different effects on our productivity. __5__ Do they make you want to work or do they make you want to sleep? If it's the latter, you should look into changing your workspace. One thing to note is that an environment that makes us feel inspired before may lose its effect after a period of time. If that's the case, then it's time to change things around.
A．Tell others about your goals.
B．Break your work into little steps.
C．Look at your work desk and your office.
D．Are you waiting for a perfect time to do this?
E．So don't let procrastination take over your life.
F．It can be scary to start a new challenge for fear of failing.
G．Then these are the kinds of people you should be spending your time with.
1．选E 从逻辑关系来看，本句是对上一句做出的推理结论。
2．选G 第二段主要讲述和什么样的人交流，利用关键词组可以判断。G项中的关键表达“the kinds of people”指的是上文提到的“people who inspire you”和“the people you were communicating with”。
3．选F 本选项中的“for fear of failure”与前一句中的failure相互补充，因为害怕失败，会很难开始新一轮挑战。
4．选B 本句概括了段落大意，即把任务分解。
5．选C 本句用具体的例子来解释环境对工作效率的影响。
11
Section Ⅱ Introduction & Reading — Language Points
一、这样记单词
记得准·写得对 记得快·记得多
Ⅰ.基础词汇 1.dialect n． 方言，地方话 2.matter v. 重要，要紧；有关系 3.count v. 很重要；很有价值 4.trace n. 痕迹，踪迹 5.unique adj. 独一无二的；独特的 6.author n. 作家，作者 7.link n. 联系 8.bilingual adj. 双语的，会讲两种语言的 9.debate n. 讨论；辩论 Ⅱ.拓展词汇 1.instantly adv.立即，马上→instant adj.立即的；紧急的；立刻的n.瞬间，立刻 2.recognisable adj.能辨认的，能认出的→recognise v．认出；承认→recognition n．认出；承认 3.rhythm n．节奏；韵律→rhythmic adj.有节奏的；有韵律的 1.matter v．重要，要紧；有关系[词块] ①matter little 无关紧要 ②matter much 事关重大 ③matter nothing 毫无关系 2.trace n．痕迹，踪迹 [同义] track n. 踪迹 [词块] ①follow trace 追踪 ②on the traces of 跟踪 3.unique adj.独一无二的；独特的 [词块] be unique to sb./sth. 某人/某物独有的 4.link n．联系 [词块] ①link up (with) (与……)连接/结合； 使连接②a link between A and B A与B之间的联系③be linked to 与……有联系 [同义] connection, contact, relation
二、这样记短语
记牢固定短语 多积常用词块
1.in this sense 从这种意义上说 2．from place to place 从一个地方到另一个地方 3．as well as 又，也；除……之外 4．tell ...apart 区分开 5．agree on 对……达成共识 6．as long as 只要 7．or rather 更确切地说 8．lie in 在于 9．in case 万一，如果 10．in particular 特别地；尤其 1.receive a phone call 接到一个电话 2．an official language 官方语言 3．across the world 遍布这个世界 4．end with 以……结束 5．from one area to another 从一个地区到另一个地区 6．English?speaking world 讲英语的世界 7．a standard form 一个标准的形式 8．over hundreds of years 数百年期间 9．as a first language 作为第一语言 10．the same as 和……一样
三、这样记句式
先背熟 再悟通 后仿用
1.You could say that there are as many varieties of English, or any other language for that matter, as there are speakers of it. 你可以说，英语，或者就此而论，任何别的语言，有多少使用者，就有多少种变体。 句中“as many varieties of English ... as there are speakers of it”属于as ...as ...结构。 We had better learn by heart as_many_sentence_patterns_as_we_can. 我们最好尽可能多背句型。
2.Perhaps correctness doesn't matter — as long as speakers can understand each other — it's communication that counts. 也许正确并不要紧——只要说话的人互相明白就行——重要的是交流本身。 as long as ...“只要……”，引导条件状语从句，也可写作so long as。 I'll let you go out instantly, as_long_as_you_promise_to_be_back before 11 o'clock. 只要你答应11点之前回来，我就会立刻让你出去。
1．(教材P44)The quality of someone's voice and their choice of words make a person instantly recognisable, even though you can't see him or her.
一个人的音质及措词都能让这个人立即被辨认出来，即使你看不见他/她。
?instantly adv. 立即，马上；即刻conj.一……就……
instant adj. 立即的；紧急的；(食品)速溶的，方便的
n. 瞬间；片刻
instant coffee 速溶咖啡
in an instant 立刻，一会儿
for an instant 暂时，一时
①I don't like to drink instant coffee.
我不喜欢喝速溶咖啡。
②We shook hands and then we opened a conversation instantly (instant)．
我们握手后马上开始了谈话。
③In_an_instant the rain stopped and the sky cleared up.
须臾之间，雨过天晴。
2．(教材P44)It is also quite easy to tell British and American English apart.
要把英式英语和美式英语区分开也很容易。
?tell ... apart 区分开，识别，辨别
tell ...from ... 把……与……区别开
tell by 通过……辨认
tell the difference 说出区别
①It's hard to tell the difference between the two versions.
很难分辨出这两个版本有什么区别。
②The two sisters look so much alike that it is difficult to tell them apart.
＝The two sisters look so much alike that it is difficult to_tell one from the other.
两姐妹长得太像了，很难分清她们。
③Though the man stands in the dark corner, I can tell who he is by his voice.
尽管这个人站在黑暗的角落里，但是我可以通过他的声音判断出他是谁。
3．(教材P44)Perhaps correctness doesn't matter — as long as speakers can understand each other — it's communication that counts.
也许正确与否不要紧——只要说话的人互相明白就行——重要的是交流本身。
?matter v．重要，要紧；有关系n.事情，问题；麻烦事
It doesn't matter. 没关系。
It is a matter of ... 这是一个……的问题
What's the matter (with ...)? (……)怎么了？
as a matter of fact 事实上，实际上
no matter wh?/how ... 无论……；不管……
①It doesn't matter that you lost — at least you put up a good show.
你输了无关紧要，至少你好好表现了。
②I don't think it is realistic to turn to him for help. As_a_matter_of_fact,_he himself is in need of help.
我认为向他求助是不现实的。事实上，他自己也需要帮助。
③No_matter_what happens, don't be discouraged.
无论发生什么事，都不要气馁。
?count v．很重要；很有价值；数
count for little (nothing)/much 不足取/非常重要
count in 把……计算在内
count on/upon 依靠，指望
count out 不把……算入在内；逐一数出
count down 倒计时
①It is not how much you read but what you read that counts.
重要的不是你读了多少书，而是你读了什么书。
②We can't count on this warm weather lasting.
我们不能指望这暖和的天气会持久。
③If you are going to a movie, count me in.
如果你们要去看电影，我也要一起去。
4．(教材P44)But the main differences between Australian English and other varieties of English lie in the individual sounds and intonation patterns.
但澳大利亚英语和其他英语的最主要区别在于单音和音调模式。
?lie in 在于
lie down 躺下休息
lie in/to/on ... 位于……
lie awake 寐而不眠；躺着睡不着
①A person's value, should lie in how much he contributes but not in how much he obtains.
一个人的价值，应该在于他贡献多少，而不应当看他取得什么。
②If tired, please lie down and have a rest.
如果累了，就躺下来休息吧。
③Taihang Mountains lie in the north of China.
太行山脉位于中国的北部。
5．(教材P45)Today there is a debate in Singapore about which variety of English is the best ...
如今在新加坡还有一个关于哪种英语变体最好的争论……
?debate
(1)n.讨论；辩论
a debate on/about/over ... 关于……的讨论/辩论
under debate 正在辩论中
beyond debate 无可争辩
①Whether he deserves what has happened to him is still under debate.
他是否罪有应得仍在讨论之中。
②We will_have_a_debate_on/about the advantages and disadvantages of college students' doing part?time jobs next week.
我们下周将对大学生做兼职的利与弊进行辩论。
③The truth of this news story is beyond_debate.
这则新闻报道的事实是无可争辩的。
(2)v.讨论；辩论
debate with sb. about/on/over sth. 和某人就某事辩论
debate＋wh?从句/wh? to do 讨论/辩论……
④The government is debating the education laws.
政府正在就教育法进行辩论。
⑤The speaker is going to debate on Star War with his opponents.
演讲者将和他的对手辩论有关星球大战的问题。
⑥Scientists must now debate where Martian water could come from.
科学家们现在必须要论证的是火星上的水是从哪里来的。
You could say that there are as many varieties of English, or any other language for that matter, as there are speakers of it.
你可以说，英语，或者就此而论，任何别的语言，有多少使用者，就有多少种变体。
句中“as many varieties of English ... as there are speakers of it”属于as ...as ...结构。
?as ...as ...结构的常见形式有：
(1)as＋adj./adv.＋as＋比较对象
(2)as＋adj.＋a(n)＋可数名词单数＋as＋比较对象
(3)as＋many/much/few/little/...＋名词＋as＋比较对象
①She owed as many thanks to her parents as (she owed) to her teachers.
她同样感谢她的父母和老师。
②Students need to spend at least as_much_time with their on?line course work as they would in a face?to?face classroom course.(2016·江苏高考)
学生需要花费至少和他们面对面进行课堂教学一样多的时间学习在线课程。
?该结构中，第一个as前可加表示倍数的词和其他程度副词。
③As we all know, Asia is four_times_as_large_as Europe.
众所周知，亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。
?该结构用于否定句时，第一个as可用so替换。
④He can't run so/as fast as you.
他没你跑得快。
⑤She is not so/as_tall_as you.
她没有你高。
Ⅰ .单句语法填空
1．To confuse two things means not to be able to tell them apart.
2．Don't always count on others for help, because you are old enough to do the work by yourself.
3．There is no doubt that this candidate's advantage lies in his ability to communicate with foreigners in English.
4．The two sides debated with each other about who was the best scientist for a whole day.
5．No one else needs our help as/so much as he does.
6．(2017·浙江高考)But when he looked to the side, he saw instantly (instant) that it wasn't a dog at all, but a wolf, quickly catching up with him.
Ⅱ .选词填空
1．Go and see how many chairs we have in that classroom, but don't count_in the broken ones.
2．It_doesn't_matter whether you are Asian, American or European; we are all the same.
3．The motion under_debate was put to vote.
4．We can only tell good from bad by comparison.
5．For_an_instant I was relieved — nobody had raised any objection.
6．England lies_to the western part of Europe.
一、全练语言点，基稳才能楼高
Ⅰ .单词拼写
1．What counts (很重要) is not your appearance but your ability.
2．Does it matter (有关系) if an increasing number of people speak the same language?
3．The old lady has an instantly recognisable (能辨认的) face.
4．Debating (辩论) the problem heatedly, they didn't hear me.
5．You just dip the point of the pen in ink and press it here, then the pen is filled instantly (立即)．
6．His style of writing is rather unique (独特的)．
7．The author (作者) has illustrated the book with some excellent pictures.
8．My ancestors (祖先) settled in this place about 200 years ago.
9．The police haven't found any trace (踪迹) of the criminal.
10．I came from the north and can't understand the southern dialect (方言)．
Ⅱ .单句改错
1．In England, it's easy to tell a person's class from his speech.from→by
2．As matter of fact, he isn't really satisfied with the hotel service.As后加a
3．Instant he arrived at the theatre, he found the ticket a friend gave him was left at home.Instant→Instantly
4．Lie in on the couch there. Let me examine your belly.in→down
5．He said it was beyond the debate that the climate has changed markedly over the last century.去掉第一个the
6．They regarded us as little kids who count on nothing.on→for
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．No_matter_who points out our shortcomings, we will correct them.
不管谁指出我们的缺点，我们都改正。
2．As_long_as_you_drive_carefully,_you will be very safe.
如果你开车小心，你就会很安全。
3．It is generally believed that teaching is as_much_an_art_as it is a science.
人们普遍认为，教学既是一门科学又是一门艺术。
4．Last week, we had a_debate_about_whether we should develop nuclear power stations.
上周，我们就是否应该发展核电站展开了讨论。
5．A member of the tennis club is_counted_as belonging to the whole sports club.
网球俱乐部会员归属总的体育俱乐部。
Ⅳ.课文语法填空
There are as many varieties of English 1.as there are speakers of it. English 2.is_spoken (speak) as an official language in more than 60 countries, and it can sound very different from place to place. It is easy for us 3.to_tell_ (tell) British English from American English.
There is not really a standard form that everyone can agree on and English is widely spoken, so it is hard to tell 4.which English is correct. As long as speakers can understand each other, 5.correctness (correct) doesn't matter.
Australian English has traces of both Irish 6.and cockney speech patterns, because the first speakers were prisoners 7.who came from all over Britain. Many of the Aboriginal words passed into the language. But the main 8.differences (differ) lie in individual sounds and intonation patterns.
In Jamaica, this is not the case. The 9.variety (vary) of English has some of the grammatical features of the American languages.
In Singapore, English is spoken by about half the population. Scientists often end with the word lah. English 10.has_been_influenced (influence) especially by Malay and the Chinese dialect Hokkien.
Ⅴ.串点成篇微表达
他们正在为哪种英语更好展开辩论(debate)。回答这个问题确实很难。当人们混合着方言说英语时，你能区分开(tell ...apart)它们吗？专家们认为哪种英语更好并不重要(matter)，只要(as long as)说话的人彼此明白就行——重要(count)的是交流本身。
They_are_debating_which_variety_of_English_is_better._It's_hard_to_answer._When_people_speak_English_with_their_own_dialects,_can_you_tell_them_apart?_Experts_believe_that_it_doesn't_matter_which_English_is_better,_as_long_as_speakers_can_understand_each_other_—_it's_communication_that_counts.
二、勤练高考题型，多练自能生巧
Ⅰ .完形填空
Sandy Greenberg came from a poor family. He went to Columbia University on a scholarship and there he met his roommate who also was receiving financial __1__.
Unfortunately, Sandy had a(n) __2__ disease during his second year at Columbia University, and finally he became blind. But __3__ for Sandy, something else also happened to him — his roommate would __4__ his textbooks to him, every night after he lost his sight.
As a result, Sandy went on to __5__ with honors. He went off to study at the University of Oxford. He was still quite poor, but he had managed to __6__ about five hundred dollars as he went along.
His roommate __7__ went on to graduate school. One day, Sandy got a __8__ from him. His former roommate said, “Sandy, I'm really __9__ I really don't like being in graduate school, and I don't want to do this.”
“Well, what do you want to do？” Sandy __10__.
His roommate told him, “Sandy, I really love to __11__. I have a high school friend who plays the guitar. And we would really like to __12__ our hand at the music business. But we need to make a promo record (宣传唱片), and in order to __13__ that I need $500.”
Sandy took all his life savings without __14__ and sent it to his roommate. Well, his roommate was the __15__ famous singer, Art Garfunkel, and he __16__ up with another musician, Paul Simon. That $500 __17__ them make a record that finally became The Sounds of Silence.
How we are able to deal with __18__ in our lives will be influenced by how we deal with others __19__ the way. What we get will depend a lot on what we __20__. And that's the end of the story of doing well by doing good.
语篇解读：桑迪在哥伦比亚大学上学时得到过室友无私的帮助。后来，室友遇到困难，桑迪毫不犹豫地伸出了援手，帮助室友实现了梦想。这篇文章告诉我们一个人生道理：回报取决于付出，助人者人助之。
1．A.aid B．advice
C．crisis D．pressure
解析：选A 根据前面讲的桑迪是靠奖学金上的大学以及句中的also可知，他的室友也很穷，也接受经济“资助”。
2．A.eye B．ear
C．nose D．bone
解析：选A 根据第3空前的“he became blind”可知，此处指桑迪上大二时“眼睛”得了病。
3．A.finally B．luckily
C．sadly D．excitedly
解析：选B 虽然桑迪失明了，但他的室友每天晚上都会给他读课本。相对于失明的不幸，这是不幸之中的幸事，故用luckily。
4．A.lend B．offer
C．read D．return
解析：选C 桑迪失明了，所以他的室友应该是每天晚上给他“读”课本。
5．A.survive B．research
C．leave D．graduate
解析：选D 根据下一句讲的桑迪到牛津大学继续深造可推知，桑迪在室友的帮助下完成了学业并以优异的成绩“毕业”了。
6．A.save B．lend
C．share D．borrow
解析：选A 根据下文中的“Sandy took all his life savings”可知，尽管桑迪的生活依然很贫困，他还是设法“积攒”了大约500美元。
7．A.never B．still
C．either D．also
解析：选D 根据第四段最后的“I really don't like being in graduate school”可知，桑迪的室友“也”进入了研究生院学习。
8．A.message B．call
C．card D．report
解析：选B 根据下文对话的情节可知，此处指桑迪接到了前室友的“电话”。
9．A.unhappy B．unhealthy
C．homesick D．lonely
解析：选A 根据该空后的内容可知，他的室友很“不开心”。
10．A.suggested B．answered
C．asked D．laughed
解析：选C 根据该空前引号中的问句可知，此处应填asked。
11．A.work B．sing
C．dance D．travel
解析：选B 根据下文他的室友说要录制一张宣传唱片可知，他的室友非常喜欢“唱歌”。
12．A.wave B．wash
C．try D．clean
解析：选C 此处指他们很想在音乐界一试身手。try one's hand意为“初试身手，一试身手”。
13．A.win B．do
C．prove D．earn
解析：选B 为了去“做”那件事(指录制一张宣传唱片)，他们需要500美元。
14．A.permission B．admission
C．hesitation D．expectation
解析：选C 根据上文可知，在桑迪最困难的时候，室友帮助了他，故此处应指桑迪毫不犹豫地拿出自己所有的积蓄，寄给了室友。without hesitation意为“毫不犹豫地”。
15．A.other B．similar
C．former D．later
解析：选D 桑迪的室友就是“后来”著名的歌手阿特·加芬克尔。
16．A.teamed B．came
C．showed D．set
解析：选A 上文中，阿特·加芬克尔在电话中对桑迪说：“我有个高中时的朋友是弹吉他的。我们俩很想在音乐界一试身手。”由此可以看出，此处指他与另一位音乐家成立了一个组合。team up with (sb.)意为“(与某人)结成一队”。
17．A.saw B．helped
C．hoped D．let
解析：选B 那500美元“帮助”他们制作出一张唱片。
18．A.interests B．opportunities
C．difficulties D．feelings
解析：选C 联系阿特·加芬克尔和桑迪的互助经历，作者发表议论。此处指在生活中应对困难的能力与我们如何待人有很大的关系。
19．A.across B．in
C．by D．along
解析：选D 此处指一直以来我们如何待人影响着我们在生活中应对困难的能力。along the way意为“在……过程中，在生活道路上”，符合语境。
20．A.take B．give
C．like D．learn
解析：选B 此空与句中的get相对应。本句意为：我们所得到的在很大程度上取决于我们所付出的。这就是作者要通过这样一个故事来说明的人生道理。
Ⅱ.短文改错
A few days before, Miss Wang was going home by bikes. While she was riding in the street, she sudden saw a man with a knife in his hand and with his face covering with a piece of black cloth running towards her. The man had pulled her handbag out of the basket of her bike and ran away before she could find a person to turn for help. Luckily, she had the mobile phone in her pocket. She took it out, dialing 110 and told the police in which direction the man had run. She also told the police that the man was like. The police came five minutes later, but caught the man soon.
答案：第一句：before→ago; bikes→bike
第二句：sudden→suddenly; covering→covered
第三句：去掉had; turn后加to
第四句：the→a
第五句：dialing→dialed
第六句：that→what
第七句：but→and
PAGE
9
Section Ⅲ Grammar— 复习状语和状语从句
?语法图解
?探究发现
①It can sound very different from place to place.
②For example, within London the most famous dialect is cockney.
③One woman was lying in bed, awake.
④A customer came up to the author holding a copy of the book and said Emma Chissit.
⑤The boy needs a pen to do his homework.
⑥We'll start our project if the president agrees.
⑦I'll give you an answer immediately I've finished reading the report.
⑧The head of the company promised to deal with matters of this sort the moment he returned to his office.
⑨Poor as he was, he was honest.
[我的发现]
(1)①～⑤句为词语作状语，⑥～⑨句为句子作状语。
(2)④⑤为非谓语动词作状语。
(3)⑥句中的条件状语从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
(4)⑦句用副词引导状语从句；⑧句用名词性短语引导时间状语从句。
(5)⑨句中的状语从句使用了倒装语序。
一、状语
(一)概念
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分，叫作状语。用作状语的通常是副词、介词短语、不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。
(二)状语的位置
修饰形容词的状语，通常放在所修饰的词之前；修饰动词的状语，一般放在所修饰的动词之后。但有些副词作状语，则放在实义动词之前，助动词、be动词或情态动词之后，如always, often, usually, never, ever等。
(三)状语的构成
1．副词作状语
He speaks English quite fluently.
他的英语说得非常流利。
2．名词作状语
We'll have a class?meeting on Monday.
我们将在星期一开班会。
3．数词作状语
He came out first in the exam.
他考试得了第一名。
4．形容词(短语)作状语
Ripe, the oranges taste sweet.
这些橘子熟时，味道甜美。
5．不定式作状语
I opened the window to let some fresh air in.
我打开窗户让新鲜空气进来。
6．分词作状语
Heated, water changes into steam.
当水加热时，变成水蒸气。
7．介词短语作状语
When we heard the good news, we jumped with joy.
当我们听到这个好消息时，我们高兴地跳了起来。
8．独立主格作状语
It being Sunday, the library is closed.
因为是星期天，图书馆关门了。
9．从句作状语
We must strike while the iron is hot.
我们必须趁热打铁。
[即时演练1] 画出下列句子中的状语
①When_Susan_goes_to_town,_she will visit her grandma.
②Full_of_hope,_the local people are working hard to_rebuild_their_hometown.
③Having_lived_abroad_for_twenty_years,_the old man returned to his hometown where he was brought up.
④I will stay another_five_months.
⑤Mary didn't go shopping because_I_advised_her_not_to.
⑥In_spite_of_the_heavy_rain,_they arrived.
⑦Always look your homework through before_handing_it_in.
二、状语从句
(一)状语从句的概念及分类
用来修饰谓语动词、其他动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫作状语从句。可分为时间、条件、原因、让步、比较等状语从句。
(二)各种状语从句的具体用法
1．时间状语从句
时间状语从句常由以下引导词引导：when; while; as; before; after; since; until; as soon as; no sooner ...than ...; hardly ...when; the moment; every time; immediately等。
A．when, while, as引导的时间状语从句
(1)when表示时间点时，从句中用非延续性动词；表示时间段时，用延续性动词。
You had already gone when I arrived there.
当我到达时，你已经走了。(when表示时间点)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.
当时住在农村，我常常为他担水。(when表示时间段)
(2)while表示“在……期间”或“在某一段时间里”，它所引导的从句的动作是延续性的，并侧重表示和主句动作的同时发生。
Sam went through a magazine while he waited.
萨姆一边等着一边翻阅杂志。
(3)as引导的时间状语从句
①as表示从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生，一般与延续性动词连用。
As I watched them, an idea struck me.
我看着他们时，产生了一个想法。
②as表示“一边……一边……”，强调从句和主句中两个动作交替进行或同步进行。
As the students walked to their dorms, they sang happily.
学生们一边往宿舍走，一边快乐地唱着歌。
③as还可以说明两种正在发展或变化的情况，意为“随着”，表示时间的推移。
As time goes on, it's getting warmer and warmer.
随着时间的推移，天气变得越来越暖和了。
B．since引导的时间状语从句
since表示从过去某一时间或动作起到目前为止，意思是“自……以来”。引导状语从句时，主句用现在完成时或现在完成进行时，since从句中一般用非延续性动词的一般过去时。
We've been friends ever since we met at school.
自从我们在学校认识之后，我们就一直是好朋友。
C．before, after引导的时间状语从句
(1)before表示在一段时间之前。after表示在一段时间之后。
I had written my dissertation before my supervisor went abroad.
在导师出国之前，我已完成了我的学位论文。
I found your coat after you had left the house.
你离开房子之后，我发现了你的外衣。
(2)before有时翻译成“……才……”“不到……就”“趁……就”“还没(来得及)……就”。
It was quite a few years before he finally finished his novel.
过了好几年他才完成他的小说。
He ran off before I could stop him.
我还没来得及阻止他，他就跑掉了。
D．till, until引导的时间状语从句
(1)如果主句的谓语动词是延续性动词，就常用肯定式表示“直到……为止”；如果主句的谓语动词是非延续性动词，就常用否定表示“直到……才”。
He will remain in college until (till) he finishes his Ph.D course.
他将留在学校里直到完成他的博士学位课程。
I didn't wake up until I heard the alarm clock.
直到听到闹钟的铃声我才醒来。
(2)当not until位于句首时，主句中的主语、谓语要使用倒装语序。
Not until he came back did I leave.
直到他回来我才走。
[名师点津] ①until引导的从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，但till从句一般不放在句首。
②在强调句型中一般只能用until，不用till。
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I recognized her.
直到她摘下墨镜，我才认出她来。
E．表示“一……就……”的时间状语从句
as soon as, once, immediately, instantly, directly, the moment, the minute, the instant, the second, no sooner ...than, hardly ... when, scarcely ...when等引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生了，即“一……就……”。
As soon as we got home, the telephone rang.
我们刚到家，电话就响了。
He said he'd turn on TV the moment he got home.
他说他一回到家就打开电视机。
[名师点津] ①hardly/scarcely ...when, no sooner ...than引导的从句中的动词用一般过去时，主句中的动词用过去完成时。
②当hardly, scarcely, no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。
Hardly had I arrived at the theatre when the performance began.
我刚到剧场，节目就开始了。
F．next time, the first time, the last time, every time, by the time等引导的时间状语从句
Do look me up the next time you're in London.
你下次到伦敦，务必来找我。
By the time we got there, the play had already begun.
等我们到那里时，戏已经开始了。
[即时演练2]
(1)选词填空
when, while, as, before, after, since, until, the moment
①The_moment I heard the news, I rushed to the spot.
②When she came in, I was cooking dinner.
③While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.
④As time goes on, things are getting better and better.
⑤I didn't go to bed until my father came back.
⑥My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.
⑦After she had finished her dinner, Lucy began to read a novel.
⑧It is five days since he came here.
(2)完成句子
①Not_until one of my classmates patted me on the shoulder did_I come to myself.
直到我的同班同学拍了一下我的肩膀，我才回过神来。
②No sooner had_she_heard_the_news_than she fainted.
她一听到这个消息，便昏了过去。
③It won't be long before we meet again.
用不了多久我们就会再见面的。
2．让步状语从句
让步状语从句由although, though, while“虽然，尽管”，as, even if, even though“即使……也……”，however, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever, whenever, wherever, whether ...or ...“不管……还是……”，no matter how (who, what ...)等引导。
Although they lack official support, they continue their struggle.
他们虽然没有得到官方的支持，但仍然继续奋斗。
Even if you fail, you will have gained experience.
纵然失败，你也会得到一些经验。
[即时演练3] 完成句子
①(2016·浙江高考改编)While/Although/Though_online_shopping_has_changed_our_life,_not all of its effects have been positive.
虽然网上购物改变了我们的生活，但并不是它的所有影响都是积极正面的。
②However_hard_it_rained,_they went on hiking.
不管雨下得多大他们仍继续徒步旅行。
③No_matter_who_you_are,_you must obey the law.
不管你是谁，都要守法。
④Whether_he_will_come_or_not,_we will go on with our plan.
不管他来不来，我们仍按计划进行。
⑤Child_as_he_was,_he had a good command of English.
尽管他是个孩子，但他精通英语。
3．条件状语从句
条件状语从句由if“如果”， unless“除非”， as long as (＝ so long as)“只要”， in case (that)“如果，万一”， on condition that“条件是”， suppose, supposing (that), provided/providing (that)“假如”等引导。
I will buy a computer if I am able to save up enough money.
如果我能存下足够的钱，我就买台电脑。
Unless the weather was bad, my father always used to take a walk in the evening.
除非天气不好，我的父亲过去晚上总是去散步。
[即时演练4] 选词填空
①If he works hard, he'll be successful.
②You may borrow the book, on_condition_that you won't lend it to others.
③Supposing (that) you fail a second time, try again.
④As_long_as we don't lose heart, we'll find a way to overcome the difficulty.
⑤It may rain, you'd better take an umbrella (just) in_case it does.
4．地点状语从句
地点状语从句常由where或wherever等引导。
Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者，事竟成。
He must go wherever we send him.
他必须去我们派他去的任何地方。
5．原因状语从句
原因状语从句由because, as, since, now that等引导。
I didn't go to school today because I was ill.
因为生病所以我今天没去上学。
As there was no answer, he wrote to her again.
因为没有回复，所以他又给她写了封信。
6．结果状语从句和目的状语从句
(1)引导结果状语从句的连词有：so ...that, such ...that“如此……以至于”，so that“以至于，所以”。结果状语从句通常置于主句之后。
I didn't plan the work well, so that I didn't finish it in time.
我没把工作计划好，结果没按时完成。
The scientist's report was so instructive that we were all very excited.
科学家的报告很有教育性，我们感到很兴奋。
(2)引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case。
They started early so that they might arrive in time.
他们早点动身，以便准时到达。
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
最好多带些衣服以防天气会冷。
7．方式状语从句和比较状语从句
(1)方式状语从句常由as, as if, as though等词引导，通常位于主句之后。
He acted as if/though nothing had happened.
他装作似乎什么事也没发生过。
(2)比较状语从句由as ...as; more ...than; the more ..., the more ...等引导。
Our new school is four times as big as the old one.
我们的新学校是原来学校的四倍大。
[即时演练5] 单句改错
①You'll go to anywhere you like.去掉to
②It was as he was late for class that he was scolded by the teacher.as→because
③In order to we could save time, we used the computer.to→that
④There are such many mistakes in the passage that no one likes to read it.such→so
⑤He treats me as if I am a stranger.am→were
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2017·浙江高考)Pahlsson screamed so loudly that her daughter came running from the house.
2．(2017·北京高考) Although/Though birds use their feathers for flight, some of their feathers are for other purposes.
3．(2017·北京高考)If you don't understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people until/till you figure it out.
4．(2017·江苏高考) Located where the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.
5．(2016·北京高考)I really enjoy listening to music because/as it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.
6．At night these busy streets during the day become empty of traffic.
7．Children should be instructed to put things where they belong in their early childhood.
8．Everything seemed to be going smoothly (smooth) for the first two days after I moved to New York.
9．Finding (find) the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.
10．Unless we have enough evidence, we can't win the case.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)I'd appreciate it if_you_could_reply_to my letter at your earliest convenience.
如果您能尽早给予回复我将感激不尽。
2．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)To_get_some_working_experience,_I plan to find a part?time job in a foreign capital company.
为了获得一些工作经验，我计划去一家外资公司兼职。
3．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ满分作文)First_of_all,_you can talk about American customs and festivals because Chinese students are interested in them.
首先，你可以谈论美国的习俗和节日，因为中国学生对它们感兴趣。
4．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)Since_you_are_interested_in traditional Chinese cultures, I think this festival is well worth experiencing.
既然你对中国传统文化很感兴趣，我认为这个节日是非常值得体验的。
5. (2015·陕西高考书面表达)Besides, I have such_a_good_command_of_English_that I am elected as assistant to my English teacher.
此外，我英语能力很好，因此我当选为英语课代表。
6．Though_some_of_the_questions_seem_unfamiliar_to_me,_they are easy to answer.
虽然有些问题对我来说似乎不太熟悉，但它们很容易回答。
Ⅲ.短文改错
Dear Jack，
I am pleasing to hear from you and know that you had a greatly time working part?time in a fast food restaurant. Now I would like to share your working experiences with you during the past summer holiday.
In the beginning of the summer vacation, I was hired as shopping guide in a big supermarket. I stood for ten hours a day and smiled to everyone I have met. Sometimes I was laughed at, and most of the time, I was praised for my wonderful works by many people. Half a month passed quickly after I knew it, and I learned how to deal with different people. Above all, I have learned that smile is the key to solve any problem.
Best wishes!
Yours，
Li Hua
答案：第一句：pleasing→pleased; greatly→great
第二句：your→my
第三句：In→At; as后加a
第四句：去掉have
第五句：and→but; works→work
第六句：after→before
第七句：solve→solving
PAGE
6
Section Ⅳ Other Parts of the Module
Step 1 True (T) or False (F) passage on P50.
1．The population who speak English as a second language in the world is larger than that in UK and US.__T__
2．The future of English will still be determined by English?speaking countries.__F__
3．The future of English will hardly change except that there will be some new dialects.__F__
Step 2 Choose the best answers according to the passage on P53.
1．Why are some English expressions hard to understand?
A．They don't make sense.
B．They are old?fashioned.
C．They may refer to ideas beyond the simple meanings of the words.
D．Their meanings are amusing and exaggerated.
2．What's an advertising slogan?
A．An amusing saying in an advertisement.
B．A reply to a customer in a shop.
C．Something like many other expressions.
D．An expression which is associated with a product in an advertisement.
3．A proverb means ________ according to the passage.
A．an expression to suggest someone or something which is superior to someone or something else
B．a saying to describe behaviours and customs
C．a well?known expression which reflects on life and gives advice
D．an everyday saying which everyone agrees with
答案：1～3 CDC
Step 3 Complete the following form according to the passage on P55.
Chinese as a Foreign Language
Who wants to learn Chinese Just about 1.everybody in the world.
Why people want to learn Chinese ·For 2.business opportunities.·For better understanding about Chinese 3.culture_and_traditions. ·Regarding it as a 4.challenge.
Why people think Chinese is difficult The tone system is difficult because it is 5.complicated and also very different to other languages.
An international exam system — the HSK test ·6.Established in 1990, it was initially7.meant_for those regarding Chinese as a second or foreign language. ·Later, it was introduced 8.abroad.
一、这样记单词
记得准·写得对 记得快·记得多
Ⅰ.基础词汇1.media n． 新闻媒体，传媒 2.acquire v. 得到，获得 3.furthermore adv. 此外，而且 4.splendid adj. 极好的；优秀的 5.dilemma n. 进退两难的境地；困难的抉择 6.convey v. 传达，传递 7.thus adv. 因此；因而 8.withdraw v. 收回；撤销(说过的话) 9.potential adj. 潜在的；可能的 10.abuse v. 辱骂；恶语 11.betray v. 对……不忠 12.overcome v. 征服；战胜 13.prejudice n. 偏见；歧视 14.conflict n. 抵触；冲突 15.moral n. 寓意；教育意义 16.superior adj. 更好的；更强的 17.initially adv. 起初 18.candidate n. 投考者，应考人 Ⅱ.拓展词汇 1.complain v．抱怨；不满→complaint n．抱怨 2.investigate v．调查→investigation n．调查 3.convinced adj.确信的，信服的→convince v．使确信；说服→convincing adj.令人信服的 4.clarify v．弄明白；澄清→clarification n．澄清；说明 5.tendency n．趋向；倾向→tend v．倾向，易于 6.reject v．拒绝接受→rejection n．拒绝 7.oppose v．反对；反抗→opposed adj.相反的；反对的→opposition n．对抗；反抗→opposite adj.相对的；对面的 n．反义词，对立的事物 8.resist v．抵抗；对抗→resistance n．抵制，抵抗→resistant adj.有抵抗力的；抵制的 9.approval n．赞许；赞成→approve v．赞成 10.curiosity n．好奇心→curious adj.好奇的→curiously adv.好奇地 1.media n．新闻媒体，传媒[单数] medium [联想] ①数据：datum (单数)→data (复数) ②细菌：bacterium (单数)→bacteria (复数) 2.acquire v．得到，获得 [词块] ①acquire good habits 养成好习惯 ②acquire knowledge 获得知识 [同义] obtain, gain, attain 3.furthermore adv.此外，而且 [同义] besides, what's more, in addition 4.splendid adj.极好的；优秀的 [同义] wonderful, magnificent, excellent 5.thus adv.因此；因而 [同义] therefore 6.withdraw v．收回；撤销(说过的话)(withdrew, withdrawn) [词块] withdraw one's remarks收回某人的话 7.investigate v．调查 [串记] To get more evidence, the lawyer investigated many witnesses. After investigation, he got some useful proof. 8.convinced adj.确信的，信服的 [串记] His convincing words finally convinced me, and I was convinced that he was innocent. 9.curiosity n．好奇心 [词块] ①out of curiosity 出于好奇②satisfy one's curiosity满足某人的好奇心 [串记] The audience were curious about the black box; to satisfy their curiosity, the magician opened it.
二、这样记短语
记牢固定短语 多积常用词块
1.complain about ... 对……抱怨 2．find one's way into 进入 3．in conclusion 总之 4．a huge number of 大量的 5．be relevant to 与……相关 6．get down to sth. 开始做某事 7．let sb. down 使某人失望 8．be associated with 与……有关，与……有联系 9．be superior to 比……好/强 1.ever since 自从那时起 2．on the Internet 在网上 3．go away 离开 4．English?speaking countries 说英语的国家 5．in English 用英语 6．go through a door 通过一扇门 7．grow fast 快速增长 8．spoken Chinese 汉语口语 9．be meant for those learners 为那些学习者而设
三、这样记句式
先背熟 再悟通 后仿用
1.It is estimated that 1.3 billion people will use English as either a first or a second language by 2050.据估计到2050年，将会有13亿人把英语作为母语或第二语言。 It is estimated that ...“据估计……”，其中it为形式主语，that从句是真正的主语。 It's_estimated_that 3,000 people will attend the meeting.据估计有3 000人要参加这次会议。
2.English has a huge number of colourful and splendid expressions which may be difficult to understand.英语中有大量绚烂华丽但可能很难懂的表达。 “主语＋系动词＋形容词＋不定式”结构，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。 The chair is_comfortable_to_sit_on. 这张椅子坐着很舒服。
1．(教材P48)What does the man complain about?
这个人抱怨什么？
?complain v．抱怨；不满；投诉；控告
(1)complain to sb. about/of sth. 向某人抱怨某事
complain that ... 抱怨……
complain of 申诉；诉说(病痛等)
(2)complaint n. 抱怨；投诉；控告
make a complaint 对……提出投诉
①These days some students are complaining that the classroom is too noisy.
这些天有些学生一直在抱怨教室里太吵闹。
②You complain of/about having too much to do. If it comes to that, we are all busy.
你抱怨工作太忙。如果说忙，我们大家都很忙。
③If you want to make a complaint, you should see the manager.
如果你要投诉，你应该去找经理。
2．(教材P51)Experts are convinced that this will happen in the future as more and more people learn English and call it their own.
专家们确信将来随着越来越多的人学习英语并把它称为自己的语言时，这种情况将会发生。
?convinced adj.确信的，信服的
(1)be convinced 确信
(2)convince v. 使确信(信服)，说服
convince sb.of sth. 使某人相信某物(事)
convince sb.to do sth. 说服某人做某事
convince sb.that ... 使某人相信……
(3)convincing adj. 令人信服的
①Scientists are convinced of the positive effect of laughter on physical and mental health.
科学家们确信笑对人的身心健康有积极影响。
②Up to now nobody has come up with a convincing (convince) explanation of why dinosaurs died out.
恐龙为什么灭绝，至今为止，还没有人提出一条让人信服的解释。
③The expression on Robert's face obviously convinced her of his innocence.
罗伯特脸上的表情显然让她相信了他的无辜。
④I tried to convince him to_change (change) his mind but failed.
我试图说服他改变主意但没有成功。
3．(教材P53)Thus, to talk turkey means to get down to business.
因此，“to talk turkey(谈论火鸡)”的意思是开始做正事。
?get down to (doing) sth. 开始(做)某事
get across (to) 被传达；使人理解
get away from 逃跑，跑掉；离开
get in 收获，收割；到达
get rid of 摆脱，扔掉
get through 完成；通过；接通电话
get over 克服；从……中恢复过来
①It's time we got down to doing some serious work.
我们该认真干点正经事了。
②We can surely get over all difficulties that may come up.
我们一定能够克服可能发生的一切困难。
③If you keep disturbing him, he will never get through his work.
如果你一直打扰他，他永远也做不完他的工作。
[联想发散] 短语get down to中to为介词，其后跟名词、代词、动名词作宾语。类似的短语还有：be/get used to, be accustomed to, stick to, look forward to, object to, devote ...to ...等。
4．(教材P53)Get your tanks off my lawn! means Back off! Withdraw your threats! and was first said by a British prime minister, rejecting the threat of a potential strike by a trade union leader.
“Get your tanks off my lawn(把你的坦克从我的草坪上开走)！”意思是“退后！收回你的恐吓！”最初是英国的一位首相在抵制一位贸易联盟领袖发起潜在的罢工威胁时说的。
?reject vt.拒绝接受，不予考虑；不录用，拒绝接纳
①It's up to you to accept or reject the proposal.
接受还是拒绝该提议都由你决定。
②I've been_rejected (reject) by all the companies.
所有的公司都没有录用我。
[辨析比较] reject, refuse, decline
reject 用于正式场合，如外交或商业条款之类，另外还有“抛弃，剔除”之意，后常接名词
refuse 普通用词，后接双宾语、名词或不定式
decline 常用于婉转地拒绝，近似汉语的“谢绝”，后接名词、动词、不定式
选用上述单词填空
③He won't refuse to give you his help.
④The government rejected the diplomatic note from that country for its unclear attitude to the trade between them.
⑤He declined my offer of help.
5．(教材P53)With friends like these, who needs enemies? means a friend has betrayed your trust or let you down.
“With friends like these, who needs enemies(有这样的朋友，谁还需要敌人)？”意思是你的朋友辜负了你的信任或者让你失望。
?let sb. down 使某人失望
let alone 更不必说；不管，不干涉
let out 放出；使出去；泄露
let in 使进入；放入
①Although the pressure increased day by day, students devoted themselves to their study not to let their parents down.
尽管学生的压力一天天增加，但他们还是努力学习不让他们的父母失望。
②He could barely keep body and soul together, let alone support his family.
他连自己的生活都难以维持，更不用说养家了。
③We opened the windows to let out the foul air.
我们打开窗子，让污浊的空气流出。
6．(教材P53)We shall overcome dates from the American Civil War, and is used almost like a prayer by the Civil Rights movement in the USA, meaning we will oppose prejudice against black people and resist conflict between Americans.
“We shall overcome(我们会克服)”源于美国内战，并且被美国民权运动几乎像祈祷文一样广泛使用，它的意思是：我们将反对对黑人的歧视并将阻止美国人民之间的冲突。
?oppose v．反对
(1)oppose doing sth. 反对做某事
be opposed to (doing) sth. 反对(做)某事
(2)opposed adj. 相反的，反对的
opposition n. 对抗，反抗
opposite adj. 相对的，对面的
n. 反义词，对立的事物
①Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)
许多农民反对这个计划，因为他们担心狼会杀死他们的农场动物或宠物。
②Most company bosses say they are opposed to employees working a lot of overtime.
大多数公司老板说，他们反对雇员频繁加班。
③They hit a truck coming in the opposite (oppose) direction.
他们撞上一辆迎面开来的卡车。
?resist v．反抗；抵抗
(1)resist doing sth. 抵制做某事
(2)resistance n. 反抗，抵制；抵抗力，抵抗性
resistance to sb./sth. 对……的抵制/反对
(3)resistant adj. 抵抗的，抗……的，耐……的
be resistant to 对……有抵抗力
①A balanced diet will increase your ability to resist infection.
均衡的饮食可以增强你抵抗感染的能力。
②While shopping, can you resist being_persuaded (persuade) to buy anything that you don't really need?
购物时，你能抵住推销人员的游说，不买任何你确实不需要的东西吗？
③I prefer the plants that are resistant (resist) to bad climate.
我比较喜欢那些对恶劣的气候有抵抗力的植物。
[名师点津] resist后接名词、代词或动名词作宾语，不接不定式。
It is estimated that 1.3 billion people will use English as either a first or a second language by 2050.
据估计到2050年，将会有13亿人把英语作为母语或第二语言。
(1)It is estimated that ...“据估计……”，句中的it为形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语。
①It is estimated that he has known the truth of the matter.
据估计他已经知道事情的真相了。
类似的结构有：
It's said that ... 据说……
It's reported that ... 据报道……
It's believed that ... 人们相信……
It's expected that ... 一般预料……
It's thought that ... 一般认为……
It's supposed that ... 大家推测……
It's known that ... 众所周知……
It's suggested that ... 人们建议……
②It's reported that the car accident took place sometime yesterday.
据报道这起交通事故是昨天某个时候发生的。
③It_is_believed_that health is above wealth.
人们都相信健康重于财富。
(2)下列三种句型可以相互转换：
④It is said that greenhouse gases are the main cause of global warming.
→Greenhouse gases are_said_to_be the main cause of global warming.
→People_say_that greenhouse gases are the main cause of global warming.
据说温室气体是全球变暖的主要原因。
(3)表示命令(order, command)，建议(suggest, propose, advise 等)，要求(require, request, demand, insist) 的动词用于本句型时，从句要用“should＋动词原形”，should 可以省略。
⑤It is ordered that all the injured (should)_be_treated (treat) without any delay.
命令就是所有的伤员必须得到及时的救治。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．It is estimated (estimate) that China will be the largest car consuming market in the world.
2．I didn't want to drive all the way to New York by myself, so I convinced Anna, my best friend of ten years, to_ride (ride) with me.
3．We've just moved into a bigger house and there's a lot to do. Let's get down to it.
4．The local people opposed building (build) the new hotel because of the great cost.
5．I told myself to learn to be patient, and not complain of pressure of work.
6．He was_rejected (reject) by the army because he was under age.
7．As far as I know, Tom is a person to depend on. He will never let you down.
8．It's required that all the students be (be) on time tomorrow.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．Our football team is firmly convinced its victory over the visiting team.convinced后加of
2．I'm too exhausted to walk any more, and let alone run.去掉and
3．After the holiday, I'm going to get down to do some research on animals.do→doing
4．At first he was opposed against our suggestion, but we managed to bring him round.agaist→to
5．Plants that grow in deserts are resistant water loss.resistant后加to
一、全练语言点，基稳才能楼高
[本课语言点针对练习]
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．There is a growing tendency (趋势) for people to work at home instead of in offices.
2．When the weather is fine, the view from the hotel is splendid (极好的)．
3．She was in a dilemma (困难的抉择) as to whether to stay at school or get a job.
4．First we need to identify actual and potential (潜在的) problems.
5．Gradually they acquired (获得) experience in how to guide the work.
6．Initially (起初), I disagree with his proposal, but later I changed my mind.
7．His tone conveyed (传递)his real feelings more truly than his words.
8．This new discovery of oil is of great significance (意义) to this area's economy.
9．I want to make it clear that I have no prejudice (偏见) against you.
10．The guests made a complaint (抱怨) that the fish was too small.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．Silence is required of all examination candidates (candidate)．
2．The police have completed their investigations (investigate) into the accident.
3．This is the most convincing (convince) evidence that I can find to prove my point.
4．How can I get it across to you how important this is?
5．The books in the library are_classified (classify) according to subject.
6．Sam always tried hard to win his father's approval (approve)．
7．Children often ask questions out of curiosity (curious)．
8．The skirt is a bit small, so it needs letting down.
Ⅲ.选词填空
in conclusion, a huge number of, get through, let in, be relevant to, be superior to, associated with, convince ... to ...
1．Please open the window and let_in some fresh air.
2．What you say is not relevant_to the matter in hand.
3．In_conclusion,_I'd like to thank you for all you've done for me.
4．A_huge_number_of money has been spent on this project, but it needs more money.
5．I phoned him several times, but I couldn't get_through.
6．Of the two books, I think this one is_superior_to that one.
7．He wanted to move in the direction. Instead, Alison convinced him to move in a different direction.
8．There are many serious health hazards associated_with smoking.
[本单元语言点温故练习]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．As a matter of fact, TV provides people with many educational programs.
2．There should be a debate on the subject in the next meeting concerning the Development Agenda.
3．Several workers complained of feelings of sickness and headaches.
4．My father was violently opposed to my going (go) abroad.
5．Seeing the toy, she couldn't resist reaching (reach) out to touch it.
6．Convinced (convince) of the accuracy of the data, they stuck to their opinion.
7．Young as she is, she can do a lot of skilled work.
8．We will select two students to_represent (represent) our school to attend the match.
Ⅱ.选词填空
tell apart， count on， get down to， it is said that， the first time， let sb. down， in conclusion， as long as
1．These two signatures are very similar.Can you tell them apart?
2．You can't be defeated as_long_as you hold together.
3．I won't put up with any more of your nonsense — now get_down_to work.
4．After a broken promise, it is hard to count_on a person.
5．The children were so excited the_first_time they were taken aboard.
6．As a student, you should study hard and don't let your parents down.
7．In_conclusion,_we should like to thank all those who have worked so hard to bring about this result.
8．It_is_said_that human beings are naturally equipped to speak.
二、勤练高考题型，多练自能生巧
Ⅰ.阅读理解
The number of speakers of English in Shakespeare's time is estimated to have been about five million. Today it is estimated that some 260 million people speak it as a native language, mainly in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In addition to the standard varieties of English found in these areas, there are a great many regional and social varieties of the language as well as various levels of usage that are employed both in its spoken and written forms.
In fact, it is impossible to estimate the number of people in the world who have acquired an adequate working knowledge of English in addition to their own languages. The purpose for English learning and the situations in which such learning takes place are so varied that it is difficult to explain and still more difficult to judge what forms an adequate working knowledge for each situation.
The main reason for the widespread demand for English is its present?day importance as a world language. Besides serving the indefinite needs of its native speakers, English is a language in which some of important works in science, technology, and other fields are being produced, and not always by native speakers. It is widely used for such purposes as meteorological and airport communications, international conferences, and the spread of information over the radio and television networks of many nations. It is a language of wider communication for a number of developing countries, especially former British colonies. Many of these countries have multilingual populations and need a language for internal communication in such matters as government, commerce, industry, law and education as well as for international communication and for entrance to the scientific and technological developments in the West.
语篇解读：本文主要讲了英语的发展变化情况，说明英语最后成为世界语言的原因及英语在当代社会中的重要性。
1．What would be the best title for this passage?
A．The Difficulties of Learning English
B．International Communications
C．The Standard Varieties of English
D．English as a World Language
解析：选D 标题归纳题。根据第三段第一句“English is its present?day importance as a world language”及全文的内容可推知答案为D项。
2．Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A．Some 260 million people in the world have an adequate working knowledge of English.
B．There are some 260 million native speakers of English in the world.
C．It is almost impossible to estimate the number of people with an adequate working knowledge of English.
D．People learn English for a variety of reasons.
解析：选A 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句及第二段的第一句的描述可推知答案为A项。
3．According to the passage, what is the main reason for the widespread use of English?
A．It was popular during Shakespeare's time.
B．It is used in former British colonies.
C．It serves the needs of its native speakers.
D．It is a world language that is used for international communication.
解析：选D 推理判断题。根据最后一段的描述可知英语在国际交流中起重要作用，故答案为D项。
4．What forms an adequate working knowledge of English?
A．The ability to read a newspaper.
B．It is difficult to judge because it differs for each situation.
C．Being multilingual.
D．Being a native speaker.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知答案为B项。
Ⅱ.语法填空
At fifteen years old, I was a confident girl. One day, when I was trying to get the bottled (瓶装的) gas to work, __1__ fire exploded in my face. I suffered the consequences of my __2__ (careless). It was my neighbors who came to rescue, __3__ (help) to put off the fire and arranged emergency medical attention. __4__ I survived the fire, the damage for me was long?lasting. Within a month, I went from a beautiful girl with perfect skin __5__ an ugly lady.
After several months of persuasion (劝导), I agreed to go back to school. But I found it difficult __6__ (raise) my head and look people in the face. Then I realized that I first had to learn to accept myself if I wanted to __7__ (accept) by others. As time went on, I gained strength and confidence, and began to __8__ (gradual) lift my head up and look people in the face again.
Instead of __9__ (hide) from the world, I forced the world to pay attention to and take notice of the person behind the scars. As a saying goes, “Nobody can put you down without your permission.” Now, more than three decades later, I am a confident adult. Who would have thought that such a __10__ (pain) experience helped me to grow up?
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________
5．________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________
9．________ 10.________
语篇解读：本文作者通过讲述自己的亲身经历，告诉我们当面对挫折与磨难时，我们应该拿出勇气去面对它们。
1．a fire在这里指火灾，为可数名词，而且是首次提到，故用不定冠词a修饰。
2．carelessness 作者的粗心引起了大火，让她尝到了苦头。carelessness意为“粗心”。
3．helped and连接三个并列的动词，时态应该保持一致。根据空前的 “came to rescue”和空格后的“arranged emergency medical attention”可知此空的动词需用一般过去式。
4．Although 尽管作者活了下来，但是大火对她的伤害是永久的，这里用although引导让步状语从句。
5．to from ... to ...意为“从……到……”。
6．to raise find＋it＋adj./n.＋to do sth.意为“发现做某事是……的”，it是形式宾语，后面的不定式“to raise my head and look people in the face”是真正的宾语。
7．be accepted 作者意识到想要被别人接受首先要做到自我接受，所以此空需用被动语态。
8．gradually gradually在这里意为“逐渐地”，修饰后面的动作“lift my head up and look people in the face”。
9．hiding instead of 意为“代替；不是……而是……”，of为介词，后跟v.?ing形式。
10．painful painful意为“痛苦的”，修饰后面的名词experience。
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Section Ⅴ Writing— 观点对比类议论文
一、基本结构
对比类议论文一般可分为今昔对比和正反观点对比两种。
1．今昔对比类的文章一般是首先通过主题句表明被比较的两个物体或被比较方面，然后进行扩展。行文方式一是逐点比较，即AB交错，逐条说明两者的异同；二是整块比较，即先A后B。
2．正反观点比较类的文章结构完整、条理清楚、逻辑性强。此类文章结构一般是：首先提出问题→正方观点及论据(理由)→反方观点及论据(理由)→最后是结论或说出自己的观点。
二、增分佳句
1．常用的开头方式
①Opinions vary on this topic.
②Different men usually see the same subject in different lights.
③Different people hold different opinions/views.
④Opinions are divided on this topic.
⑤Opinions fall mainly into two groups.
⑥People have taken/adopted different attitudes towards ...
2．表达不同观点
①...of them hold the opinion that ...
②...of them are in favor of the idea that ...
③People who are for/against the idea think ...
④Some people believe that ...Others argue that ...
3．不同观点之间的衔接
①However, ...of them hold a different view./ ...of them hold the opposite opinion.
②People who are against it don't think so.
③As the saying goes, every coin has two sides.And the same is true for this topic.
④Different from those ..., ...people think ...
⑤On the other hand, ...people object that ...
4．谈论自己的看法
①When it comes to me, ...
②While many advocate ..., I believe it's a better idea to ...
③As far as I am concerned, ...
④I think it is universally acknowledged that ...
[题目要求]
随着英语在世界范围内的使用越来越普遍，有人认为如果世界上每个人只讲英语，一切将会变得更加简单。请根据下表中的信息写一篇英语短文，并阐明你的观点。
支持 反对
1.方便世界各地的人们进行交流沟通； 2.能更容易地理解人类的科研成果； 3.能节省人们学习语言的时间和精力。 1.不利于其他各种文化的保存和发展；2.一种语言不能够准确地表达各种不同文化的本质和内涵。
你的观点……
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．内容要包括以上提示，可以适当发挥，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：内涵connotation
第一步：审题构思很关键
一、审题
1．确定体裁：本文为一篇议论文；
2．确定中心人称：本文主要人称为第一、三人称；
3．确定主体时态：一般现在时。
二、构思
第一部分：点明讨论主题——世界上每个人只讲英语，是否一切将会变得更加简单。
第二部分：阐述支持者和反对者的观点。
第三部分：表明自己的观点。
第二步：核心词汇想周全
1．be_for 赞成
2．communicate_with_each_other 相互交流
3．not_only_...but_(also)_．.. 不但……而且……
4．what's_more 此外，而且
5．in_one's_opinion/view 在某人看来
6．instead_of 替代，取代
第三步：由词扩句雏形现
1．随着英语在世界范围内的使用，有些人认为如果世界上人人只讲英语，事情就会变得非常简单。
As_English_is_used_worldwide,_some_people_think_that_things_would_be_much_easier_if_everyone_in_the_world_just_spoke_English.
2．那些赞成只讲英语的人认为只讲英语更方便全世界的人们相互交流。
Those_who_are_for_“only_speaking_English”_believe_that_it_is_more_convenient_for_people_all_over_the_world_to_communicate_with_each_other.
3．他们还认为英语能使人们更容易了解科研成果。
They_believe_that_it's_easier_for_people_to_understand_scientific_research_achievements,_too.
4．人们可以节省时间和精力去学习其他的东西。
People_can_save_time_and_energy_to_learn_other_things.
5．他们认为只讲英语不利于其他各种文化的保存和发展。
They_think_that_only_speaking_English_is_harmful_to_the_keeping_and_development_of_all_the_other_cultures.
6．一种语言不能准确地表达各种不同文化的本质和内涵。
One_language_can't_exactly_express_the_natures_and_connotations_of_various_cultures.
7．在我看来，使用同一种语言会让我们的生活变得更困难而不是更简单。
In_my_view,_using_only_one_language_would_make_our_life_more_difficult_instead_of_making_it_easier.
第四步：句式升级造亮点
1．用介词with改写句1
With_the_worldwide_use_of_English,_some_people_think_that_things_would_be_much_easier_if_everyone_in_the_world_just_spoke_English.
2．用“not only ...but also ...”连接句2和句3
Those_who_are_for_“only_speaking_English”_believe_that_it_is_not_only_more_convenient_for_people_all_over_the_world_to_communicate_with_each_other,_but_also_it's_easier_for_people_to_understand_scientific_research_achievements.
3．用简单句改写句5
In_their_opinion,_only_speaking_English_is_harmful_to_the_keeping_and_development_of_all_the_other_cultures.
第五步：过渡衔接联成篇
With the worldwide use of English, some people think that things would be much easier if everyone in the world just spoke English while others don't think so.
Those who are for “only speaking English” believe that it is not only more convenient for people all over the world to communicate with each other, but also it's easier for people to understand scientific research achievements.What's more, people can save time and energy to learn other things.
But others don't think so.In their opinion, only speaking English is harmful to the keeping and development of all the other cultures.Besides, one language can't exactly express the natures and connotations of various cultures.
In my view, using only one language would make our life more difficult instead of making it easier.
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单元加餐练（一）~（二）
加餐练(一) 完形阅读组合练
Ⅰ.完形填空
Before 1066, in the place that we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups. In the west central place lived the Welsh, who __1__ a Celtic language (凯尔特语), and in the north lived the Scots, whose language, __2__ not the same as Welsh, was also Celtic. In the rest of the country lived the Saxons, actually a mixture of Anglos, Saxons, and other Germanic and Nordic peoples, who spoke __3__ we now call Anglo?Saxon (or Old English), a Germanic language. If this state of affairs had __4__， English today would be close to German.
__5__ this state of affairs did not last. In 1066 the Normans led by William __6__ the Saxons and __7__ their rule over England. For about a century, French __8__ the official language of England __9__ Old English became the language of peasants. __10__， English words of politics and the law came from French __11__ German. In some __12__， Modern English even __13__ a distinction (区别) between upper?class French and lower?class Anglo?Saxon in its words. We even have __14__ words for some foods, meat in particular, __15__ on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming, while the upper?class Normans were doing most of the __16__.
When Americans __17__ Europe for the first time, they usually find Germany more __18__ than France because the German they see on signs and advertisements seems much more different from English than French does.Few __19__ that the English language is actually Germanic in its beginning and that the French influences are all the result of one __20__ ambition.
1．A.said B．spoke
C．declared D．announced
解析：选B “说某种语言”要用speak。
2．A.because B．if
C．although D．unless
解析：选C 从上下文可看出这里应该是让步关系，苏格兰人说的语言虽然不和威尔士人的一模一样，但是也属于凯尔特语。
3．A.what B．that
C．which D．how
解析：选A 他们所说的语言就是今天所称的盎格鲁—撒克逊语。这是一个宾语从句，在这个从句中缺少宾语，所以选择what。
4．A.conveyed B．stopped
C．interrupted D．lasted
解析：选D 如果这种状况持续下去，现在的英语将会接近德语。此处的last为动词，表示“持续”。
5．A.And B．Or
C．But D．So
解析：选C 根据下文内容可知，这种状况没有持续，所以选择表示转折关系的连词but。
6．A.defeated B．investigated
C．won D．scolded
解析：选A 从下文内容可知，应该是威廉领导的诺曼人打败了撒克逊人。
7．A.finished B．began
C．refused D．formed
解析：选B 这里是承接上文，胜利后就开始了对英国的统治。
8．A.became B．included
C．conveyed D．continued
解析：选A 英国被统治的结果就是法语变成了英格兰的官方语言。
9．A.when B．since
C．while D．before
解析：选C 而古老的英语变成了农民的语言，这里表示前后两种语言和阶层的对比，所以要用while。
10．A.In case B．In return
C．As a result D．In a word
解析：选C 本句讲英语中的政治和法律用语来自法语，这就是被统治的结果，所以选择as a result。
11．A.other than B．rather than
C．more than D．less than
解析：选B 因为上文提到诺曼人打败了撒克逊人，所以英格兰的官方语言是法语而不是德语。用rather than表示“而不是”。
12．A.sentences B．concepts
C．statuses D．cases
解析：选D 从下文看这里说的是一个事实，应该表示“在有些情况下”，要用in some cases。
13．A.shows B．hides
C．makes D．classifies
解析：选A 现代英语显示出上层社会和下层社会语言之间的区别。show意为“显示，显现”。
14．A.similar B．splendid
C．recognisable D．different
解析：选D 上文说到英语本身就有不同，本句就是这种不同的体现，即用不同的词汇来表达食物和肉等。
15．A.taking B．holding
C．depending D．putting
解析：选C 判断这些词汇的差异取决于这些食物仍然在地里还是在家里烹饪。depend on意为“依靠，取决于”。
16．A.eating B．marketing
C．harvesting D．trading
解析：选A 这些不同的词汇表明了在地里工作的撒克逊农民是生产食物，而在家里的诺曼贵族是吃农民生产的食物。
17．A.know B．visit
C．discover D．select
解析：选B 当美国人第一次到欧洲去的时候，也就是“访问”欧洲的时候。故选择visit。
18．A.familiar B．similar
C．foreign D．superior
解析：选C 这句话总结上文，法语对英语的影响比德语对英语的影响大。所以与法国相比，德国更像外国。
19．A.recognise B．hear
C．notice D．realise
解析：选D 根据前一句话，人们看到了表面上法语对英语的影响，而很少有人意识到起初的时候英语和德语之间联系密切。
20．A.country's B．nation's
C．man's D．world's
解析：选C 法语对英语的影响大就是因为发动战争的那个人，由上文可知也就是威廉发动战争导致的结果。
Ⅱ.阅读理解
These days, buying organic food has become a lot more common than it used to be, and it is easier to buy organic produce than ever before. However, despite that I still get asked a lot by my customers whether eating organic food is really necessary and whether it will make a difference to their health. My answer is always positive.
In conventional produce, farmers use hundreds of different kinds of chemicals which remain as residues (残留物) on your produce, and in most cases are also inside it. Even if you wash your produce, these residues will not come off. About 20% of the 17,000 pesticides (农药) in use today are known as systemic pesticides, meaning that they make their way into the plant through the roots of the plant and that no amount of washing can remove their presence.
Many of these chemical residues mess with our hormonal (荷尔蒙的) system. Due to the body's hormonal system being responsible for the regulation of almost all bodily functions, these small numbers of chemicals when consumed can influence weight and are also linked to reproductive problems and even cancers. The problem is that many of the threats that regularly grown produce brings to us are not immediately obvious. However, the risks are there.
For some people, the extra cost of going organic is too much, but the way I see it, spending a few extra dollars on my health now makes it completely worth the money. By eating organic rather than conventional produce, it is possible to reduce overall pesticide levels in the body by 80% in just 4－5 days!
Do it for yourself and do it for your children. I can honestly say that you will never regret going organic and that the benefits to your health by doing so are far more important than the extra money.
语篇解读：用传统方法种植的食物含有残留农药，而有机食品则没有，更有利于我们的健康。
1．What is the author's attitude towards organic food?
A．Uninterested. B．Confused.
C．Opposed. D．Approving.
解析：选D 观点态度题。根据第一段的“I still get asked a lot by my customers whether eating organic food really is necessary ... My answer is always positive”可知，作者对待有机食品持支持的态度。
2．What do we learn about systemic pesticides according to Paragraph 2?
A．Their residues can be washed off with water.
B．They're the strongest pesticides in the world.
C．They can leave residues in produce.
D．They can do harm to plants' roots.
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，这种农药是从根部进入植物内部，故一定会有残留农药。
3．Which of the following statements would the author agree with?
A．Organic food is really worth the extra cost.
B．Most people have no access to organic food.
C．It's still extremely difficult to buy organic food.
D．Organic food should replace all conventional food.
解析：选A 推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“the way I see it, spending a few extra dollars on my health now makes it completely worth the money”可知，作者认为有机食品值得我们多花些钱。
4．What's the main idea of the text?
A．How to grow safe produce for the public.
B．Why people should eat organic food.
C．Why conventional produce is unhealthy.
D．What kind of food we should eat.
解析：选B 主旨大意题。根据文章内容，可知本文主要是讲我们为什么要吃有机食品。
加餐练(二) 主观题规范增分练
Ⅰ.语法填空
My name is Zarema. When I moved to Canada last year, I was advised that my participation in the government?funded programs would help me to be successful in __1__ new country. Therefore, I __2__ (thorough) researched the effectiveness of all programs and __3__ (choose) to enroll in English Language Training (ELT) for newcomers' classes. I couldn't have made a __4__ (good) choice! They were very useful and I gained a lot of news about the Canadian job market and workplace environment. Detailed analysis of job interview __5__ (question) as well as English grammar and vocabulary lessons was part of the everyday lessons. I am very thankful to our ELT teacher, __6__ energetic, positive and professional attitude has inspired me, and played an important role __7__ regaining confidence. Finally the ELT scheduled some interviews with employers for __8__ (it) participants. I had two interviews, and then __9__ (offer) a three?month contract (合同). I am grateful for receiving this opportunity and I am looking forward to __10__ (begin) my Canadian career.
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________
5．________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________
9．________ 10.________
语篇解读：作者在加拿大参加了为初到者提供的英语课程培训，并在这个培训机构的帮助下找到了一份工作。
1．the 此处用定冠词the特指前文提过的新的国家——加拿大。
2．thoroughly 所填词修饰后面的谓语动词，因此应该用其副词形式。
3．chose and前后的动词时态应保持一致，根据前面的“researched”可知此处应该用一般过去时。
4．better 两者之间的比较需用比较级。
5．questions 根据语境可知，面试问题有很多，因此应该用question的复数形式questions。
6．whose whose在此处引导定语从句，表示“……的”，指代前面的“our ELT teacher”，在从句中作定语。
7．in play an important role in为固定搭配，意为“在……中发挥着重要作用”。
8．its 此处用形容词性物主代词修饰后面的名词participants。
9．was offered 宾语contract和主语I之间为被动关系，所以谓语动词应该用被动语态；且该动作发生在过去，故用一般过去时的被动语态。
10．beginning look forward to doing sth.为固定搭配，意为“期待做某事”，此处的to为介词，后面加v.?ing形式作宾语。
Ⅱ.短文改错
March 12 was memorable because of our class had a meaningful experience on that day. In the morning, we bicycle to the suburbs to plant trees, talking and laughing all the way. Upon arrival, we began to work immediate. Some were digging holes. Some were carrying and plant trees. Others were watering it. After getting the work doing, we put up a board reminding people to protecting the trees. Before leaving we took some photo to record our green action. Seeing the lines of trees, we all had sense of achievement. This is necessary that we should do something to protect and beautify our environment.
答案：第一句：去掉of
第二句：bicycle→bicycled
第三句：immediate→immediately
第五句：plant→planting
第六句：it→them
第七句：doing→done; protecting→protect
第八句：photo→photos
第九句：had后加a
第十句：This→It
Ⅲ.书面表达
最近你班同学就许多家长在学校附近租(rent)房陪读的现象进行了讨论，请根据讨论结果写一篇100词左右的短文，并谈谈你的看法。
赞成(35%) 反对(65%) 你的观点
环境好、条件好，利于学习 浪费钱、消耗父母精力；增加学生精神负担 ……
注意：文章开头已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：陪伴company
Recently, our class have had a discussion about whether it is necessary for parents to rent a house to company their children near the school.
参考范文：
Recently, our class have had a discussion about whether it is necessary for parents to rent a house to company their children near the school.
35% of my classmates support the idea. They say they'd rather live in such a house because the conditions and the environment there are much better, which they think is very necessary, for their studies. However, 65% of the students don't think it a good idea. In their opinion, it is a waste of money and parents' energy. Besides, the parents' company may make the children feel more nervous.
Since every coin has its two sides, I think everyone should consider their own personal situation before they decide whether they need to rent a house and their parents' company.
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Module 4 Which English
单元小结
Nowadays, a huge number of people in the world speak English as their first or second language. Furthermore, it's also widely used by the media. As a result, varieties of English appear. Which is superior? It's hard to answer. When people speak English mixed with their own dialects, can you tell them apart? Experts are convinced that it doesn't matter which English is better, as long as speakers can understand each other — it's communication that counts. Some English is instantly recognisable and explicit, and some English may be vague. So, there is a debate about which variety of English is the best. But, at last, no answer has been acquired.
目前，世界上有大量的人把英语作为母语或第二语言。而且，它也被新闻媒体广泛地使用。结果，各种不同的英语出现了。哪种英语是更好的？这很难回答。当人们混合着方言说英语时，你能区分开它们吗？专家们确信哪种英语好并不重要，只要说话的人彼此明白就行——重要的是交流本身。有些英语立即能识别出，而且易于理解；有些英语可能是不明确的。因此有一场哪种英语是最好的英语的辩论。但是，最后却没有得到什么结果。
加餐练(一) 完形阅读组合练
Ⅰ.完形填空
Before 1066, in the place that we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups. In the west central place lived the Welsh, who __1__ a Celtic language (凯尔特语), and in the north lived the Scots, whose language, __2__ not the same as Welsh, was also Celtic. In the rest of the country lived the Saxons, actually a mixture of Anglos, Saxons, and other Germanic and Nordic peoples, who spoke __3__ we now call Anglo?Saxon (or Old English), a Germanic language. If this state of affairs had __4__， English today would be close to German.
__5__ this state of affairs did not last. In 1066 the Normans led by William __6__ the Saxons and __7__ their rule over England. For about a century, French __8__ the official language of England __9__ Old English became the language of peasants. __10__， English words of politics and the law came from French __11__ German. In some __12__， Modern English even __13__ a distinction (区别) between upper?class French and lower?class Anglo?Saxon in its words. We even have __14__ words for some foods, meat in particular, __15__ on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming, while the upper?class Normans were doing most of the __16__.
When Americans __17__ Europe for the first time, they usually find Germany more __18__ than France because the German they see on signs and advertisements seems much more different from English than French does.Few __19__ that the English language is actually Germanic in its beginning and that the French influences are all the result of one __20__ ambition.
1．A.said B．spoke
C．declared D．announced
解析：选B “说某种语言”要用speak。
2．A.because B．if
C．although D．unless
解析：选C 从上下文可看出这里应该是让步关系，苏格兰人说的语言虽然不和威尔士人的一模一样，但是也属于凯尔特语。
3．A.what B．that
C．which D．how
解析：选A 他们所说的语言就是今天所称的盎格鲁—撒克逊语。这是一个宾语从句，在这个从句中缺少宾语，所以选择what。
4．A.conveyed B．stopped
C．interrupted D．lasted
解析：选D 如果这种状况持续下去，现在的英语将会接近德语。此处的last为动词，表示“持续”。
5．A.And B．Or
C．But D．So
解析：选C 根据下文内容可知，这种状况没有持续，所以选择表示转折关系的连词but。
6．A.defeated B．investigated
C．won D．scolded
解析：选A 从下文内容可知，应该是威廉领导的诺曼人打败了撒克逊人。
7．A.finished B．began
C．refused D．formed
解析：选B 这里是承接上文，胜利后就开始了对英国的统治。
8．A.became B．included
C．conveyed D．continued
解析：选A 英国被统治的结果就是法语变成了英格兰的官方语言。
9．A.when B．since
C．while D．before
解析：选C 而古老的英语变成了农民的语言，这里表示前后两种语言和阶层的对比，所以要用while。
10．A.In case B．In return
C．As a result D．In a word
解析：选C 本句讲英语中的政治和法律用语来自法语，这就是被统治的结果，所以选择as a result。
11．A.other than B．rather than
C．more than D．less than
解析：选B 因为上文提到诺曼人打败了撒克逊人，所以英格兰的官方语言是法语而不是德语。用rather than表示“而不是”。
12．A.sentences B．concepts
C．statuses D．cases
解析：选D 从下文看这里说的是一个事实，应该表示“在有些情况下”，要用in some cases。
13．A.shows B．hides
C．makes D．classifies
解析：选A 现代英语显示出上层社会和下层社会语言之间的区别。show意为“显示，显现”。
14．A.similar B．splendid
C．recognisable D．different
解析：选D 上文说到英语本身就有不同，本句就是这种不同的体现，即用不同的词汇来表达食物和肉等。
15．A.taking B．holding
C．depending D．putting
解析：选C 判断这些词汇的差异取决于这些食物仍然在地里还是在家里烹饪。depend on意为“依靠，取决于”。
16．A.eating B．marketing
C．harvesting D．trading
解析：选A 这些不同的词汇表明了在地里工作的撒克逊农民是生产食物，而在家里的诺曼贵族是吃农民生产的食物。
17．A.know B．visit
C．discover D．select
解析：选B 当美国人第一次到欧洲去的时候，也就是“访问”欧洲的时候。故选择visit。
18．A.familiar B．similar
C．foreign D．superior
解析：选C 这句话总结上文，法语对英语的影响比德语对英语的影响大。所以与法国相比，德国更像外国。
19．A.recognise B．hear
C．notice D．realise
解析：选D 根据前一句话，人们看到了表面上法语对英语的影响，而很少有人意识到起初的时候英语和德语之间联系密切。
20．A.country's B．nation's
C．man's D．world's
解析：选C 法语对英语的影响大就是因为发动战争的那个人，由上文可知也就是威廉发动战争导致的结果。
Ⅱ.阅读理解
These days, buying organic food has become a lot more common than it used to be, and it is easier to buy organic produce than ever before. However, despite that I still get asked a lot by my customers whether eating organic food is really necessary and whether it will make a difference to their health. My answer is always positive.
In conventional produce, farmers use hundreds of different kinds of chemicals which remain as residues (残留物) on your produce, and in most cases are also inside it. Even if you wash your produce, these residues will not come off. About 20% of the 17,000 pesticides (农药) in use today are known as systemic pesticides, meaning that they make their way into the plant through the roots of the plant and that no amount of washing can remove their presence.
Many of these chemical residues mess with our hormonal (荷尔蒙的) system. Due to the body's hormonal system being responsible for the regulation of almost all bodily functions, these small numbers of chemicals when consumed can influence weight and are also linked to reproductive problems and even cancers. The problem is that many of the threats that regularly grown produce brings to us are not immediately obvious. However, the risks are there.
For some people, the extra cost of going organic is too much, but the way I see it, spending a few extra dollars on my health now makes it completely worth the money. By eating organic rather than conventional produce, it is possible to reduce overall pesticide levels in the body by 80% in just 4－5 days!
Do it for yourself and do it for your children. I can honestly say that you will never regret going organic and that the benefits to your health by doing so are far more important than the extra money.
语篇解读：用传统方法种植的食物含有残留农药，而有机食品则没有，更有利于我们的健康。
1．What is the author's attitude towards organic food?
A．Uninterested. B．Confused.
C．Opposed. D．Approving.
解析：选D 观点态度题。根据第一段的“I still get asked a lot by my customers whether eating organic food really is necessary ... My answer is always positive”可知，作者对待有机食品持支持的态度。
2．What do we learn about systemic pesticides according to Paragraph 2?
A．Their residues can be washed off with water.
B．They're the strongest pesticides in the world.
C．They can leave residues in produce.
D．They can do harm to plants' roots.
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，这种农药是从根部进入植物内部，故一定会有残留农药。
3．Which of the following statements would the author agree with?
A．Organic food is really worth the extra cost.
B．Most people have no access to organic food.
C．It's still extremely difficult to buy organic food.
D．Organic food should replace all conventional food.
解析：选A 推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“the way I see it, spending a few extra dollars on my health now makes it completely worth the money”可知，作者认为有机食品值得我们多花些钱。
4．What's the main idea of the text?
A．How to grow safe produce for the public.
B．Why people should eat organic food.
C．Why conventional produce is unhealthy.
D．What kind of food we should eat.
解析：选B 主旨大意题。根据文章内容，可知本文主要是讲我们为什么要吃有机食品。
加餐练(二) 主观题规范增分练
Ⅰ.语法填空
My name is Zarema. When I moved to Canada last year, I was advised that my participation in the government?funded programs would help me to be successful in __1__ new country. Therefore, I __2__ (thorough) researched the effectiveness of all programs and __3__ (choose) to enroll in English Language Training (ELT) for newcomers' classes. I couldn't have made a __4__ (good) choice! They were very useful and I gained a lot of news about the Canadian job market and workplace environment. Detailed analysis of job interview __5__ (question) as well as English grammar and vocabulary lessons was part of the everyday lessons. I am very thankful to our ELT teacher, __6__ energetic, positive and professional attitude has inspired me, and played an important role __7__ regaining confidence. Finally the ELT scheduled some interviews with employers for __8__ (it) participants. I had two interviews, and then __9__ (offer) a three?month contract (合同). I am grateful for receiving this opportunity and I am looking forward to __10__ (begin) my Canadian career.
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________
5．________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________
9．________ 10.________
语篇解读：作者在加拿大参加了为初到者提供的英语课程培训，并在这个培训机构的帮助下找到了一份工作。
1．the 此处用定冠词the特指前文提过的新的国家——加拿大。
2．thoroughly 所填词修饰后面的谓语动词，因此应该用其副词形式。
3．chose and前后的动词时态应保持一致，根据前面的“researched”可知此处应该用一般过去时。
4．better 两者之间的比较需用比较级。
5．questions 根据语境可知，面试问题有很多，因此应该用question的复数形式questions。
6．whose whose在此处引导定语从句，表示“……的”，指代前面的“our ELT teacher”，在从句中作定语。
7．in play an important role in为固定搭配，意为“在……中发挥着重要作用”。
8．its 此处用形容词性物主代词修饰后面的名词participants。
9．was offered 宾语contract和主语I之间为被动关系，所以谓语动词应该用被动语态；且该动作发生在过去，故用一般过去时的被动语态。
10．beginning look forward to doing sth.为固定搭配，意为“期待做某事”，此处的to为介词，后面加v.?ing形式作宾语。
Ⅱ.短文改错
March 12 was memorable because of our class had a meaningful experience on that day. In the morning, we bicycle to the suburbs to plant trees, talking and laughing all the way. Upon arrival, we began to work immediate. Some were digging holes. Some were carrying and plant trees. Others were watering it. After getting the work doing, we put up a board reminding people to protecting the trees. Before leaving we took some photo to record our green action. Seeing the lines of trees, we all had sense of achievement. This is necessary that we should do something to protect and beautify our environment.
答案：第一句：去掉of
第二句：bicycle→bicycled
第三句：immediate→immediately
第五句：plant→planting
第六句：it→them
第七句：doing→done; protecting→protect
第八句：photo→photos
第九句：had后加a
第十句：This→It
Ⅲ.书面表达
最近你班同学就许多家长在学校附近租(rent)房陪读的现象进行了讨论，请根据讨论结果写一篇100词左右的短文，并谈谈你的看法。
赞成(35%) 反对(65%) 你的观点
环境好、条件好，利于学习 浪费钱、消耗父母精力；增加学生精神负担 ……
注意：文章开头已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：陪伴company
Recently, our class have had a discussion about whether it is necessary for parents to rent a house to company their children near the school.
参考范文：
Recently, our class have had a discussion about whether it is necessary for parents to rent a house to company their children near the school.
35% of my classmates support the idea. They say they'd rather live in such a house because the conditions and the environment there are much better, which they think is very necessary, for their studies. However, 65% of the students don't think it a good idea. In their opinion, it is a waste of money and parents' energy. Besides, the parents' company may make the children feel more nervous.
Since every coin has its two sides, I think everyone should consider their own personal situation before they decide whether they need to rent a house and their parents' company.
(Modules 3～4)
第一部分 听力 (满分30分，限时20分钟)
第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
1．What does the man mean?
A．It's not surprising the milk smells bad.
B．The woman is just joking.
C．They need to replace the refrigerator.
2．What does the woman suggest?
A．Taking a walk in the rain.
B．Putting off their picnic.
C．Going on a picnic.
3．How does the man like the car?
A．It is extremely nice.
B．It is cheap.
C．It is not satisfactory.
4．What are the speakers doing?
A．Greeting each other.
B．Saying goodbye to each other.
C．Planning to see each other again.
5．Where does the conversation take place?
A．In an office.
B．In a clothing shop.
C．In the man's office.
第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)
听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6至8题。
6．Where will the woman leave for?
A．Her office.
B．The hospital.
C．The airport.
7．What is the woman looking for?
A．A taxi.
B．Her passport.
C．Her bag.
8．What do you think about the woman?
A．She is able to manage her things well.
B．She takes good care of her husband.
C．She should have been more careful.
听第7段材料，回答第9至11题。
9．What does the man want to do?
A．Buy his wife a sweater.
B．Look for his wife.
C．Go to Australia.
10．What color does the man's wife prefer?
A．Red. B．Orange. C．White.
11．How much does the man pay at last?
A．More than seventy?five dollars.
B．Just seventy?five dollars.
C．Less than seventy?five dollars.
听第8段材料，回答第12至14题。
12. What will the man do this summer?
A．Take up a part?time job.
B．Have a trip with his parents.
C．Stay at home with his parents.
13. How long does the woman work every day during the summer?
A．5 hours. B．7 hours. C．10 hours.
14. How did the woman find the job?
A．By working there.
B．By travelling in the mountains.
C．By reading a local newspaper.
听第9段材料，回答第15至17题。
15. What is the woman's attitude towards her life in New York?
A．She doesn't like it at all.
B．She thinks highly of it.
C．She feels it just so?so.
16. What can we learn about the man from the conversation?
A．He is heavier than before.
B．He looks younger than ever.
C．He has been on a diet.
17. Why does the woman look younger?
A．Because she is more energetic.
B．Because she stays in warm weather.
C．Because she lives a healthier life.
听第10段材料，回答第18至20题。
18．What did the man do after graduation from high school?
A．He took over his father's business.
B．He worked for his father.
C．He went straight to the college.
19．How did he start his decision for a degree?
A．His friends gave him a suggestion.
B．He surfed the internet one day.
C．God made everything happen.
20．What do you know about the man?
A．He has already got a family.
B．He takes charge of housework every Saturday.
C．He has graduated with his desired degree.
答案：1～5 ABCBB 6～10 CBCAB
11～15 CBBCB 16～20 ACBBA
听力材料
(Text 1)
W：The milk in the refrigerator smells bad. I don't think it is drinkable.
M：No joke. It was out of date three weeks ago.
(Text 2)
M：It's really hot today. The temperature must be over 35℃. The forecast is for rain in the afternoon.
W：Why not put off the picnic until tomorrow?
(Text 3)
W：I'd like to buy a new car, but this model of Toyota is too expensive.
M：More than expensive.
(Text 4)
W：Well, I'd rather be going home now. It's been great seeing you again.
M：Oh, it was nice seeing you too.
(Text 5)
M：What can I do for you, madam?
W：I'm looking for a new dress for my daughter as a Christmas present.
(Text 6)
M：Mary, I hope you've been well prepared to leave.
W：Yes, but not exactly. Where is my passport?
M：Your passport? That's the one thing you mustn't leave behind.
W：I've packed it, but I can't remember which bag it's in.
M：Well, you have to find it at the airport. Come on, the taxi is waiting.
W：The plane doesn't leave within two hours. Anyway, I'm ready to go now.
M：Hurry up.
W：I'm sure there's no need to rush.
M：There is. I asked the taxi driver to wait two minutes, not twenty.
W：All right.
(Text 7)
W：Is there anything else you would like to buy?
M：I'm looking for a sweater for my wife.
W：All our sweaters are in this section. What do you think of this one here?
M：It looks nice, but my wife usually prefers orange to red.
W：How about this one? It is of pure wool made in Australia.
M：I hope she will like it. How much is it?
W：It's ... seventy?five dollars plus tax.
M：It's a little expensive. Do you think it's possible to get a discount?
W：Since you like it so much, how about a 10 percent discount? That's the best I can offer.
M：Thank you. I'll take it.
(Text 8)
W：So, what are you going to do this summer?
M：Well, I'm probably going on holiday with my parents for a week. Will you stay here or go home?
W：Neither will I. I'm planning a trip to Scotland for the summer.
M：For the whole summer?
W：Yes, for seven weeks. I'm ready to work in a hotel in the mountains.
M：Really? That sounds great!
W：Yes, I hope so. I mean the work won't be very interesting, but my hours are seven till ten in the morning and five till nine in the evening.
M：How did you find it?
W：In a newspaper. It tells you about all kinds of different jobs in different places.
M：Sounds so good!
(Text 9)
M：Hello, Susan. How is everything in New York?
W：Never better, Henry. How are you? How is the family?
M：Everyone is fine, but actually I am feeling a little tired these days.
W：You are getting older, Henry. And you are heavier than you used to be.
M：Everyone grows older, but you look younger than ever. What's your secret?
W：There is no secret. I get more exercise than you, and I am more careful about my diet. You should be, too.
M：You are right. When the weather is warmer, I'll do it.
W：No, Henry. You should start now.
M：OK, I'll start today. Thank you for the advice.
(Text 10)
M：When I graduated from high school, I went straight from my high school graduation to working for my father. After 24 years I decided that I wanted to return to school and earn a degree. Some told me that it was too late. Others told me that I was too old. My heart told me that if it were meant to be that God would make it happen. One day while looking up information on how to go about getting into college, a little window popped up on my screen. It said, “Do you think you are too old to go back to school？” I clicked on the box and there I found an online college. I spoke to someone in the school and they assisted me in getting loans to pay for it. They told me that I could take classes any way that I wanted. I also found out that I could attend classes from home so that I could be there for my son. Now today, almost 2 years later, I will be not only graduating but graduating with honors. So for anyone out there who thinks that something is out of reach or impossible, remember this: if I would have listened to those people who told me I couldn't do it, then today would just be Saturday.
第二部分 阅读理解 (满分40分，限时35分钟)
第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
There are many great theme parks in the UK. Here are three of them.
Thorpe Park in Chertsey, Surrey
With more than 30 rides and attractions, Thorpe Park's latest attraction is SAW — the world's first horror (恐怖) movie?themed roller coaster. People who want an exciting ride will also enjoy Stealth, one of Europe's fastest coasters. Younger children will like the 4D movie experience and their first roller?coaster experience on Flying Fish.
For 20 percent off gate prices, book in advance online at www.thorpepark.com where costs are ￡28 for adults; ￡18 for under?12s; and ￡82 for a family of four.
Legoland in Windsor, Berkshire
Legoland, which is set in 150 acres of parkland, has more than 50 interactive (互动的) rides, attractions, live shows, building workshops and driving schools, as well as Miniland, made up of Lego model cities and landmarks. The best activities for older children are the Dragon roller coaster and Vikings' River Splash. Younger children can ride the Dragon's Apprentice roller coaster.
Save 10 percent on gate prices by booking in advance online at www.legoland.co.uk, where prices are ￡33.30 for adults and ￡25.20 for children.
Blackpool Pleasure Beach in Blackpool, Lancashire
The Pleasure Beach Resort was opened on the seafront in 1896. It is still owned by the Thompson family today just as it was when first opened. It has more than 125 rides and attractions, including Europe's tallest roller coaster and an ice?skating area. There really is something here for all ages. In fact, smaller children have their very own area within the park, Beaver Creek, where they can enjoy all the thrills and spills the park offers on a smaller scale.
Visitors can buy tickets, which start at ￡19 for children under 11, and ￡25 for adults, on the gate, or save up to ￡5 by booking online at www.pleasurebeachresort.com.
21．How much should a couple pay if they buy tickets on the gate of Thorpe Park?
A．￡28. B．￡56.
C．￡70. D．￡82.
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据第三段的“For 20 percent off gate prices, book in advance online at www.thorpepark.com where costs are ￡28 for adults”可知，成人在网上优惠20%的票价是￡28，故两个人买原价票应付￡70。
22．Which one would a child who loves Lego products go to?
A．Miniland.
B．Vikings' River Splash.
C．The Dragon roller coaster.
D．The Dragon's Apprentice roller coaster.
解析：选A 细节理解题。根据第四段的“as well as Miniland, made up of Lego model cities and landmarks”可知，喜欢乐高的小朋友可以来Miniland玩耍。
23．What do we know about the Pleasure Beach Resort?
A．It's only suitable for smaller children.
B．It has been run by a family all the time.
C．It has the fastest roller coaster in the UK.
D．It has a longer history than any other British theme park.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第六段的“It is still owned by the Thompson family today just as it was when first opened.”可知，这个主题公园一直由一个家庭经营。
24．What's the author's purpose in writing the text?
A．To recommend three theme parks in the UK.
B．To explain why some theme parks are popular.
C．To tell what to do when visiting the theme parks.
D．To tell how to save money when visiting theme parks.
解析：选A 写作意图题。根据文章内容可知，本文主要推荐了英国三家很好的主题公园。
B
I started to learn English from the first grade. That year I was six. In class I learned basic phrases for greeting and describing objects. I don't have much memory for the first year of English learning. The only thing that I still remember is reading vocabulary list. A classmate of mine who was good at English would lead the whole class to read the list. One of the new words that I learned that year was “earth”. “The earth orbits the sun，” he said in Chinese. Every time we came to the word “earth”， he would repeat that sentence. I was secretly admiring him because he knew the earth orbits the sun.
My family moved when I was in my second grade, and I transferred (转学) to a private school. My English class continued. Luckily I could use the same series of text books.
I stayed in the same private school for my junior high school, which is from the 7th to the 9th grade. In junior high school, I hardly felt my English skill improved because the first English class here was still titled “Good Morning” and the content was still basic greetings.
Following was one year of high school life: a_different_school,_the_same_story.
Then my family moved again, and I began to really use English. We came to America. I attended a couple years of high school, and now I'm in college. I learn to write essays and start to read books in English. I can see my progress. However, I still have a lot of space to improve. In writing, the flow between sentences isn't good and I'm still using basic words. In speaking, maybe because I hang out with Chinese speaking friends too much, it takes me time to think when telling long stories.
25．In Grade One, the author admired that classmate because he ________.
A．could speak two languages
B．had a very wide vocabulary
C．often led the whole class to read
D．knew about the earth and the sun
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“I was secretly admiring him because he knew the earth orbits the sun.”可知，答案应选D项。
26．How did the author most probably feel during the first English class in junior high school?
A．Moved. B．Interested.
C．Disappointed. D．Relaxed.
解析：选C 推理判断题。根据第三段的“In junior high school ...still basic greetings.”可推断，作者当时很失望。
27．What do we learn about the author now?
A．She is looked down upon by others.
B．She still isn't very fluent in English.
C．She has no chance to speak Chinese now.
D．She likes practicing English through telling long stories.
解析：选B 推理判断题。根据最后一段的However后面的内容可推断，作者现在英语还不是很流利。
28．The underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 means in senior high school the author ________.
A．didn't live a very difficult life
B．liked her new school very much
C．learned English in a different way
D．had to learn simple English all over again
解析：选D 句意理解题。根据第三段的内容可知，作者进入初中后英语又得从头学习，而画线句子的意思是：进入高中后还是这样，故选D项。
C
Last year was very busy, but productive and fun.
My little daughter had just turned two. We had no other people to help clean our apartment or feed a hungry husband. Even with these responsibilities, I was determined to learn new languages. Five languages, to be exact.
Sound impossible? And why would I want to learn five languages? It all started with the Michael Erard's book Babel No More. If you love learning languages but hesitate to study more than one or two, you must read this book. Babel No More draws upon the concept of neuroplasticity (神经可塑性). Today, many of us memorize very little information. Why bother if all information is within arm's length?
Learning a foreign language after graduation is one of the few ways for us to train our memories. A good memory is extremely important for everyone during retirement years. We take pleasure in training our bodies, but we neglect to train our brains, even though learning a second language is such a simple way to stay sharp throughout our lives. Therefore, I opened my laptop and made a simple list of the languages I wanted to learn：
Monday — German, Tuesday — Spanish, Wednesday — French, Thursday — Chinese. Friday was free until August. Then I wrote Czech in the blank. I thought about learning Japanese, but I decided that this language should be learned in a calmer, quieter setting. I can now speak all five of these languages with varying degrees of fluency.
In the process, I improved my memorization skills, and learned how to make the most of my free time. In addition, I gave my little daughter English classes.
Honestly speaking, to live a year on such a schedule was quite a challenge. Without self?discipline (自律)，it would have never worked out. From time to time, I had to cancel my lessons simply because I needed to sleep. However, if you have a language learning dream, you have to work for it. There is simply no other way, and the results are definitely worth all the efforts.
语篇解读：作者在照顾家庭的同时，学习了五门外语。虽然很难，但是作者认为这样做很值得。
29．What does the author want to show by telling about her family?
A．She was a lazy woman.
B．She actually led a busy life.
C．She wasn't satisfied with her life.
D．She needed something to have a change.
解析：选B 推理判断题。根据第二段的“My little daughter had just turned two. We had no other people to help clean our apartment or feed a hungry husband.”可推断，作者是想表明自己其实很忙。
30．According to Paragraph 4, why should we learn a foreign language after graduation?
A．Because it will enrich our future life.
B．Because it is a pleasure for us to do that.
C．Because it will help our brains stay active.
D．Because it helps us perform better at work.
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据第四段的“one of the few ways for us to train our memories”以及“learning a second language is such a simple way to stay sharp throughout our lives”可知，学习外语可以让我们的大脑保持活跃。
31．Why didn't the author learn Japanese?
A．Because she considered it too difficult.
B．Because she couldn't spare any time for it.
C．Because she loved the other languages more.
D．Because she didn't have a good environment for it.
解析：选D 推理判断题。根据第五段的“I thought about learning Japanese, but I decided that this language should be learned in a calmer, quieter setting.”可知，作者没有学日语是因为她觉得自己没有学习日语的环境。
32．What does the author think of language learning according to the last paragraph?
A．It's fun and useful.
B．It's simple and fun.
C．It's hard but worthwhile.
D．It's too challenging and unworthy.
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Honestly speaking, to live a year on such a schedule was quite a challenge.”以及“There is simply no other way, and the results are definitely worth all the efforts.”可知，作者觉得学习外语虽然很难，但是很值得。
D
People who smoke could lose around one third of their everyday memory, researchers say.
A study by a team at Northumbria University has shown that smokers lose more of their memory when compared to non?smokers. And the research also found that those who kicked the habit saw their ability to recollect information restored to almost the same level as non?smokers. The study involved more than seventy 18 to 25?year?olds and included a tour of the university's campus.
Those who took part were asked to recall small details, such as music acts listed to play at the students' union and tasks completed at various points — known as real world memory test. Smokers performed badly, remembering just 59 percent of tasks. But those who had given up smoking remembered 74 percent and those who had never smoked recalled 81 percent of tasks.
Dr Tom Heffernan, who leads Northumbria University's Collaboration for Drug and Alcohol Research Group, said the findings would be useful in anti?smoking campaigns. He said：“Given that there are up to 10 million smokers in the UK and as many 45 million in the United States, it's important to understand the effects smoking has on everyday cognitive function — of which prospective memory is an excellent example.”
“This is the first time that a study has set out to examine whether giving up smoking has impact on memory. We already know that giving up smoking has huge health benefits for the body, but this study also shows how stopping smoking can have knock?on benefits for cognitive functions too.”
The research will now investigate the effects of passive smoking on memory, while Dr Heffernan and Dr Terence O'Neill will look into the effects of third?hand smoking — toxins (毒素) left on curtains and furniture.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。研究人员称，吸烟者会比不吸烟者多丧失约1/3的日常记忆。
33．What does the passage mainly talk about?
A．Smoking does harm to health.
B．Smoking can affect one's memory.
C．Smokers take a tour to the university's campus.
D．Smokers are compared to non?smokers.
解析：选B 主旨大意题。文章第一句是主题句，即“研究人员称，吸烟者会丧失约1/3的日常记忆。”由此可见，本文讲的是吸烟对记忆力的影响。
34．When asked to recall small details, ________.
A．smokers performed very well
B．non?smokers could recall about half of them
C．smokers did the worst among the participants
D．those who gave up smoking did best
解析：选C 细节理解题。第三段中提到，研究人员请那些参与者回忆一些细节，那些吸烟者表现很差，只记得59%的任务。但那些戒烟者记得74%的任务，从未吸过烟的人记得81%的任务。即吸烟者表现最差。
35．What does the underlined word “impact” in Paragraph 5 most probably mean?
A．Effect. B．Impression.
C．Expression. D．Order.
解析：选A 词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句子的主语“whether giving up smoking”和宾语memory可知，所缺的词语意思应为“影响”。
第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
I have often heard people saying that English is an easy language to learn.__36__ Many speakers of languages are proud to say that their language is one of the hardest of all.But is this true？__37__
It depends on many things; Chinese, for example, has no tense, but it has a writing system that is very different from the systems used in English.__38__
With English, I feel that it is an easy language to pick up at the start.__39__ This might be because it seems not to have the complexity and abundance of grammatical rules that many languages have.
__40__ Having mastered the basics of English, many students then find it hard to reach the very high levels, because there are so many exceptions to everything and so many funny little rules.
All in all, I'd say it is easy to begin with, but it gets a lot harder down the path.If your goal is to reach fluency, then English is not an easy language.
A．I have also heard that Chinese is the most difficult.
B．It has an enormous vocabulary.
C．However, this is also one of its difficulties.
D．One thing might be harder, but another is simpler.
E．It depends on how close the language is to your own.
F．Many students can start speaking it fairly quickly.
G．Are some languages harder than others?
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。学习外语是难还是易？文章以英语为例，说明了对基础知识的掌握相对比较容易，但要达到一个高度确实很难。
36．选A 根据空格前的“I have often heard people ...”可知，A项“I have also heard ...”与之构成并列关系，且与下句语义衔接连贯，符合语境。故A项正确。
37．选G 根据下文“It depends on many things”可知，下文讲的是语言的难度取决于许多因素；由此可推知，G项“一些语言真的比其他语言难吗？”是针对下文所提出的疑问，符合语境。故G项正确。
38．选D 空格前讲的是，汉语没有时态，但它有一套与英语完全不同的书写规范。即汉语没有时态，这属于它简单的一面，而它却有一套复杂的书写规范，这属于比较难学的一面。D项“一方面较难，而另一方面却比较简单”总结了上文内容，符合语境。故D项正确。
39．选F 空格前讲的是开始学习英语是很容易的，下文分析了这一现象的原因；由此可推知，F项“许多学生起初很快就能讲英语”符合语境。故F项正确。
40．选C 根据上文可知，学生很快就能讲英语是因为它没有像其他语言那样复杂丰富的语法规则。空格后讲许多学生发现要达到一个高度却很难。由此可知，上下文构成转折关系。C项“然而，这也是它的难处之一”符合语境。故C项正确。
第三部分 语言知识运用 (满分45分，限时30分钟)
第一节(共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分)
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Saying thank you can have positive effects on your health and the well?being of others.
I once witnessed kindness from complete __41__ last year and it really impressed me. It was a sunny afternoon. It __42__ me at first that my partner fell unconscious on the ground suddenly on our way to the office. Soon I realized that I had to calm down and call __43__ services. Within minutes, an ambulance arrived, __44__ with nursing staff. My partner was rushed away to the __45__， where he received the critical care that he __46__.
A week later, my partner got better, and I wrote thank?you notes to those __47__nursing staff and baked for them. When I __48__ the cakes to them the next day, they all thanked me for the gifts. Thanked me? All I had done was baking, but they had __49__ a life. I drove away feeling relaxed and __50__. I felt so partly because I'd done a good deed, but __51__ because I was amazed that there are so many __52__ people — They do a lot of great things; __53__， they expect nothing in return.
Research has shown that sharing thoughts of gratitude (感恩) and performing acts of kindness can __54__ your mood and health condition. I think it is probably __55__ I felt happier than usual then.
“We know from studies in the literature that gratitude does have a good __56__ on how you feel, and that it __57__ life satisfaction，” says Willibald Ruch, a psychology professor at the University of Zurich who studies the effects of character strengths __58__ gratitude and humor. “It is __59__ the top five causes of happiness，” he adds.
You can __60__ positive changes in your own life by choosing to embrace gratitude.
语篇解读：有研究表明心怀感恩可以使人快乐，并有利于人的身体健康。作者以自己的经历证明了这一点。
41．A.friends B．colleagues
C．strangers D．students
解析：选C 根据后文可知实行善举的是一些医护人员，作者并不认识他们，所以strangers符合语境。
42．A.attracted B．panicked
C．pleased D．confused
解析：选B 根据后文“my partner fell unconscious on the ground suddenly”以及“Soon I realized that I had to calm down”可推断，伙伴突然昏倒在地应该是使作者感到惊慌(panicked)。
43．A.food B．telephone
C．emergency D．parking
解析：选C 伙伴忽然昏倒在地，作者应该是要打电话叫急救(emergency)服务。
44．A.shared B．begun
C．covered D．filled
解析：选D 救护车上坐满了(filled)医护人员。
45．A.hospital B．factory
C．company D．office
解析：选A 根据后文“where he received the critical care”可知，作者的伙伴被送去了医院(hospital)。
46．A.learnt B．needed
C．provided D．admitted
解析：选B 医院给作者的伙伴进行了他需要的(needed)紧急护理。
47．A.annoying B．helpful
C．interesting D．wealthy
解析：选B 多亏了医护人员的及时救助，作者的伙伴才能转危为安，所以他们应该是有帮助的(helpful)。
48．A.lent B．sold
C．delivered D．arranged
解析：选C 作者把蛋糕送到了(delivered)医院，以表谢意。
49．A.controlled B．raised
C．saved D．lost
解析：选C 医护人员们拯救了(saved)一条生命。
50．A.anxious B．disappointed
C．sad D．happy
解析：选D 根据空格前的relaxed以及第四段中的“I felt happier than usual then”可知此处是指作者感到轻松和快乐(happy)。
51．A.mostly B．finally
C．necessarily D．casually
解析：选A 根据上文“I felt so partly because I'd done a good deed”以及空格前的but可知，作者离开医院时感到轻松愉快，有一部分原因是因为自己做了一件好事，但主要(mostly)是因为他很惊讶原来还有这么多无私的人。
52．A.poor B．selfless
C．energetic D．smart
解析：选B 根据后文“They do a lot of great things；__53__they expect nothing in return.”可知这里指无私的(selfless)人。
53．A.instead B．otherwise
C．however D．therefore
解析：选C 根据语境可知，此处为转折关系，故用however。
54．A.destroy B．discover
C．improve D．explain
解析：选C 分享感恩以及做善事能够改善(improve)情绪和身体状况。
55．A.whether B．when
C．where D．why
解析：选D 作者觉得这正是为什么(why)他那时比以往更快乐。
56．A.impact B．challenge
C．impression D．balance
解析：选A 根据上下文语境可知，这里指感恩确实对人的情感有好的影响(impact)。
57．A.wastes B．expects
C．increases D．reduces
解析：选C 根据前面的and可推断出这里指感恩还可以提高(increases)生活满意度。
58．A.instead of B．such as
C．due to D．except for
解析：选B 根据上下文语境可知这里指Willibald Ruch是专门研究例如(such as)感恩和幽默感等特性的影响的。
59．A.among B．off
C．over D．about
解析：选A 根据上下文语境可知这里指，感恩是幸福感的五大来源之一。among符合语境。
60．A.supply B．make
C．avoid D．demand
解析：选B 学会感恩你也可以做出(make)积极的改变。
第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
As a child, Alec Loorz didn't know much about climate change.Then one day at the age of 12, Alec Loorz was __61__ (great) moved when he was watching An Inconvenient Truth __62__ (make) by Al Gore.He wanted to do something to help protect the environment.He had __63__ idea, which was to apply to become an official presenter for Al Gore.__64__， since he was only 12 years old then, he __65__ (turn) down.
Alec Loorz found it upsetting.But he didn't want to give up.Instead, he decided to take action on his own.He__66__ (search) on the Internet and referred to books, magazines, and newspapers in libraries to collect information __67__ the environment.Then he began to speak to other kids on the environment.
Today, Alec is an __68__ (inspire) young leader on the topic of the environment.He speaks to people all over the country.Over 2,000 kids have joined his cause.He is now __69__ (work) on a world event that asks kids worldwide to take a stand against climate change.
Our earth needs our __70__ (protect)．If you care about the environment and want to help save the earth, take action just as Alec does.
61．________ 62.________ 63.________ 64.________
65．________ 66.________ 67.________ 68.________
69．________ 70.________
答案：61.greatly 62.made 63.an 64.However 65.was turned 66.searched 67.on/about 68.inspiring 69．working 70.protection
第四部分 写作 (满分35分，限时35分钟)
第一节：短文改错(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2．只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
I went shopping in the supermarket with my nephews Tom today.While passing a shelf, Tom sudden stopped and looked at bag of processed beef with his eyes wide open.On the bag there was a beef cattle, that pointed to some processed beef, say, “It's yummy.” Tom said to me，“The cattle is very brave.He tells about others that his meat is yummy.” I'd seen the image few times.However, I had never think there was anything wrong with it, though I'd got used to such images.If we looked at things in the eyes of kids, we can find many interesting things.
答案：第一句：nephews→nephew
第二句：sudden→suddenly; at后加a
第三句：that→which; say→saying
第五句：去掉about
第六句：few→many
第七句：think→thought; though→because
第八句：looked→look
第二节：书面表达(满分25分)
某英文报正在就“智能手机的利与弊”这一话题进行讨论。请你根据下面提示用英语写一篇短文给该报投稿，并就合理使用智能手机提出自己的建议。
好处 了解更多信息，缓解压力
坏处 缺少面对面交流，影响工作、学习、休息
你的建议 ……
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．开头已给出，不计入总词数。
Smartphones have become part of our daily life.
参考范文：
Smartphones have become part of our daily life. No matter where we are, we can see people busy playing with their smartphones.
Smartphones benefit us. They not only help us get information around the world more quickly and easily, but also escape the pressures of life.
However, every coin has two sides. When we spend too much time on smartphones, we don't have time to communicate face to face with our friends or family, and our life, studies and work will be badly affected.
In my opinion, we should avoid using smartphones too much except for the purpose of learning. Meanwhile, it's necessary for us to take part in more outdoor activities.
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课时跟踪练(二) Introduction & Reading — Language Points
一、全练语言点，基稳才能楼高
Ⅰ .单词拼写
1．What counts (很重要) is not your appearance but your ability.
2．Does it matter (有关系) if an increasing number of people speak the same language?
3．The old lady has an instantly recognisable (能辨认的) face.
4．Debating (辩论) the problem heatedly, they didn't hear me.
5．You just dip the point of the pen in ink and press it here, then the pen is filled instantly (立即)．
6．His style of writing is rather unique (独特的)．
7．The author (作者) has illustrated the book with some excellent pictures.
8．My ancestors (祖先) settled in this place about 200 years ago.
9．The police haven't found any trace (踪迹) of the criminal.
10．I came from the north and can't understand the southern dialect (方言)．
Ⅱ .单句改错
1．In England, it's easy to tell a person's class from his speech.from→by
2．As matter of fact, he isn't really satisfied with the hotel service.As后加a
3．Instant he arrived at the theatre, he found the ticket a friend gave him was left at home.Instant→Instantly
4．Lie in on the couch there. Let me examine your belly.in→down
5．He said it was beyond the debate that the climate has changed markedly over the last century.去掉第一个the
6．They regarded us as little kids who count on nothing.on→for
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．No_matter_who points out our shortcomings, we will correct them.
不管谁指出我们的缺点，我们都改正。
2．As_long_as_you_drive_carefully,_you will be very safe.
如果你开车小心，你就会很安全。
3．It is generally believed that teaching is as_much_an_art_as it is a science.
人们普遍认为，教学既是一门科学又是一门艺术。
4．Last week, we had a_debate_about_whether we should develop nuclear power stations.
上周，我们就是否应该发展核电站展开了讨论。
5．A member of the tennis club is_counted_as belonging to the whole sports club.
网球俱乐部会员归属总的体育俱乐部。
Ⅳ.课文语法填空
There are as many varieties of English 1.as there are speakers of it. English 2.is_spoken (speak) as an official language in more than 60 countries, and it can sound very different from place to place. It is easy for us 3.to_tell_ (tell) British English from American English.
There is not really a standard form that everyone can agree on and English is widely spoken, so it is hard to tell 4.which English is correct. As long as speakers can understand each other, 5.correctness (correct) doesn't matter.
Australian English has traces of both Irish 6.and cockney speech patterns, because the first speakers were prisoners 7.who came from all over Britain. Many of the Aboriginal words passed into the language. But the main 8.differences (differ) lie in individual sounds and intonation patterns.
In Jamaica, this is not the case. The 9.variety (vary) of English has some of the grammatical features of the American languages.
In Singapore, English is spoken by about half the population. Scientists often end with the word lah. English 10.has_been_influenced (influence) especially by Malay and the Chinese dialect Hokkien.
Ⅴ.串点成篇微表达
他们正在为哪种英语更好展开辩论(debate)。回答这个问题确实很难。当人们混合着方言说英语时，你能区分开(tell ...apart)它们吗？专家们认为哪种英语更好并不重要(matter)，只要(as long as)说话的人彼此明白就行——重要(count)的是交流本身。
They_are_debating_which_variety_of_English_is_better._It's_hard_to_answer._When_people_speak_English_with_their_own_dialects,_can_you_tell_them_apart?_Experts_believe_that_it_doesn't_matter_which_English_is_better,_as_long_as_speakers_can_understand_each_other_—_it's_communication_that_counts.
二、勤练高考题型，多练自能生巧
Ⅰ .完形填空
Sandy Greenberg came from a poor family. He went to Columbia University on a scholarship and there he met his roommate who also was receiving financial __1__.
Unfortunately, Sandy had a(n) __2__ disease during his second year at Columbia University, and finally he became blind. But __3__ for Sandy, something else also happened to him — his roommate would __4__ his textbooks to him, every night after he lost his sight.
As a result, Sandy went on to __5__ with honors. He went off to study at the University of Oxford. He was still quite poor, but he had managed to __6__ about five hundred dollars as he went along.
His roommate __7__ went on to graduate school. One day, Sandy got a __8__ from him. His former roommate said, “Sandy, I'm really __9__ I really don't like being in graduate school, and I don't want to do this.”
“Well, what do you want to do？” Sandy __10__.
His roommate told him, “Sandy, I really love to __11__. I have a high school friend who plays the guitar. And we would really like to __12__ our hand at the music business. But we need to make a promo record (宣传唱片), and in order to __13__ that I need $500.”
Sandy took all his life savings without __14__ and sent it to his roommate. Well, his roommate was the __15__ famous singer, Art Garfunkel, and he __16__ up with another musician, Paul Simon. That $500 __17__ them make a record that finally became The Sounds of Silence.
How we are able to deal with __18__ in our lives will be influenced by how we deal with others __19__ the way. What we get will depend a lot on what we __20__. And that's the end of the story of doing well by doing good.
语篇解读：桑迪在哥伦比亚大学上学时得到过室友无私的帮助。后来，室友遇到困难，桑迪毫不犹豫地伸出了援手，帮助室友实现了梦想。这篇文章告诉我们一个人生道理：回报取决于付出，助人者人助之。
1．A.aid B．advice
C．crisis D．pressure
解析：选A 根据前面讲的桑迪是靠奖学金上的大学以及句中的also可知，他的室友也很穷，也接受经济“资助”。
2．A.eye B．ear
C．nose D．bone
解析：选A 根据第3空前的“he became blind”可知，此处指桑迪上大二时“眼睛”得了病。
3．A.finally B．luckily
C．sadly D．excitedly
解析：选B 虽然桑迪失明了，但他的室友每天晚上都会给他读课本。相对于失明的不幸，这是不幸之中的幸事，故用luckily。
4．A.lend B．offer
C．read D．return
解析：选C 桑迪失明了，所以他的室友应该是每天晚上给他“读”课本。
5．A.survive B．research
C．leave D．graduate
解析：选D 根据下一句讲的桑迪到牛津大学继续深造可推知，桑迪在室友的帮助下完成了学业并以优异的成绩“毕业”了。
6．A.save B．lend
C．share D．borrow
解析：选A 根据下文中的“Sandy took all his life savings”可知，尽管桑迪的生活依然很贫困，他还是设法“积攒”了大约500美元。
7．A.never B．still
C．either D．also
解析：选D 根据第四段最后的“I really don't like being in graduate school”可知，桑迪的室友“也”进入了研究生院学习。
8．A.message B．call
C．card D．report
解析：选B 根据下文对话的情节可知，此处指桑迪接到了前室友的“电话”。
9．A.unhappy B．unhealthy
C．homesick D．lonely
解析：选A 根据该空后的内容可知，他的室友很“不开心”。
10．A.suggested B．answered
C．asked D．laughed
解析：选C 根据该空前引号中的问句可知，此处应填asked。
11．A.work B．sing
C．dance D．travel
解析：选B 根据下文他的室友说要录制一张宣传唱片可知，他的室友非常喜欢“唱歌”。
12．A.wave B．wash
C．try D．clean
解析：选C 此处指他们很想在音乐界一试身手。try one's hand意为“初试身手，一试身手”。
13．A.win B．do
C．prove D．earn
解析：选B 为了去“做”那件事(指录制一张宣传唱片)，他们需要500美元。
14．A.permission B．admission
C．hesitation D．expectation
解析：选C 根据上文可知，在桑迪最困难的时候，室友帮助了他，故此处应指桑迪毫不犹豫地拿出自己所有的积蓄，寄给了室友。without hesitation意为“毫不犹豫地”。
15．A.other B．similar
C．former D．later
解析：选D 桑迪的室友就是“后来”著名的歌手阿特·加芬克尔。
16．A.teamed B．came
C．showed D．set
解析：选A 上文中，阿特·加芬克尔在电话中对桑迪说：“我有个高中时的朋友是弹吉他的。我们俩很想在音乐界一试身手。”由此可以看出，此处指他与另一位音乐家成立了一个组合。team up with (sb.)意为“(与某人)结成一队”。
17．A.saw B．helped
C．hoped D．let
解析：选B 那500美元“帮助”他们制作出一张唱片。
18．A.interests B．opportunities
C．difficulties D．feelings
解析：选C 联系阿特·加芬克尔和桑迪的互助经历，作者发表议论。此处指在生活中应对困难的能力与我们如何待人有很大的关系。
19．A.across B．in
C．by D．along
解析：选D 此处指一直以来我们如何待人影响着我们在生活中应对困难的能力。along the way意为“在……过程中，在生活道路上”，符合语境。
20．A.take B．give
C．like D．learn
解析：选B 此空与句中的get相对应。本句意为：我们所得到的在很大程度上取决于我们所付出的。这就是作者要通过这样一个故事来说明的人生道理。
Ⅱ.短文改错
A few days before, Miss Wang was going home by bikes. While she was riding in the street, she sudden saw a man with a knife in his hand and with his face covering with a piece of black cloth running towards her. The man had pulled her handbag out of the basket of her bike and ran away before she could find a person to turn for help. Luckily, she had the mobile phone in her pocket. She took it out, dialing 110 and told the police in which direction the man had run. She also told the police that the man was like. The police came five minutes later, but caught the man soon.
答案：第一句：before→ago; bikes→bike
第二句：sudden→suddenly; covering→covered
第三句：去掉had; turn后加to
第四句：the→a
第五句：dialing→dialed
第六句：that→what
第七句：but→and
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2
课时跟踪练(三) Other Parts of the Module
一、全练语言点，基稳才能楼高
[本课语言点针对练习]
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．There is a growing tendency (趋势) for people to work at home instead of in offices.
2．When the weather is fine, the view from the hotel is splendid (极好的)．
3．She was in a dilemma (困难的抉择) as to whether to stay at school or get a job.
4．First we need to identify actual and potential (潜在的) problems.
5．Gradually they acquired (获得) experience in how to guide the work.
6．Initially (起初), I disagree with his proposal, but later I changed my mind.
7．His tone conveyed (传递)his real feelings more truly than his words.
8．This new discovery of oil is of great significance (意义) to this area's economy.
9．I want to make it clear that I have no prejudice (偏见) against you.
10．The guests made a complaint (抱怨) that the fish was too small.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．Silence is required of all examination candidates (candidate)．
2．The police have completed their investigations (investigate) into the accident.
3．This is the most convincing (convince) evidence that I can find to prove my point.
4．How can I get it across to you how important this is?
5．The books in the library are_classified (classify) according to subject.
6．Sam always tried hard to win his father's approval (approve)．
7．Children often ask questions out of curiosity (curious)．
8．The skirt is a bit small, so it needs letting down.
Ⅲ.选词填空
in conclusion, a huge number of, get through, let in, be relevant to, be superior to, associated with, convince ... to ...
1．Please open the window and let_in some fresh air.
2．What you say is not relevant_to the matter in hand.
3．In_conclusion,_I'd like to thank you for all you've done for me.
4．A_huge_number_of money has been spent on this project, but it needs more money.
5．I phoned him several times, but I couldn't get_through.
6．Of the two books, I think this one is_superior_to that one.
7．He wanted to move in the direction. Instead, Alison convinced him to move in a different direction.
8．There are many serious health hazards associated_with smoking.
[本单元语言点温故练习]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．As a matter of fact, TV provides people with many educational programs.
2．There should be a debate on the subject in the next meeting concerning the Development Agenda.
3．Several workers complained of feelings of sickness and headaches.
4．My father was violently opposed to my going (go) abroad.
5．Seeing the toy, she couldn't resist reaching (reach) out to touch it.
6．Convinced (convince) of the accuracy of the data, they stuck to their opinion.
7．Young as she is, she can do a lot of skilled work.
8．We will select two students to_represent (represent) our school to attend the match.
Ⅱ.选词填空
tell apart， count on， get down to， it is said that， the first time， let sb. down， in conclusion， as long as
1．These two signatures are very similar.Can you tell them apart?
2．You can't be defeated as_long_as you hold together.
3．I won't put up with any more of your nonsense — now get_down_to work.
4．After a broken promise, it is hard to count_on a person.
5．The children were so excited the_first_time they were taken aboard.
6．As a student, you should study hard and don't let your parents down.
7．In_conclusion,_we should like to thank all those who have worked so hard to bring about this result.
8．It_is_said_that human beings are naturally equipped to speak.
二、勤练高考题型，多练自能生巧
Ⅰ.阅读理解
The number of speakers of English in Shakespeare's time is estimated to have been about five million. Today it is estimated that some 260 million people speak it as a native language, mainly in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In addition to the standard varieties of English found in these areas, there are a great many regional and social varieties of the language as well as various levels of usage that are employed both in its spoken and written forms.
In fact, it is impossible to estimate the number of people in the world who have acquired an adequate working knowledge of English in addition to their own languages. The purpose for English learning and the situations in which such learning takes place are so varied that it is difficult to explain and still more difficult to judge what forms an adequate working knowledge for each situation.
The main reason for the widespread demand for English is its present?day importance as a world language. Besides serving the indefinite needs of its native speakers, English is a language in which some of important works in science, technology, and other fields are being produced, and not always by native speakers. It is widely used for such purposes as meteorological and airport communications, international conferences, and the spread of information over the radio and television networks of many nations. It is a language of wider communication for a number of developing countries, especially former British colonies. Many of these countries have multilingual populations and need a language for internal communication in such matters as government, commerce, industry, law and education as well as for international communication and for entrance to the scientific and technological developments in the West.
语篇解读：本文主要讲了英语的发展变化情况，说明英语最后成为世界语言的原因及英语在当代社会中的重要性。
1．What would be the best title for this passage?
A．The Difficulties of Learning English
B．International Communications
C．The Standard Varieties of English
D．English as a World Language
解析：选D 标题归纳题。根据第三段第一句“English is its present?day importance as a world language”及全文的内容可推知答案为D项。
2．Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A．Some 260 million people in the world have an adequate working knowledge of English.
B．There are some 260 million native speakers of English in the world.
C．It is almost impossible to estimate the number of people with an adequate working knowledge of English.
D．People learn English for a variety of reasons.
解析：选A 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句及第二段的第一句的描述可推知答案为A项。
3．According to the passage, what is the main reason for the widespread use of English?
A．It was popular during Shakespeare's time.
B．It is used in former British colonies.
C．It serves the needs of its native speakers.
D．It is a world language that is used for international communication.
解析：选D 推理判断题。根据最后一段的描述可知英语在国际交流中起重要作用，故答案为D项。
4．What forms an adequate working knowledge of English?
A．The ability to read a newspaper.
B．It is difficult to judge because it differs for each situation.
C．Being multilingual.
D．Being a native speaker.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知答案为B项。
Ⅱ.语法填空
At fifteen years old, I was a confident girl. One day, when I was trying to get the bottled (瓶装的) gas to work, __1__ fire exploded in my face. I suffered the consequences of my __2__ (careless). It was my neighbors who came to rescue, __3__ (help) to put off the fire and arranged emergency medical attention. __4__ I survived the fire, the damage for me was long?lasting. Within a month, I went from a beautiful girl with perfect skin __5__ an ugly lady.
After several months of persuasion (劝导), I agreed to go back to school. But I found it difficult __6__ (raise) my head and look people in the face. Then I realized that I first had to learn to accept myself if I wanted to __7__ (accept) by others. As time went on, I gained strength and confidence, and began to __8__ (gradual) lift my head up and look people in the face again.
Instead of __9__ (hide) from the world, I forced the world to pay attention to and take notice of the person behind the scars. As a saying goes, “Nobody can put you down without your permission.” Now, more than three decades later, I am a confident adult. Who would have thought that such a __10__ (pain) experience helped me to grow up?
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________
5．________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________
9．________ 10.________
语篇解读：本文作者通过讲述自己的亲身经历，告诉我们当面对挫折与磨难时，我们应该拿出勇气去面对它们。
1．a fire在这里指火灾，为可数名词，而且是首次提到，故用不定冠词a修饰。
2．carelessness 作者的粗心引起了大火，让她尝到了苦头。carelessness意为“粗心”。
3．helped and连接三个并列的动词，时态应该保持一致。根据空前的 “came to rescue”和空格后的“arranged emergency medical attention”可知此空的动词需用一般过去式。
4．Although 尽管作者活了下来，但是大火对她的伤害是永久的，这里用although引导让步状语从句。
5．to from ... to ...意为“从……到……”。
6．to raise find＋it＋adj./n.＋to do sth.意为“发现做某事是……的”，it是形式宾语，后面的不定式“to raise my head and look people in the face”是真正的宾语。
7．be accepted 作者意识到想要被别人接受首先要做到自我接受，所以此空需用被动语态。
8．gradually gradually在这里意为“逐渐地”，修饰后面的动作“lift my head up and look people in the face”。
9．hiding instead of 意为“代替；不是……而是……”，of为介词，后跟v.?ing形式。
10．painful painful意为“痛苦的”，修饰后面的名词experience。
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2
课时跟踪练(一) Introduction & Reading — Pre-reading
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
Australian English began separating from British English shortly after the foundation of the Australian penal colony (罪犯流放地) of New South Wales in 1788. British convicts sent there, including cockneys (伦敦东区的人) from London, came mostly from large English cities. They were joined by free settlers, military personnel and officials, often with their families. However, many of the convicts were Irish, with at least 25% directly from Ireland, and others indirectly via Britain. There were other populations of convicts from non?English speaking areas of Britain, such as the Welsh and Scots. The transportation of convicts to Australia ended in 1868, but immigration of free settlers from Britain. Ireland and elsewhere continued.
The earliest form of Australian English was first spoken by the children of the colonists born into the colony of New South Wales. This very first generation of children created a new dialect that was to become the language of the nation. The Australian?born children in the new colony were exposed to a wide range of different dialects from all over the British Isles, in particular from Ireland and the southeastern part of England.
The native?born children of the colony created the new dialect from factors present in the speech they heard around them, and provided a way for the expression of peer solidarity (一致). Even when new settlers arrived, this new dialect was strong enough to turn away from the influence of other patterns of speech.
Records from the early 19th century indicated the distinctive dialect had appeared in the colony since the first settlement. In 1827 Peter Cunningham, in his book Two Years in New South Wales, described that the native?born colonists spoke with a distinctive accent and vocabulary, with a strong London influence. Anthony Burgess wrote that “Australian English may be thought of as a kind of fossilised (僵化的) cockney (伦敦腔) of the Dickensian era”．
1．Who didn't go to Australia with the convicts?
A．Miners. B．Soldiers.
C．Officials. D．Free settlers.
解析：选A 细节理解题。从第一段第三句可知，随着囚犯到澳大利亚去的人中没有矿工。
2．Who created the earliest form of Australian English?
A．Convicts sent to Australia.
B．Free settlers into Australia.
C．The native?born children of the colony.
D．People from Ireland and the southeastern part of England.
解析：选C 细节理解题。从第二段可知，在澳大利亚出生的孩子说话不同于自己的父母，是他们创造了最初的澳大利亚英语。
3．We can learn from the last paragraph that Australian English ________.
A．had no identity of its own
B．was formed before the Dickensian era
C．was quite different from British English
D．was greatly influenced by London accent
解析：选D 推理判断题。分析最后一段可知，两位作者认为澳大利亚英语具有明显的伦敦口音特征。
4．What does the text mainly tell us?
A．Who came to Australia first?
B．How Australia was colonized?
C．How Australian English was formed?
D．What the earliest language in Australia was?
解析：选C 主旨大意题。综合全文可知，文章主要说明澳大利亚英语的形成过程。
B
In an age when technology is everywhere, it's not surprising that even young children are getting into the action. The iPad was released six years ago. This tablet computer from Apple has a large, multi?touch screen that kids can play learning games on.
Sure toddlers can operate an iPad, but at what age is it safe to let them use it? According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, children under the age of 2 should have no screen time at all. This includes not only television but also other electronics, such as computers, cellphones, video games and tablets, including the iPad. During the first two years of life, children's brains are growing significantly and it can be confusing for them to tell the differences between the real world and what they are seeing on the screen. After age 2, an iPad is fine in moderation (适度)．
Using the iPad can have benefits for kids. In a two?week study conducted by PBS, involving children 3 to 7, it was found that educational apps can improve a child's vocabulary by as much as 31 percent in two weeks. Ann Densmore, an expert in speech and language development, said in an article on Harvard Health that there are even iPad apps that are helpful for children in speech and language therapy (治疗)．
While there are some benefits to children using an iPad as an educational tool, there are also some disadvantages to be aware of. No electronic device can replace the role of human interaction. It's important that young children learn by doing and not by watching. Also an iPad can be addictive (上瘾的) when used too much. Even though it's OK for 2?year?olds to use an iPad, children up to the age of 3 will learn better from real world experiences than from any type of electronics, especially when it comes to language.
When parents decide to let their children start using the iPad, it's important that they establish some rules and limitations ...
语篇解读：小孩子使用平板电脑有利也有弊，父母应该对孩子使用平板电脑进行监管和控制。
5．The American Academy of Pediatrics shows that ________.
A．parents usually let kids over two use an iPad
B．iPads aren't different from other electronics
C．kids usually use an iPad in moderation
D．kids under two shouldn't use an iPad
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第二段的“According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, children under the age of 2 should have no screen time at all.”可知，未满两岁的小孩不应该使用平板电脑。
6．What does the study conducted by PBS mainly show?
A．Educational apps are popular with kids.
B．Using an iPad can help kids learn words.
C．Kids can improve vocabulary in various ways.
D．An iPad is used in speech and language therapy.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第三段的“In a two?week study ... in two weeks.”可知，这个研究表明，小孩可以用平板电脑学习单词。
7．What is the author's attitude toward kids using an iPad to learn language?
A．Interested. B．Favourable.
C．Critical. D．Completely against.
解析：选C 观点态度题。根据第四段的“Even though it's OK ... comes to language.”可知，作者认为小孩通过现实生活学习语言更好，故作者对小孩通过平板电脑学习语言是持批判态度的。
8．The text is probably followed by ________.
A．how children use an iPad
B．the author's opinion on iPads
C．why children love using an iPad
D．some detailed rules and limitations
解析：选D 推理判断题。根据最后一段的“it's important that they establish some rules and limitations”可知，接下来应该会给出一些具体的规则和限制。
C
Smoking costs the economy more than $1 trillion a year around the world, and will kill one third more people by 2030 than it does now. That's what a study by the World Health Organization found.“It is responsible for over D|S1 trillion in health care costs and lost productivity (生产力) each year，” said the study, which came out in a magazine. That cost is far more than profits from tobacco taxes, which were at about D|S269 billion worldwide in 2013－2014.
“The number of deaths caused by smoking tobacco (烟草) is to increase from about 6 million deaths yearly to about 8 million yearly by 2030, with more than 80 percent of these taking place in low?and middle?income countries，” the study said. Around 80 percent of smokers live in such countries. Health experts say tobacco use is the single biggest cause of death that can be prevented around the world.
The economic costs are expected to continue to rise, and although governments have the tools to reduce tobacco use and deaths caused by it, most have fallen far short of using those tools in a satisfying way, said the 688?page report.
Governments spent less than D|S1 billion on tobacco control in 2013－2014, according to a WHO report. Governments' fears that tobacco control will have an adverse economic influence are not supported by the evidence. The science is clear; the time for action is now.
Cheap and effective policies included increasing tobacco taxes and prices, better smoke?free policies, complete bans on tobacco company marketing, and more warning labels.
Tobacco control meanwhile is reaching a difficult point because of a trade dispute (纠纷) brought by three countries against Australia's strict “plain packaging”laws, which ensure the same simple designs on tobacco products. The World Trade Organization is expected to deal with the dispute. Australia's policy is being closely watched by other countries that are considering similar policies, the study said.
语篇解读：世界卫生组织的报告表明，吸烟给全球经济造成了很大的损害。相比于现在，到2030年因吸烟而死亡的人数将会比现在多三分之一。
9．What do we learn from Paragraph 2 about smoking worldwide?
A．People in high?income countries are less likely to smoke.
B．Smoking will kill 20% of people in high?income countries.
C．The number of smokers is increasing quickly worldwide.
D．People in middle?income countries smoke more than those in poor ones.
解析：选A 推理判断题。根据第二段的“with more than 80 percent of these taking place in low?and middle?income countries”和“Around 80 percent of smokers live in such countries.”可知，全球80%的吸烟者都在中等和低收入国家，故可推断高收入国家的人吸烟的少。
10．What does the underlined word “adverse” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A．New. B．Deep.
C．Harmful. D．Unbelievable.
解析：选C 词义猜测题。根据画线词前面的“Governments' fears that tobacco control will have”和后面的“economic influence are not supported by the evidence”可知，这里是指政府担心控制烟草会给经济带来“不利的”影响。
11．What action did Australia take to reduce tobacco use?
A．Banning import of tobacco products.
B．Completely banning tobacco company marketing.
C．Increasing taxes on tobacco products.
D．Preventing appealing designs on tobacco products.
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Tobacco control”和“Australia's strict ‘plain packaging’ laws, which ensure the same simple designs on tobacco products”可知，为了控制烟草，澳大利亚禁止香烟产品上有吸引人的设计，要求设计简单一致。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
Whether it's fear of failing or a simple lack of motivation, procrastination (拖延) can be a serious problem for many people.__1__ Here, I will share my personal steps which I use to overcome procrastination with great success. These four steps will surely apply to you, too.
Hang out with people who inspire you. Have you ever left a conversation feeling so inspired by the people you were communicating with? __2__ I always love meeting people who are excited about what they do, and it's an almost catching feeling — it reminds you of why you're doing what you do.
Set achievable goals to hit along the way. Procrastination can be brought on by feelings of anxiety and failure. __3__ The secret to achieving is to set small but achievable goals. This way you'll feel a sense of achievement each time you hit your target, which will keep you motivated.
__4__ Part of the reason why we procrastinate is that we find the work too overwhelming (巨大的) for us. Break it down into little parts, and then focus on one part at one time. If you still procrastinate on the task after breaking it down, then break it down even further.
Change your environment. Different environments have different effects on our productivity. __5__ Do they make you want to work or do they make you want to sleep? If it's the latter, you should look into changing your workspace. One thing to note is that an environment that makes us feel inspired before may lose its effect after a period of time. If that's the case, then it's time to change things around.
A．Tell others about your goals.
B．Break your work into little steps.
C．Look at your work desk and your office.
D．Are you waiting for a perfect time to do this?
E．So don't let procrastination take over your life.
F．It can be scary to start a new challenge for fear of failing.
G．Then these are the kinds of people you should be spending your time with.
1．选E 从逻辑关系来看，本句是对上一句做出的推理结论。
2．选G 第二段主要讲述和什么样的人交流，利用关键词组可以判断。G项中的关键表达“the kinds of people”指的是上文提到的“people who inspire you”和“the people you were communicating with”。
3．选F 本选项中的“for fear of failure”与前一句中的failure相互补充，因为害怕失败，会很难开始新一轮挑战。
4．选B 本句概括了段落大意，即把任务分解。
5．选C 本句用具体的例子来解释环境对工作效率的影响。
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