主谓一致和倒装
【真题再现】
1. Look, the set of keys on the teacher's desk. (2019 安顺)
A. are B. were C. is D. was
2. —What are you going to do this weekend? (2019 咸宁)
— I together with my classmates going to climb Mount Qin.
A. is B. am C. are D. were
3. — I’m not going swimming this afternoon.(2019 宜宾)
— __________. I have to help my mother do some cleaning.
A. So am I. B. So I am. C. Neither am I. D. Neither I am.
4.-I have read the book Sense and Sensibility. -________. (2019 黑龙江龙东地区)
A. So have I B. Neither have I C. So I have
5. —What _______ the number of the students in your school? (2019 泰安)
—About two thousand. A number of them _______ from the countryside.
A. is; are B. is; is C. are; is D. are; are
6. Andy, you’d better not eat meat only. You should know milk and fruit _______ good for you.(2019 淮安)
A. is B. are C. was D. were.
7. There __________ a photo of my family in my purse.(2019 龙岩)
A. is B. be C. are
8. The traffic is moving very slowly as so many cars __________ on their way back to Shanghai.(2019 上海)
A. am B. is C. are D. be
9.— __________ there any living things on other planets? (2019 广东)
— I have no ideas.Maybe we can know more about that in the future.
A.Is B.Are C.Has D.Have
10. Doing eye exercises ________ one of the useful ways to protect our eyes.(2019 哈尔滨)
A.is B.are C.were
【答案与解析】
1. C。句意:看,这串钥匙在老师的桌子上。根据句意可知这句话的主语是the set of keys,强调的是一串钥匙,所以谓语动词用单数形式,所以选C。
2. B。本句意为:——这周你准备做什么?——我和我的同学去爬秦山。这里with my parents只是作为伴随成分,with sb.是作为伴随成分,不影响谓语动词的形式;主语为I,故答案选B。
3. C。句意:—今天下午我不打算去游泳。—我也不打算去,我不得不帮助妈妈做清洁。so +主语+助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语:某某确实如此,与上文是同一人。so +主语+助动词/情态动词/系动词:某某人也如此,与上文不是同一人。上文是否定句,下文表示某某也不,用neither +助动词+主语。这些句式在时态,人称上与前一个句子相同。根据上句是否定句,故选C。
4. A。本题意为:——我已经读完了《理智与情感》这本书。——我也是;So have I我也是;Neither have I我也没有;So I have我确实是,故答案选A。
5. A。本题意为:——你学校有多少人?——大约两千人。他们中的大多数来自农村。the number of意为“……的数量”,谓语动词用单数形式,故第一空选is;a number of 意为“许多,一些”,后面通常接可数名词复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式,所以第二空选are;答案为A。
6. B。本句意为:Andy,你最好不要只吃肉。你应该知道牛奶和水果对你有好处。两个或两个以上的人和物用连词and连接做主语时,谓语动词不用第三人称单数。本句为一般现在时,故答案选B。
7. A。本句句意为:在我钱包里有我家人的照片。本题考查there be句型,由空后的“a photo”可知本空应该为单数形式,故选A。
8. C。句意:车辆行驶非常缓慢,因为那么多汽车在回上海的路上。由空处前的cars可知谓语应用are,故答案为C项。
9. B。句意为:其他星球有没有生物呢?我不清楚。或许我们以后会对它了解更多。there be句型不能和have同时使用,故排除C、D两项。“living things”为复数,所以be动词应用复数,故选B。
10. A。句意:做眼保健操是保护眼睛的有效方法之一。动名词短语“Doing eye exercises”作主语,谓语动词使用单数形式,故选A。
【用法讲解】
考试要求:
从学英语开始就涉及主语和谓语的一致性,是英语学习及考查的基础,从单项选择到书面表达,都可能涉及到主谓一致的问题,是中考试卷必考题目。主谓一致就是句子的谓语动词形式在人称和数上必须和句子的主语保持一致,叫主谓一致。这种关系一般要遵循三个原则:语法上一致的原则;意义上一致的原则和就近一致的原则。
倒装句因为与汉语语言习惯的不同和较多的句型结构而成为初中英语的难点,虽然初中英语涉及到的倒装句型不算太多,在中考试卷中也总有一定的比例,尤其在阅读理解和完形填空中对上下文的理解会有很大的影响,因此也是中考复习的重点。
1. 语法一致原则
谓语和主语通常从语法形式上取得一致,主语为单数形式,谓语动词也用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也为复数形式。如:
The boy is clever enough to study maths well. 这个男孩够聪明,可以把数学学好。
Everybody in my class tries to do well in English. 我们班每个人都努力学好英语。
(1)下列情况谓语动词只能用单数:
1)不可数名词或可数名词单数作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。
如:Water is very important to the trees. 水对树来说非常重要。
2)动词不定式或者动名词短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
如:To improve your English is the most important work.
提高你的英语是最重要的工作。
Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.
看电视太多对你的眼睛有害。
3)不定代词each,one,another,something,somebody,nothing,nobody,everyone,
everything,anyone,anything等作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
如:Somebody is waiting for you at the gate. 有人在大门口等你。
Nothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it. 世上无难事只怕有心人。
4)如果句子的主语是单数,尽管后面有with,together with,as well as,like,but,except等引起的短语,谓语动词仍然用单数形式。
如:My mother with her students often has a picnic in a park.
我的妈妈经常和她的学生在公园里野餐。
5)固定短语 one of +名词的复数形式作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
如:One of the boys in our class goes to school by car.
我们班一个男孩坐小汽车上学。
6)固定短语the number of +复数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。
如:The number of students in our school is more than two thousand.
我们学校学生的数量超过二千。
(2)下面的情况谓语动词只能用复数:
1)and或both … and连接并列名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
如:He and his brother are both teachers. 他和他的哥哥都是老师。
2)both, all, few, several, many等修饰可数名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
如:All his friends have come. 他的朋友都来了。
Many girls are fond of dancing. 许多女孩子都喜欢跳舞。
3)表示总称意义的名词,如:people, cattle, police作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
如:The police are asking them questions. 警察正在询问他们一些问题。
Your clothes are very dirty. 你的衣服非常脏。
4)“the+形容词(或由分词演变而来的形容词)”作主语,表示“一类人”时谓语动词用复数。如:The rich are not always happy. 富人也不总是幸福的。
The wounded are still in hospital. 所有受伤的都在住院。
5)固定短语“a number of+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
A number of students come from Sichuan.许多学生来自四川。
6) 主语是表示两个相同的部分构成的物体的名词,如:clothes, trousers, shoes, boots, glasses (眼镜), socks, gloves, compasses等作主语,谓语动词用复数,但这些名词被this/a pair of修饰时,谓语动词用单数。
如:Her shoes are green. 她的鞋子是绿色的。
This pair of shoes is very expensive. 这双鞋子非常昂贵。
(3)下列情况谓语动词可用单数也可用复数:
1)数词作主语且表“加减乘除”时,谓语动词通常用单数,但是也可用复数。如:
Nine and one is/ are ten. 九加一等于十。
Two times three is/ are six. 二乘以三等于六。
2)“none/neither of+代词/复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数,但在口语中也可用复数。如:
None of us knows/ know how to work out this problem.
我们中没有人知道如何解这个题。
Neither of you like/likes playing football. 你们两个都不喜欢踢足球。
3)一些集合名词,如family,class,group, team等作主语时,表示整体意义时,谓语动词用单数形式;当它们强调指个体成员时,谓语动词用复数形式。
如:His family isn’t large. 他的家庭不大。(指家庭的整体)
His family were watching TV when I arrived.
当我到时,他的一家人正在看电视。(指具体的家庭成员)
2. 意义一致原则
(1)表示时间、距离、重量、长度和价值的名词,尽管是复数形式,作为一个整体来看待,谓语动词通常用单数形式。
如:Three weeks is already enough for you to finish the work.
三个星期对你们完成这个工作已经足够了。
(2) 不定代词all, most, some 等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所指代名词的数。
如:Most of the apples were bad. 大部分苹果是烂的。
Most of the apple was eaten by a mouse. 这个苹果的大半被老鼠吃掉了。
(3)用and 连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体,如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork (刀叉)等作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
如:Whisky and soda is always his favorite drink. 威士忌酒加苏打水是他最喜欢的饮料。
(4)不定数量的词组作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数。如:part of, a lot of, lots of, one of, a number of, plenty of 等。
如:A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到。
3. 就近一致原则:
(1) 由连词either… or,neither…nor,not only… but also及or连接的并列主语,谓语动词通常与离它最近的主语保持一致。
如:Neither you nor your father is able to help me. 你和你爸爸都不能帮助我。
Either you or I go swimming with our father. 我或者你可以和爸爸一起去游泳。
(2) there be句型中,谓语动词be往往和后面的第一个主语取得一致。
如:There is a dictionary and some books on the desk.
桌上有一本词典和一些书。
4. 倒装句的概念:
英语句子通常有两种语序:一种主语在前,谓语在后,称为自然语序;另一种谓语的一部分或整个谓语在前,主语在后,称为倒装语序,如英语的疑问句形式。在初中阶段倒装句一般都作为特殊句型来处理。
5. 初中接触过的倒装句型:
(1) so + be/ 助动词/ 情态动词+主语
表示“……也是这样”,用于描述谓语所说情况也适用于另一个人或另一个事物,只能用在肯定句,注意上、下句所使用的动词的时态要一致。如:
You can ride a bike. So can I. 你会骑自行车,我也会。
He has been to Beijing. So have I. 他去过北京,我也去过。
Lin Ping was there last night. So was everyone else in my class.
林平昨晚在那里,我们班其他人昨晚也都在那里。
He saw the snake, and so did I. 他看见那条蛇了,我也看到了。
注意:
上句中前句谓语动词是行为动词,所以后句中要加助动词did。就像行为动词变疑问句一样,句子如果有be、助动词(如:have,will等)和情态动词(如:can,must等),就把这些词放在另一个主语前;如果没有,就要加do,does或did。
辨析:
so+主语+be/ 助动词/ 情态动词,此句型不是倒装句,只是单纯地重复前面一句的意思,表示“的确如此、就是这样”。如:
—My little brother can swim in the sea. 我的小弟弟能在大海里游泳。
—So he can. 的确如此。
—He gets up very early. 他起得真早。
—So he does. 确实很早。
(2) neither/ nor + be/ 助动词/ 情态动词+主语
表示“……也不这样”。用法和句型so + be/ 助动词/ 情态动词+主语一样,只是意义上表示否定。如:
The first one isn’t good, and neither is the second.
第一个不好,第二个也不好。
They didn’t come last night. Nor did I. 他们昨天晚上没有来,我也没有来。
(3) 以there, here, out , in , up , down, away 等副词开头的句子。
为了起到强调的作用,可构成倒装句,只把副词放在句首,主语和谓语位置调换,不加助动词。这时的主语必须是名词,主语是人称代词时,主语和谓语语序不变。
如:Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。
Here it comes. 它来了。
In came our teacher. 我们老师进来了。
Out rushed the boys. 男孩子们冲了出去。
(4) 表地点状语的介词短语放在句首,要用倒装句式,以示强调。
这种倒装句也是主谓直接调换位置,不加助动词did, does或do。如:
Under a big tree sat a fat man, half asleep. 树下坐着一个胖男人,似乎睡着了。
(5) there放在句首时,要用倒装句式。
在“there + be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be , 而用表示“存在”的其他不及物动词。如:live, stand, come, lie等动词代替be。如:
There came shouts for help from the river. 从河里传来了呼救声。
There lies a large wheat field in front of the house. 房子前面是一大片麦田。
【巩固练习】
I.单项选择。
1. —______ a nice day!
— ______.
A. How; So is it B. What; So is it C. What; So it is D. How, So it is
2. —I have never been to Hawaii. What about Mike?
—_______.
A. So has he B. So he does C. Neither he has D. Neither has he
3. Our class are going to have a picnic tomorrow. If you don’t go, ______.
A. so do I B. neither do I C. neither will I D. so will I
4.The reading room ______ very quiet. I enjoy reading books there.
A.am B.is C.are D.be
5.Last Sunday my aunt ______ at home with me.We were watching TV all day.
A.was B.were C.is D.are
6.—Leo,_________ no milk or eggs in the fridge.
—Oh,I’ll go and buy some right away.
A.it is B.there is C.there are D. they’re
7.—How much _______ the pair of shoes?
—Twenty dollars _______ enough.
A.is;is B.is;are C.are;is D.are;are
8.________ less milk in this bottle than in that one.
A.There have B.There has C.There is D.There are
9.—I never drink coffee.
—________.
A.So do I B.So did I C.Neither did I D.Neither do I
10.—Tom, I’m watching a football match.What about you?
—_________.
A.So do I. B.So am I. C.So I do. D.So I am.
11. ________ Tom ________ Mary speaks good Chinese,so they can communicate with these Chinese students very well.
A.Neither;nor B.Not only;but also
C.Both;and D.Either;or
12. —It’s terribly cold today,isn’t it?
—Yes.________ yesterday.
A.So it was B.So was it C.So it is D.So is it
13.________ the teachers in their school is about 200 and one fourth of them are ________ teachers.
A.A number of;women B.A number of;woman
C.The number of;women D.The number of;woman
15.I am not watching TV,________ is Jim.
A.also B.either C.neither D.so
14.There ________ a few students in the library after school every day.
A.has been B.have been C.is D.are
16.Both of the students ________ from England.
A.am B.is C.are D.be
17.Physics ________ easy for us to learn.
A.am B.is C.are D.be
18. —______ for you. Happy birthday!
—Thank you.
A. Your present is here B. This is a present
C. Here is a present D. A present is this
19. — Your father is very strict with you.
— _______. He never lets off a single mistake of ours.
A. So he is B. So is he C. He is so D. So does he
20. — Here ____!Where is Xiao Liu?
-There ____.
A. comes the bus;is he B. comes the bus;he is
C. the bus comes;is he D. the bus comes;he is
II. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。
1. Tom and I ____ (be) in the same class.
2. The singer and writer _____ (talk) with foreign guests now.
3. Fish and chips _____ (be) delicious.
4. Either you or I ______(be) mad.
5. Neither you nor he _____ (be) right.
6. Not only the planets but also the earth _____ (move) round the sun.
7. There _____(be) a car and three buses outside.
8. Mr. Turner together with his friends _____just _____ (arrive)in Beijing.
9. To read English loud _____ (be) very important.
10. Reading _____ (be) is a good way.
【答案与解析】
I.单项选择。
1. C。第一句是感叹句,由what 修饰名词a nice day,意为“多好的天!”。答语为“确实是”,无需倒装。
2. D。表示前面所说的否定情况也适合于后者时,则用Neither/Nor+连系动词/情态动词/助动词+另一主语。
3. C。表示前面所说的否定情况也适合于后者时,则用Neither/Nor+连系动词/情态动词/助动词+另一主语,再由if引导的是条件状语从句是一般现在时表示将来的意义,主句要用一般将来时。
4. B。句意:阅览室十分安静,我喜欢在那儿看书。本题考查主谓一致。因为主语是第三人称单数,故答案为B项。
5. A。句意:上周日我姑姑和我在家,我们一整天都在看电视。本题考查动词时态及主谓一致。上周日表过去,动词应用过去式,my aunt是单数,所以A为正确答案。
6. B。 句意:——Leo,冰箱里没有牛奶和鸡蛋了。——哦,我马上去买一些。本题考查there be句型,此句型的谓语动词要遵守“就近原则”,因为milk是不可数名词,故be动词用单数形式,故答案为B项。
7. A。句意:——这双鞋多少钱?——20美元就够了。本题考查主谓一致。第一句话的主语为the pair of shoes,谓语动词应与pair的形式保持一致;时间、长度、金钱等作主语时,通常看作一个整体,故第二句中谓语动词用is。
8. C。 句意:这个瓶里的牛奶比那个瓶里的少。本题考查there be句型。there have形式不对,排除A和B项;又因为milk为不可数名词,be动词应用is,故选C项。
9. D。句意:——我从不喝咖啡。——我也是。本题考查倒装句。前面一种否定的情况也适合于另外的人或物,用“neither + be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”倒装结构表示。故选D项。
10. B。 句意:——Tom,我正在看足球比赛。你呢?——我也是。此题考查so的倒装句。“so+助动词/情态动词/ be动词+主语”表示“……也一样”;“so+主语+助动词/情态动词/be动词”表示“……的确如此”。
11. B。 句意:不仅Tom而且Mary汉语也讲得好,所以他们能和这些中国学生很好地交流。neither…nor既不……也不;not only…but also不仅……而且;both…and两者都;either…or或者……或者。根据句意和动词speaks,可知B项为最佳答案。
12. B。 句意:——今天太冷了,不是吗?——是的,昨天也很冷。由过去时态可知应排除C和D项;A表示“昨天的确很冷”,由句意可知此处应该表示情况和上述一样,故选B项。
13. C。 句意:他们学校教师的数量大约是200人,并且有四分之一是女教师。a number of意为“许多的,大量的”;the number of意为“……的数量”,由句意可排除A、B两项。又因为woman修饰复数名词时,本身也要变成复数,故选C。
14. D。句意:每天放学后图书馆里有一些学生。there be句式中be的形式由其后的名词的单复数决定。本题空格后many students是复数,再根据every day所以用are。
15. C。句意:我没在看电视,Jim也没看。“neither+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语”表示前边的否定情况也适合后边的人的否定。
16. C。 句意:这两个学生都来自英国。“both of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
17. B。句意:物理对我们来说很容易。以-ics结尾的学科名称,不应受词尾-s的影响,谓语动词需要用单数形式。
18. C。本题考查倒装句和交际用语,给别人送生日礼物时说“Here is a present for you.”,所以选C。
19. A。本题考查so+主语+谓语动词,表示“确实是这样”,句意是“你爸爸对你要求严格。”,
“是的,他确实是这样。”,所以选A。
20. B。本题考查倒装句和交际用语。以here和there开头的句子如果主语是名词用倒装句,而主语是代词则不倒装,所以选B。
II. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。
1. are 2. is talking 3. is 4. am 5. is
6. moves 7. is 8. has arrived 9. is 10. is