(共23张PPT)
语法专题（一）
名 词
第五篇 语法突破
考点一 可数名词
1. 可数名词的复数形式
(1)规则变化
情况 构成方法 例词
一般情况 加-s map→maps bag→bags book→books
以s, x, sh, ch等结尾的词 加-es bus→buses watch→watches
wish→wishes box→boxes
(特例：stomach→stomachs)
情况 构成方法 例词
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词 去y,再加-ies baby→babies city→cities
以“元音字母+y”结尾的词 加-s monkey→monkeys
holiday→holidays
情况 构成方法 例词
以“辅音字母+o”结尾的词 表示无生命的词,加-s photo→photos piano→pianos
表示有生命的词,加-es Negro→Negroes
hero→heroes
potato→potatoes
tomato→tomatoes
【巧学妙记】黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红
柿。
情况 构成方法 例词
以“元音字母+o”结尾的词 加-s zoo→zoos radio→radios
kangaroo→kangaroos
video→videos
以f或fe 结尾的词 大多数变f或fe为ve,再加-s shelf→shelves thief→thieves
knife→knives leaf→leaves wolf→wolves
【巧学妙记】
名词变复数变f/fe为ve,再加-s的单词:
树叶(leaf)半数(half)自己(self)黄,
妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去杀狼(wolf),
架(shelf)后小偷(thief)逃命忙。
(2)不规则变化
类别 构成方法 例词
复合
名词 将主体名词变为复数 girl friend→girl friends
boy student→boy students
looker-on(旁观者)→lookers-on
man 和woman作定语修饰另一个
名词时,两部分都变为复数 man doctor→men doctors
woman teacher→women teachers
sport修饰名词时,无论主体词是单
数还是复数,sport通常用复数形式 a sports club
sports shoes
类别 构成方法 例词
特殊
名词 改变单数名词中的元音字母 foot→feet tooth→teeth
man→men woman→women
mouse→mice
(特例：boot的复数形式为boots)
词尾加-en或-ren ox→oxen(公牛) child→children
单复数形式相同 sheep→sheep deer→deer
spacecraft→spacecraft
只有复数形式 trousers glasses(眼镜) clothes
pants jeans scissors
类别 构成方法 例词
特殊
名词 表示“某国人”
的名词的单、复
数形式 单复数同形 Chinese→Chinese
Japanese→Japanese
变词尾的man为
men Englishman→Englishmen
Frenchman→Frenchmen
词尾加-s German→Germans
Roman→Romans
American→Americans
Canadian→Canadians
【巧学妙记】中日不变,英法变, 其他后面加-s
2. 集体名词的数
(1)集体名词以单数形式出现,但实为复数,如people(人们), police(警察)。如果要表达单数形式则要用其他名词。
一名警察 a police (×) a policeman/policewoman(√)
一个人 a people(×) a person(√)
(2)集体名词以单数形式出现, 但实为复数,如family, class, team等,它们作主语,强调整体时谓语动词用单数形式,强调整体中的各个成员时谓语动词则用复数形式。
[注意] 以s结尾但仍为单数的名词,如maths, politics, physics等学科名词(不可数名词),news(不可数名词)和the United States等。以复数形式出现的书名、剧名、报纸名、杂志名等也视为单数。
考点二 不可数名词
1. 不可数名词的量化表达：不可数名词是不能用数量计算的名词,没有复数形式,前面不能用不定冠词a/an或数词表示量。
(1)表示不定数量时,一般用some, much, a little, a lot of, lots of, plenty of等来表示。
一些水 some water;一点儿牛奶 a little milk
(2)表示确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词”结构。当数词大于1时,后面的量词要用复数形式。
一片面包 a piece of bread;两杯水 two glasses of water;三袋米 three bags of rice
[注意] a lot of, lots of, some, plenty of等既能修饰可数名词复数,又能修饰不可数名词。
[归纳] 常见的不可数名词见下表:
类别 例词
液体类 water, milk, juice, orange, coffee, tea, Coke, rain, wine
肉类 meat, fish, chicken, beef, pork, mutton
语言类 Chinese, Japanese, English, French, German
材料类 paper, glass, grass, bamboo, silk, cotton, wood, plastic, hair
其他类 snow, ice, weather, music, money, homework, housework, information, rubbish
2. 既可数又不可数的名词
有些名词既能用作可数名词又能用作不可数名词,但意义不同。
词语 可数名词意义 不可数名词意义
chicken 鸡 鸡肉
glass 玻璃杯 玻璃
work 作品 工作
room 房间 空间
time 次数 时间
experience 经历 经验
词语 可数名词意义 不可数名词意义
fruit 各种水果 水果
food 各种食物 食物
paper 试卷;论文 纸
exercise 练习 锻炼
考点三 名词所有格
1. 名词所有格用于表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种形式: 一种是词尾加's;另一种是介词of后加名词。
2. 名词所有格的构成规则如下
类别 构成方法 举例
有生命
的名词 一般在词尾加“'s” the boy's bag 男孩的书包
以-s, -es结尾的复数名词在词尾加“'” Teachers' Day 教师节
不以-s, -es结尾的复数名词在词尾加“'s” Women's Day妇女节
类别 构成方法 举例
有生命
的名词 如果两个名词并列,且分别有“'s”,则表示“分别所有”;若
只在后一个名词后有“'s”,则
表示“共有” Kate's and Mary's rooms
凯特和玛丽各自的房间(两个房间)
Kate and Mary's room
凯特和玛丽共有的房间(一个房间)
双重所有格的两种形式:of+名词
所有格;of+名词性物主代词 a friend of my sister's
我姐姐的一个朋友
a friend of mine我的一个朋友
“'s”可表示店铺或某人的家,
其后的名词一般可省略 at the doctor's 在诊所
at Li Lei's 在李雷家
类别 构成方法 举例
有生命
的名词 somebody, everybody等不定代
词与else连用时,“'s”加在else
后面 somebody else's book
别人的书
无生命
的名词 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等
无生命的事物的名词,也可加“'s”
或“'”来构成所有格 two days' holiday
两天的假期
用“名词+of+名词”的结构来
构成所有格 the title of the song
歌曲的名字
考点四 名词的功能
1. 作主语
My sister likes reading and traveling, and I like swimming.
我姐姐喜欢阅读和旅行。我喜欢游泳。
Two hours is enough for me to finish the homework.
对我来说两个小时已经足够完成作业了。
2. 作定语
(1)名词作定语,一般用单数形式,如computer game电脑游戏, country music乡村音乐
(2)个别名词作定语,要用复数形式,如clothes store服装店, sports meeting运动会
(3)复合名词作定语,其结构为“数词+连字符+名词单数”,也可以用“数词+名词所有格”形式,如a three-day holiday=three days' holiday 为期三天的假期
考点五 名词构词法——派生法
后缀 表达意义 例词
-er 从事某事的人 singer歌手, teacher老师
-or 从事某事的人 visitor游客, actor演员,
inventor发明家
-ese 某地人 Chinese中国人, Japanese日本人
-ian 精通……的人 musician音乐家, magician魔术师
-ist 专业人员 artist艺术家, scientist科学家
后缀 表达意义 例词
-ment 性质,状态 development发展,
apartment公寓
-ness 性质,状态 kindness善良, sadness悲哀
-tion 动作,过程 relation联系, protection保护
-ing 物品,事情 meeting会议, building建筑物
语法综合演练
【语法综合演练】内容见Word版资源：
第05篇 语法专题01 名词
语法专题（一） 名词
1.[2019·百色]I’d like some and .?
A.banana; tomato B.bananas; tomato
C.bananas; tomatoes D.banana; tomatoes
2.[2019·武威、白银]—Here is my family . We took it last year.?
—What a happy family!
A.member B.name C.photo D.house
3.[2019·宿迁]—Anna, how does the dress look on me?
—To tell you the , it doesn’t fit you well.?
A.trade B.trust C.truth D.treat
4.[2019·曲靖]As the number of students wearing glasses is growing bigger, we should protect our .?
A.eyes B.ears C.nose D.tooth
5.[2019·日照]—Have you paid the ??
—Yes. It’s ten more dollars this month.
A.bill B.price C.value D.menu
6.[2019·黄石]—More and more foreigners come to visit the Great Wall.
—That’s true. It is the of China.?
A.praise B.pride
C.effort D.courage
7.[2019·江西]My daughter helps me cook, but she isn’t old enough to be left alone in the . ?
A.bedroom B.classroom
C.lab D.kitchen
8.[2019·连云港]On April 24, Xie Wenjun raced to gold in the 110-meter hurdles at the Asian Athletics Championships in Qatar. ?
A.man B.men C.men’s D.mens’
9.[2019·青岛]—Lucy, how about going to the ? ?
—Sounds great! Reading books can give us much pleasure.
A.library B.cinema
C.museum D.concert
10.—What would you like to drink?
—I’d like three .?
A.bottles of waters B.bottle of waters
C.bottle of water D.bottles of water
11.[2019·天津]The of this activity is to raise money for a new hospital. ?
A.silence B.purpose
C.culture D.language
12.[2019·重庆A]One of the book is missing, so I can’t learn the whole story. ?
A.page B.copy
C.writer D.reader
13.[2019·临沂改编]If I leave my house at 9 o’clock and drive to the airport, I’ll arrive at about 11. So it’s about two drive from my house to the airport. ?
A.hours’ B.hour’s C.hours D.hour
14.[2019·青海改编]For your own , please don’t smoke on the plane.?
A.feelings B.safety C.health D.advice
15.[2019·广西北部湾]In China, the color red is the of good luck.?
A.dream B.way C.symbol D.reason
16.[2019·南京]—Tomorrow is Mum’s birthday. Let’s buy some flowers for her.
—OK. I know she likes best. ?
A.dresses B.rings
C.handbags D.roses
17.[2019·滨州]After years of war, the people in Syria are thirsty for . ?
A.price B.noise C.peace D.course
18.[2019·连云港]US scientist Edward T. Hall said that in a conversation between two people, 65% of is done through body language. ?
A.application B.pronunciation
C.introduction D.communication
19.[2019·河南]For his son’s birthday, Steven is taking him to the new movie as a .?
A.task B.treat C.choice D.visit
20.[2019·黄冈]—Oh, my God! We have missed the last bus. What shall we do?
—I’m afraid that we have no but to take a taxi.?
A.idea B.decision C.reason D.choice
21.[2019·河北]I like this song. It’s sung by one of my favorite . ?
A.singers B.dancers
C.painters D.writers
22.[2019·鄂州]—I don’t know how to use the App Fun Dubbing.
—Ask Kitty for help. She has lots of in doing it.?
A.expression B.experiment
C.examination D.experience
23.[2019·泰州]My mother has a poor of direction, so she is always afraid to go out alone.?
A.scene B.silence
C.service D.sense
24.[2019·宜昌]—Time past can not be called back again.
—Yes. Wasting time is a .?
A.pressure B.fairness
C.choice D.shame
25.[2019·盐城]The number of the people using Huawei is getting larger and larger.?
A.cultures B.customers
C.products D.histories
26.[2019·襄阳]—She is leaving to take part in the final poem competition.
—I’m proud of her. I wish her a great .?
A.speed B.method C.pressure D.success
27.[2019·淮安]Betty has a beautiful . She wants to be a singer in the future. ?
A.voice B.look C.noise D.sound
28.[2019·扬州]—I’m not sure what to write about The Secret Garden in the report.
—You should read some about the book before writing. ?
A.reviews B.reasons
C.results D.rewards
29.[2019·眉山]Upstairs are bedrooms. They are tidy and nice. But are in a mess.?
A.Lily’s and Lucy’s; our
B.Lily’s and Lucy’s; ours
C.Lily’s and Lucy; ours
D.Lily and Lucy’s; our
30.[2019·苏州]—Keep quiet! I need complete when I’m working.?
—Sorry, Dad. I won’t make any noise again.
A.trust B.silence
C.control D.strength
31.[2019·武汉]—Dad, what is the loudspeaker saying?
—It is to the . The flight to Wuhan is boarding now.?
A.customers B.members
C.passengers D.tourists
32.[2019·咸宁]—Nowadays more and more foreigners are becoming interested in kung fu.
—That’s true. It’s an important part of Chinese .?
A.invention B.story
C.culture D.custom
33.[2018·广西北部湾]The woman in a hat is aunt.?
A.Jack and John B.Jack’s and John
C.Jack’s and John’s D.Jack and John’s
34.[2019·梧州]—Would you like something to drink?
—Yes. Some , please.?
A.potatoes B.water
C.bread D.apples
35.[2019·温州]—Sir, did you enjoy your stay in our ??
—Yes, I slept well and I like the breakfast.
A.hotel B.school
C.factory D.company
【参考答案】
1.C 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.B 7.D
8.C 考查名词所有格。句意:4月24号,在卡塔尔举行的亚洲田径锦标赛上,谢文俊获得了男子组110米跨栏的金牌。此处指男子组110米跨栏,故用名词复数加’s。
9.A 10.D 11.B 12.A
13.A 考查名词所有格。句意:如果我9点离开家开车去机场,我将在11点左右到达。所以从我家到机场大约有两个小时的车程。 基数词two后用名词复数,故填hours,此处指“两个小时的车程”,用名词所有格,故在hours后加“‘”。
14.B 15.C 16.D 17.C 18.D 19.B 20.D 21.A 22.D 23.D 24.D 25.C 26.D 27.A 28.A
29.B 考查名词所有格和物主代词。句意:楼上的是 卧室。它们干净整洁。但 一片混乱。由bedrooms可知,卧室是莉莉和露西各自的,第一个空应用Lily’s and Lucy’s;第二个空后没有名词,应用名词性物主代词ours。 ?
30.B 31.C 32.C 33.D 34.B 35.A
