2020届中考语法专项复习宾语从句讲解及练习

宾语从句
考点分析
宾语从句是中考的一个必考点，也是初中语法知识的一个重难点，中考通常会以选择题（0-1分）的形式常考查宾语从句的时态和语序，在句型转换中以简单句和复合句之间的转换以及直接引语和间接引语的转换（2分）的方式综合考查宾语从句。
专题详解
宾语从句的概念：
句子的宾语一般由名词、代词、 动名词或动词不定式充当，当一个句子充当宾语时,我们把这个句子叫做宾语从句。其句子结构为：
主句 +连词（引导词）+ 宾语从句
一）.宾语从句的引导词
根据引导宾语从句的不同引导词，宾语从句可分为三类。
1. 由that引导的宾语从句。
当宾语从句是陈述句时（包括肯定句和否定句），连词由that引导，因为that在从句中不作任何成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略。
Lin Tao feels (that) his own team is even better.
She says (that) she won’t take part in the sports meetingnext Sunday.
Jim thought (that) the train was like a big moving party.
He said (that) he would like to see the headmaster.
注意：
在主句为动词be加某些形容词（如sorry, sure, afraid, glad等）作表语时，后面所跟的省略that的从句也可算是宾语从句。
I’m sorry (that) I don’t know .
We’re sure (that) our team will win .
I’m afraid (that) he won’t pass the exam.
2. 由疑问词引导的宾语从句。
当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，由连接代词（what, who, whom, which, whose）或连接副词（when, where, how, why）引导，因为连接代词或连接副词在从句中担任一定的句子成分，有一定的意义，所以不可以省略。
Do you know who (whom) they are waiting foe?
He asked whose handwriting was the best.
Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?
I don’t know why the train is late.
注意：
带how的词组也都可以引导宾语从句。
I don’t know how far it is to the cinema .
Please tell us how many students there are in your school ?
Could you tell us how much it costs to fly to Hainan ?
3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。
当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或if引导（口语中常用if），因为if/whether翻译成：“是否”，具有一定的意义，所以不能省略
Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag .
Let’s see if /whether we can find out someinformation about that city .
She asked me if /whether she could borrow these books .

一般情况下，if和whether可以互换，但以下3种情况只能用whether：
　①在不定式前：Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided.
　②在介词前：It depends on(依靠) whether it is going to rain.
　③与or not连用：They are talking about whether to go there or not.

☆跟踪练习
( ) 1. Can you tell me___ you were born, Betty?
A. who B. what C. when D. that
( ) 2 . I don't know ___ they have passed the exam.
A. what B. if C. when D. where
( ) 3. I hardly understand.___ he has told me.
A. that B. what C. which D. who
( ) 4 . She didn't know___ back soon.
A. whether he would be B. if would he be C. he will be
( ) 5. I don't know _____ he still lives here after so many years.
A. whether B where C. what D.when

二）.宾语从句的语序：
　　宾语从句的语序是陈述语序，即“连接词+主语+谓语+其它成分”。特别强调：它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述语序，而不是疑问句的倒装结构。
　　Can you tell me who(m) do we have to see?(╳)
　　Can you tell me who(m) we have to see?( √)
The teacher asked the students what they were doing.(思考: what在从句中的成分)
注意事项:当从句的原句为以下句子以及what, who作主语时，语序不变：
What’s wrong?
What’s the matter?
What’s happening?
eg:I don’t know what’s the matter.
Can you tell me who is over there?

☆跟踪练习
( ) 1. Could you tell me ___?
A. when will they leave Beijing B. when would they leave Beijing
C. when they will leave Beijing D. when did they leave Beijing
( ) 2.Please tell me ______ last year.
A.where does your sister work B where did your sister work
C where your sister works D where your sister worked
( ) 3.She asked me if I knew ______.
A. whose pen is it B. whose pen it was
C. whose pen it is D. whose pen was it
( ) 4. You must remember ________.
A. what your mother said B. what did your mother say
C. your mother said what D. what has your mother said
( ) 5. Did you know ____?
A. who he was looking after B. who was he looking for
C. who he is looking for D. who he is looking after


三）.宾语从句的时态：
1. 如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句的时态根据具体情况来确定，可以是_________时态。
Please tell us where we’ll go fishing tomorrow.
Do you know when Mr. Smith moved here?
I don’t think (that) you are right.
如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去时， 过去进行时， 过去将来时，过去完成时）。
Eg: He told me that he was born in Beijing in 1992. ( √)
He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon. ( √)
　　 I thought (that) you are free today. (╳)
　　I thought (that) you would be free today. ( √)
　　【注意】1)当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理时，不管主句谓语的时态如何，从句都用一般现在时。
　 　eg. The teacher told us (that) the earth moves around the sun.
2)d当主句是Could/Would you...时，只表示一种委婉的语气，并不是一个一般过去时。
eg. Could you tell me where the bank is?
时态小结： 主现， 从不变； 主过，从限过； 真理规律永一现

☆跟踪练习
( ) 1. The girls asked if they ____ some food and drink with them.
A. took B. take C. takes D. will take
( ) 2 .Catherine said that she ___ to Guangzhou.
A. has never gone B. had never gone
C. has never been D. had never been
( ) 3. The students want to know whether they___ dictation today.
A. had B. has C. will have D. are
( ) 4. She asked Linda if___ go and get some.
A. could she B. she could C. she can D. she may
( ) 5. Linda said the moon___ round the earth.
A. traveled B. has traveled C. travels D. had traveled

四）.宾语从句变简单句：
1. 当主句谓语动词是find，see，watch，hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为“宾语＋宾补”结构，宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。如：
　　She found that the wallet was lying on the ground.
　　→She found the wallet lying on the ground.
2. 当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如：
　　She agreed that she could help me with my maths. →She agreed to help me with my maths.
3. 在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为特殊疑问词+ to do 结构。如：
　　a) I don't know which sweater I should buy.→ I don't know which sweater to buy.
b) Could you tell me how I can get to the park? → Could you tell me how to get to the park?

☆跟踪练习
1. Could you tell me how I can work out the problem as soon as possible?(简单句)
Could you tell me work out the problem as soon as possible?how to
2.I haven't decided which ferry I shall take to Hong Kong Island. (改为简单句)
I haven't decided which ferry_____________ ____________ to Hong Kong Island.to take
3.Detective Ken didn't know how he could deal with this case. (改为简单句)
Detective Ken didn't know_____________ ____________ deal with this case.how to
4.Can you tell me when I should water the flowers? (改为简单句)
Can you tell me_____________ ____________ water the flowers?when to

五）.宾语从句和状语从句的区分：
　　eg. 1) I will go out tomorrow if it is fine tomorrow.
　　 2) I don’t know if the train has arrived.
　　句1中if引导的是状语从句。这个从句表示“条件”，修饰主句。整个句子的意思是如果明天天气好，我就出去。句2中if引导的是宾语从句，充当谓语动词don’t know的宾语。整个句子的意思是我不知道火车是否已到达。
判断方法：
　　1、从整个句式看。状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面（个别除外），宾语从句只能放在主句谓语动词之后。
　　2、从引导词看。if充当宾语从句的连接词时，相当于whether，词义为“是否”，充当状语从句的连接词时，词义为“如果”。when充当宾语从句的连接词时，意为“什么时候”，充当状语从句的连接词时，意为“当……的时候”
　　3．从时态看。if和when作连接词时，引导宾语从句要注意：从句的谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化。if和when充当从属连词时，引导条件和时间状语从句，若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，则从句的时态应用一般现在时表示将来。
　　e.g. I think (that) differences are not important in a friendship.
　　An old lady said (that) she found a job as a foreign language teacher.
　　They don’t know if (是否)we are going hiking next weekend
　　Could you tell me when（什么时候）the train arrives ?
　　We’ll go to the Great Wall if (如果) it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
　　=If doesn’t rain tomorrow, we’ll go to the Great Wall.
　　They knew each other when（当……时候）they were children.
=When they were children, they knew each other.

☆跟踪练习
1. If it _______(rain) tomorrow，I won’t come. rains
2. He didn’t tell me if it _________(rain) tomorrow. will rain
3. I don’t know if he __________(come) tomorrow. If he______ (come), I’ll tell you. will come, comes
4. When it ________ (stop) raining, we’ll go swimming.stops
5. Could you tell me when the film ____________(start)? I’ll leave for a moment. will start

六）.直接引语与间接引语的转换
1．直接引语转换成间接引语：
1)引语是陈述句:主语+said, “陈述句”＝>主语+said+(that)+陈述句
直接引语：He said,“I'm very glad.”
间接引语：He said(that) he was very glad.
2)引语是一般疑问句:主语+asked, “一般疑问句＝>主语+asked+whether/if+陈述句
直接引语：He asked, “Are you very busy these days?”
间接引语：He asked me whether／was very busy those days.
直接引语：He said,“Can you come this afternoon, John?”
间接引语：He asked whether John could go that afternoon.
3)引语是特殊疑问句:主语asked, “特殊疑问句”＝>主语+asked+疑问词+陈述句
He said,“When do you want to leave?”＝> He asked me when I wanted to leave.
He said, “What do you want to read?” ＝>He asked me what I wanted to read.
He said,“Where is Mr. Wang?”＝>He asked where Mr. Wang was.
4)引语是祈使句:主语+ask／tell/ order sb. (not) to do sth
He said,“Open the door, John!” ＝>He asked John to open the door.
He said,“Don't talk in class!” ＝> He ordered us not to talk in class.

2．主句的转述动词为过去时，将直接引语转换成间接引语时的时态变化。
一般现在时＝>一般过去时；一般过去时＝>过去完成时；一般将来时＝>过去将来时；
现在进行时＝>过去进行时；现在完成时＝>过去完成时；情态动词现在式＝>事情态动词过去式
[注意]直接引语中陈述的是真理之类的现在时内容时，改为间接引语时仍用现在时。
He said, “The earth moves round the sun.”
He told me that the earth moves round the sun.

3.转换过程中人称的变化 ： 一随主 ，二随宾， 三不变
“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：
She?said.?"My?brother?wants?to?go shopping?with?me.”
→She?said?her?brother wanted?to?go shopping?with?her.
“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：?
He?said?to?Kate.?"How?is?your?sister?now?”
→He?asked?Kate?how?her?sister?was?then。
“三不变”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：
Mr.?Smith?said, “Jack?is?a?good?boy.”
→Mr.?Smith?said?Jack?was?a?good?boy.

4．转换过程中时间状语、地点状语、指示代词和某些动词的变化。
直接引语＝>间接引语 now => then today =>that day tonight => that night yesterday => the day before tomorrow => the next day last week => the week before next week => the next week in two days =>two days later ago => before here => there this => that these =>those ' come => go bring => take 例句 例1 He said,"I am a driver now." He told me that he was a driver then. 例2He said,"I went to Beijing last week." He said that he had gone to Beijing the week before. 例3 He asked,"Will you come tomorrow?" He asked me whether I would go the next day. 例4 He asked,"When will you leave?" He asked me when I would leave. 例5 He said,"I am having my bike repaired here." He said that he was having his bike repaired there. 例6 He asked,"Have you finished reading this book." He asked me if I had finished reading that book. 例7 He said,"The earth moves round the sun." He said that the earth moves round the sun.

|宾语从句|
1.[2019·常州]—Could you tell me 　　　　the music??
—He used traditional Chinese music and the sounds of an ancient Chinese bell.
A.how he made B.how did he make
C.why he made D.why did he make
2.[2019·咸宁]—I am worried about 　　　　I can enter a good high school or not.
—Take it easy.Believe in yourself!
A.that B.when
C.whether D.where
3.[2019·天津]—Could you tell me 　　　　for the fruit??
—By paying over the Internet.
A.how much will I pay B.how much I will pay
C.how will I pay D.how I will pay
4.[2019·滨州]—Could you tell me 　　　　? ?
—Sure.Go down the street, and you can find it at the second crossing!
A.where is the supermarket
B.where the supermarket is
C.when does the supermarket open
D.when the supermarket opens
5.[2019·宿迁]—What did Mr.Wang ask you just now?
—He asked me 　　　　yesterday afternoon.
A.why I am absent from school
B.why I was absent from school
C.why am I absent from school
D.why was I absent from school
6.[2019·青海]—What did you learn in geography class yesterday?
—I learned that the sun 　　　　in the east.
A.was rising 　　　 B.rises 　　　 C.rose
7.—Could you please tell me 　　　　for travelling this summer??
—We plan to go to the Great Wall.
A.how will your family go
B.how your family will go
C.where your family will go
D.where will your family go
8.—Could you please tell me 　　　　??
—Sorry, I don’t know.You may ask Mr.Black over there.
A.who does the robot belong to
B.who the robot belongs to
C.who did the robot belong to
D.who the robot belonged to
9.—I don’t know 　　　　tomorrow.
—You can ask our teacher right now.
A.if we take the bus there
B.when will we leave
C.what will we do
D.how we will go there
10.—I wonder 　　　　Jane gets on so well with her classmates.
—Because she always cares much about others.
A.whether B.how
C.when D.why
11.—How beautiful your skirt is! Could you please tell me 　　　　??
—Thanks.I bought it on Taobao.
A.where you bought it B.when you bought it
C.why you bought it D.Who bought it
12.—Do you know 　　　　??
—We can try to produce less waste, reuse or recycle things.
A.why can we live a green life
B.how can we live a green life
C.why we can live a green life
D.how we can live a green life
13.—Do you know 　　　　??
—Yes.They’re from New York.
A.what do the tourists do
B.where the tourists are from
C.what the tourists do
D.where are the tourists from
14.—Could you tell me 　　　　yuanxiao in China??
—Usually at the Lantern Festival.
A.when people eat B.how people eat
C.when do people eat D.how do people eat
15.—Could you please tell me 　　　　??
—At 8：00 p.m.
A.when the train will leave
B.when will the train leave
C.where the train will go
D.where will the train go
16.—What did Tom say to you just now, John?
—He asked 　　　　.
A.why I am so happy today
B.what will I do for the weekend
C.who did I play football with after school
D.if I could go to the movies with him tonight
17.I don’t know 　　　　he will come or not this afternoon.
A.what B.when
C.whether D.why
18.—Do you know 　　　　in class??
—Sorry, I didn’t go to school, either.
A.what he said B.what did he say
C.what he says D.what does he say
19. —Can you tell me 　　　　to London??
—Sure.Next month.
A.when you will travel B.when will you travel
C.when you traveled D.when did you travel
20.—Can you tell me 　　　　??
—He lives in Shanghai.
A.where Mark lives B.where does Mark live
C.where Mark lived D.where did Mark live

【参考答案】
|宾语从句|
1.A　考查宾语从句。宾语从句中用陈述语序,排除B、D;答语“他用传统的中国音乐和中国古编钟的声音”可知,用how引导宾语从句。故选A。
2.C
3.D　考查宾语从句。宾语从句中用陈述语序,排除选项A、C。选项B意为“我要付多少钱”;选项D意为“我要如何付款”。根据答语可知,宾语从句问的是付款方式。故选D。
4.B　考查宾语从句。宾语从句用陈述语序,故排除A、C两项;再根据答语可推知,问句是询问“请你告诉我超市在哪里好吗?”故选B。
5.B　考查宾语从句。宾语从句用陈述语序,排除C、D;主句用了一般过去时,宾语从句中也应用一般过去时。故选B。
6.B　考查宾语从句。当宾语从句表示的是客观真理或客观事实时,从句的时态一律使用一般现在时。“太阳从东方升起”属于客观事实,应用一般现在时。故选B。
7.C　考查宾语从句。根据宾语从句使用陈述语序,以及下文回答的是地点可排除A、B、D选项。故选C。
8.B　考查宾语从句。宾语从句使用陈述语序,选项A和C是一般疑问语序,故排除;尽管选项D在语序上符合宾语从句的要求,但时态上不符合语境。因为此语境询问的是客观事实,故用一般现在时。故选B。
9.D　考查宾语从句。由于主句用的是一般现在时,因此宾语从句中的时态由时间状语tomorrow决定,即一般将来时,故排除A项,并且宾语从句要用陈述语序,B、C都是疑问语序。故选D。
10.D
11.A　考查宾语从句。根据答语“I bought it on Taobao.”可知,应该问的是地点。故选A。
12.D　考查宾语从句。宾语从句应用陈述语序,可排除A、B两项;根据答语可知,是介绍如何能过上绿色生活的方法。故选D。
13.B
14.A　考查宾语从句。宾语从句要用陈述语序,再结合答语,可知问句与时间有关。故选A。
15.A
16.D　宾语从句要用陈述语序,故排除B和C;根据主句中的“asked”可知,从句要用过去时态。故选D。
17.C　
18.A　宾语从句应使用陈述语序,故排除选项B、D;根据答语可知,此处应用一般过去时态。故选A。
19.A　20.A

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