Unit 5 Languages around the world
英语是一种使用很广泛的语言，英语的历史真正起源于公元5世纪。
The history of the English language really started when other people arrived in England during the 5th century.
Old English
The invading Germans spoke similar languages，which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English.Old English didn't sound or look like English today.Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English.However，about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots.
Middle English
In 1066，the Norman invaded and conquered England.They also brought with them a kind of French，which became the language of the ruling and business classes.For a period，the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French.In the 14th century，English became dominant(占优势的) in Britain again，with many French words added.This language is called Middle English.
Late Modern English
The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary.Late Modern
English has many more words，resulting from two main factors：firstly，technology development created a need for new words；secondly，the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earth's surface，and the English language used foreign words from many countries.
Now there are many other varieties of English in the world，such as Australian English，New Zealand English，Canadian English，South African English，Indian English and Caribbean English.
[阅读障碍词]
1．invade vt.&vi.侵入，侵略
2．root n．根，根源 v．生根
3．upper adj.地位较高的，上面的
4．factor n．因素
5．variety n．多样，种类，多样化
[诱思导读]
阅读短文，回答问题
1．What is the main idea of the text?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2．What's the main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
[答案] 1.The history of the English language.
2．Vocabulary.
Section Ⅰ Listening and Speaking & Reading and Thinking——Comprehending
Ⅰ.匹配下列单词的词性及汉语意思
( )1.native A．vt.以……为据点；以……为
基础 n．底部；根据
( )2.attitude B．n.(植物、语言等的)变体；
异体；多样化
( )3.base C．n.符号；象征
( )4.symbol D．adj.出生地的；本地的；土著的
n．本地人
( )5.variety E．vt.欣赏；重视；感激；领会
vi.增值
( )6.classic F．n.方式；方法；途径
( )7.character G．n.态度；看法
( )8.appreciate H．adj.传统的；最优秀的；典型的
n．经典作品；名著
( )9.dynasty I．n.文字；符号；角色；品质；特点
( )10.means J．n.王朝；朝代
[答案] 1－5 DGACB 6－10 HIEJF
Ⅱ.选择下列句中词语的汉语意思
A．和……有联系 B．浮沉；兴衰 C．注意 D．导致；通往 E．因……而出名 F．查阅
( )1.Our teacher is so strict with me that she asks us not to refer to notes in the exam.
( )2.We go through ups and downs together!
( )3.In addition，you should pay attention to protecting the environment.
( )4.As is known to us，the West Lake is known for its beauty.
( )5.Which door leads to the yard?
( )6.It is well known that lung cancer is connected with smoking.
[答案] 1－6 FBCEDA
第一步 速读——了解文章主题和段落大意
速读P62课文内容，选择最佳答案/匹配段落大意
1．What is the text mainly about?
A．The development of Chinese writing system.
B．The effect of Chinese writing system.
C．The important role of Chinese writing system.
D．The development and effect of Chinese writing system.
[答案] D
2．Paragraphs 1－4 A．China's present is connected with
its past by written Chinese.
3．Paragraph 5 B．Many foreigners learn Chinese
culture and history through the
Chinese written system.
4．Paragraph 6 C．How did the Chinese writing
system develop.
[答案] 2－4 CAB
第二步 细读——把控文章关键信息
细读P62课文内容，选择最佳答案
1．What do you think is one of the main factors that has helped the Chinese language and culture survive?
A．Chinese writing system.
B．Chinese wisdom.
C．Chinese hard work.
D．Chinese spoken language.
2．What is the main idea of Paragraph 2?
A．How did people carve symbols on bones and shells.
B．What did the symbols on bones and shells mean.
C．When did the picture?based language begin.
D．A picture?based language，the earliest written Chinese.
3．Why did the Chinese writing system begin to develop in one direction?
A．People wanted to live in peace.
B．Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country.
C．People were willing to communicate in a language.
D．People were divided geographically.
4．What does foreigners appreciate the China's culture and history?
A．Classic works.
B．Music.
C．The Chinese language.
D．A picture?based language.
[答案] 1－4 ADBC
第三步 研读——能力升华接轨高考
根据P62课文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The main reason 1.why China's ancient civilization has continued all the way through into modern times has been the Chinese writing system.At the beginning，written Chinese was a picture?based language，which 2.dates (date)back several thousand years to longgu.
Symbols 3.were carved (carve)on animals bones and shells by ancient Chinese people.Over the years，there was 4.a time when the Chinese people were divided geographically，5.leading(lead) to many varieties of dialects and characters.Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country，making the Chinese writing system begin to develop in one direction.It was of great 6.importance (important)in uniting the Chinese people and culture.People in modern times can read the classic 7.works(work) written by Chinese in ancient 8.times(time)．Nowadays，Chinese calligraphy has become an important part of Chinese culture.As China plays a greater role in 9.global (globe)affairs，a large number of international students are beginning to appreciate China's culture and history through this 10.amazing (amaze)language.
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Section Ⅱ Listening and Speaking & Reading and Thinking——Language Points
Ⅰ.重点单词
根据词性和汉语提示，写出下列单词
1．native adj.出生地的；本地的；土著的n.本地人
2．attitude n．态度；看法
3．system n．体系；制度；系统
4．despite prep.即使；尽管
5．factor n．因素；要素
6．symbol n．符号；象征
7．carve vt.&vi.雕刻
8．dynasty n．王朝；朝代
9．major adj.主要的；重要的；大的n.主修课程；主修学生vi.主修；专门研究
10．means n．方式；方法；途径
11．classic adj.传统的；最优秀的；典型的
n．经典作品；名著
12．regard n．尊重；关注vt.把……视为；看待
13．character n．文字；符号；角色；品质；特点
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
根据词性和汉语提示，写出下列单词
1．refer vi.提到；参考；查阅vt.查询；叫……求助于→reference n．参考；参照；涉及
2．base vt.以……为据点；以……为基础n.底部；根据→based adj.以(某事)为基础的；以……为重要部分(或特征)的
3．variety n．(植物、语言等的)变体；异体；多样化→various adj.不同的；各种各样的→vary vt.&vi.使多样化；变化
4．global adj.全球的；全世界的→globe n．球体；地球仪；地球
5．appreciate vt.欣赏；重视；感激；领会→appreciation n．欣赏；感激；感谢
Ⅲ.补全短语
根据提示补全下列短语
1．refer to 指的是；描述；提到；查阅
2．ups and downs 浮沉；兴衰；荣辱
3．date back (to...) 追溯到
4．the attitude to/towards ……对……的态度
5．pay attention to 注意
6．be of great importance 很重要
7．be known for 因……而出名
8．lead to 导致
9．be connected with 和……有联系
10．play a．..role in 起着……的作用
背教材原句 记句式结构 仿写促落实
1.Over the years，it developed into different forms because that was a time when the Chinese people were divided geographically，leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.随着时间的推移，它发展成不同的形式，因为那是一个中国人在地理上分裂，导致许多方言和文字的品种的时期。 That was a time when ……那是……的时期 That was a time when the girl lost the power of speak.那是这个女孩不能说话的一段时间。
2.Even today，no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak，they can all still communicate in writing.即使在今天，不论住在哪里，也不论说何种方言，中国人都仍能通过书写(文字)进行交流。 No matter how/ what/when...，引导让步状语从句 No matter how difficult it is，I'm going to finish the work ahead of time. 无论有多么困难，我打算提前完成工作。
3.As China plays a greater role in global affairs，an increasing number of international students are beginning to appreciate China's culture and history through this amazing language.随着中国在全球事务中扮演着更为重要的角色，越来越多的国际学生开始通过汉语这一奇妙的语言了解和欣赏中国的文化和历史。 as 引导状语从句， 意为“随着” As Teachers' Day was drawing near，our class decided to hold a party to celebrate the important day.随着教师节的临近，我们班决定举行一场晚会来庆祝这个重要的节日。
native adj.本国的；本地的
n．本地人；本国人
(教材P60) How many billion people speak the UN's official languages as their native or second language? 有多少亿人把联合国的官方语言作为他们的母语或第二语言？
(1)one's native country/land/language 某人的祖国/故乡/母语 be native to 原产于…… (2)be a native of... ……的人；生长于……的动物或植物
①Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English.
以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同，也可以相互理解。
②Is her uncle a native of Shanghai，or just a visitor?
她叔叔是上海本地人，还是只是一名游客？
③The researcher says the tiger is native to India.
研究人员说这种虎产于印度。
attitude n．态度； 看法； 姿态
(教材P60)What is the attitude of the speaker towards foreign language learning?
说话者对外语学习的态度是什么？
attitude to/towards... 对……的态度/看法 have/take a(n)．..attitude to/towards... 对……持/采取……的态度
①His attitude suggests that he is not very happy with what you are doing.
他的态度暗示他对你的所作所为很不高兴。
②We each should develop a positive attitude to/towards life.
我们每个人都应该培养积极的人生态度。
③It was your bad attitude towards/to your work that made your parents angry.
是你对工作的不好态度使父母生气。
despite prep.即使；尽管
(教材P62) China is widely known for its ancient civilisation which has continued all the way through into modern times，despite the many ups and downs in its history.中国以其悠久的文明而闻名，尽管历史上有过许多起起落落，但中国一直延续到现代。
1despite 即使；尽管，为介词，后常跟名词或v.?ing 2even if 即使；尽管， 为连词， 后跟从句
①My parents love me despite my shortcomings.
尽管我有很多缺点，但是父母还是喜欢我的。
②John is a good basketball player despite being short and thin.
尽管约翰身材矮小， 他依然是个优秀的篮球运动员。
③Even if you exercise for only 30 minutes every day，it will be good for your health.
即使你每天锻炼仅仅30分钟，对你身体健康也有好处。
refer to提及；查阅；参考；谈到；提交；
把……称作……；指的是
(经典例句) He had been well prepared for his speech so that he didn't refer to his note book while delivering his speech.
他已经为他的演讲做了充分的准备，所以他在演讲时没有看笔记本。
写出下列句中refer to的含义
①Since the boy has been punished，please don't refer to that matter again.提及
②If you don't know the exact meaning of the word，you may refer to the dictionary.查阅；参考
③When I said some people were stupid I wasn't referring to you.
指的是
④As far as I know，he is referred to as a living Lei Feng.
把……称作
(1)refer to...as... 把……称作…… (2)reference n. 言及，提及；参考；查阅
⑤The textbooks and dictionaries can be used as reference (refer) books while the magazines serve as reading materials.
教科书和词典可用作参考书，而杂志可用作阅读材料。
[温馨提示]
“查字典”的常用短语小结：
look up the word in the dictionary；
refer to the dictionary
based adj.以(某事)为基础的；以……为重要部分(或特征)的
(教材P62)At the beginning，written Chinese was a picture ?based language.
最初，书面汉语是一种以象形文字为基础的语言。
(1)base...on/upon 把……建立在……的基础上 be based on/upon 以……为基础/依据 (2)at the base of 以……为基点；在……的底部 (3)basic adj. 基本的；基础的
①One should always base his opinion on facts.
一个人应该始终以事实为根据发表自己的观点。
②Based (base) on a true story，the film is very popular.
以一个真实的故事为基础，这部电影非常受欢迎。
③They found the plane at the base of the mountain.
他们在山脚下发现了飞机。
④They have to have a basic(base) understanding of computers in order to use the technology.
为了使用这项技术，他们必须对计算机有基本的了解。
date back(to...)追溯(到……)
(教材P62)It dates back several thousand years to longgu.
它可以追溯到数千年前的龙骨。
(1)date back to＝date from 追溯到…… (2)out of date 过时的， 陈旧的
①As far as I know，the old town dates from/back to the early Tang Dynasty.
据我所知，这个古老的城镇可追溯到初唐时期。
②According to the expert，the building has a history dating from/back to the early Tang Dynasty.
＝According to the expert，the building has a history which dates from/back to the early Tang Dynasty.
那个专家说这座建筑物历史悠久，可追溯到初唐时期。
③I'd like to buy a new coat，because this one is out of date.
我想买一个新外套， 因为这个外套已经过时了。
variety n．(植物、语言等的)变体；异体；多样化
(教材P62)Over the years，it developed into different forms because that was a time when the Chinese people were divided geographically，leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.
随着时间的推移，它发展成不同的形式，因为那是一个中国人在地理上分裂，导致许多方言和文字的品种的时期。
(1)a variety of＝varieties of 种类繁多的 (2)various adj. 不同的；各种各样的 for various reasons 由于种种原因 (3)vary vt.&vi. 改变；变化 vary from...to... 从……到……不等；在……到……之间变动
①In my free time，I'd like to take exercise，such as swimming，running and various/a variety of ball games.
在业余时间， 我喜欢锻炼， 例如：游泳、跑步和各种各样的球类运动。
②All languages change over time and vary from place to place because of the local accent.
所有的语言都会随着时间的推移而变化，并且由于地方口音的不同而有所不同。
③It is a pity that some people can't go back home at the Spring Festival for a variety (various) of reasons.
很遗憾，有些人因为各种各样的原因不能在春节回家。
major adj.主要的；重要的；大的
n.主修课程；主修学生
vi.主修；专门研究
(教材P62) Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country where the Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction.
秦始皇统一了七大诸侯国，形成了一个统一的国家，中国的文字系统开始朝一个方向发展。
(1)major in 主修……；以……为专业 (2)majority n. 大多数；大半 the majority of 大多数…… be in the majority 构成大部分/大多数
①I have a gift for language，so my major in college is English.
我在语言方面有天赋， 因此我在大学的主修是英语。
②I guessed that there was probably a major misunderstanding.
我猜想这里可能有个大的误会。
③As China plays a more and more important role in global affairs，it is very important for us to have a good knowledge of Chinese.As a result，my parents wants me to major in Chinese at college.
随着中国在国际事务中扮演着越来越重要的角色，学好汉语对我们来说非常重要。因此，我的父母想让我在大学主修汉语。
means n．方式；方法；途径
(教材P62) Written Chinese has also become an important means by which China's present is connected with its past.
书面汉语也成为中国现在与过去联系的重要手段。
(1)a means of communication一种通讯/交流工具 (2)by this means 通过这种方法 by means of 用……办法；借助…… by no means 决不，一点也不(位于句首时，句子用部分倒装) (3)mean vi. 意味着 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
①There is no doubt that WeChat is an important means of communication.
毫无疑问，微信是一种重要的交流工具。
②Students sometimes support themselves by means of doing part?time jobs.
学生有时借助兼职工作养活自己。
③By no means can you give up when you are in trouble.
处境困难时绝对不能放弃。
④Every possible means has been tried(try)，but none has worked.
＝All possible means have been tried(try)，but none has worked.
所有可能的方法都试过了，但没有一种有效。
⑤Missing the bus means waiting (wait) for another two hours.
错过公共汽车意味着要再等两个小时。
regard n．尊重；关注
vt.把……视为；看待
(教材P62)The high regard for the Chinese writing system can be seen in the development of Chinese characters as an art form which has become an important part of Chinese culture: Chinese calligraphy.
汉字作为一种艺术形式的发展，已经成为中国文化的重要组成部分：书法。
(1)regard/consider...as... 认为……是…… (2)have high/no regard for... 高度关注/无视…… with/in regard to sth. 关于某事
①I regard this novel as one of the best one I have ever read.
我认为这是我读过的最好的小说中的一部。
②She has no regard for other people's feelings.
她无视别人的感受。
③In regard to your suggestions，we shall discuss them fully.
关于你的建议， 我们将充分讨论。
appreciate vt.欣赏；重视；感激；领会
vi.增值
(教材P62) As China plays a greater role in global affairs，an increasing number of international students are beginning to appreciate China's culture and history through this amazing language.
随着中国在全球事务中扮演着更为重要的角色，越来越多的国际学生开始通过汉语这一奇妙的语言了解和欣赏中国的文化和历史。
(1)appreciate＋n./pron./v.?ing 重视/感激…… I would appreciate it if... 假如……，我将不胜感激 (2)appreciation n. 欣赏； 感激 express one's appreciation to sb.for sth. 表达对某人的感激之情
①Many people can't fully appreciate the importance of regular exercise.
许多人没有充分认识到定期锻炼的重要性。
②I'd appreciate it if you let me know whether you are free in advance.
如果你提前告知我你是否有空我将感激不尽。
③I'd appreciate your writing (write) me back as soon as possible.
你尽早回信我将感激不尽。
④Here I sincerely express my appreciation (appreciate) if you could give me some advice on how to learn English.
如果你能就如何学习英语给我一些建议，我将真诚地表达我的谢意。
[巧学助记]
“向某人表达感谢” 用法：
express one's thanks to sb.for sth.
express one's appreciation to sb.for sth.
(教材P62 )Over the years，it developed into different forms because that was a time when the Chinese people were divided geographically，leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.
随着时间的推移，它发展成不同的形式，因为那是一个中国人在地理上分裂，导致许多方言和文字的品种的时期。
【要点提炼】 That/This was a time when...这是……的时期。
This/That is/was a time when... 这是一个……的时期 There was a time when... 曾有一段时间……
①This was a time when I hated to go to school.
这是我最讨厌上学的时候。
②There was a time when I didn't get along well with my classmates.
有一段时间我和同学们相处得不好。
③He was always late for class，making(make) his teacher very angry.
他总是迟到，使他的老师非常生气。
(教材P62)Even today，no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak，they can all still communicate in writing.即使在今天，不论住在哪里，也不论说何种方言，中国人都仍能通过书写(文字)进行交流。
【要点提炼】 No matter how/ what/ when...，引导让步状语从句。
(1)no matter how意为“不管；无论如何”，引导让步状语从句，相当于however。 (2)“no matter＋特殊疑问词(如who/what/where/when等)”均可引导让步状语从句，可与特殊疑问词?ever等词互换。
①No matter how difficult the problem is，we should not lose heart.
无论多么困难的问题，我们不应该丧失信心。
②No matter what/Whatever you say，I won't believe you any longer.
无论你说什么，我再也不相信你了。
③No matter how/However late it is，his mother is always waiting for him.
不管有多晚，他母亲总是等他。
④Whatever the result is，we should accept it with a smile.
无论结果怎样，我们都要微笑着接受。
1．There are many reasons why this has been possible，but one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system.
【分析】 此句为并列复合句，There are many reasons 与but one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system 为并列句，why this has been possible为定语从句修饰先行词reasons。
【翻译】 这是有很多原因的，但其中一个主要因素是中国的文字系统。
2．Over the years，it developed into different forms because that was a time when the Chinese people were divided geographically，leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.
【分析】 本句主句为：it developed into different forms; because引导原因状语从句， 原因状语从句包含一个when the Chinese people were divided geographically定语从句， 修饰先行词time; leading to many varieties of dialects and characters为v.?ing 作结果状语。
【翻译】 随着时间的推移，它发展成不同的形式，因为那是一个中国人在地理上分裂，导致许多方言和文字的品种的时期。
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．As a matter of fact，French is not my native(本国的)language.
2．As is known to us all，the valuable painting dates back to the Ming Dynasty(朝代)．
3．The film which is based(以……为基础)on a true love story is very popular with young people.
4．The weather could be a major factor(因素)in tomorrow's game.
5．After three years of study，she knows the dialect (方言) here well.
6．As we all know，cars have become a popular means(途径， 方法)of transport.
7．As you know，smoking is one of the major (主要的) causes of cancer，so you'd better give it up.
8．Practising Chinese kung fu can not only build up your body but also can develop your character (品质， 个性)．
9．As you get older，your attitude (态度) towards life changes.
10．Like many young people，he prefers pop music to classical(古典的)music.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1. You'd better learn some basic (base) Chinese before you come to our school.Only in this way can you get used to the life here soon.
2．Our school lies in Tianjin city，which is beautiful.In autumn，it is neither too hot nor too cold.
3．As a result，we often take part in varieties (various) of after?school activities.
4．As is known to us，China is widely known for its ancient civilization.
5．Henry told me that there was a time when he stayed up every night going over his lessons.
6．My mother won't allow me to lie to her no matter what happens.
7．Sometimes I enjoy playing (play) the piano，but sometimes I find it is really boring.
8．All possible means will be tried (try) to find a way to settle the problem.
9．What is your attitude towards/to senior high students taking up a part?time job?
10．As is known to us，the panda is native to China.
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．I would appreciate it if you can give me some advice on how to solve these problems.
如果您能给我一些关于如何解决这些问题的建议，我将不胜感激。
2．No matter how busy he is，he is ready to help others.
不管他多忙，他总是乐意帮助别人。
3．Nowadays，the Internet plays a very important role in people's daily life.
如今，互联网在人们的日常生活中起着非常重要的作用。
4．As the world has become a global village，learning English well is of great importance to us all.
由于世界已成为一个地球村，掌握好英语对我们大家都很重要。
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Section Ⅲ Grammar——定语从句(Ⅱ)
语 境 自 主 领 悟
先观察原句 后自主感悟
1.There are many reasons why this has been possible，but one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system. 2.Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country where the Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction. 3.I told my mum that I wanted to give up，and that I would never live in a country where German was spoken. 4.I finally understood the reason why my mum had encouraged me not to give up. 5.Then I saw an advertisement that offered a wonderful summer course，and that was the day when I decided to take on a new language.6.That was a time when the Chinese people were divided geographically. 1.关系副词when在定语从句中作时间状语(第5、6句) 2.关系副词where在定语从句中作地点状语(第2、3句)。 3.关系副词why在定语从句中作原因状语(第1、4句)。
一、关系副词的用法
关系副词在引导定语从句时，其功能相当于介词短语，在句中作状语。when，where，why在定语从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。
1．when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the day when I first went to the Great Wall.
我还记得我第一次去长城的那一天。
The day when we get together will come soon.
我们重聚的日子很快就会来的。
[名师点津]
若时间名词后面的定语从句的引导词在从句中作主语或宾语，则改用which或that引导。
Do you remember the days(which/that)we spent together?
你还记得我们一起度过的那些日子吗？(关系词在从句中作spent的宾语)
2．where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
我10年前居住的那所房子已经被拆了。
He is now working in the factory where his father worked.
现在他正在他父亲工作过的那家工厂工作。
[名师点津]
若地点名词后面的定语从句的引导词在从句中作主语或宾语，则改用which或that。
The school(which/that)we visited yesterday is newly built.
我们昨天参观的那所学校是新建的。
(关系代词which/that在从句中作宾语)
3．why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。
The reason why he succeeded in the exam is that he studied very hard.
他考试成功的原因是他学习很认真。
[名师点津]
reason后的定语从句的引导词若在从句中作主语或宾语，则改用which或that。
This is the reason(which/that)our teacher gave us for doing it.
这就是我们老师给我们的做此事的理由。(关系代词在从句中作宾语)
He gave me a reason that/which was reasonable.
他给了我一个合情合理的理由。(关系代词在从句中作主语)
[即时演练1]用适当的关系词填空
①He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.
②The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.
③This is the reason why he offered at the meeting.
二、关系代词作介词的宾语
关系代词作介词的宾语时，为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更加紧凑，可以将从句中的介词提到关系代词前，形成“介词＋关系代词”结构。该结构中的关系代词可用which，whom或whose。
1．介词的选用
“介词＋关系代词”结构中的介词可以依据与从句中谓语动词的搭配、与先行词的搭配或句子意义来确定。
This is the camera with which he often takes photos.
这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。(根据与先行词的搭配确定)
This is the pilot with whom my father has worked for ten years.
这就是和我爸爸一起工作了10年的那位飞行员。(根据意义搭配确定)
[名师点津]
(1)某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词＋关系代词”可以同关系副词when、where和why互换。
I still remember the time when(＝in which)I was in college.我仍然记得我上大学的那段时光。
This is the hotel where(＝in which)they stayed.
这就是他们待过的旅馆。
This is the reason why(＝for which)he left in a hurry.
这就是他匆匆离去的原因。
(2)有些“动词＋介词”短语，如look for，look after，send for，call on，come across，long for等，不可拆开把介词置于关系代词之前。
The doctor that you sent for has not come.
你派人去请的那个医生还没有来。
2．关系代词的选择
“介词＋关系代词”既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。在此结构中，先行词指人时关系代词用whom，不可用who/that；先行词指物时关系代词用which，不能用that。
This is the student for whom I bought a book.
这就是我给其买书的那个学生。
This is the ship by which I went to Shanghai.
这就是我去上海所乘的船。
3．“名词/数词/代词等＋介词of＋关系代词”结构。有时“介词＋关系代词”前还会有名词、数词、代词等，表示部分、整体、数量等概念。
The river，the banks of which are covered with trees，flows to the sea.
这条河流入大海，河的两岸种满了树。
He has three sons，two of whom are teachers.
他有三个儿子，其中有两个是老师。
Maria has written two novels，both of which have been made into television series.
玛丽亚已经写了两部小说，这两部都被拍成了电视剧。
[即时演练2]单句语法填空
①Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of which has been proved.
②The old man has two sons，both of whom are lawyers.
③My computer，without which I can't surf the Internet，broke down yesterday.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The valley where the town lies is very beautiful.
2．I will never forget the days when we stayed together in the countryside.
3．There was a period of time in his childhood when he liked listening to stories very much.
4．I know the girl whom the teacher talked with yesterday.
5．She has two sons，both of whom graduated from Harvard University.
6．The reason why he was late was that something was wrong with his bike on the way.
7．The house for which he paid 200,000 yuan is now worth 350,000 yuan.
8．The man from whom I got a letter was my brother.
9．We visited the car factory where my uncle once worked three years ago.
10．This is the factory that/which I visited last year.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．April Fool's Day is a day on which/when people play jokes on friends.
愚人节是人们可以和朋友开玩笑的日子。
2．The year 1945 was the time in which/when the Second World War was at an end.
1945年是二战结束的时间。
3．Is there a shop near here at which/where I can buy some flowers?
这附近有没有可以买到花的商店？
4．I lost my wallet in the restaurant at which/where we had lunch.
我在我们吃午餐的那家餐馆里丢了钱包。
5．The reason for which/why I didn't write to you was that I didn't know your address.
我不给你写信的原因是我不知道你的地址。
6．Can you tell me the reason for which/why you didn't come to his birthday party?
你能告诉我你没参加他的生日宴会的原因吗？
7．We are living in an age when many things are done on the computer.
我们生活在许多事情可以在电脑上做的时代。
8．After graduation he returned to the small town where/in which he grew up.
毕业以后，他回到那个他在那里长大的小镇。
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Section Ⅳ Listening and Talking & Reading for Writing
速读P66课文内容，选择最佳答案
1．What is Liu Wen's biggest problem of learning English?
A．Speaking. B．Listening.
C．Reading. D．Writing.
2．To get used to how fast native speakers talk, Jia Xin does except________.
A．listening to English radio programmes
B．repeating what he hears
C．recording his voice
D．asking the radio host for help
3．What does the word “bridge” in the sentence“...，so I only need a few words to bridge the gap between us.”mean?
A．消除，填补 B．架桥
C．桥梁 D．减少
[答案] 1－3 BDA
Ⅰ.重点单词
根据词性和汉语提示，写出下列单词
1．struggle n．&vi.斗争；奋斗；搏斗
2．tongue n．舌头；语言
3．semester n．学期
4．gas n．汽油；气体；燃气
5．petrol n．汽油
6．subway n．地铁
7．apartment n．公寓套房
8．gap n．间隔；开口；差距
9．demand n．要求；需求vt.强烈要求；需要vi.查问
10．vocabulary n．词汇
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
根据词性和汉语提示，写出下列单词
1．equal n．同等的人；相等物adj.相同的；同样的→equality n．平等；相等→equally adv.同样地；相等地；公平地
2．describe vt.描述；形容；描绘→description n．描写(文字)；形容
3．relate vt.联系；讲述→relation n．关系
Ⅲ.补全短语
根据提示补全下列短语
1．point of view 观点；看法
2．relate to 与……相关；涉及；谈到
3．give up 放弃
4．feel like 感觉像
5．used to 过去常常
6．get/be used to 适应，习惯于
7．compare...with... 与……相比较
8．depend on 依靠， 取决于
9．be senior to 比……年长
10．aside from 除了……之外
背教材原句 记句式结构 仿写促落实
1.It was exercise for the brain: the more I learnt of a language，the more my brain would grow.这是对大脑的锻炼：我对一门语言学得越多，我的大脑就会开发得越多。 the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..“意为”越……，就越…… The harder you work，the greater progress you will make. 你越努力，取得的进步就越大。
2.I used to get high marks in English，but now I'm having a lot of trouble with my listening.我以前英语成绩很好，但是现在我的听力有很多问题。 have trouble with sth./in doing sth.做某事有困难 I am having some trouble with my classmates at the moment.眼下我和班上的同学有点儿麻烦。
3.I can't keep all the new vocabulary straight in my head，and I certainly can't remember how to use them all properly.我不能把所有的新词汇都记在脑子里，当然我也记不得如何正确地使用它们。 动词＋疑问词＋to do 结构 To be honest，I don't know how to solve the problem. 老实说，我不知道如何解决这个问题。
struggle n．&vi.斗争；奋斗；搏斗
(教材P64)When I started studying German，it was a struggle.
当我开始学习德语时，这是一场奋斗。
struggle for 努力争取……；为……而斗争 struggle against/with 与……作斗争 struggle to do sth. 努力做某事 struggle to one's feet 挣扎着站起来
①We have to struggle with all kinds of difficulties from home and abroad.
我们必须和来自国内外的各种各样的困难作斗争。
②After the accident，Tom struggled to his feet and dialed 119.
出事后，汤姆挣扎着站起来并拨打了119。
③Workers are struggling for a clean canteen and healthy food.
工人们正在为干净的食堂和健康的食物而奋斗。
point of view 观点；看法
(教材P64)I had finally come to a place where I could think in this foreign language，and I could see the world from a different point of view.
我终于来到了一个可以用外语思考的地方，我可以从一个不同的角度看世界。
依某人来看
①From my point of view，you should turn to your teacher for help.
依我来看， 你应该向老师求助。
②I respect your point of view，but I'm not sure I agree with you.
我尊重你的观点，但我还是不敢苟同。
③In my opinion/view，you can have a better understanding of the Spring Festival through the activities.
＝As far as I'm concerned，you can have a better understanding of the Spring Festival through the activities.
＝From my point of view，you can have a better understanding of the Spring Festival through the activities.
在我看来，通过这些活动，你可以更好地了解春节。
equal n．同等的人；相等物
adj.相同的；同样的
(教材P66)Our relationship is close and we're equals，so I only need a few words to bridge the gap between us.我们的关系很亲密，我们是平等的，所以我只需要几句话来弥补我们之间的差距。
(1)be equal to 等于 be equal to sth./doing sth. 胜任(做)某事 (2)A equals B in sth. A在某方面比得上B (3)without equal 无人可比，无敌 equally adv. 同样地；平等地
①Little joy can equal that of a surprising ending when you read stories.
曲折离奇的故事结尾给读者的喜悦是无与伦比的。
②I knew it would help us achieve our dream of making black and white people equal.
我知道，这会帮我们实现黑人和白人平等的梦想。
③I don't think he is equal to doing (do) this kind of work.
我认为他不能胜任这种工作。
④Learning to deal with the social world is equally (equal) important.
学会应对社交世界是同等重要的。
[语境助记]
Boys and girls must be treated equally in education.They should have equal right to study.
在教育方面，男孩和女孩必须被平等对待，他们应有平等的学习权利。
demand n．要求；需求vt.强烈要求；需要
vi.查问
(教材P66)But if I'm talking to someone who isn't very close to me，I must make my request longer—and I must make it a question，not a demand，e.g....
但是如果我和一个不是很亲近的人谈话，我必须使请求更长些——我必须提一个问题，而不是要求，比如……
(1)be in (great) demand (迫切)需求 meet/satisfy one's demands 满足某人的需求 (2)demand to do sth. 要求做某事 demand that...(should) do... 要求…… (3)demanding adj. 高要求的；要求严格的
①First，science graduates are in greater demand than art ones in China.
首先， 在中国， 对理科毕业生的需求比对文科生的更大。
②The manager promised that they would try to meet their customers' demands(demand)．
经理许诺他们会尽力满足顾客的需求。
③The manager demanded that the workers (should)work(work) hard to finish the task ahead of time.
＝The manager demanded the workers to work(work) hard to finish the task ahead of time.
经理要求工人们努力工作，以便提前完成任务。
description n．描写(文字)；形容
(教材P67)Does the writer give a clear description of the problem?
作者是否清楚地描述了这个问题？
(1)be beyond description 无法形容，难以描述 give a description of... 介绍…… (2)describe vt. 描述；形容；描绘
①He gave us a short description of the city.
他给我们简短的介绍了这个城市。
②The beautiful sight of Mount Huangshan is beyond description.
黄山的美景是无法形容的。
③It is difficult to describe (describe)how I feel now.
很难形容我现在的感受。
relate vt.联系；讲述
(教材P67)Does each sentence relate to the main idea?
每句话都与主旨有关吗？
(1)relate sth.to sb. 向某人讲述 relate to 与……相关；涉及；谈到 (2)be related to 与……有关 (3)relation n. 关系， 联系 in relation to 关于
①He later related the whole story to me.
他后来给我讲了整件事的来龙去脉。
②It is said that the short English film is mainly related to the development of our school.
据说这部英文短片主要与我们学校发展有关。
③I have a lot to say in relation(relate)to this affair.
关于这件事， 我有很多话要说。
(教材P64)It was exercise for the brain：the more I learnt of a language，the more my brain would grow.
这是对大脑的锻炼：我对一门语言学得越多，我的大脑就会开发得越多。
【要点提炼】 the＋比较级， the＋比较级“越……， 就越……”
(1)the＋比较级， the＋比较级 越……， 就越…… (2)the more...，the less... 越……， 越不…… the more...the better... ……越多，……就越好
①The more he explained，the more confused I became.
他越解释我就越迷惑。
②As is known to us，the lazier(lazy) a person is，the more things he needs to do tomorrow.
众所周知，一个人越懒， 他明天要做的事情越多。
③The more careful you are，the fewer (few) mistakes you will make.
你越仔细，你就会越少犯错误。
(教材P66)I used to get high marks in English，but now I'm having a lot of trouble with my listening.
我以前英语成绩很好，但是现在我的听力有很多问题。
【要点提炼】 have trouble with sb.和某人有麻烦
have trouble with sth./in doing sth. 做……上有困难 have difficulty with sth. 在……上有困难 have difficulty(in)doing sth. 做某事有困难
①I hope we won't have any trouble with each other.
希望我们彼此之间不会有什么不愉快的事情。
②We have different dialects，so we have trouble in understanding (understand) each other.
我们方言不同，因此我们彼此理解有困难。
③I had no difficulty in making myself understood.
我毫不费力地表达了自己的意思。
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．We all have equal (平等的) chances of working and living in this country.
2．It is a good idea to read English novels to enlarge your vocabulary (词汇)．
3．As is known to us，there is a generation gap (间隔， 差距) between the young and the old.
4．It was when I got back to my apartment (公寓)that I first came across my new neighbours.
5．I'd like to go to work every day by subway (地铁)．
6．In our daily life，we must struggle (斗争)against natural disasters and lead a miserable life for lack of nutrition.
7．His demand (要求)was that we (should) go to the training centre at once.
8．My car broke down on the way to the beach because it had run out of petrol(汽油)．
9．We must finish all these courses in this semester(学期)．
10．I'd appreciate it if you can give us some specific (确切的) examples.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．If you have some trouble getting(get)along with your friends，you can write to them.
2．This is important because the more you speak English，the better(good)your English will become.
3．I'm having a lot of trouble with my grammar.I'd appreciate it if you can give me some advice.
4．He has got used to living (live) in the quiet village.
5．When I listen to native English speakers talking (talk) in a video，I can understand only a few words.
6．Compared with natural disasters，such as typhoons，floods and earthquakes，humans are very weak.
7．After a month of training，he became equal to the work as a bus driver.
8．If you are talking to someone senior to you，you'd better be polite.
9．Reading (read) classic books opened a window for me to another world.
10．I'd like to read books related (relate) to western culture and custom.
Ⅲ.选词填空
date back to ; be known for; lead to ; point of view; depend on; pay attention to; ups and downs; varieties of
1．From my point of view，Tom was very disappointed at the result.
2．Generally speaking，we will experience ups and downs before we succeed.
3．As far as I know，the Great Wall dates back to the Ming Dynasty.
4．We should pay attention to his culture and custom when visiting a friend.
5．As we all know，all roads lead_to Rome.
6．The West Lake is known for its beautiful scenery.
7．A great many people were not present at the meeting for varieties of reasons.
8．Children depend on their parents for food and clothing.
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Section Ⅴ Writing——英文海报
英文海报通常含有通知性，所以主题应该明确，一目了然。它还包含广告的某些特点，要求内容简明扼要，形式新颖美观。
1．明确海报的类型
明确你要写的海报是活动宣传、招聘广告还是人物介绍。
2．把握海报的语言特点
海报要求用最少的文字包含最多的信息，以起到醒目的效果，因此海报多用省略句、缩略语、短语表达。
3．突出海报的重要信息
为进一步增强海报的醒目性，一些重要信息常常被分行突出，并且在其前面用粗点、星号等特殊符号加以强调，有时还配有图片以增加吸引力。
1．开头语：第一句话用来交代活动的内容和时间
①Professor Wang will deliver a speech on how to learn English well this weekend...
王教授这个周末将作如何学好英语的报告。
②There is a piece of news that we'll hold an English speech contest on July 16th.
有消息说我们将于七月十六日举行一次英语演讲比赛。
③Our school is holding an English party at seven in the concert hall this evening.
我们学校将于今晚七点在校音乐厅举行英语晚会。
2．正文：交代活动的地点及其他相关内容
①The match will be wonderful.
比赛会非常精彩。
②You can buy tickets online，and the price is 2 yuan for each.
可以网上订票，每人两元。
③Call Lily at 51542636 or e?mail...
请致电莉莉51542636或发邮件……
3．结束语：用一些鼓励性语言激发读者的兴趣
①Please come and cheer for them.
快来给他们加油吧。
②All are warmly welcome.
热烈欢迎各位。
③Take the chance，or you will regret.
抓住机会，不会后悔。
许多人都在学习英语，但一些人不知道怎么更好地学习英语。请你以“How to improve English”为题写一篇海报，告知你的同学如何提升英语学习的质量。
建议如下：
1．英语是一门语言，因此我们需要每天都花时间练习。
2．利用能利用的机会学习英语。
3．词汇学习很重要。
4．课堂上和课外怎么做很重要。
Ⅰ.精选单词短语
1．make full use of 充分利用
2．vocabulary n．词汇；词汇量
3．chat with native English speakers 与以英语为母语的人聊天
4．take notes of 做笔记
5．play an important part in 扮演一个角色；参与
6．look up the word in the dictionary 查字典
7．make great progress in 取得进步
Ⅱ.巧用句式、语法
(一)完成句子
1．我们需要每天花费时间去学习英语。
We should spend time learning English every day.(spend的用法)
2．那就是我们每天要花时间练习它的原因。
That's why we should take some time to practice it.(that's why)
3．词汇对学习英语来说很重要。
Vocabulary is very necessary to learn English.
4．遇到新单词，我们应该从词典中查出来。
When we meet with new words，we should look up them in the dictionary.
5．尽力去做我们上面提到的内容。
Try our best to do the things that we have mentioned above.
(二)句式升级
6．We should use every chance to do that.(make use of)
→We should make full use of every opportunity to do that.
7．用省略结构改写句4。
When meeting with new words，we should look up them in the dictionary.
8．用名词性从句改写句5。
Try to do what we've mentioned above.
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[参考范文]
How to improve English
English is one language，that's why we should take some time to practice it.To begin with，we should make full use of every opportunity to do that，such as reading English novels，chatting with native English speakers.In addition，vocabulary plays an important part in learning English，so we should gradually enrich it in our daily life.In our class，we should take notes of what our teachers emphasize；after class，we should go over what is learnt regularly and finish doing our homework carefully.When meeting with new words，we look up them in the dictionary.
Try to do what we've mentioned above and you can make great progress.
【导读】 小说《飘》是美国著名女作家玛格丽特·米歇尔创作的一部具有浪漫主义色彩、反映南北战争题材的小说。主人公斯嘉丽身上表现出来的叛逆精神和艰苦创业、自强不息的精神，一直令读者为之倾心。
【节选】
Gone with the Wind
Gerald had come to America from Ireland when he was twenty?one.He had come hastily，as many better and worse Irishman before and since，with the clothes he had on his back，two shillings above his passage money and a price on his head that he felt was larger than his misdeed warranted.There was no Orangeman this side of hell worth a hundred pounds to the British government or to the devil himself；but if the government felt so strongly about the death of an English absentee landlord's rent agent，it was time for Gerald O'Hara to be leaving and leaving suddenly.[1]True，he had called the rent agent“a bastard of an Orangeman”，but that，according to Gerald's way of looking at it，did not give the man any right to insult him by whistling the opening bars of The Boyne Water.
The Battle of the Boyne had been fought more than a hundred years before，but，to the O'Haras and their neighbors，it might have been yesterday when their hopes and their dreams，as well as their lands and wealth，went off in the same cloud of dust that enveloped a frightened and fleeing Stuart prince，leaving William of Orange and his hated troops with their Orange cockades to cut down the Irish adherents of the Stuarts.
《飘》
21岁那年杰拉尔德从爱尔兰来到美国。他匆匆而来，像以前或以后许多形形色色的爱尔兰人那样，因为他只带着身上穿的衣服和买船票剩下的两个先令，以及悬赏捉拿他的那个身价，而且他觉得这个身价比他的罪行所应得的还高了一些。世界上还没有一个奥兰治派分子值得英国政府或魔鬼本身出一百英镑的；但是如果政府对于一个英国的在外租地代理人的死会那么认真，那么杰拉尔德·奥哈拉的突然出走便是适时的了。的确，他曾经称呼过租地代理人为“奥兰治派野崽子”，不过，按照杰拉尔德对此事的看法，这并不使那个人就有权哼着《博因河之歌》那开头几句来侮辱他。
博因河战役是一百多年以前的事了，但是在奥哈拉家族和他们的邻里看来，就像昨天发生的事，那时他们的希望和梦想，他们的土地和钱财，都在那团卷着一位惊惶逃路的斯图尔特王子的魔雾中消失了，只留下奥兰治王室的威廉和他那带着奥兰治帽徽的可恶的军队来屠杀斯图尔特王朝的爱尔兰依附者了。
[知识积累]
1．hastily adv. 匆忙地；仓促地
2．misdeed n. 违法行为；罪恶
3．warrant vt. 保证；批准；辩解
4．insult vt. 辱骂；侮辱
5．envelop vt. 包围；笼罩；遮羞
6．flee vt. 逃离；逃避
[1]该句为主从复合句。if引导条件状语从句，而主句用了“it was time for sb.to do...是某人该做某事的时候了”句型。
[文化链接]
1939年一举问鼎第12届奥斯卡8项大奖的《乱世佳人》即是以《飘》为蓝本拍摄的，该片气势恢宏，色彩亮丽，场景豪华，心理刻画极其细腻，给人以视觉上又一次极大的享受。
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