Unit 2 English around the world
英语是一种使用很广泛的语言，英语的历史真正起源于公元5世纪其他民族到达英国。
The history of the English language really started when other peoples arrived in England during the 5th century.
Old English
The invading Germans spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English.Old English didn't sound or look like English today.Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English.However，about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots.
Middle English
In 1066, the Norman invaded and conquered England.They also brought with them a kind of French，which became the language of the ruling and business classes.For a period, the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French.In the 14th century, English became dominant(占优势的) in Britain again, with many French words added.This language is called Middle English.
Late Modern English
The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary.Late Modern English has many more words, resulting from two main factors：firstly, technology development created a need for new words；secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the English language used foreign words from many countries.
Now there are many other varieties of English in the world, such as Australian English, New Zealand English, Canadian English, South African English, Indian English and Caribbean English.
[阅读障碍词]
1．invade vt.&vi.侵入，侵略
2．root n．根，根源 v．生根
3．upper adj.地位较高的，上面的
4．factor n．因素
5．variety n．多样，种类，多样化
[诱思导读]
阅读短文，回答问题
1．What is the main idea of the text?
The history of the English language.
2．What's the main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English?
Vocabulary.
Section Ⅰ Warming Up，Pre?reading & Reading
Ⅰ.匹配下列单词的词性及汉语意思
( )1.official A．adv.实际上；事实上
( )2.native B．adj.本国的；本地的
n．本地(国)人
( )3.apartment C．n.汽油
( )4.actually D．adj.官方的；正式的；公务的
( )5.gradually E．n.本身；本体；身份
( )6.vocabulary F．adv.常常；频繁地
( )7.identity G．adv.逐渐地；逐步地
( )8.fluent H．adj.流利的；流畅的
( )9.frequently I．n.词汇；词汇量；词表
( )10.petrol J．n.公寓住宅；单元住宅
[答案] 1－5 DBJAG 6－10 IEHFC
Ⅱ.选择下列句中相应词语的汉语意思
A．因为；由于 B．走近；提出 C．建立在……基础之上 D．目前；现在 E．利用；使用 F．例如；像这样的
( )1.One should always base his opinion on facts.
( )2.The question hasn't come up yet.
( )3.I can lend you three books to read at present.
( )4.I know many of them，such as John，Peter，and Tom.
( )5.She had to stay home because of her son's illness.
( )6.We should make good use of our time.
[答案] 1－6 CBDFAE
THE ROAD TO MODERN ENGLISH
At the end of① the 16th century, about five to seven million people spoke English.Nearly all of them lived in England.Later in the next century, people from England made voyages② (航行；航海) to conquer other parts of the world and because of that, English began to be spoken in many other countries.Today, more people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before.
现代英语的发展历程
16世纪末期，大约有五百万到七百万人说英语。几乎所有这些人都生活在英国。后来，在17世纪，英国人开始航海并征服世界的其他地方，因此，英语在许多其他国家使用。如今说英语的人比以往任何时候都多了，他们有的是作为第一语言来说，有的是作为第二语言或外语。
[助读讲解] ①at the end of 在……尽头，在……结束时。②make voyages/make a voyage to 航海/航行去……
Native(本国的；本地的) English speakers can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English.Look at this example：
British Betty: Would you like to see my flat?
American Amy: Yes.I'd like to come up to your apartment.
So why has English changed over time③？ Actually(实际；事实上) all languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other.At first the English spoken in England④ between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from⑤ the English spoken today.It was based(以……为根据) more on German than the English we speak at present.Then gradually(逐渐地；逐步地) between about AD 800 and 1150, English became less like German because those who ruled England spoke first Danish(丹麦语) and later French.These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary(词汇；词汇量)．So by the 1600's Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before.In 1620 some British settlers moved to America.Later in the 18th century some British people were taken to Australia too.English began to be spoken in both countries.
以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同，也可以相互理解。看这个示例：
英国的贝蒂：你想去看看我的公寓吗？
美国的艾米：是的，我想去拜访你的公寓。那么，为什么英语经过一段时间发生了变化呢？事实上，当不同文化互相交流渗透时，所有的语言都会有所变化、有所发展的。起初，大约在公元450年到公元1150年期间，英国人所说的英语与现在所说的英语很不一样。 当时的英语更多地是以德语为基础，而我们今天所说的英语不是。然后逐渐地在大约公元800年到1150年，英语变得不再那么像德语了，因为那时的英国统治者起初讲丹麦语后来讲法语。这些新定居者丰富了英语语言尤其是它的词汇。所以到17世纪，莎士比亚所用的词汇量比以前任何时期都大。在1620年一些英国人到美国定居。后来在18世纪一些英国人也被带到了澳大利亚。英语开始在这两个国家使用。
[助读讲解] ③over time＝as time goes by 随着时间的推移。④过去分词短语spoken in England 作后置定语，修饰 the English。⑤be different from 与……不同
Finally by the 19th century the language was settled⑥.At that time two big changes in English spelling(拼写；拼法) happened: first Samuel Johnson wrote his dictionary and later Noah Webster wrote The American Dictionary of the English Language.The latter⑦ gave a separate identity(本身；本体) to American English spelling.
最后在19世纪这种语言确定下来。那时，英语在拼写上发生了两大变化：首先塞缪尔·约翰逊编写了词典，后来，诺厄·韦伯斯特编纂了《美国英语词典》。后者体现了美国英语拼写的不同特色。
[助读讲解] ⑥settle v．确定，解决，定居。⑦the latter 后者。
English now is also spoken as a foreign or second language in South Asia.For example, India has a very large number of fluent(频繁的；常见的) English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947.During that time English became the language for government and education.English is also spoken in Singapore(新加坡) and Malaysia(马来西亚) and countries in Africa such as South Africa.Today the number of⑧ people learning English in China⑨ is increasing rapidly.In fact, China may have the largest number of English learners.Will Chinese English develop its own identity？Only time will tell.
如今英语在南亚也被当作外语或第二语言来使用。例如，印度拥有众多讲英语很流利的人，因为英国在1765年到1947年统治着印度。那段时期英语成为政府和教育语言。英语还在新加坡和马来西亚以及在像南非这样的非洲国家使用。今天在中国学习英语的人数正在快速地增长。事实上，中国可能拥有人数最多的英语学习者。中国英语会发展出自己的特色吗？只有时间可以证明。
[助读讲解] ⑧the number of...……的数目/数量，“the number of＋复数名词”作主语时，句子的谓语动词用单数。⑨learning English in China 为现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰people。
第一步 速读——了解文章主题和段落大意
速读P9－10课文内容，选择最佳答案/匹配段落大意
1．What's the main idea of the text?
A．How to learn English well.
B．The history of the English language.
C．The differences between old English and modern English.
D．English is widely used all over the world.
[答案] B
2．Para.1 A．The example of the difference
between different native English speakers.
3．Para.2 B．Wide use of English.
4．Para.3 C．English is a language spoken all
around the world.
5．Para.4 D．Why English has changed over time.
6．Para.5 E．English was settled.
[答案] 2－6 BADEC
第二步 细读——把控文章关键信息
细读P9－10课文内容，选择最佳答案
1．Where did most of the English speakers live at the end of the 16th century?
A．America. B．England.
C．South Asia. D．South Africa.
2．When did English begin to be spoken in many other countries?
A．In the 17th century.
B．At the end of the 16th century.
C．Between about AD 450 and 1150.
D．In the 19th century.
3．According to the text，which of the following statements is TRUE?
A．Languages always stay the same.
B．Languages change only after wars.
C．Languages no longer change.
D．Languages change when cultures change.
4．From Paragraph 3，we can learn that from AD 450 to 1150，English sounded more like ．
A．German B．Chinese
C．French D．Russian
5．Why does India have a very large number of fluent English speakers?
A．Because Indians like learning English very much.
B．Because India has the largest number of English learners.
C．Because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947.
D．Because India has a close relationship with Britain.
[答案] 1－5 BADAC
第三步 研读——能力升华 接轨高考
根据P9－10课文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
At the end of the 16th century，about five to seven 1.million(million)people spoke English.Nearly all of them lived in England.As people from England started to move to other parts of the world，English began to be spoken in many other 2.countries(country)．Now，more people speak English than ever 3.before．
Native English 4.speakers(speak)can understand each other even if they don't speak 5.the same kind of English.However，they may not be able 6.to understand(understand) everything.
All languages change when cultures meet and communicate 7.with each other.In 1620 some British settlers moved to America.In the 18th century some British people 8.were taken(take)to Australia too.English began to be spoken in both countries.English is also spoken in many other countries in Africa and Asia，such as South Africa，India，Singapore and Malaysia.Today the number of people learning English in China 9.is(be)increasing 10.rapidly(rapid)．
1
Section Ⅱ Learning about Language
Ⅰ.单词拼写
根据汉语或首字母提示，写出下列单词
1．He had lost his identification(身份)card and was being questioned by the police.
2．Actually(事实上)，China may have the largest number of English learners.
3．She failed in the English exam because of her poor English vocabulary(词汇量)．
4．Tom told me that he couldn't speak Chinese fluently(流利地)．
5．It is easy to tell the natives(本地人)from the tourists.
6．The President was leaving for a four?day official visit to Mexico.
7．There has been a gradual change in climate.
8.The story is based on historical facts.
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
根据词性和汉语提示，写出下列单词
1．office n．办公室；职务→official adj.官方的；正式的；公务的
2．nation n．国家；民族→native adj.本国的；本地的 n．本地人；本国人→national adj.国家的；民族的→nationality n．国籍；民族
3．actual adj.实际的；事实的→actually adv.实际上；事实上
4．spell vt.拼(写)→spelling n．拼写；使用
5．identify v．鉴定；认出→identity n．本身；本体；身份
adj.＋?ly→adv. v.＋?ing→n.
gradual→gradually 逐渐地；逐步地fluent→fluently 流利地；流畅地frequent→frequently 频繁地；常常地 paint→painting绘画train→training训练shoot→shooting射击
Ⅲ.补全短语
根据提示补全下列短语
1．because of 因为；由于
2．come up 走近；上来；提出
3．at present 现在；目前
4．make use of 利用；使用
5．such as 例如……；像这种的
6．than ever before 比以往任何时候
7．communicate with 与……交流
8．be based on 以……为根据/基础
Ⅳ.选词填空
选用上述短语的适当形式填空
1．He walked slowly because of his bad leg.
2．The story is about a family who can't communicate with each other.
3．This novel is based on the family history of the writer.
4．While we were talking，a man came up．
5．They tried their best to make use of the chance that their school offered to study hard.
vi.＋up→动词短语 vt.＋n.＋prep.→动词短语
bring up抚养；提出make up弥补；化妆；组成turn up出现 take care of照顾catch sight of看见；看到do harm to对……有害
Ⅴ.经典句式必背
1．Do you know that there is more than one kind of English？你知道有不止一种英语吗？
[记句式结构]“more than＋数字”意为“超过；多于”
[仿写促落实]I have known David for more than 20 years.我认识戴维已经有二十多年了。
2．Which country do you think has the most English learners?
你认为哪个国家学英语的人最多？
[记句式结构]do you think插入语
[仿写促落实]What do you think is the most difficult in reaching there?
你认为到达那儿最难的是什么？
3．English is also spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as South Africa.
英语还在新加坡和马来西亚以及在像南非这样的非洲国家使用。
[记句式结构]such as用来举例
[仿写促落实]There are many animals such as horses，cattle and deer in that country.在那个国家有很多像马、牛和鹿这样的动物。
4．Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English.以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同，也可以相互理解。
[记句式结构]even if引导让步状语从句
[仿写促落实]They won't go to the party even if/though(they are)invited.即使受到邀请，他们也不会去参加那个聚会。
5．At first the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today.起初，大约在公元450年到公元1150年之间，英国人所说的英语与人们现在所说的英语有很大的不同。
[记句式结构]过去分词作定语
[仿写促落实]Is this the book recommended by the teacher？(＝Is this the book which was recommended by the teacher？)
这是老师推荐的那本书吗？
because of因为；由于
(教材P9)Later in the next century，people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world and because of that，English began to be spoken in many other countries.
后来，在17世纪英国人开始航海，征服了世界的其他地区。于是，许多别的国家开始说英语了。
because of的同义短语
due to 由于
as a result of 因为
on account of 因为
owing to 由于
thanks to 多亏
①They decided to put off the trip，owing to bad weather.由于天气不好，他们决定推迟旅行。
②As a result of the flood，thousands of people lost their homes.
由于洪涝灾害，数千人失去了他们的家园。
[名师点津]
because of是介词短语，后接名词、代词、动名词或what引导的名词性从句作宾语；because是连词，后接从句。
(because of/because)
③The sports meet had to be put off because of the heavy rain.
＝The sports meet had to be put off because it rained heavily.由于下大雨，运动会不得不延期举行。
native adj.本国的，本地的 n．本地人，本国人
(教材P10)Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English.
以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同，也可以相互理解。
(1)one's native country/land/language
某人的祖国/故乡/母语
be native to 原产于……
(2)be a native of... ……的人；生长于……的动物或植物
①As a matter of fact，French is not my native language.
事实上，法语不是我的母语。
②Is her uncle a native of Shanghai，or just a visitor?
她叔叔是上海本地人，还是只是一名游客？
③The researcher says the tiger is native to India.
研究人员说这种虎产于印度。
come up走近；上来；提出；(太阳、月亮)升起；(植物)
发芽；发生；开始流行
(教材P10)I'd like to come up to your apartment.
我很乐意到你的公寓去。
写出下列句中come up的含义
①An old lady came up to me and asked for directions.
走近
②A good solution to the problem came up at the meeting.
提出
③When the moon came up，the young people began their celebration.
升起
④I'll let him know if anything comes up.
发生
come on 加把劲；得了吧
come out 出现；出版
come across 偶然碰见
come true 实现，变成现实(不能用于被动语态)
come about 发生(常用于“How does it come
about...？”句型)
⑤We just came across an old man on our way home.
我们刚刚在回家的路上碰到了一位老人。
⑥How did the accident come about?
事故是如何发生的？
[名师点津]
come up被提及，其主语是被提出的内容，主动形式表示被动含义；come up with提出，其主语是提出动作的发出者，后面的宾语才是被提出的内容。
⑦A new suggestion came up at the meeting.
会上提出了一个新建议。
⑧Someone came up with a new suggestion.
有人提出了一个新建议。
(教材P10)It was based more on German than the English we speak at present．
当时的英语更多地是以德语为基础，而我们今天所说的英语不是。
(1)base vt.以……为根据n.基部；基地；基础
(1)base...on/upon 把……建立在……的基础上
be based on/upon 以……为基础/依据
(2)at the base of 以……为基点；在……的底部
(3)basic adj. 基本的；基础的
①One should always base his opinion on facts.
一个人应该始终以事实为根据发表自己的观点。
② Based(base) on a true story，the film is very popular.
以一个真实的故事为基础，这部电影非常受欢迎。
③They found the plane at the base of the mountain.
他们在山脚下发现了飞机。
(2)at present 现在；目前
be present at 出席
at present＝at the present time
目前；现在
for the present 目前；暂时
④At present，some famous actresses are experiencing a different life in the countryside.目前一些著名的女演员正在乡村体验一种不同的生活。
⑤Many experts were present at the meeting.
许多专家出席了这次大会。
⑥I can't remember her name for the present.
我一时想不起她的名字了。
[名师点津]
present意为“目前的”时，常用作前置定语；意为“在场的”时，常用作后置定语。
[联想拓展]
“出席与缺席”的相关词汇：
①present adj.出席的；在场的；现在的；当前的→presence n．出席；存在；到场
②absent adj.缺席的；缺乏的；不在的→absence n．不在；缺席；缺乏
make use of利用；使用
(教材P10)So by the 1600's Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before.
所以到17世纪，莎士比亚所用的词汇量比以前任何时期都大。
make use of 利用；使用
make good/full/little use of 好好/充分/不充分利用
make the best of 充分利用
make the most of 充分利用
①We should make full use of the Internet.
我们应充分利用因特网。
②He has made up his mind to make good use of every minute to study(study)．
他决心好好利用每一分钟学习。
③She really tries to make the most(much) of herself by dressing well.
她确实想通过穿着漂亮尽量发挥自己的优势。
[名师点津]
make use of短语的构成特点为：动词＋名词＋介词。此短语通常做以下变化：
(1)把use提前，使用被动语态。
(2)把use提前用作先行词，其后接定语从句。
(教材P10)Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English.
以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同，也可以相互理解。
【要点提炼】 本句为主从复合句，even if引导让步状语从句，相当于even though，意为“即使；尽管”。
①Even if these measures are not effective forever，they are vital at present.
尽管这些措施不能永久有效，但是目前它们非常重要。
②Even though full moon appears every month，there is no better one than that appearing at the Mid?Autumn Festival to many people.
尽管每月都有满月，但是对很多人来说中秋节的满月才是最好的。
[明辨异同] even if/though；as if/though
even if/though 引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管；即使；虽然”
as if/though 用于引导方式状语从句或表语从句，意为“就像……似的；似乎；仿佛”
(even if/though，as if/though)
③Even if/though they have a relative long holiday，they have too many personal affairs to deal with.
④The little boy speaks as if/though he were an adult.
(教材P10)It was based more on German than the English we speak at present.
当时的英语更多地是以德语为基础，而我们今天所说的英语不是。
【要点提炼】 在句中more...than...意思为“与其说……倒不如说……”；另外此结构意思还可以是“比……多，比……更”。
①As we all know，actions are more powerful than words.众所周知，行动比语言更有力度。
②He is more than a writer；he is also a professor.
他不仅仅是位作家，还是一名教授。
③They are more than glad to help(help)．
他们非常乐意帮忙。
④The beauty of nature is more(much) than I can describe.大自然的美是我难以描述的。
[语境助记]
She is more than an actress，but also a producer in this film.And she had to do more than others，which makes her more than tired.
在这部电影里她不仅仅是一位演员，还是一位制片人。因此她要比别人付出更多，这让她感觉非常累。
1．(教材P10)At first the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today.
【分析】 本句是一个简单句。句中的两个过去分词短语spoken...，都是作定语，修饰English，相当于定语从句which was spoken...。
【译文】 起初，大约在公元450年到公元1150年间，英国人所说的英语与人们现在所说的英语有很大的不同。
2．(教材P10)Then gradually between about AD 800 and 1150，English became less like German because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French.
【分析】 此句为主从复合句。because引导了原因状语从句。在状语从句中又含有who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词“those”，且在从句中充当主语。
【译文】 然后，渐渐地，大约在公元800年到1150年期间，英语不那么像德语了，因为那时的英国统治者起初讲丹麦语后来讲法语。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Having studied Chinese for two years，now she can speak Chinese fluently (fluent)．
2．We like to see the films based (base)on real facts.
3．As a successful businessman，he often makes voyages (voyage)to deal with his foreign affairs.
4．To us, Mr Zhang is more than a teacher; he is also a friend.
5．Actually (actual)，he is an honest and reliable person，whom you can depend on.
6．We are badly in need of waiters at present；could you come and help us out?
7．They tried their best to make (make) good use of the chance that their school offered to study hard.
8．I have made two friends.The former is senior to the latter(late)．
9．The number of people present at the meeting today is 300.
10．The question came up at the meeting is very important.
Ⅱ.单句改错(每个句子仅有1处错误)
1．I respect my brother as if I disagree with him in some way.
as→even
2．English is now speaking as a foreign or second language in India.
speaking→spoken
3．I worry about that too，especially because what we did.
because后加of
4．The plan of our country based on a rising economy.
based前加is
5．During their visit to that country，they communicated with native there happily.
native→natives
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．这些工程师太忙了没有时间进行户外活动，即使他们有这方面的兴趣。
The engineers are too busy to take outdoor sports activities，even if they have the interest．
2．当她的儿子撒谎时，与其说她生气倒不如说她伤心。
She was more sad than angry when her son lied.
3．我们必须充分利用科学知识，以帮助我们过上幸福的生活。
Scientific knowledge should be made full use of to help us live a happy life.
4．这部电影是以我们的城市为根据的。
This film is based on our city.
5．熊猫原产地是中国。
The panda is native to China.
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Section Ⅲ Grammar——祈使句变间接引语
语 境 自 主 领 悟
先观察原句 后自主感悟
1.“Look at this example，”the teacher said to us.→The teacher told us to look at that example.2.“Would you like to see my flat？”she asked.→She asked me to see her flat.3.“Don't look out of the window，boys，”said the teacher.→The teacher told the boys not to look out of the window.4.His father said to him，“Don't drive too fast.”→His father told him not to drive too fast.5.Mary said，“Let's go to the art exhibition this afternoon.”→Mary suggested our going to the art exhibition that afternoon.6.She advised me，“Have a heart?to?heart talk with Bob.”→She advised me to have a heart?to?heart talk with Bob. 1.直接引语为祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常采用动词＋sb.＋不定式结构。常见的引述动词有ask，tell，suggest，advise等，如第1、2句。2.转述否定祈使句时，在动词不定式符号to前加not，如第3、4句。3.转述表示建议、提议的祈使句时，通常采用suggest doing形式或advise sb.to do sth.等结构，如第5、6句。
祈使句变间接引语
1．直接引语是祈使句，变为间接引语时，要变为ask/tell/order sb.(not)to do sth.的句式。人称、时间状语、地点状态按要求做相应变化。
①“Please don't disturb me，”he said to the boy.
→He asked the boy not to disturb him.
②“Stay here until tomorrow，”said my grandma.
→My grandma told me to stay there until the following day.
[名师点津] 去掉引号要加to；ask，order须记住；替换said要考虑；去掉please莫迟疑；直引若是否定式，not加在to前来显示。
[误区警示] 有些表建议、要求或劝告的祈使句变为间接引语时，可以用suggest，insist，offer等动词加以转述，此时要注意这些词的固定搭配。
③He said，“Let's go to the museum.”
→He suggested that we(should)go to the museum.
[即时演练1] 句型转换
The doctor said to him，“Don't drink too much.”
→The doctor suggested that he should not drink too much.
2．当祈使句作直接引语表示请求时，变间接引语常采用request/beg/ask sb.to do sth.的形式。若原句中没有称呼语，则通常可加上me，him，us等。
①The teacher said，“Will you please not smoke here？”
→The teacher requested us not to smoke there.
②“Could you help me with my homework？”she said.
→She asked me to help her with her homework.
③One of the doctors said，“Let me go on with the operation，Dr Bethune.”
→One of the doctors begged Dr Bethune to let him go on with the operation.
[名师点津] 对祈使句变间接引语的考查，实际上是考查动词不定式作宾语补足语的用法。其中动词不定式的否定形式、主动形式、被动形式也是考查的切入点。
[即时演练2] 句型转换
①“Please have a rest，”she said to us.
→She asked us to have(have) a rest.
②My daughter said to me，“Please don't leave me alone at home.”
→My daughter begged me not to leave(leave) her alone at home.
Ⅰ.直接引语变间接引语
1．The teacher said，“Don't be late again，Mary.”
The teacher told Mary not to be late again.
2．“Please open the door，”he said to her.
He asked her to open the door.
3．The teacher said to me，“Stand up and don't be afraid to say what you think.”
The teacher told me to stand up and not to be afraid to say what I thought.
4．She asked，“Will you please pass me the book？”
She asked me to pass her the book.
5．“You'd better start tomorrow，”Tom said to Alice.
Tom advised Alice to start the next day.
6．He said to me，“Would you come to see me tomorrow？”
He asked me to go to see him the next day.
7．My mother asked me，“Can you go to the store to buy some salt？”
My mother asked me to go to the store to buy some salt.
8．“Stop playing computer games！”said my father.
My father told me to stop playing computer games.
9．The girl said to him，“Would you please join me in jogging？”
The girl asked him to join her in jogging.
10．He said to me，“Could you invite the lovely girl to my party please？”
He asked me to invite the lovely girl to his party.
Ⅱ.单句改错(每个句子仅有1处错误)
1．She told us not touch anything when we were in the lab.
not后加to
2．He asked me that to phone him before dark.
去掉that
3．He asked us to tidy the lab as soon as we can.
can→could
4．Mary reminded me to not forget to answer the letter.
to not→not to
5．She advised me to ask the boy's father if he refuses to help.
refuses→refused
6．Mother told the boy hurry up.
boy后加to
7．The teacher asked Tom not be late again.
not后加to
8．He said how a lovely day it was.
how→what
9．Jack asked John what he was doing when he phones him.
phones→phoned
10．She offered help me.
offered后加to
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Section Ⅳ Using Language
STANDARD ENGLISH AND DIALECTS
What is standard English? Is it spoken in Britain, the US, Canada, Australia, India and New Zealand? Believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard English.Many people believe the English spoken on TV and the radio is① standard English.This is because in the early days of radio, those who reported the news② were expected to speak excellent English.However, on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way people speak③.
标准英语和方言
什么是标准英语？是在英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、印度和新西兰所说的英语吗？信不信由你，(世界上)没有什么标准英语。许多人认为，电视和收音机里所说的就是标准英语。这是因为在早期的电台节目里，人们期望新闻播音员所说的英语是最好的英语。然而，在电视和收音机里，你也会听出人们在说话时的差异。
[助读讲解] ①过去分词短语spoken on TV and the radio作后置定语，修饰the English。②who 引导定语从句，修饰先行词those。③people speak 为定语从句，修饰the way，省略了作状语的引导词that或者in which。
When people use words and expressions(词语；表示) different from the “standard language”④， it is called a dialect.American English has many dialects, especially the midwestern(中西部的), southern, African(非洲的；非洲人的) American and Spanish(西班牙的) dialects.Even in some parts of the USA, two people from neighbouring⑤ towns speak a little differently.American English has so many dialects because people have come from all over the world.
当人们使用不同于“标准语言”的词语时，那就叫作方言。 美国英语有许多方言，特别是中西部和南部地区的方言，以及黑人和西班牙人的方言。在美国有些地区，即使是相邻城镇的两个人所说的语言都可能稍有不同。美国英语之所以有这么多的方言是因为美国人来自世界各地的缘故。
[助读讲解] ④形容词短语different from the“standard language”作后置定语修饰words and expressions。
⑤neighbouring adj.附近的(只作前置定语)。
Geography also plays a part in making dialects.Some people who live in the mountains of the eastern(东方的；东部的) USA⑥ speak with an older kind of English dialect.When Americans moved from one place to another, they took their dialects with them.So people from the mountains in the southeastern(东南方的；来自东南的) USA speak with almost the same dialect as⑦ people in the northwestern(西北方的) USA.The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken⑧ ．Although many Americans move a lot, they still recognize(辨认出；承认) and understand each other's dialects.
地理位置对方言的产生也有影响。住在美国东部山区的一些人说着比较古老的英语方言。当美国人从一个地方搬到另一个地方时，他们也就把他们的方言随着带去了。 因此，美国东南部山区的人同美国西北部的人所说的方言就几乎相同。美国是一个使用多种方言的大国。虽然许多美国人经常搬迁，但是他们仍然能够辨别、理解彼此的方言。
[助读讲解] ⑥who 引导定语从句，修饰先行词some people。⑦the same...as...和……一样的……。⑧in which 引导定语从句，修饰a large country。
第一步 速读——了解文章主题和段落大意
速读P13课文内容，选择最佳答案
1．What does the passage tell us?
A．American English has many different dialects.
B．Americans move a lot taking their dialects with them.
C．People who report the news on TV or the radio speak the Standard English.
D．There is no Standard English but English with many different dialects.
2．Find out the main idea of each paragraph.
Para.1 A．American English has many dialects.
Para.2 B．Geography plays a part in making dialects.
Para.3 C．There is no standard English in the world.
[答案] 1.D 2.CAB
第二步 细读——把控文章关键信息
细读P13课文内容，判断正(T)误(F)
1．There is no standard English in the writer's opinion. (T)
2．The English spoken on TV and the radio is standard English. (F)
3．American English has many dialects but people from neighbouring towns say the same dialect. (F)
4．Geography plays a part in making dialects. (T)
第三步 研读——能力升华 接轨高考
根据P13课文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式
When people use words and 1.expressions (express)different from the“standard language”，it 2.is called (call)a dialect.American English has so many 3.dialects (dialect)because people have come from all over the world.Geography also plays a part 4.in making dialects.Some people 5.living (live)in the mountains of the 6.eastern (east)USA speak with an older kind of English dialect.When Americans 7.moved (move)from one place to another，they took 8.their (they)dialects with them.So people from the mountains in the southeastern USA speak with almost the same dialect 9.as people in the northwestern USA.The USA is a large country in 10.which many different dialects are spoken.Although many Americans move a lot，they still recognize and understand each other's dialects.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
根据汉语提示，写出下列单词
1．Judging by her accent(口音)，she must be a southerner.
2．The driver was too drunk to walk straight (径直地)．
3．There is a block(石块)in the pipe and the water can't flow away.
4．Workers made a request(请求) that their working conditions should be improved.
5．These useful expressions (表达)in English are very important，so you'd better remember them.
6．When I picked up the receiver，I recognized(辨认出) the voice at once；that was my sister.
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
根据词性和汉语提示，写出下列单词
1．use v．用；使用 n．用途；用→useful adj.有用的→usage n．使用；用法；词语惯用法
2．Africa n. 非洲→African n．非洲人 adj.非洲的；非洲人的；非洲语言的
3．recognize vt.辨认出；承认；公认→recognization n．识别
Ⅲ.补全短语
根据提示补全下列短语
1．believe it or not 信不信由你
2．be different from 与……不同
3．play a part in 扮演一个角色；参与
4．take sth.with sb. 某人随身携带某物
Ⅳ.选词填空
用上述短语的适当形式填空
1．Believe it or not，I didn't get into trouble for being late for the grammar class today.
2．The experience you get in your early life will play a part in your career.
3．Actually，my study plan is different from yours.
Ⅴ.经典句式必背
1．As we know，British English is a little different from/than American English.
众所周知，英式英语和美式英语有点不同。
[记句式结构]“As we know” as引导的非限制性定语从句
[仿写促落实]As is known to all/As we(all)know，the earth moves around the sun.
众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。
2．Believe it or not，there is no such thing as standard English.
信不信由你，(世界上)没有什么标准英语。
[记句式结构]“there is no such＋可数名词单数＋as...”句式
[仿写促落实]There is no such good thing as a free lunch.
世上没有免费午餐这样的好事。
3．This is because in the early days of radio，those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English.这是因为在早期的电台节目里，人们期望新闻播音员所说的英语是最好的英语。
[记句式结构]This is because这是因为
[仿写促落实]He wouldn't like to go out，this is because he doesn't feel well.
他不想出去，这是因为他觉得不舒服。
4．So people from the mountains in the southeastern USA speak with almost the same dialect as people in the northwestern USA.因此，美国东南部山区的人同美国西北部的人所说的方言就几乎相同。
[记句式结构]the same...as...与……一样
[仿写促落实]He studies in the same school as I (do)．
他和我在同一所学校学习。
(教材P12)Can you find the following command and request from Reading?
你能从 Reading中找出下面的命令和要求吗？
(1)command n．& vt.命令；指令；掌握
1)under the command of＝under one's command
由……指挥，由……控制
be in command of 控制……
take command of 控制……
have a command of... 了解/掌握……
2)command sb.to do sth. 命令某人做某事
command＋that从句，谓语动词使用“(should＋)动词原形”形式。
①Because of his years of hard work，he has a good command of French Now.
由于数年勤奋学习，现在他的法语很好。
②At present，the police are in command of the situation here.
目前，警察控制了这里的形势。
③The captain commanded his men to pack (pack) up and march on.
上尉命令手下打起背包继续前进。
④He commanded that all the gates (should)be shut(shut)．
他命令关闭所有的大门。
(2)request n．& vt.请求；要求
vt.
n.
⑤The tourist came up to the native，and made a request for his help.
这位游客走向这位本地人，请求他的帮助。
⑥They requested Susan to sing(sing) another song.
＝They requested that Susan (should)sing(sing) another song.
他们要求苏珊再唱一首歌。
⑦They played this song at the request of the audience.
在听众的请求之下，他们演奏了这首歌曲。
[图形助记]
表示请求、命令、建议、要求等词后面跟从句时，从句谓语用(should＋)do/be done，以下动词具有相同的用法。
believe it or not 信不信由你
(教材P13)Believe it or not，there is no such thing as standard English.
信不信由你，(世界上)没有什么标准英语。
常见的插入语：
(1)to tell(you)the truth (跟你)说实话
(2)to be honest/exact 老实说/准确地说
(3)generally speaking 一般说来
(4)in other words 换句话说
(5)what's more 而且
(6)what's worse 更糟糕的是
(7)that is to say 也就是说
①To be honest，I don't agree to your plan.
老实说，我不赞成你的计划。
②Generally speaking(speak)，women cry more easily than men.
一般而言，女人比男人容易哭。
③He dropped out of school，in other words，he couldn't go on studying.
他辍学了，换句话说，他不能再继续学习了。
play a part(in)扮演一个角色；参与
(教材P13)Geography also plays a part in making dialects.地理位置对方言的产生也有影响。
play a part in 在……中起作用；在……中扮
演一个角色；参与
play a role in 在……中起作用；在……中扮
演一个角色
play the part/role of 扮演……的角色
take an active part in 积极参加
①Computers play an important part in modern life.
计算机在现代生活中起着重要作用。
②In the film，he will play the part/role of a policeman.
在这部电影里，他将扮演一位警察的角色。
[语境助记]
In the TV play，the part of Xiao Yue is played by a famous actress，and the part that she plays in the TV play is very important.
在这部电视剧里，一位著名的女演员扮演了小月的角色；她在电视剧中所起的作用很重要。
recognize vt.辨认出；承认；公认
(教材P13)Although many Americans move a lot，they still recognize and understand each other's dialects.
虽然许多美国人经常搬迁，但是他们仍然能够辨别、理解彼此的方言。
(1)recognize sb./one's voice 认出某人/听出某人的声音
recognize sb./sth.as/to be 承认……是……
be recognized to be/as... 被认作……/被认为是……
recognize that... 认识到/承认……
It is recognized that... 人们公认……
(2)recognition n. 认出，认识
①The moment I answered the phone，I recognized his voice.我一接电话，就听出了他的声音。
②Acid rain is recognized to be/as one of the most serious global environmental problems.
酸雨被认为是全球最严重的环境问题之一。
③People recognize that the sports meeting is a great success.
→It is recognized that the sports meeting is a great success.
人们公认这次运动会十分成功。
(教材P13)Believe it or not，there is no such thing as standard English.
信不信由你，(世界上)没有什么标准英语。
【要点提炼】 there is no such...(as...)是固定句式，表示“(世界上)没有(像……)这样的……”。
①There is no such(＝not such a)man in our neighborhood.
我们小区没有这样的人。
②It is such a beautiful park that everyone wants to visit it.
这是一个如此美丽的公园，每个人都想去参观。(that引导结果状语从句)
→It is such a beautiful park as everyone wants to visit.
这是一个每个人都想去参观的美丽公园。(as引导定语从句)
(教材P13)This is because in the early days of radio，those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English.这是因为在早期的电台节目里，人们期望新闻播音员英语说得很好。
【要点提炼】 This is because这是因为……
(1)This/That/It is because...这/那是因为……，because引导的句子作表语，表示原因。
(2)This/That is why...这/那就是……的原因，why引导的从句表示结果。
(3)The reason why...is that...中that引导的表语从句表示原因，不可换成because。
①He was absent from the class.This is because he was ill.他旷课了。这是因为他病了。
②I've got a cold，that is why I wouldn't like to go out.
我感冒了，那就是我不想出去的原因。
③The reason why some students don't learn English well is that they are very lazy.
一些学生学不好英语的原因是他们太懒。
(教材P13)So people from the mountains in the southeastern USA speak with almost the same dialect as people in the northwestern USA.
因此，美国东南部山区的人同美国西北部地区的人所说的方言几乎是一样的。
【要点提炼】 the same...as...同……一样
(1)the same...as...与……相同，和……一样，表示同类的事情。as引导定语从句，在从句中常作主语或宾语。教材原句中as后承前省略，其完整形式为“as people in the northwestern USA speak with”。
(2)the same...that...表示同一个事物。
①He is not the same man as he was.
他和过去不同了。
②This is the same pen that I used yesterday.
这就是我昨天用的那支钢笔。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．He commanded that we (should)start(start) at once.
2．The town has changed beyond recognization(recognize)since I was last here.
3．There is no such thing as “slimming” food in the world.
4．Tom overslept this morning.That is why he was late for work.
5．I requested that he leave (leave) for the airport an hour earlier.
6．Many of these immigrants(移民) were coming from central and eastern(east)Europe.
7．Li Ming is second to none in English in our class.Believe it or not, he was caught cheating in the last exam.
8．We send messages to people around us through facial expressions(express)and body movements.
9．I would like to use the same machine as is used in your workshop.
10．I attended their wedding at their request.
Ⅱ.单句改错(每个句子仅有1处错误)
1．The man requested his friend for some help.
for→from/of
2．With many years' hard work，he has had good command of German.
在good前面加a
3．The reason why he took a day off was what he went to see an air show.
what→that
4．As we all know，technology is playing an important part of our daily life.
of→in
5．The captain commanded that these new soldiers would be trained as soon as possible.
would→should
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Section Ⅴ Writing——英文海报
英文海报通常含有通知性，所以主题应该明确，一目了然。它还包含广告的某些特点，要求内容简明扼要，形式新颖美观。
1．明确海报的类型
明确你要写的海报是活动宣传、招聘广告还是人物介绍。
2．把握海报的语言特点
海报要求用最少的文字包含最多的信息，以起到醒目的效果，因此海报多用省略句、缩略语、短语表达。
3．突出海报的重要信息
为进一步增强海报的醒目性，一些重要信息常常被分行突出，并且在其前面用粗点、星号等特殊符号加以强调，有时还配有图片以增加吸引力。
4．掌握各种海报的写作要求
(1)写活动宣传的海报时，可以先介绍要宣传的活动，再写活动的时间、地点、目的、活动安排以及主办单位等。
(2)写招聘广告时要先介绍要招聘的职位，然后写对求职者的要求等。
(3)写人物介绍的海报时，可以先把要介绍的人物的名字放在显要位置，然后依次介绍该人物的出生时间、出生地点、特殊技能等，再简单介绍该人物所从事的事业等。
1．活动宣传类
(1)开头语：第一句话用来交代活动的内容和时间
①We'll have a show/football match on July 16th.
②There is a piece of news that we'll hold a．..＋活动＋地点＋时间
③...is holding＋活动＋地点＋时间
④We hope to raise money to help the poor children...
(2)正文：交代活动的地点及其他相关内容
①The match will be wonderful.
②All the clothes are low in price but high in quality.
③You can buy tickets in...，and the price is 2 yuan for each.
④By then，some new clothes are even 50% off.If you spend more than 100 yuan at one time，you can get a present.
⑤Call Lily at 51542636 or e?mail...
(3)结束语：用一些鼓励性语言激发读者的兴趣
①Please come and cheer for them.
②I hope you don't miss it.
③All are warmly welcome.
④Catch the chance，or you will regret.
⑤Sign up and have a good time.
2．招聘广告类
①Would you like to be a(n)．..?
②If your answer is “Yes”，we have a job for you as a(n)．..
③You are required to...
④You can get...per hour/day/month.
⑤You should：
have...years of work experience./be able to speak...anduse.../be kind/easy?going/friendly/patient/strict/careful/
...
⑥Please call...if you want to...
许多人都在学习英语，但一些人不知道怎么更好地学习英语。请你以“How to improve English”为题写一篇海报，告知你的同学如何提升英语学习的质量。
提升如下：
1．英语是一门语言，因此我们需要每天都花时间练习。
2．利用能利用的机会学习英语。
3．词汇学习很重要。
4．课堂上和课外怎么做很重要。
Ⅰ.对接单元词汇
1．vocabulary n． 词汇；词汇量
2．gradually adv. 逐步地；逐渐地
3．native adj. 本国的；本地的
4．play a part in 扮演一个角色；参与
Ⅱ.巧用单元句式、语法
(一)完成句子
1．我们需要每天花费时间去学习英语。
We should spend time learning English every day.(spend的用法)
2．那就是我们每天要花时间练习它的原因。
That's why we should take some time to practice it.(that's why)
3．词汇对英语来说很重要。
Vocabulary is very necessary to English.
4．遇到新单词，我们应该从词典中查出来。
When we meet with new words，we should look up them in the dictionary.
5．尽力去做我们上面提到的内容。
Try our best to do the things that we have mentioned above.
(二)句式升级
1．We should use every chance to do that.(make use of)
→We should make full use of every opportunity to do that.
2．用省略结构改写句4。
When meeting with new words，we should look them up in the dictionary.
3．用名词性从句改写句5。
Try to do what we've mentioned above.
【参考范文】
How to improve English
English is one language；that's why we should take some time to practice it.To begin with，we should make full use of every opportunity to do that，such as reading English novels，chatting with native English speakers.In addition，vocabulary plays an important part in English，so we should gradually enrich it in our daily life.In our class，we should take notes of what our teachers emphasize；after class，we should go over what is learnt regularly and finish doing our homework carefully.When meeting with new words，we look up them in the dictionary.
Try to do what we've mentioned above and you can make great progress.
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