(共16张PPT)
语法专题（十三）
构词法
第五篇 语法突破
考点一 派生法
英语构词法中在词根前面或后面加词缀,从而构成一个新词的方法叫作派生法。加在词根前的词缀叫前缀,加在词根后的词缀叫后缀。
1. 前缀
(1)表否定意义的前缀
前缀 含义 例词
un- 不 happy→unhappy(不高兴的) friendly→unfriendly(不友好的)
usual→unusual(不寻常的) able→unable(不能的)
popular→unpopular(不流行的)
前缀 含义 例词
in- 不 active→inactive(不积极的) correct→incorrect(不正确的)
expensive→inexpensive(不贵的)
im- 不 polite→impolite(不礼貌的) patient→impatient(没有耐心的)
possible→impossible(不可能的)
dis- 不 like→dislike(不喜欢) appear→disappear(消失)
agree→disagree(不同意)
non- 不 smoker→non-smoker(非吸烟者)
human→non-human(非人类的)
native→non-native(非母语的;非本地的)
(2)其他
前缀 含义 例词
mis- 错误;
失误 understand→misunderstand(误解)
lead→mislead(误导)
behavior→misbehavior(行为不端)
re- 又;再;
重新 view→review(复习)
write→rewrite(重写)
inter- 相互;
交互在一起 net→Internet(互联网)
national→international(国际的)
connect→interconnect(相互关联)
前缀 含义 例词
tele- 远 phone→telephone(电话)
vision→television(电视)
en- 使可能 rich→enrich(使丰富)
able→enable(使能够)
a- 使于……
情况 live→alive(活着的)
wake→awake(醒着的)
sleep→asleep(睡着的)
2. 后缀
形式 后缀 例词
形容词→
副词 +-ly wide→widely quiet→quietly
sad→sadly slow→slowly
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的形容词,变y为i,再加-ly happy→happily
angry→angrily
以“辅音字母+le”结尾的形容词,去掉e,再加-y simple→simply
terrible→terribly
少数以e结尾的形容词,要去掉e,再加-ly true→truly
形式 后缀 例词
名词→
形容词 +-y rain→rainy health→healthy
wealth→wealthy luck→lucky
+-ly week→weekly love→lovely
friend→friendly
+-ous danger→dangerous
+-ful care→careful use→useful
help→helpful
+-less use→useless help→helpless
care→careless
形式 后缀 例词
名词→
形容词 +-ern west→western
south→southern
+-en gold→golden wood→wooden
+-al nation→national
其他 China→Chinese France→French
America→American Canada→Canadian
Asia→Asian centre→central
形式 后缀 例词
动词→
形容词 +-ed disappoint→disappointed
interest→interested
+-ing follow→following
interest→interesting
+-tive act→active create→creative
+-able enjoy→enjoyable
comfort→comfortable
suit→suitable
形式 后缀 例词
形容词→
名词 +-ness ill→illness sad→sadness
kind→kindness
+-y difficult→difficulty
+-ity able→ability
possible→possibility
+-ce(以t结尾的形容词去t,再加-ce) important→importance
silent→silence
different→difference
形式 后缀 例词
动词→
名词 +-er teach→teacher win→winner work→worker
+-or act→actor visit→visitor direct→director
+-ion invite→invitation decide→decision
+-ment develop→development move→movement
+-ing fish→fishing read→reading hear→hearing
+-ist art→artist piano→pianist tour→tourist
science→scientist
其他 serve(v.)→service(n.) courage(n.)→encourage(v.)
hot(adj.)→heat(n.) safe(adj.)→safety(n.)
high(adj.)→height(n.)→highly(adv.)
考点二 合成法
英语中由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词,这种构词法叫作合成法。常见的合成法如下：
(1)合成名词 classroom(名词+名词)
blackboard(形容词+名词)
(2)合成形容词
worldwide(名词+形容词)
good-looking(形容词+现在分词)
(3)合成动词 overcome(副词+动词)
(4)合成数词 fifty-four(数词+数词)
(5)合成代词 everybody, somebody,
anything(代词+名词)
(6)合成副词
downstairs(副词+名词)
whole-heartedly(形容词+副词)
(7)合成介词
inside(介词+名词) within(介词+介词)
into(介词+介词)
考点三 转化法
英语中把一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性,这种构词法叫作转化法。单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切。常见的转化形式有：名词→动词,形容词→动词,动词→名词。
(1)名词→动词
show(n.展览;展示)→show(v.表演;展出)
water(n.水)→water(v.浇水)
speed(n.速度)→speed(v.加速)
(2)形容词→动词
slow(adj.慢的)→slow(v.放慢)
(3)动词→名词
walk(v.散步;走)→walk(n.散步)
look(v.看)→look(n.看)
talk(v.谈话)→talk(n.谈话)
rest(v.休息)→rest(n.休息)
break(v.打破)→break(n.休息)
语法综合演练
【语法综合演练】内容见Word版资源：
第05篇 语法专题13 构词法
语法专题（十三） 构词法
Ⅰ.用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1.It’s (danger) to play with fire.?
2.It’s noisy outside, and I can’t hear you (clear). ?
3.Nothing is a waste if we have a (create) mind. ?
4.More and more people have realized the (important) of China-Russia Heihe Bridge.?
5.It is (polite) to keep others waiting in many western countries.?
6.How (care) you are! You have left your book at home again! ?
7.Lucy used to be (real) shy. So she took acting classes to deal with her shyness. ?
8.After the earthquake, plenty of food and clothes were provided for the (home) people. ?
9.—Have you been to the Beijing Expo(北京世园会) in Yanqing?
—Yes, it’s a (collect) of art gardening, and high technology. ?
10.One needs three things to be (true) happy in life: something to do, someone to love and something to expect.?
11.The (able) won’t feel that lonely if everyone can do something to help them. ?
12.Mobike is considered to be a new (invent) in China. ?
13.The mother said goodbye with a smile, but her eyes couldn’t hide her (sad). ?
14.We can’t (simple) judge a book by its cover or its title.?
15.Every year many foreign (tour) come to visit the Great Wall of China.?
16.With the help of the teacher, there has been a great (improve) in her spoken English.?
17.Which is more (value) to you, health or wealth? ?
18.We had a (discuss) about the coming graduation ceremony.?
19.As a good teacher, she is never (patient) with her students.?
20.For your own (safe), please do not walk about on the plane. ?
Ⅱ.用方框中单词的适当形式完成句子。
(
relax
care
bad
Asia
wisely
)A
1.A motorcycle hit Mary yesterday and she was hurt. ?
2.Lily is very because she is afraid to make mistakes. ?
3.Children should be taught to manage their time . ?
4.I felt lying in the sun on the beach. ?
5.Hangzhou will be the third Chinese city to host the Games after Beijing and Guangzhou.?
B
(
pain
cover
sun
tidy
proud
)
1.Every child wants to be the of their parents.?
2.Have you ever cut your finger on the edge(边缘) of a book page? The small cut on your finger is so . ?
3.Scientists around the world are working to a medicine for AIDS(艾滋病).?
4.—Timmy, your bedroom is dirty and .?
—Sorry, Mum. I’ll clean it right away.
5.The weather report says it will be in the following two days. ?
C
(
child
rain
empty
possible
usual
)
1. like listening to stories by Andersen at bed-time. ?
2.Shirley is an early bird. It was for her to be late for school today.?
3.I usually play with my little sister at home on days. ?
4.Do scientists agree that there’s a that humans in the future would live on Mars? ?
5.Bob wanted to get something to eat from the fridge, but found it . ?
D
(
agree
true
club
science
heavy
)
1.Stephen Hawking, a well-known , died on March 14th, 2018. ?
2.There are many in our school. You can join any of them. ?
3.It began to rain when the train arrived. ?
4.They with each other because they have different ideas. ?
5.Sally is an honest girl. She always tells the . ?
【参考答案】
Ⅰ.1.dangerous 2.clearly 3.creative
4.importance 5.impolite 6.careless
7.really 8.homeless 9.collection
10.truly 11.disabled 12.invention
13.sadness 14.simply 15.tourists
16.improvement 17.valuable
18.discussion 19.impatient 20.safety
Ⅱ.A 1.badly 2.careful 3.wisely
4.relaxed 5.Asian
B 1.pride 2.painful 3.discover 4.untidy
5.sunny
C 1.Children 2.unusual 3.rainy
4.possibility 5.empty
D 1.scientist 2.clubs 3.heavily
4.disagree 5.truth
