Unit 4 Natural disasters
地震可能会带来很大的伤亡，但是如果在平时你能做好准备，你幸存下来的机会会大大增加。那么我们需要做好哪些准备呢？
Here are some tips to help you increase the chances of surviving.
Make a home earthquake plan.Find a safe place in every room，such as a desk or a table，where you can find cover in an earthquake.For two?floor homes，get a proper?sized ladder to get out through a window if the stairs are damaged.
Decide where your family will remeet if you are separated.Decide on an out?of?town relative for family members to get in touch with.
Attach things such as tall furniture and water heaters to the wall so that they will not be knocked over during an earthquake.
Prepare an emergency kit(成套工具)for your home and a car that has food，water，clothing，flashlights，a radio and a first?aid kit in it.
Know what to do when an earthquake starts.Drop，cover and hold on.Only move a few steps to a safe place for cover and stay there until the shaking stops.If you are in a car，slow down and drive to somewhere away from trees and power lines.Stay in your car until the shaking stops.
Practice for the real thing to help keep a clear head when a real earthquake happens.
[阅读障碍词]
1．attach v．贴，系，把……固定
2．furniture n．家具
3．first?aid adj.急救的
[诱思导读]
阅读短文，回答问题
1．How many tips does the passage offer us?
______________________________________________________
2．Why do we practice for the real thing in our daily life?
______________________________________________________
[答案] 1.Six.
2．To help keep a clear head when a real earthquake happens.
Section Ⅰ Listening and Speaking &Reading and Thinking——Comprehending
Ⅰ.匹配下列单词的词性及汉语意思
( )1.disaster A．vt.埋葬；安葬
( )2.slide B．n.震惊；令人震惊的事；休克
vt.(使)震惊
( )3.rescue C．vi.生存；存活； vt.幸存；
艰难度过
( )4.damage D．vi.&vt.(使)滑行；滑动
( )5.survive E．n.灾难；灾害
( )6.destroy F．n.避难处；居所；庇护 vt.保护；
掩蔽 vi.躲避(风雨或危险)
( )7.affect G．vt.损害；破坏； n．损坏；损失
( )8.shelter H．n.&vt.营救；救援
( )9.shock I．vt.遭受；蒙受 vi.(因疾病、痛
苦、悲伤等)受苦
( )10.bury J．vt.摧毁；毁灭
( )11.breathe K．vt.影响；(疾病)侵袭；深深打动
( )12.suffer L．vi.&vt.呼吸
[答案] 1－5 EDHGC 6－10 JKFBA 11－12 LI
Ⅱ.选择下列句子中词组的汉语意思
A．……的数量 B．像往常一样 C．严重受损；破败不堪 D．似乎；好像 E．震惊；吃惊 F．建立
( )1.Even if they met for the first time，they talked as if they were good friends.
( )2.The whole town was in ruins after the powerful earthquake happened.
( )3.When I told them the bad news，they were all in shock.
( )4.Another new school will be set up here so as to meet the need of the citizens.
( )5.As usual，I walk the dog along the street.
( )6.The number of people that come to visit this city each year reach one million.
[答案] 1－5 DCEFBA
第一步 速读——了解文章主题和段落大意
Ⅰ.速读P50课文内容，选择最佳答案
What's the main idea of the text?
A．A terrible earthquake of Tangshan.
B．Before the earthquake of Tangshan.
C．During the earthquake of Tangshan.
D．Damages of the earthquake of Tangshan.
[答案] A
Ⅱ.速读P50课文内容，匹配段落大意
1．Para.1 A．Damages caused by the earthquake.
2．Paras.2～3 B．Rescue after the earthquake.
3．Para.4～5 C．Signs before the earthquake.
[答案] 1－3 CAB
第二步 细读——把控文章关键信息
细读P50课文内容，选择最佳答案
1．The last sentence in Paragraph 1 implies that________.
A．the survivors didn't think too much of the earthquake
B．the survivors were made to lose their sense by the sudden big earthquake
C．the survivors didn't realize that a terrible earthquake happened in such a short time
D．the survivors didn't think an earthquake could bring such great damage
2．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A．Many soldiers helped to rescue the people who were trapped under the ruins.
B．If the earthquake had happened during the daytime，it wouldn't have caused so many deaths.
C．People of Tangshan cared much about the strange events before the earthquake.
D．The earthquake was also felt in Beijing.
3．What is the number of people who were killed or injured during the earthquake?
A．400,000 B．150,000
C．10,000 D．50,000
4．The title“ The night the earth didn't sleep” means ________.
A．the earth was awake all night long
B．people on the earth couldn't fall asleep that night
C．the earth shook like crazy that night
D．animals on the earth would not sleep that night
[答案] 1－4 CCAC
第三步 研读——能力升华接轨高考
根据P50课文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式
Several days before July 28,1976，many strange things happened in Tangshan. They were 1.signs(sign)for an earthquake.But people 2.who lived there didn't think much of that.At 3：42 am that day，the earth began 3.to shake(shake)，which destroyed almost all the city in fifteen terrible seconds.Many people，4.including(include) rescue workers and doctors，came 5.to rescue(rescue)those who 6.were trapped(trap)under the ruins.Later that afternoon，another big earthquake hit the city.More people were killed or injured and more buildings fell 7.down.Very soon the army sent a lot of soldiers to help，and teams 8.were organized (organize)to dig out the trapped and to bury the dead.By and by things improved and the city began to 9.breathe(breath) again.With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the city's people，a new Tangshan 10.was built(build) upon the earthquake ruins.
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Section Ⅱ Listening and Speaking &Reading and Thinking——Language Points
Ⅰ.重点单词
根据词性和汉语提示，写出下列单词
1．disaster n．灾难；灾害
2．slide vi.&vt.(使)滑行；滑动
3．flood n．洪水；大量vi.淹没；大量涌入vt.使灌满水；淹没
4．rescue n．&vt.营救；救援
5．damage vt.损害；破坏n.损坏；损失
6．destroy vt.摧毁；毁灭
7．affect vt.影响；(疾病)侵袭；深深打动
8．shelter n．避难处；居所；庇护vt.保护；掩蔽vi.躲避(风雨或危险)
9．ruin n．&vt.破坏；毁坏
10．electricity n．电；电能
11．trap vt.使落入险境；使陷入圈套n.险境；陷阱
12．bury vt.埋葬；安葬
13．effort n．努力；艰难的尝试；尽力
14．wisdom n．智慧；才智
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
根据词性和汉语提示，写出下列单词
1．survive vi.生存；存活 vt.幸存；艰难度过→survivor n．幸存者；生还者→survival n．幸存
2．death n．死；死亡→dead adj.无生命的
3．shock n．震惊；令人震惊的事；休克vt.(使)震惊→shocking adj.令人震惊的→shocked adj.感到震惊的
4．breathe vi.&vt.呼吸→breath n．呼吸
5．revive vt.&vi.复活；(使)苏醒→revival n．振兴；复苏
6．unify vi.&vt.统一；(使)成一体→unite vi.&vt.团结
7．suffer vt.遭受；蒙受vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦→suffering n．折磨；苦难
Ⅲ.补全短语
根据提示补全下列短语
1．as if 似乎；好像；仿佛
2．in ruins 严重受损；破败不堪
3．in shock 震惊；吃惊
4．set up 建立
5．as usual 像往常一样
6．come to an_end 结束
7．the number of... ……的数量
8．dig out 挖掘
9．a home to... ……的家园
10．go through 经历
背教材原句 记句式结构 仿写促落实
1.Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat...鸡和猪都紧张得吃不下东西…… too...to...结构 The little girl is too young to dress herself. 这个小女孩太小，还不能自己穿衣服。
2.It seemed as if the world were coming to an end！仿佛世界末日即将来临！ as if引导状语从句 She looks as if she were ten years younger.她看起来好像年轻了10岁。
3.Thousands of children were left without parents.成千上万的家庭被毁灭，许许多多的孩子变成了孤儿。 leave sb.＋宾补．..使某人处于…… What you said left us lost in thought. 你说的话使我们陷入沉思。
4.About 75 per cent of the city's factories and buildings,90 per cent of its homes，and all of its hospitals were gone.大约75%的工厂和建筑物、90%的家园和市内所有的医院都消失了。 “分数/百分数＋of＋名词”作主语。 About one third of the books are worth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。
5.With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the city's people，a new Tangshan was built upon the earthquake ruins.在政府的大力支持和人民的不懈努力下，一座崭新的唐山在地震废墟上建成了。 with 复合结构 He said goodbye to us with tears in his eyes. 他含着眼泪与我们告别。
rescue n．&vt.援救；营救
(教材P48)What are the rescue workers and soldiers doing in the flood?hit area?
救援人员和士兵在洪水灾区做什么？
(1)rescue sb./sth.from... 把……从……营救出来 (2)come to one's rescue 来营救某人 a rescue team 救援队
①The police came to his rescue and sent him home.
警察救了他，并把他送回了家。
②Tom rescued a boy from the river on his way home.
汤姆在回家的路上从河里救了一个男孩。
③A large number of soldiers were sent there to rescue(rescue) those trapped in the building.
大批士兵被派往那里营救被困在大楼里的人。
[语境助记]
As soon as the accident happened，the rescue team came to the victims' rescue，and they didn't give up any hope of rescuing them from danger.
事故一发生，救援队就来营救受害者了，并且他们没有放弃使他们脱离危险的任何希望。
damage vt.损害；破坏
n．损坏；损失
(教材P48)Which buildings were damaged in Seoul?
首尔哪些建筑被毁？
(1)do/cause damage to 给……带来/造成毁坏 (2)be badly damaged 遭受严重损害 damage one's health 损害某人的健康
①Eating too much meat one time will cause damage to your stomach.
一次吃太多的肉会对你的胃造成损害。
②As we all know，smoking can do/cause damage to our health. (damage n．)
＝It is well known that smoking can damage our health.(damage vt.)
众所周知，抽烟会损害我们的健康。
survive vi.生存；存活vt.幸存；艰难度过
(经典佳句)Unluckily，no one survived the terrible accident.
不幸的是， 没有人从这个可怕的事故中幸存。
(1)survive sth. 幸免于；从……中挺过来/活过来 A survive B (by...) A比B活得长…… survive on 依靠……生存下来 survive from... 从……存活下来，流传下来 (2)survivor n. 幸存者 survival n. [U]幸存；[C]残存物
①Of the six people injured in the terrible accident，only two survived.
在这次可怕的事故受伤的六人中，只有两人活了下来。
②Some strange customs have survived from earlier times.
有些奇怪的风俗是从早年流传下来的。
③The old lady has survived all her sisters and brothers by ten years.
那位老太太比她所有的兄弟姐妹都多活了10年。
[语境助记]
He was the only survivor in that bad accident，and after the survival，he has been living a happy and healthy life.
在那次严事故中，他是唯一的幸存者，幸存下来后，他一直过着幸福健康的生活。
affect vt.影响；(疾病)侵袭；深深打动
写出下列各句中affect的含义
①As far as I'm concerned，following others' advice without thinking will affect our own decision.影响
②Most people present at the meeting were deeply affected by his speech.深深打动
③The disease is beginning to affect his eyesight.(疾病)侵袭
(1)affect sb./sth. 影响某人/某事 be deeply affected by 被深深打动了 (2)effect n. 作用； 影响 have an effect on 对……产生影响
④As far as I'm concerned，staying up late every day is certain to have a serious effect on your health.
就我而言，每天熬夜一定会严重影响你的健康。
ruin n．废墟；毁灭
vt.毁灭；使破产
(教材P50)In less than one minute，a large city lay in ruins.
不到一分钟，一座大城市就成了废墟。
(1)be/lie in ruins 成为废墟；毁灭 fall into ruin 成为废墟；毁灭 (2)ruin one's hope/chance 使某人的希望破灭/机会失去 ruin oneself 自我毁灭
①That mistake ruined his chance of getting the job.
那个错误使他失去了得到那份工作的机会。
②The ancient temple has fallen into ruins and needs repairing.
这座古老的庙宇已经破败不堪，需要修理。
③Drunk?driving not only ruined himself(he) but also killed several passers?by.
醉驾不仅毁掉了他自己还导致几位路人死亡。
shock n．震惊；令人震惊的事；休克
vt.(使)震惊
(教材P50)People were in shock－and then，later that afternoon，another big quake shook Tangshan again.
人们都很震惊——然后，那天下午晚些时候，唐山又发生了一次大地震。
(1)be a shock to... 使……吃惊 (2)shocked adj. 震惊的；惊讶的 be shocked at/by 对……吃惊 be shocked to do sth. 做某事很吃惊 (3)shocking adj. 令人震惊的
①It was quite a shock to see my face on that screen!
从那个屏幕上看到我的脸，真让人惊愕不已！
②Rescue workers were shocked (shock) by what they saw.
救援人员被眼前的景象惊呆了。
③The news shocked (shock)the public，leading to great concern about students' safety at school.
这个消息使公众震惊，导致了对在校学生安全的担心。
[语境助记]
The shocking news shocked all the people around，which was also a great shock to people all over the country.
这个让人震惊的消息震惊了周围的人们，也震惊了全国各地的人们。
trap vt.使落入险境；使陷入圈套
n．险境；陷阱
(教材P50)Soon after the quakes，the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.
地震发生后不久，部队派出了15万名战士奔赴唐山，将受困群众从废墟中挖出，并掩埋死者。
(1)be trapped 使陷入困境 trap sb.into(doing)sth. 诱骗某人做某事 (2)set a trap 设置陷阱；布下圈套 fall/walk into a trap 落入圈套
①If you choose this way，you're likely to fall into a trap.
如果你选择这条路，你很有可能会落入圈套。
②There was a power failure；they were trapped(trap) in the lift.
停电了，他们被困在电梯里。
③By clever questioning they trapped him into telling the truth.
他们用巧妙的提问诱使他说了实话。
bury vt.埋藏；掩埋；隐藏
(经典例句)Ever since he moved there，he has been buried in his research work.
自从搬到那里以后，他一直专注于研究工作。
(1)bury...in... 把……埋到……里；使……沉浸于…… bury one's face in hands 双手掩面 (2)be buried in 埋头于；专心于；沉浸于 bury oneself in 埋头于；专心于；沉浸于
①She buried her face in her hands and wept when she heard the bad news.
当她听到那个坏消息时，她掩面而泣。
②In the past three weeks，we have been burying ourselves (us) in study because the exam is drawing near.
在过去的三个星期里， 我们专心致志的学习， 因为考试即将到来。
③Buried(bury) in his study，he didn't know that all the others had left.
＝Burying(bury) himself in his study，he didn't know that all the others had left.
＝Because he was buried(bury) in his study，he didn't know that all the others had left.
他埋头学习，不知道其他人都早已离开了。
[图形助记]
一词多义的“bury”
bury 掩埋 bury oneself in study 专心学习
effort n．努力；艰难的尝试；尽力
(教材P50)With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the city's people，a new Tangshan was built upon the earthquake ruins.
在政府的大力支持和人民的不懈努力下，一座崭新的唐山在地震废墟上建成了。
spare no effort to do sth. 不遗余力 make an effort to do sth. 努力做某事
①I do believe that all your efforts will pay off sooner or later.
我的确相信你的努力迟早会有所回报。
②As far as I'm concerned，you should make a greater effort to study(study) hard.
依我看来， 你应该更加努力学习。
③If I am lucky enough to be given such a good chance，I will spare no effort to finish the task.
如果我足够幸运给予这样一个好机会，我将不遗余力地完成这项任务。
suffer vt.遭受；蒙受
vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦
(教材P51)What kind of help do you think people who have suffered an earthquake need?
你认为地震灾民需要什么样的帮助？
(1)suffer from 患……病；因……而受苦 suffer from cold and hunger 忍饥挨冻 (2)suffer pains 遭受痛苦 (3)suffering n. 苦难，痛苦 sufferer n. 受难者
①As far as I know，he has ever suffered from a serious illness.
据我所知，他曾患有严重的疾病。
②He suffered great pains as a result of the accident.
由于那次事故，他遭受了很大痛苦。
③Even if he suffered from a lot of difficulties，he never gave in.尽管饱受许多困难之苦，但他从不屈服。
④Death finally brought an end to her suffering (suffer)．
死亡最终结束了她的痛苦(遭受)。
[语境助记]
We all want to do something to help those sufferers out of their sufferings.
我们都想做些事去帮助那些受苦者摆脱痛苦。
(教材P50)Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat，and dogs refused to go inside buildings.
鸡和猪都紧张得吃不下东西，狗也不愿意进圈舍里去。
【要点提炼】 too＋adj.＋to...“太……不……”
too ＋ adj./ adv.for sb. to do sth....意为“太……而不能……”，表示否定意义
①I was too young to understand the meaning of the film.
＝I was so young that I can't understand the meaning of the film.
我太年幼， 不理解这部电影的含义。
②The problem is too difficult for me to settle.
＝The problem is so difficult that I can't settle it.
这个问题太难了， 我解决不了。
(教材P50)It seemed as_if the world were coming to an end！仿佛世界末日即将来临！
【要点提炼】 It seemed (to sb.) that / as if...“(对某人来说)似乎……”
(1)as if从句用陈述语气：从句表示的情况是真实的或极有可能发生的 (2)as if从句用虚拟语气： ①从句用一般过去时(与现在的事实相反) ②从句用过去完成时(与过去的事实相反) ③从句用would/could/might do形式(与将来的事实相反)
①Look at the clouds in the sky！It looks as if it is going to rain.Let's hurry up.
看看天上的乌云！看起来要下雨，咱们快一点。
②He talks to them as if they were (be) children.
他同他们说话，就当他们是孩子一样。(与现在事实相反)
③He talks about Rome as if he had been(be) there before.
他说起罗马来好像他以前去过那里似的。(与过去事实相反)
④He opened his mouth as if he would say(say) something.
他张开嘴好像要说什么。(与将来事实相反)
(教材P50)Thousands of children were left without parents.
成千上万的家庭被毁灭，许许多多的孩子变成了孤儿。
【要点提炼】 句中的“...were left without parents”是一个被动结构，其主动形式应为left many children without parents。
leave作使役动词，意为“使……处于某状态”，构成的句式为： leave＋宾语＋宾补
①She ran away and left her boyfriend in the rain alone.
她跑开了，留下她的男友一个人在雨中。
②You shouldn't have left water running (run)．
你不该让水一直流淌着。
③Did you leave the doors and windows properly closed (close)?
你把门窗关好了吗？
1．Eleven kilometres directly below the city，one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century had begun，a quake that even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away in Beijing.
【分析】 本句主句为：one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century had begun，that even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away in Beijing为定语从句修饰先行词a quake，a quake 与one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century是同位语。
【翻译】 在城市正下方11公里处，20世纪最致命的地震之一已经发生，这场地震甚至对150多公里外的北京造成了破坏。
2．Soon after the quakes，the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.
【分析】 本句主句为：the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan; to dig out... and to bury the dead为动词不定式作目的状语；who were trapped 为定语从句修饰先行词those。
【翻译】 地震发生后不久，部队派出了15万名战士奔赴唐山，将受困群众从废墟中挖出，并掩埋死者。
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．A great deal of money has been collected to help those suffering from the floods(洪水)．
2．Too much drinking will do damage_(伤害) to your health; you should take the doctor's advice.
3．After they survived (幸存)that night，they did believe that everything would be all right.
4．Workers built shelters (避难所)for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.
5．After the electricity (电) was cut off，the lights went out.
6．After learning that the boys had been lost for almost 20 hours，the police sent out a rescue (营救) team to look for them.
7．He suffered (遭受) from poor eyesight and could no longer read properly.
8．Yesterday，I climbed the mountain top to breathe(呼吸)the fresh air.
9．I admire your courage and wisdom(智慧)．
10．In ancient times，people believed that they could be brought back to life after death (死亡)．
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．This is one of the worst natural disasters (disaster) ever to hit the area.
2．The old man went through a lot of sufferings(suffer) in the old days.
3．A rescue worker rescued two tourists who had been trapped (trap)in the mountains for two days.
4．The number of students learning English is (be) larger than ever before.
5．As far as I'm concerned，staying up late every day is certain to affect (affect) your health.
6．The earthquake was so big that most of the houses in the small village were completely destroyed (destroy)．
7．The firefighters came here right away to rescue (rescue) those trapped in the burning building.
8．Two days later，the fighting between the two countries left the area in ruins (ruin)．
9．All the listeners were greatly shocked (shock) when they heard the terrible news on radio.
10．Buried (bury) under the ruins，the little girl was rather frightened.
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．It seems as if(看起来似乎) our team is going to win the match.
2．With so much work to do(有那么多的作业要做)，I can't go out to see a film with you.
3．The city which was known for its wonderful view lay in ruins (成为废墟)after the terrible earthquake.
4．As far as I know，he is hard to get along with(很难相处)．
5．In times of disaster，we should stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future(保持积极的心态，重建美好的未来)．
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Section Ⅲ Grammar——定语从句(Ⅰ)
语 境 自 主 领 悟
先观察原句 后自主感悟
1. There were deep cracks that/ which appeared in the well walls. 2.Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured. 3.The number of people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000. 4.Soon after the quakes，the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. 5.Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. 6.A doctor with whom James used to work died in the 2016 earthquake in Ecuador. 7.Mr Li is an architect whose designs for the new town of Wenchuan have won praise.8.The supplies which were provided to the disaster area were collected from around the country. 1.第2、3、4句中的定语从句使用了关系代词who，在定语从句中作主语。2.第1、8句中的定语从句使用了关系代词which/ that，在定语从句中作主语。 3.第6句中的定语从句使用了关系代词whom，在定语从句中作宾语。关系代词who/whom常用来指代人；关系代词that/which常用来指代物；关系代词that既可以指人也可以指物。 4.第5、7句中的定语从句使用了关系代词whose，在定语从句中作定语，它既可以指人也可以指物。
who(whom)，which，that，whose引导的定语从句
在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫作定语从句。
从句修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词，连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词的主要作用是连接主句和从句，同时指代先行词，并在从句中充当一定的句子成分。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种，关系代词有that，which，who，whom，whose等；关系副词有when，where，why。
一、关系代词的基本用法
1．who指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。
The man who is talking with my father is a teacher.
正在和我父亲说话的那个人是个教师。
The girl (who) I met yesterday was his sister.
我昨天见到的那个女孩是他的妹妹。
2．whom指人，在从句中作宾语，常可省略，不能作主语。
The boy(whom)the teacher often praises is their monitor.
老师经常表扬的那个男孩是他们的班长。
注意：(1)关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替。
The boy(who/whom/that)we saw yesterday was John's brother.
昨天我们看到的那个男孩是约翰的哥哥。
(2)在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，用whom，不用who。
He is a man from whom we are all ready to learn.
他是我们大家都愿意学习的人。
[即时演练1]用关系代词填空
①Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?
②Those who want to see the film set down your names，please.
③This is the person who/whom you should thank for helping your son.
3．which只指物，不指人，可作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。
Guilin is a city which has a history of 2,000 years.
桂林是一个有2 000年历史的城市。
The young man was very happy to get back the gold ring(which) he had lost on the train.
那个年轻人找回了在火车上丢失的金戒指，非常高兴。
4．whose既可指人，也可指物。其后接名词，与先行词构成从属关系，在从句中作定语。
This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country.
这就是那位闻名全国的科学家。
Nobody wants the house whose roof has fallen in.
没有人想要这个屋顶已坍塌的房子。
5．that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。
The woman(that)I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold medal.我在报纸上读过那位妇女的相关报道，她刚刚夺得一枚金牌。
The report(that)Mr.Turner handed in was about the motor race.
特纳先生递交的报告是关于摩托车比赛的。
[即时演练2]用关系代词填空
①Look，here are some people who/whom/that I want you to meet.
②Any student whose family is too poor to go to school can get help from the government.
二、用that不用which的情况
1．当先行词为all，everything，nothing，anything，little，much等不定代词或先行词被这些词修饰时。
All that can be done has been done.
一切能做的都已经做了。
2．当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the most delicious food that I have ever had.
这是我吃过的最美味的食品。
3．当先行词被the only，the very，the last修饰时。
Chatting was the only thing that interested her most.聊天是她唯一感兴趣的事。
4．当先行词既指人，又指物时。
She took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in.
她把她感兴趣的人和物都拍摄了下来。
5．当主语是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为避免重复而用that。
Who is the person that is standing at the gate?
站在门口的那个人是谁？
6．当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
上海已不是过去那个样子了。
[即时演练3]完成句子
①这是我参观过的最漂亮的公园。
This is the most beautiful park that I have visited.
②我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。
We often talk about the persons and things that we remember.
③我已找到昨天丢的钢笔。
I have found the pen that I lost yesterday.
三、用which不用that的情况
1．在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词前时。
This is the room in which he lives.
这是他住的房间。
2．引导非限制性定语从句时。
Tom came back，which made us very happy.
汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。
3．在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中前一句的关系代词是that，那么后一句的关系代词就要用which。
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.
让我给你看这本新开的图书馆里借来的小说。
[即时演练4]用关系代词填空
①The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.
②Have you ever read the book，which was written by a young girl?
四、使用定语从句的注意事项
1．关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。“one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。
This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.
这是查理斯·狄更斯所写的书中的其中一本。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.
他是我们班里唯一一个学过法语的男孩。
注意：which引导非限制性定语从句时，往往代表前面所说的整个情况。这时which被看作单数，其后的谓语动词应用单数形式。
He said he was a Frenchman，which was not true.
他说他是一个法国人，这不是真的。
2．为避免关系词的重复，被关系代词所代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。
This is the factory which we visited last Sunday.(visited后不可加it)
这就是我们上星期天参观过的工厂。
3．关系代词的省略。
(1)关系代词作主语时不能省略。
(2)作动词宾语的关系代词，可以省略；作介词宾语的关系代词，如果不直接位于介词后，可省略，如果直接作介词的宾语，不能省略。
(3)关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中不能省略。
[即时演练5]单句语法填空
①All things that can be done has (have) been done.
②The student you should learn from is the one who works hard and studies hard.
③He is one of the students who know Spanish.
Ⅰ.用适当的关系代词填空
1．The boy who/that broke the window is called Tom.
2．The most interesting book that I have ever read is Othello.
3．Do you know the lady whom/who our English teacher is talking with under the big tree?
4．They talked about their classmates and things that they still remember in middle school.
5．The most important thing that we should consider is the first idea that he has mentioned in his speech.
6．My eldest son，whose work takes him all over the world，is in New York at the moment.
7．Do you still remember the chicken farm that/which/不填 we visited three months ago?
8．Women who drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those who don't.
9．This is the building whose windows were all painted green.
10．That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop.
Ⅱ.完成句子(使用定语从句)
1．This girl is familiar to me；maybe she is the girl (who/whom/that) I met in the street (我在大街上见到的)yesterday.
2．This is the plan for the holidays that was suggested by his brother(由他哥哥建议的)．
3．Those who bring us happiness (带给我们快乐的)should be loved.
4．This is one of the most interesting films that were shown last week(上周放映的)．
5．She thought highly of the way (that/in which)we treated the difficulty(我们对待困难)．
6．I wish to thank Professor Smith，without whose help(没有他的帮助)I would never have got this far.
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Section Ⅳ Listening and Talking & Reading for Writing
第一步 速读——了解文章主题和段落大意
速读P54课文内容，选择最佳答案
What's the main idea of the passage?
The passage is mainly about something about the most powerful tsunami in Asia.
第二步 细读——把控文章关键信息
细读P54课文内容，选择最佳答案
1．What caused the tsunami?
A．Hurricane. B．Typhoon.
C．Flood. D．Earthquake.
2．What is a magnitude of the earthquake that happened on December 27,2004?
A．7.0. B．9.0.
C．7.5. D．6.
3．Why was food and supplies hard to deliver?
A．Because there were not enough food and supplies.
B．Because rescue teams dared not go.
C．Because conditions were hard and roads were destroyed.
D．Because governments didn't organize rescue teams.
[答案] 1－3 DBC
Ⅰ.重点单词
根据词性和汉语提示，写出下列单词
1．tap vi.&vt.轻叩；轻敲；轻拍n.水龙头；轻叩；轻敲
2．whistle vi.吹口哨；发出笛声vt.吹口哨n.哨子(声)；呼啸声
3．emergency n．突发事件；紧急情况
4．calm adj.镇静的；沉着的vt.使平静；使镇静
5．aid n．援助；帮助；救援物资vi.&vt.帮助；援助
6．crash vt.&vi.碰撞；撞击n.撞车；碰撞
7．sweep vt.&vi.(swept，swept)打扫；清扫
8．wave n．海浪；波浪vi.&vt.挥手；招手
9．strike vi.&vt.(struck，struck/stricken)侵袭；突击；击打n.罢工；罢课；袭击
10．deliver vt.&vi.递送；传达vt.发表
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
根据词性和汉语提示，写出下列单词
1．erupt vi.&vt.(火山)爆发；(岩浆、烟等)喷出→eruption n．(火山)爆发；(战争等)爆发
2．power n．能力；力量；权力→powerful adj.强大的；有力的→powerless adj.无力的；没有能力的
3．effect n．影响；结果；效果→effective adj.有效果的
4．length n．长；长度→long adj.长的
Ⅲ.补全短语
根据提示补全下列短语
1．in the open air 露天；在户外
2．on hand 现有(尤指帮助)
3．sweep away 消灭；彻底消除
4．put up 搭建， 举起， 张贴
5．stay calm 保持冷静
6．in danger 处境危险
7．first of all 首先
8．as many as 多达
背教材原句 记句式结构 仿写促落实
1.I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home.我正在和三个孩子一起吃早餐这时家里开始充满了水。 be doing sth.when...正在做某事这时…… I was walking along the river when I heard a cry for help. 我正沿着河边走，这时突然听见求助声。
2.However，dangerous conditions and damaged roads will make it difficult to deliver food and supplies.然而，危险的条件和受损的道路将使运送食物和物资变得困难。 make it＋adj.＋to do sth.中it为形式宾语，动词不定式是真正的宾语。 We find it necessary to work hard to achieve our dream. 我们发现很有必要努力工作来实现我们的梦想。
supply n．[pl.]补给品；供应(量)；补给
vt.供应；供给
(教材P52)The supplies which were provided to the disaster area were collected from around the country.
向灾区提供的物资是从全国各地收集来的。
(1)school/medical supplies 学校用品/ 医疗用品 (2)supply sth.to sb. 为某人提供某物 supply sb.with sth. 为某人提供某物
①The water supply has been cut off because the workers are repairing the main pipes.
因工人们在修主要管道水资源供应被切断。
②The Internet supplies a lot of information to us every day.
＝ The Internet supplies us with a lot of information every day.
因特网每天给我们提供很多信息。
power n.能力；力量；权力
(经典例句)As is known to us，knowledge is power.
众所周知，知识就是力量。
(1)have the power to do sth. 具有做某事的能力 come to power 上台；执政(动作) be in power 执政；掌权(状态) beyond one's power 力所不能及的 (2)powerful adj. 强有力的
①There was a time when the girl lost the power of speech.
曾经有一段时间，这个女孩不能说话。
②It is reported that the new president will settle a lot of problems the moment he comes to power.
据报道，新总统一上台就要解决很多问题。
③China is a country where the people are in power.
中国是个由人民掌权的国家。
④It's beyond my power to understand how the computer works.
我不懂电脑运行原理。
aid n.&vt.帮助；援助；资助
(教材P53)first aid kit 急救箱
(1)give first aid to sb. 对某人急救 with the aid of 在……的帮助下 (2)aid sb.in (doing) sth. 帮助某人做某事 aid sb.with sth. 以某事/物帮助某人 aid sb.to do sth. 帮助某人做某事
①With the aid of our teachers，we learned how to perform first aid.
在老师的帮助下， 我们学会了如何进行急救。
②I'd be very grateful if you can aid me with my English.
如果你能帮助我学习英语我将不胜感激。
③He is so kind a boy that he often aided his mother to clean (clean) the house.
他是一个如此善良的男孩，他经常帮助他的母亲打扫房子。
calm vt.&vi.(使)平静；(使)镇定
adj.平静的；镇静的；沉着的
(教材P53)If you find yourself in danger from a forest fire，first of all，stay calm.
如果你发现自己身陷森林火灾，首先保持镇静。
(1)calm down 平静下来；镇静下来 calm sb.down 使某人平静下来 (2)stay/remain/keep calm 保持镇静
①Calm down! There is nothing to worry about.
镇静下来！没有什么可担心的。
②He took a few deep breaths to calm himself down.
他深深吸了几口气，使自己平静下来。
③When in the face of danger，you should calm down.
面对危险时，你要保持冷静。
[图形助记]
意境巧记“安静”四兄弟
a calm lake a quiet park
silent students a still guard
wave n.波浪，波涛；挥手
v．波动；起伏；挥手
(教材P54)Fishermen，tourists，hotels，homes，and cars were swept away by huge waves caused by the strong earthquake that reached a magnitude of 9.0.
渔民、游客、旅馆、住宅和汽车都被9级地震引起的巨浪卷走了。
wave goodbye to sb. 向某人挥手告别 向某人挥手
①She refused my suggestion with a wave of her hand.
她摆摆手拒绝了我的建议。
②He gave us a wave as the bus drove off.
＝He waved to us as the bus drove off.
公共汽车开走时，他向我们挥了挥手。
③The policeman waved the driver to stop(stop)．
警察挥手示意司机停车(停止)。
strike vi.&vt.打； 撞击； 罢工； 突然想到；打动，
迷住；(钟) 敲； 侵袭
n．罢工
(教材P54)The undersea quake struck around 7：00 am Sunday off the west coast of Indonesia's Sumatra Island.
星期天早上七点左右海底地震袭击印度尼西亚西海岸的苏门答腊岛。
写出下列句中strike的含义
①The clock struck twelve when I got home last night.钟(报时)
②A terrible earthquake did strike the northeast of Japan on March 11.侵袭
③A good idea struck me when I was reading the newspaper.突然想到
④The visitors were struck by the beauty of the West Lake.打动，迷住
(1)be struck by... 被……打动 某人突然想起…… (2)be/go on strike 举行罢工
⑤It suddenly struck/hit me that I should pay a visit to my teacher.
我突然想到，我应该拜访我的老师。
deliver vt.递送；生(小孩儿)；接生；发表(演说等)
(教材P54)However，dangerous conditions and damaged roads will make it difficult to deliver food and supplies.
然而，危险的条件和受损的道路将使运送食物和物资变得困难。
deliver sth.to 投递/运送某物给…… deliver a speech 发表演说
①It was very considerate of you to deliver milk to our door every morning.
你考虑得非常周到，每天早上把牛奶送到我们家门口。
②Hans was asked to deliver(deliver) a speech on the graduation in Harvard University.
汉斯被邀请在哈佛大学毕业典礼上发表演讲。
③I wonder why you refused to deliver (deliver) my letters to my home last week.
我想知道上周你为什么拒绝把我的信送到我家。
effect n．结果；效力
(经典佳句) While online shopping has changed our life，not all of its effects have been positive.
虽然网上购物改变了我们的生活，但并不是所有的影响都是积极的。
(1)have an effect on/upon 对……产生影响 come into effect 生效 side effect 副作用 (2)effective adj. 有效的； 有影响的
①The measures taken by the local government will come into effect next month.
当地政府采取的措施将下月生效。
②There is no doubt that reading books can have a good effect on the children.
不可否认，读书会对儿童有良好的影响。
③In my opinion，go outdoors and play team games with your friends，which is an effective(effect) way to get rid of anger.
在我看来，和你的朋友去户外玩团队游戏，这是一个摆脱愤怒的有效方式。
(教材P54) The most powerful earthquake in the past 40 years caused a tsunami that crashed into coastlines across Asia yesterday，killing more than 6,500 people in Indonesia，India，Thailand，Malaysia，and at least four other countries.
过去40年来最强烈的地震昨天引发了一场海啸，冲入亚洲各地的海岸线，印尼、印度、泰国、马来西亚以及至少其他四个国家的6 500多人在昨日的海啸中丧生。
【要点提炼】 killing more than 6,500 people....为动词的?ing短语作结果状语。
①Unfortunately his father died，leaving him a homeless boy.
不幸的是他的父亲去世了，使他成为一个无家可归的孩子。
②He is always late for class，making(make)his teacher angry.
他总是上学迟到， 使老师很生气。
③He hurried to the theatre，only to find (find) that the tickets had been sold out.
他赶到剧院，却发现票已经卖完了。
(教材P54)I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home.
我正在和三个孩子一起吃早餐这时家里开始充满了水。
【要点提炼】 该句中when为并列连词，意为“就在这时、突然”，相当于and then/just at that time。其句型结构为sb.was/were doing sth.when...“某人正在做某事，这时……”。
when在此处是并列连词，表示“正在那时，这时”，常用句型有： be doing...when... 正在做……，就在这时…… be about to do...when... 正要做……，就在这时…… had just done...when... 刚做过……这时……
①We were having (have) a meeting when someone broke in.
当时我们正在开会，突然有人闯了进来。
②I had just finished my test paper when the bell rang.
我刚完成试卷，这时铃声响了。
③I was about to leave (leave) when it began to rain.
我正要离开，这时开始下雨了。
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．It was said that the typhoon(台风)had caused a lot of damage.
2．In the city，the water pipes(管道)in some buildings cracked and burst.
3．What I did was (to) turn off the tap(水龙头)．
4．Several hours later，the little boy was rescued with the aid/help (帮助) of the police.
5．I'm very glad that you can write me a summary (概要) of this report.
6．It is very important to keep calm (镇静的) when an earthquake breaks out.
7．Global warming is having a great effect(影响)on hundreds of plant and animal species around the world.
8．They waved (挥手)to us to stay where we were.
9．You have the power(能力) to live it well.
10．You are likely to sing or whistle (吹口哨)when you are happy.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．To help students deal with their mental problems, we will hold a lecture delivered(deliver) by a professor from the UK.
2．What's more，it is another effective (effect) way to deal with the problem.
3．They felt it difficult to finish(finish) the work in such a short time.
4．Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing (increase) rapidly.
5．A wonderful idea struck (strike) me suddenly when I was walking on the street.
6．The dustman swept (sweep) up all the fallen leaves on this street yesterday.
7．The length (long) of the article should be about 800 words.
8．I was having (have) a discussing with my friend about how to improve my English when my mother called me.
9．It was reported that as many as 157 people died at the air crash.
Ⅲ.选词填空
go through; sweep away; in shock; in the open air; put up; on hand
1．We don't clean the house for a few days，because we don't want to sweep away good luck.
2．A week before Earth Day，posters were put up around our school，calling on us to join in the actions for a greener earth.
3．He must have gone through many difficulties before he succeeded.
4．They had to sleep in the open air after the earthquake.
5．Always have your dictionary on hand when you study.
6．I looked at my husband in shock，waiting for him to tell me that I had misunderstood everything.
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Section Ⅴ Writing——如何写新闻报道
英文新闻报道通常包括以下四个部分
1．标题：标题是新闻的题目，是编辑对最有新闻价值内容的浓缩、概括。为了撷取新闻要点、诠释新闻意义、吸引读者阅读，好的标题应该简洁明了。
2．导语：导语是消息开头的第一段或第一句话，它扼要地揭示出消息的核心内容。
3．主体：主体是消息的主要部分，它用充足的事实表现主题，是对导语内容的进一步展开和阐释。主体要根据不同内容运用适当句型对新闻细节进行描述。
4．结束语：一般是最后一句话或者一段话，通常对全文内容做概括性的总结。有时，作者根据报道在结束语中提出令人深思的问题。
1．导语部分
①According to a recent survey，about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after graduation.根据最近的一项调查，大约78.9%的大学生想毕业后继续深造。
②The weather was fine，and a large number of people went to climb the West Hill.天气很好，很多人去爬西山。
③Great changes have taken place in China.中国发生了巨大的变化。
④Thanks to Project Hope，great changes have taken place in this western country school.多亏了希望工程，西部的这所乡村学校发生了巨大的变化。
2．主体部分
①To solve the problem，some measures should be taken.为了解决这个问题，(我们)应该采取一些措施。
②As we all know，the Internet is playing an important part in our everyday life.众所周知，互联网在我们的日常生活中起着重要的作用。
③The number of the injured in the accident has reached more than 12.
这场事故中受伤的人已经超过12个。
3．结束语部分
①We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.
我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。
②With the rapid development of society，our country will surely have a brighter future.
随着社会的快速发展，我们的国家一定会有更光明的未来。
③I suggest that the government should do something more to solve the serious problems.
我建议政府应该做更多的工作来解决这些严重的问题。
④We have every reason to believe that the development will be a great success.
我们完全有理由相信这次发展会很成功。
5月25日，你校学生会组织了为西藏地震灾区捐款的活动。同学们踊跃参加，共筹得善款35 000元。假如你是校英语报的记者李华，请按以下要点用英语写一则新闻报道。
1．时间、地点、任务、活动；
2．同学们的反应。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．报道的标题和记者姓名已给出(不计入总词数)；
3．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Students Donate Money to Disaster Area
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By Li Hua，
School Newspaper
体裁 新闻报道 时态 一般过去时
主题 为震区捐款 人称 第一、三人称
结构 首段：活动简介中段：活动背景及活动过程 尾段：心得感受
Ⅰ.精选单词短语
1．donate money to the disaster area向受灾地区捐款
2．hold 举办
3．hit/shake袭击
4．be destroyed被破坏
5．show great concern about非常关心
6．take part in the donation activity参加捐款活动
7．a great number of许多
Ⅱ.巧用单元句式、语法
(一)完成句子
1．学生会在5月25日举办了一场为灾区捐款的活动。
On May 25，an activity to donate money to the disaster area was held by the Students' Union.(不定式作定语)
2．一些西藏地区靠近尼泊尔的房子在事故中受到破坏。(定语从句)
Some houses in Tibet，which is close to Nepal，were destroyed in the accident.
3．许多学生加入到捐款活动中。
A great number of students took part in the donation activity.(number)
4．我们非常高兴捐献了我们的零花钱。
We were very glad to give our pocket money away.(不定式作原因状语)
(二)句式升级
5．What we know is that a big earthquake hit Nepal.(改成定语从句)
→As we (all)know，a big earthquake hit Nepal.
6．Many students took part in the donation activity.The activity was held in our library.(改为过去分词作定语)
→Many students took part in the donation activity held in our library.
7．We collected 35,000 yuan.(改为被动语态)
→35,000 yuan was collected by us.
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[参考范文]
Students Donate Money to Disaster Area
On May 25，an activity to donate money to the disaster area in Tibet was held by the Students' Union in our school.
As we know，a big earthquake hit Nepal on April 25.And some houses in Tibet，which is close to Nepal，were destroyed in the accident.Therefore，to show our concern about the victims，a great
number of students in our school took part in the donation activity held in our library.It started from eight o'clock and lasted two hours.In the end,35,000 yuan was collected and given to the Red Cross in our city.
We were very glad to give our pocket money away.
By Li Hua，
School Newspaper
【导读】 地震就像地狱使者，他来的悄无声息；等你意识到了，一切似乎又显得那么脆弱，但有备无患总是好的。
Earthquakes
Over one million earthquakes occur every year but most of these are too small to notice.An earthquake can happen on land or under water.A major quake may last for only a minute but in that time it can kill thousands of people and completely destroy towns and villages.
In the early hours of the morning of April 18,1906，people in San Francisco were suddenly thrown to the ground as one of the history's most famous natural disasters struck and the buildings around them collapsed(倒塌)．The streets were described as moving like“waves of water”．Building after building was leveled.The whole of Chinatown was destroyed and only one building was left standing on the top of Nob Hill[1]．The damage caused by the earthquake was estimated at around 7 million pounds，with the fire damage at 140 million pounds.The quake measured 7.8 on the Richter scale.
On September 1,1923，three massive(巨大的)7.9 magnitude (震级) shocks hit the cities of Tokyo and Yokohama.Only about one percent of Tokyo's buildings were severely damaged by the quake but massive fires broke out and swept across the wood and paper houses in the city.Of the 140,000 people who died in the disaster，the vast majority were victims of the fire.Over 200,000 buildings were burned down，leaving more than half a million people homeless[2]．
September 1st is now designated(指定)as Disaster Prevention Day in Japan and earthquake drills(演习)are held in preparation for the next inevitable big quake，during which volunteers are shown how to put out fires and use emergency equipment.
地震
每年要发生100多万次地震，但其中的大多数都因为太小而未引起注意。地震可能发生在地上或者发生在水下。一次大地震可能只持续一分钟，但是在这段时间里它可以使成千上万的人丧生，并彻底摧毁许多城镇和乡村。
1906年4月18日凌晨，一次历史上最著名的自然灾害之一突然发生了，旧金山市的居民一下子都被摔倒在地，周围的建筑物也都倒塌了。人们描述说，街道就像“波浪”一样晃动。一栋接一栋的建筑物被夷为平地。整个唐人街都被摧毁了，仅剩下诺布山顶上的一栋建筑。据估计，当时地震造成的损失约为700万英镑，伴随而来的火灾造成的损失是1.4亿英镑。经测量，这次地震为里氏7.8级。
1923年9月1日，东京和横滨两个城市遭受了3次震级为7.9级的强烈地震。东京只有约1%的建筑遭到严重破坏，但是发生了特大火灾，摧毁了这个城市里的木头房子和纸房子。在这次地震中遇难的14万人中，大部分死于火灾。20多万栋建筑被烧毁，造成50多万人无家可归。
现在9月1日被定为日本的防灾日。这一天要进行地震演习，教志愿者如何灭火，如何使用紧急救援器材，为下次不可避免的大地震做准备。
[知识积累]
1．be described as... 被描述为……
2．level vt. 夷平；摧毁
3．estimate v. 估计；估算
4．vast adj. 巨大的；大量的
5．victim n. 受害者
6．inevitable adj. 不可避免的
7．volunteer n. 志愿者v.自愿做
[1]本句属于“leave＋宾语＋宾补”结构，意为“使……处于某状态中”，此处为该结构的被动语态。
[2]“leaving...”是现在分词短语作结果状语。
[文化链接]
Disaster Prevention Day日本防灾日
由于日本多地震，日本政府于1960年将每年的9月1日定为“防灾日”。从70年代后期以来，日本政府采取了一系列国家规模的全面防震措施。1978年6月，日本国会通过了《大规模地震对策特别措施法》，正式将“防灾日”写入法律。每年此日，日本动用大量的人力物力在东京和静冈等地举行大规模的防震抗灾综合演习。
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